Photo: Ben Legler
Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Lilium columbianum Xerophyllum tenax
Trillium ovatum Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Fritillaria lanceolata
Ref.1
Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Erythronium americanum
Allium vineale Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family)
Herbs; Ref.2 Stems often modified as underground rhizomes, corms, or bulbs;
Flowers actinomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals, 6 stamens, 3 carpels, ovary superior (or inferior). Tulipa gesneriana Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family)
“Liliaceae” s.l. (sensu lato: “in the broad sense”) - Lily family; 288 genera/4950 species, including Lilium, Allium, Trillium, Tulipa;
This family is treated in a very broad sense in this class, as in the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. The “Liliaceae” s.l. taught in this class is not monophyletic.
It is apparent now that the family should be treated in a narrower sense and some of the members should form their own families. Judd et al. recognize 15+ families: Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amarylidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Dracaenaceae (Nolinaceae), Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Ruscaceae, Smilacaceae, Themidaceae, Trilliaceae, Uvulariaceae and more!!! (see web reading “Consider the Lilies”) Iridaceae (Iris family)
Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae (Iris family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Sisyrinchium douglasii Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae (Iris family)
Iridaceae - 78 genera/1750 species, Including Iris, Gladiolus, Sisyrinchium.
Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Underground stems as rhizomes, bulbs, or corms; Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant Ref.3 (oriented edgewise to the stem; Gladiolus italicus Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals; Stamens 3; Ovary of 3 fused carpels, inferior. Araceae (Arum family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan Lysichitum americanum
Textbook DVD KRR Monstera deliciosa Araceae (Arum family)
Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Spadix: Spike with a thickened, fleshy axis, as characteristic of members of the Araceae.
Spike: Simple, indeterminate inflorescence with a single axis bearing sessile flowers.
Textbook DVD KRR&DLN
Spike
Arisaema triphyllum Araceae (Arum family) complete - all four whorls present incomplete - one or more whorls missing perfect - both reproductive whorls present; bisexual imperfect - one reproductive whorl missing; unisexual monoecious - plants with imperfect (unisexual) flowers, in which both sexes are on the same plant dioecious - plants with imperfect (unisexual) flower, in which each Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Textbook DVD KRR&DLN sex is on a separate plant Arisaema triphyllum Polygamous - plants with both perfect (bisexual) and imperfect (unisexual) flowers on the same plant Araceae (Arum family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan Ref.4 Doug Ewing, our greenhouse manager, Amorphophallus titanium holding an Amorphophallus plant Araceae (Arum family)
Araceae - 109 genera/2830 species, Including Lysichitum (skunk cabbage), Amorphophyllus (corpse flower). Herbs (some epiphytes), mostly tropical; Leaves simple to compound; Inflorescence consisting of spathe - large leaf-like to petal-like bract subtending the flowers spadix- axis on which the flowers are borne often with a sterile extension towards the tip called an “appendix” Flowers unisexual (sometimes bisexual) monoecious or dioecious; if monoecious, males flowers above, female flowers below Fetid odor; Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
lobellum
Nctar spur
Bulbophyllum echinolabium Lobellum: “Lip” of an orchid perianth; the adaxial member of the inner whorl of perianth parts (but due to rotation of the flower, at anthesis usually placed as the lowermost perianth part), and differentiated from the other perianth parts in size, form, and/or coloration. Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Bletilla striata Column: structure formed by the fused style and stigma plus stamens of orchids. Pollinium (pl. pollinia): mass of pollen grains transported as a unit, as in many Orchidaceae plants. Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
These images are all from the same source, ref.6 Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
5 minutes later
Mass of pollen grains (pollinia) transported as a unit by pollinators -all or nothing! to fertilize all eggs in another flower.
Photo: Yaowu Yuan Orchidaceae (epiphytic adaptation)
Textbook DVD DLN Epidendrum radiatum
Epiphytic plants: plants that are supported by some structure other than their own stem (usually other plants). Pseudobulb: thickened internode on the stem of many epiphytic orchids . Orchidaceae (epiphytic adaptation)
Modifications for drought resistance:
-Pseudobulb, store water and nutrients;
-The thickened aerial roots strongly mycorrhizal (mutualism with fungi), often covered with a velamen that absorbs water from air.
-Sunken stomata on leaves, allow CO2 in and O2 out but little H2O out.
-Thick waxy cuticle (waxy surface covering plant to prevent water loss).
Velamen: a spongy multi-layered epidermis that covers the roots of many epiphytic orchids. Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Orchidaceae - 775 genera/19,5000 species. Perhaps the family with the largest number of species (20,000 - 45, 000); Many tropical epiphytic orchid species probably still unknown; Often very close association with insect pollinator – tight co-evolution.
Herbs, terrestrial or epiphytic (all terrestrial in PNW); Flowers zygomorphic, petals 3, one modified as a “labellum”; sepals 3, one may have a spur; pollen aggregated into pollinia; style, stigma, and stamens fused to form the column; ovary inferior. Seeds minute, without endosperm, require a fungal partner to germinate successfully and for continued growth. Each ovary has 1000s of ovules; Monocots vs. Dicots
Ref.7 Phylogeny of angiosperms Angiosperm “Basal angiosperm”
AmborellaNymphaealesAustrobaileyalesMagnoliidss Monocots Eudicots Parallel venation scattered vascular bundles 1 cotyledon Tricolpate pollen
After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Image Source
Ref.1 http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php Ref.2 http://www.freefoto.com/images/12/61/12_61_52---Tulip_web.jpg Ref.3 http://www.maltawildplants.com/IRID/Pics/GLDIT/GLDIT-Gladiolus_italicus_t.jpg Ref.4 http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/images/corpseflower.jpg Ref.5 http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/2153/littleorchid.jpg Ref.6 http://weesc.com/LS_hybridisation.html Ref.7 http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week8/dicotmonocot.gif Ref.8 http://www.botany.unibe.ch/paleo/pollen_e/images/jpeg/rem/Acer_campestre_zpIII18_9.jpg