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Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota MAEG-07 Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Contents Twentieth Century Literature Block-I Poetry Unit-1 : T.S. Eliot: The Wasteland (I) 1-14 Unit-2 : T.S. Eliot: The Wasteland (II) 15-26 Unit-3 : W.B. Yeats : Sailing to Byzantium 27-43 Unit-4 : W.B. Yeats : Easter 1916 44-63 Unit-5 : W.H.Auden : Sept.1, 1939 and In Memory of W.B.Yeats 64-93 Unit-6 : Dylan Thomas : Fern Hill and This Bread I Break 94-108 Block-II Drama Unit-7 : Bernard Shaw : Saint Joan (I) 109-120 Unit-8 : Bernard Shaw : Saint Joan (II) 121-132 Unit-9 : J.M.Synge : The Play Boy of the Western World (I) 133-155 Unit-10: J.M.Synge : The Play Boy of the Western World (II) 156-178 Unit-11: John Osborne : Look Back in Anger 179-207 Unit-12: Samuel Backett : Waiting for Godot (I) 208-219 Unit-13: Samuel Backett : Waiting for Godot (II) 220-237 Unit-14: Virginia Woolf : Mrs Dalloway (I) 238-266 Unit-15: Virginia Woolf : Mrs Dalloway (II) 267-283 Unit-16: James Joyce : A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man (I) 284-299 Unit-17: James Joyce : A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man (II) 300-314 Block-III Novel Unit-18: D.H.Lawrence : Sons and Lovers (I) 315-327 Unit-19: D.H.Lawrence : Sons and Lovers (II) 328-339 Unit-20: Aldous Huxley : Brave New World (I) 340-350 Unit-21: Aldous Huxley : Brave New World (II) 351-369 Block-IV Essay Unit-22: George Orwell : Shooting an Elephant 370-381 __________ Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) Naresh Dadhich Vice-Chancellor Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Convener and Members Prof. (Dr.) Rajul Bhargava Dr. Kshamata Chaudhary Formerly Prof. & HOD Dept. of English Assistant Professor/Convener, Dept. of English University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota 1. Prof.Malashri Lal 3. Prof. Sudhi Rajiv 5. Prof.S.K.Sharma Dept. of English HOD,Dept. of English Dept. of English University of Delhi, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Gurukul Kangri University, New Delhi Jodhpur Haridwar 2. Dr. S.K. Agrawal 4. Dr. Joya Chakravarty 6. Dr. Rajesh Shukla Asso. Prof.Dept. of English Asso. Prof., Dept. of English HOD, P.G. Dept. of English JRNR Vidhyapeeth University, University of Rajasthan Govt. P.G.College, Udaipur Jaipur Dausa Editor and Writers Editor Dr. S.C.Singh Retd.Asso.Prof.Dept. of English University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Unit Writers Unit No. Unit Writers Unit No. 1. Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Bhatt (1,2) 6. Dr. Arun Soule (9,10) Sr.Lecturer,Dept. of English Asso.Prof.,Dept. of English Arts and Commerce College, University of Rajasthan, Himmatnagar (Gujrat) Jaipur 2. Dr. S.K.Agrawal (3,4,20,21) 7. Dr. Jatinder Kohli (11) Associate Prof.,Dept. of English Sr.Lecturer,Dept. of English JRNRV University, Udaipur Govt. P.G. College, Kota 3. Dr. S.P.Singh (5) 7. Dr. Kshamata Chaudhary (12,13) HOD Dept. of English Assit.Prof.,Dept. of English Agrawal P.G. College, Jaipur VMOU, Kota 4. Dr. Joya Chakravarty (6) 8. Dr. Rajesh Lidiya (14,15,16,17) Asso.Prof., Dept. of English Sr. Lect. Dept. of English University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Rajasthan Technival University, Kota 5. Dr. Rajesh Shukla (7,8,18,19) 9. Prof. Devendra Johar (22) HOD.,P.G.Dept. of English Director, Directorate of Distance Education Govt. P.G. College, Dausa JRNRV University, Udaipur Academic and Administrative Arrangement Prof. (Dr.) Naresh Dadhich Prof. Anam Jaitly Prof. P.K. Sharma Vice-Chancellor Director Director Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Academic Material Production and Distribution Course Production Yogendra Goyal Assistant Production Officer Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Production: January, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing form the V.M.Open University, Kota Printed and published on behalf of V.M.Open University, Kota by Director (Academic) Block Introduction The present volume is concentrated on the study of certain representative specimens of Twentieth century British literature. There are four clocks in it correspondig to Poetry,Drama, Fiction, and Prose (Essay). The Twentieth century opened with a deep sense of scepticism and uncertainty. It set in the mood of enquiry and questioned everything. The old Victorian poets, novelists and playwrights were yawned over for various reasons. The Twentieth cen- tury, thus, began with a belligerent mood and a new creative epoch dawned in literature. It meant a contemptuous rejection of the accepted values. Men felt themselves to be living without purpose in a society without meaning. The twentieth century writers were essentially rebels and wished to consider afresh what was so far authoratative and settled in literary genre. The reversal coincided with the death of Queen Victoria and a few years later World War I precipitated a crisis that altered things irreversibly for all. Intellectuals of the century wooed the socio-political ideals of Marxism and socialism. George Barnard Shaw came out with Fabian socialism which vowed not to take resort to violent means to achieve the end Shaw intellectualised the genre of drama. World War I left many permanent scars on the face of modern life. It left mankind shaken and shattered. Parallel to progressive measures there were unmistakable signs of so- cial despair, dissatisfaction and unrest. Young men serving as military officers, among whom were many writers like Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Caudwell, Rupert Brooke enhanced an element of anxiety and anger in public life. The social unrest was under- lined in the poetry of W.H.Auden, Wilfred Owen, Sassoon and in Erich Von Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Richard Aldington’s Death of a Hero, W.H.Auden’s 1 Septem- ber 1939, R.C. Sherrif’s play Journey’s End, Edmund Blunden’s -Undertones of War etc. G.Moore and Bertrand Russell were the frontline philosophers of the period. The depth psy- chologists- Alfred Adler, Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung revealed new ways interpret- ing man’s psyche and behaviour. Freud dwelt on the mystique of the Unconscious mind. Freud’s psycho-analysis and Jung’s archetypal explanation opened up new avenues of literary creation. Marxism became a dominant ideology. H.G.Wells, D.H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley etc interpreted life in the light of new ideas. D.H.Lawrence in his novels- The Rainbow, Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley’s Lover examined interpersonal relationships in the light of depth-psychology and indulged in the mystique of sexuality and eroticism. James Joyce in The Portrait of the Artist as a Young man highlighted the subtle aesthetics of the century empha- sizing intuition and expression. Georgian poetry was welcomed by the intellectually gifted writers like D.H.Lawrence. G.M.Hopkins’s poetic technique was appreciated. Thus period saw a number of literary and artistic movements such as Dadaism, Futurism, Surrealism, Imagism, Cubism, Symbolism to forge newer modes of literary creation. W.B.Yeasts, T.S.Eliot, James Joyce, D.H.Lawrence Ezra Pound, Dylan Thomas, experimented with new stylistic techniques in poetry. Virginia Woolf in her novels Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse etc came out with the technique of stream-of-Consciousness. The traditional story-oriented novel was replaced by the psychological novel. The twentieth century poetry was deromanticised by T.S.Eliot. His poem The Wasteland shook the critics stock notions about poetry. Modern poetry, thus became more or more experiential. Edith Sitwell, W.B.Yeasts, T.S.Eliot, Ezra Pound, Richard Aldington, Ford Madox Ford, Edit Sitwell, Ted Hughes, Dylan Thomas were preoccupied with innovative techniques of form to incorporate subtle experience in poetry. The word ‘mod- ern’ became synonymous with complexity of a kind that repelled the reader. Poetry became more or less a cross-word puzzle in T.S.Eliot, R.S.Thomas, Dylan Thomas, etc. The Complexity arose in their works because they made poetry a cauldron of myths, new techniques, and subtle philosophic strands unusual syntactic phrase patterns and sym- bolic associations syntactic techniques patterns and symbolic associations surfaced in their poems. The impact of the French writers Charles Baudelaire, Valery, Mallarme, Andre’Gide, Cannot be under estimated on the twentieth century British poets, playwrights, novelists and essayists. T.C. Eliot created his niche in the genre of poetic drama as he wrote murder in the Cathedral, The family Reunion, The Cocktail Party etc. His Four Quartets is a classic like The Waste Land. The poet is at his philosophic best is it. Credit goes to Robert Bridges to discover G.M.Hopkins as a craftman of modern poetry. Hopkins, thought a Victorian cre- ated miraculous poetry with ‘sprung rhythm’ creating music out of stressed and unstressed syllables i.e. with iamds, dactyls, trochaics etc. The prominent Post-second world war poets and writers were W.H.Auden, Stephen Spender, Cecil Day Lewis, Louis Mac Neice, William Empson, John Lehman, Cecil Day Lewis, Dylan Thomas, Philip Larkin, Thom Gunn, Ted Hughes etc could not imitate Hopkins. A wave of feminism also swept through Europe. Women poets like Kathleen Raine, Stevie Smith, Sylvia Plath made their presence felt. There were echoes of gender divide and gynocritics. Showalter was one of the pioneers in the field. The novelists like Joseph Canard, D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Dorothy Richardson etc thrilled the readers with their works. John Galsworthy as a playwright and Somerset Maugham as a novelist became popular like the Victorian novelists Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens. George Orwell’s essay Shooting the Elephant and Mark Twain’s Kim highlighted the sensibility of colonialism in India.
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