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Family Characteristics Family Characteristics Introduction to Wetland Plant • Quick review: Why do we focus on families? – Family tends to be the highest taxonomic level at Identification: which characters useful to genus and species identification are conserved – For this reason, most plant manuals are arranged by FAMILY family, with a “key to the families” in the front – getting used to using the “big key” is important, but it CHARACTERISTICS can be fraught with wrong turns and dead ends… – Starting to think in terms of family characteristics will cut down on the time investment needed to become proficient at species identification, while still allowing the researcher to make the most of the effort • This is essentially the definition of being efficient! 1 2 D. A. DeBerry, PhD, PWS, PWD Divisions • Recall also that we are interested in phylogeny, so FERNS AND FERN ALLIES the earliest ancestors come first, their “evolutionary descendants” next, and so on… • From most primitive to most advanced, the order that we now recognize is: Division: Equisetophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Fern Allies → Ferns → Conifers (Gymnosperms) → → Magnoliids → Monocots → (True) Dicots Pteridophyta 3 4 1 Equisetaceae Equisetaceae • Horsetail Family (Scouring Rush) – One of our most ancient lineages – Rhizomatous (blackish) – Stems upright, dark green, tubular with prominent “siliceous” ridges – Unbranched, or more often branching – Leaves whorled, scale‐like – Sporangia in terminal cone‐like strobili 5 6 Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiaceae • Clubmoss Family – Trailing plants with lateral stems either underground or on the surface – Leaves small, scale‐like, no veins (midrib only), evergreen – Spores on leaf‐like structures or terminal strobili – “running pine” 7 8 2 Ferns (Pteridophyta) Ferns (Pteridophyta) Ferns (Pteridophyta) Ferns (Pteridophyta) • Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort Family) • Athyriaceae (Lady Fern Family) • Blechnaceae (Deer‐fern Family) • Dennstaedtiaceae (Bracken Family) • Dryopteridaceae (Wood‐fern Family) • Onocleaceae (Sensitive Fern Family) • Ophioglossaceae (Adder’s Tongue Family) • Osmundaceae (Royal Fern Family) • Thelypteridaceae (Marsh Fern Family) 11 12 3 Major Plant Divisions – General CONIFERS Characteristics (Gymnosperms) Division: Coniferophyta 13 Cupressaceae (Cedar Family) 4 Pinaceae (Pine Family) Monocots and Dicots • Recall the major differences between monocots and dicots Pinus palustris (Longleaf pine) 18 Phylogeny • Also recall that we have a group of MAGNOLIIDS “dicots” that are primitive –that is, they evolved early Subclass: Magnoliidae in the evolutionary lineage 19 20 5 Key Characteristics of Magnoliidae Magnoliaceae • The Magnoliids are dicots with some • Magnolia Family “monocot‐like” characteristics, including: – Flowers in 3’s – Flowers in 3’s • Petals and sepals difficult to differentiate –“tepals” – Pollen grains with one pore – Fruit an aggregate that resembles a cone • Other characteristics include: – Stipule scars encircling the twig – Trees and shrubs – Typical species: – 2 cotyledons • Magnolia virginiana –sweet bay – Flowers with spirally‐arranged “tepals” • Magnolia grandiflora –southern magnolia – Leaves are net‐veined • Liriodendron tulipifera – tulip tree 21 22 Magnoliaceae Lauraceae • Laurel Family – Flowers with 6 tepals – Fruit is a drupe (like cherry) with a pit or stone – Leaves and other plant parts are aromatic when crushed – Typical species: • Sassafras albidum – sassafras • Lindera benzoin – spicebush • Persea palustris –red bay 23 24 6 Lauraceae Annonaceae • Custard Apple Family – Flowers in 3s – Fruit an aggregate, sometimes appearing as a single “syncarp” (like paw paw) – Plants usually aromatic – Typical species • Asimina triloba –paw paw 25 26 Annonaceae MONOCOTOLYDONS Class: Liliopsida 27 28 7 Alismataceae Alismataceae • Arrowhead Family – Herbaceous – Aquatic and marsh species – Basal leaves – Flowers white, in 3s, in a cyme‐like inflorescence with flowers in whorls at the nodes – Typical species: • Alisma subcordatum –water plantain • Sagittaria latifolia –arrowhead • Sagittaria lancifolia – bulltongue 29 30 Smilacaceae Smilacaceae • Greenbrier Family – Herbaceous or woody climbing vines, from thick rhizomes – Stems often armed with prickles – Fruit a berry – Plants dioecious – One genus (Smilax) in our region with 13 species (+/‐) in Virginia – Typical species • Smilax rotundifolia – roundleaf greenbrier • Smilax bona‐nox –saw greenbrier • Smilax glauca – catbrier • Smilax laurifolia –laurel‐leaf greenbrier 31 32 8 Liliaceae Liliaceae • Lily Family – Perennial herbaceous plants, usually from bulbs, corms, or tubers – Flowers often showy – Leaves linear or sword‐shaped – Fruit a capsule or berry – Typical species • Allium vineale – wild garlic • Lilium superbum –turk’scap lily • Medeola virginiana – Indian cucumber • Trillium pusillum var. virginianum – least trillium • Erythronium americanum –trout lily 33 34 Orchidaceae Orchidaceae • Orchid Family • Flower structure – Extremely diverse group (most diverse in the world with 19,500 species) – Zygomorphic flowers highly variable and highly specialized – Two‐ranked leaves, often basal – Typical species • Cypripedium acaule –pink lady slipper • Goodyera pubescens –rattlesnake plantain • Tipularia discolor – cranefly orchid • Platanthera lacera – green fringed orchid • Isotria medeoloides –small whorled pogonia 35 36 9 Orchidaceae Iridaceae • Iris Family – Perennial herbaceous plants from rhizomes, bulbs, or corms – Leaves equitant (fan‐like) – Flower parts all look like petals, very showy – Fruit a capsule – Typical species • Iris virginica –blue flag • Iris pseudacorus – yellow flag • Sisyrinchium mucronatum –blue‐eyed grass 37 38 Iridaceae Commelinaceae • Spiderwort Family – Alternate, succulent herbaceous plants with mucilaginous stems – Leaf sheath tubular and closed around the stem – 3 petals, often blue, flowers subtended by a boat‐shaped spathe or leafy bracts – Typical species • Commelina communis – Asiatic dayflower • Commelina virginica – Virginia dayflower • Murdannia keisak – marsh dewflower 39 40 10 Commelinaceae Pontederiaceae • Pickerel‐weed Family – Perennial, aquatic herbs with thick rootstocks – Perianth petaloid – Typical species • Pontederia cordata – pickerelweed • Heteranthera dubia – grassleaf mudplaintain • Eichhornia crassipes –water hyacinth 41 42 Pontederiaceae Juncaceae: General Characteristics • Stems: solid, mostly round (“rushes are round”) • Leaves: few leaves, mostly basal or reduced to sheaths (bracts can appear as leaves), some leaves cylindrical and chambered (septate) • Flowers: regular, 3 sepals and 3 petals very similar in appearance so often called “tepals”, 3 or 6 stamens • Fruits: capsule with several minute seeds 43 11 Juncaceae: Structure Juncaceae: Structure • Inflorescence – Cymose – Ovary – Tepals – Capsule – Seed • Culm (Stem) – Round – Septate leaves • Roots – Rhizomes – Fibrous Juncaceae: Structure Juncaceae: Structure 12 Cyperaceae: Structure Cyperaceae: General Characteristics • Inflorescence – Spikelet • Stems: solid, triangular (“sedges have edges”) – Scales • Leaves: 3‐ranked, closed sheaths, ligule usually absent – Spikes • Flowers: inconspicuous in axils of overlapping scales, – Nutlet (Achene) arranged in spikelets, perfect or imperfect, spikelets – Perigynium (Carex) organized into spikes, 2 or 3 stamens,1 pistil with 2 or 3 – Bristles stigmas • Culm (Stem) • Fruits: lens shaped (lenticular) or triangular (trigonous) – Triangular, basal leaves nutlet (achene) • Roots – Rhizomes – Fibrous Cyperaceae: Structure Cyperaceae: Structure 13 Cyperaceae: Structure Poaceae: General Characteristics • Stems: jointed at swollen nodes, hollow, round • Leaves: 2‐ranked, ligule, sheaths split down the stem • Flowers: inconspicuous with 2‐3 small scales (lodicules), usu. 3 stamens and 1 pistil, 2 bracts (lemma and palea), floret (all of above), spikelet [2 glumes (sterile bracts) + floret(s)] • Fruits: caryopsis (“seed”, or more appropriately “grain”) Poaceae: Structure Poaceae: Structure • Inflorescence – Panicle – Raceme – Spike • Culm (Stem) nodes + internodes – Blade and sheath – Ligule • Roots – Rhizomes – Fibrous – Stolons 14 Poaceae: Structure Poaceae: Structure Poaceae: Structure Poaceae: Structure 15 Poaceae: Structure DICOTOLYDONS (in part) Class: Magnoliopsida 62 Apiaceae Apiaceae • Parsley Family – Herbs with stout, often hollow stems and compound, often dissected leaves – Leaf bases have enlarged sheaths – Inflorescense arranged in umbels, flowers with 5 petals – Foliage often aromatic – Inferior ovary – Typical genera • Cicuta (water hemlock) • Conium (poison hemlock) • Daucus (Queen Anne’s lace) • Eryngium (eryngo) • Foeniculum (fennel) • Hydrocotyle (water penny) • Sanicula (snakeroot) 63 64 16 Asteraceae Asteraceae • Aster Family – Second most diverse group (19,000 species worldwide) – Also called the “composites” due to flower structure – Herbs or occasionally shrubs – Leaves simple, often dissected, often in basal rosettes – 5‐merous flowers borne in heads surrounded by involucres of bracts, flowers can be tubular or strap‐shaped (ray) – Fruit an achene (dry seed) – Ovary inferior, the calyx modified into a pappus of bristles, hairs, or scales – Numerous species in Virginia 65 66 Asteraceae Brassicaceae • Mustard Family – 4‐merous flowers with erect, uniquely shaped fruits • Silique –elongated, slender fruit • Silicle –flat, rounded or heart‐shaped fruit – Inflorescence racemose – Foliage often with a mustard odor – Superior ovary – Typical genera • Alliaria (garlic mustard) • Arabidopsis (mouse‐ear
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