Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction

1 Labour Leader, 23June 1905. 2 A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965) p. 1. It was certainly unlikely that the average Englishman would have been unaware of the existence oflocal government institutions.lfMr Taylor's statement is meant to apply to national government it is worth pointing out that the police were organised and controlled on a local basis. 3 G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian (1965) p. 109. On the proliferation of government agencies see D. Roberts, The Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State (New Haven, 1960) pp. 327-33. The philosophy underlying Victorian legislation has been the subject of a lengthy and by now rather pointless academic debate. It has been conveniently summarised by A. J. Taylor, Laissez-faire and State Inter• vention in Nineteenth Century Britain ( 1972). 4 North Wales Observer, 18 December 1896. 5 A. S. Wohl in his introduction to a new edition of A. Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast (Leicester, 1970) p. 9. 6 Labour Leader, 2 November 1895. 7 F. Ponsonby, Recollections of Three Reigns (1951) p. 300. 8 Contemporary Review, LXXXI (January 1902) p. 81. On this see B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain (1966) p. 2lff. The view has recently been challenged by G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London (1971) p. 78. 9 C. F. G. Masterman, in J. T. Boulton (ed.), The Condition of England (1960) p. 59. 10 A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds), Essays in Labour History 1886-1923 (1971) p. 2. 11 D. Butler, 'Electors and Elected' in A. H. Halsey (ed.), Trends in British Society Since 1900 (1972) p. 227. 12 G. D. H. Cole, 'British Trade Unions in the Third Quarter of the Nineteenth Century', reprinted in E. M. Carus Wilson (ed.), Essays in Economic History (1962) vol. 3, p. 220. 13 A. E. Musson, British Trade Unions 1800-1875 (1972) p. 58. 14 B. R. Mitchell and P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cam• bridge, 1971) p. 68. 15 H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (Pelican edition, 1963) pp. 89-90. 16 T.U.C., Annual Report, 1897, p. 28. 17 H. Pelling, 'The Working Class and the Origins of the Welfare State', in his Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968) pp. 1-18. 344 NOTES 18 I.L.P., Annual &port, 1895, p. 26. 19 T.U.C., Annual Report, 1895, p. 44. 20 P. Snowden, 'The Labour Party and the General Election', Independmt Review, VII (1905) p. 143. 21 Ibid., p. 139. 22 See, for example, C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1949) pp. 212-26; D. Nicholls, 'Positive Liberty, 1880-1914', American Political Science &view, 56 ( 1962) pp. 114--28. 23 D. G. Ritchie, The Principles of State Interference (1891) p. 64. 24 H. Samuel, Liberalism ( 1902) p. 28. 25 H. Cox, Socialism in the House of Commons (1907) p. 8. 26 J. Morley to H. Campbell Bannerman, 19 July 1907. Campbell Banner• man Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 41223, f. 253. 27 Bristol Right to Work Committee, Annual &port, 1908, p. 2. 28 T. Wilson, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 1914-1935 (Fontana edition, 1968) pp. 20-I. In 'Some Reflections' for this edition of his book Professor Wilson admits that his metaphor was perhaps a little rash because it has so taken the attention of readers that other explana• tions of the party's downfall, 'including the possibility that the apparent victim may have been at death's door anyway' have been overlooked. 29 R. Douglas, The History of the Liberal Party, 1895-1970 (1971) p. 3. 30 Ibid., p. 2. 31 G. Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England 1910-1914 (Capri• corn edition, 1961) p. 8. 32 Pelling, Popular Politics, pp. 101-20. 33 H. V. Emy, Liberals, Radicals and Social Politics 1892-1914 (Cambridge, 1973). 34 P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour. The Struggle for Landon 1885-1914 (1967) esp. pp. 294--8. 35 P. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism (Cambridge, 1971). 36 C. F. G. Masterman, 'Liberalism and Labour', Nineteenth Century, LX (1906) p. 706. 37 There has, of course, been a considerable amount of work on the Conservative Party and its politicians. For a recent bibliography see G. D. M. Block, 'On the State of Conservative Studies', Swinton Journal, 14 (1969), pp. 32-6. For a fuller list see the same author's A Source Book of Conservative Studies (1964) pp. 13-62. 38 S. Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool (1934) p. 271. 39 M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics ( 1971) p. I. 40 No copies are known to survive. It is mentioned by '0', 'Industry and Its Rewards in Great Britain and Ireland', Westminster &view, XXXVII (1842) p. 216. 41 F. Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs (1911) vol. 1, p. 316. 42 Pelling, British Trade Unionism, p. 69. 43 St james Gazette, 12 July 1880. His speech damning Gladstone was published by the L.P.D.L. as Socialism at St Stephens, 1883-1884. 44 A. White, The Views of Vanoc: An Englishman's Outlook (1910) p. 310. NOTES 345 45 R. Tressall, The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists (Penguin edition, 1940) p. 33. 46 H. Macmillan, The Winds r:ifChange, 1914-1939 (1966) p. 249. 47 R. A. Church, 'Profit-Sharing and Labour Relations in England in the Nineteenth Century', International Review of Social History, XVI (1971) p. 2. 48 B. Webb, My Apprenticeship (Penguin edition, 1971) p. 59. 49 E. H. Phelps Brown, The Growth of British Industrial Relations (1959) pp. 211-15. 50 K. D. Brown, 'Conflict in Early British Welfare Policy: the Case of the Unemployed Workmen's Bill of 1905', Journal of Modem History, 43 (1971) pp. 615-29. 51 J. Chambers, Unemployment and Politics (Oxford, 1972) pp. 105-6. 52 Quoted in R. J. White, The Conservative Tradition (1950) p. 88. 53 G. R.Jones, 'England', in H. Rogger and E. Weber (eds), The European Right (1965) pp. 29-30.

Chapter 2: The New LiberalisDl of C. F. G. Mastennan, 1873-1927

The only biography of Masterman is that by his widow, Lucy Master• man, C. F. G. Masterman (1939). I am most grateful to Mrs Master• man and to Mr N. C. Masterman for their kind help in this piece of research. Unfortunately only a very few fragments of Masterman's correspondence appear to have survived. This material is not available for public use. I am indebted to the custodians of the following libraries and museums for granting me access to collections in their keeping which contain material relating to Masterman: The First Beaverbrook Foundation, Beaverbrook Library ( Papers); Bodleian Library, Oxford (Asquith Papers, Ponsonby Papers); British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics (Braithwaite Papers; Webb Diaries); British Museum ( Papers; Herbert Gladstone Papers; C. P. Scott Papers); and Friends' House Library (T. E. Harvey Papers). 2 C. Addison, Politics from Within (1924) vol. 1, p. 29; cf. Arnold Bennett, Journal (1932) p. 688. 3 S. Hynes, The Edwardian Tum of Mind (1968) p. 86. 4 Union debate, 30 November 1897. I am indebted to Mr N.C. Master• man for bringing this information to my attention and to Mr R. F. Thompson of the Cambridge Union Society for making it available. 5 Ibid., 19 November 1895. 6 Ibid., 7 February 1899. 7 C. F. G. Masterman, in R. Mudie-Smith (ed), The Religious Life of London (1904) p. 196. 8 C. F. G. Masterman, 'The English City', in L. Oldershaw (ed), England: a Nation (1904) p. 56. E.A.L.H.-M 346 NOTES 9 See Masterman's defence against adverse criticism in his Preface to the new and popular edition of his The Heart of Empire (1902) pp. xiii-xiv. This collection of essays, originally published in 1901, was edited and in some cases rewritten by Masterman. See G. P. Gooch, Under Six Reigns (1936) p. 86. 10 The Hearl of the Empire, pp. 50-1. 11 Ibid., p. 8. 12 The Condition of England (1909) p. 9. 13 See 'The Challenge of the Church', The Commonwealth, IX (May 1904) pp. 131-4; 'June in England', The Commonwealth, IX (July 1904) pp. 211-3. 14 B. Webb, Our Partnership (1948) p. 292. 15 H. G. Wells, Experiment in Autobiography (1934) pp. 650-1. 16 C. F. G. Masterman, 'For Zion's Sake: The Wail of a Social Reformer', The Commonwealth, V (November 1900) p. 322. 17 'Municipal Socialism', The Pilot, VI (October 1902) pp. 367-9. 18 H. Gladstone Interview Notebook, 9 March 1903. Herbert Gladstone Papers, British Museum Add. MSS 46484, f. 31. 19 C. F. G. Masterman to H. Gladstone, 8 December 1903. Ibid., B.M.Add. MSS 46061, f. 87. 20 Webb, Our Partnership, p. 309 (Diary, 30 July 1905). 21 South Essex Mail, 23 December 1905. 22 Ibid., 16 December 1905. 23 'The Outlook for Social Reform', Independent Review, VII (October 1905) p. 148. 24 Parl. Debates, 4th Ser., CLV. 1048-50. 25 H. Gladstone to C. F. G. Masterman, 28 June 1906. H. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add.MSS 46107, f. 164. 26 Parl. Debates, 4th Ser., CLXI 439-40. 27 Ibid., CLXVI, 977-1009. 28 'Liberalism and Labour', The Nineteenth Century, LXI (November 1906), p. 712. 29 The Nation, 24 August 1907. 30 J. A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism (1909) p. 133. 31 The Nation, 6July 1907. 32 Ibid., 27 July 1907. 33 'Causes and Cures of Poverty', Albany Review, II (February 1908), pp. 531-47. 34 The Nation, 7 March 1908. 35 Churchill himself was adamant that he did not want to go to the local government board. R. S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill (1967), vol. 2, pp. 240-3. However, Masterman and Gladstone were to work well together at the Home Office 1909-10; Gladstone also happened to be Lucy Masterman's cousin. 36 C. F. G. Masterman to H. H. Asquith, 13 Apri11908. Bodleian Library. Asquith Papers, 10, f. 95. 37 J. Burns to H. H. Asquith, 13 Aprill908. Asquith Papers 10, f. 89. 38 J. Burns, Diary 13 Apri11908. Burns Papers. B.M.Add.MSS 46326. NOTES 347 39 The Nation, 24 October 1908. 40 K. D. Brown, lAbour and Unemployment 1900-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1971) pp. 101-7. 41 L. Masterman, C. F. G. Masterman (1939) pp. 121-2. 42 Masterman's Preface to new and popular edition, The Condition of England (1911) p. 4. 43 C. F. G. Masterman to H. Gladstone, 8 july 1909. H. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add.MSS 46067, f. 68. 44 C. F. G. Masterman to H. Gladstone, February 1910. Ibid. B.M. Add. MSS 46068, f. 265. 45 Masterman, Masterman, pp. 164-5, 170-72. 46 Ibid., pp. 179-80; Sir Henry N. Bunbury (ed.), Lloyd George's Ambulance Wagon: Being the Memoirs of William j. Braithwaite 1911-1912 (1957) pp. 84-7. 47 Masterman, Masterman, p. 256; F. Owen, Tempestuous journey: The Lifo and Times of Lloyd George (1954) pp. 219-21. 48 Bunbury, Lloyd George's Ambulance Wagon, p. 292. 49 C. F. G. Masterman to D. Lloyd George, n.d. (21 May 1913}, Lloyd George Papers, Beaverbrook Library, CJ1/IJ7A; D. Lloyd George to C. F. G. Masterman, 14 September 1912. 50 D. Lloyd George to C. F. G. Masterman, 10 September 1913. 51 South Essex Mail, 23 December 1905. 52 The Times, 27 August 1909. 53 C. F. G. Masterman to H. Gladstone, 9 February 1910. H. Gladstone Papers. B.M. Add.MSS 46068, f. 263. 'I feel very disgusted that six months of work when we might have been working together has been so "rotted" by the budget, the H of Lords agitation and the election.' 54 Lord Riddell, More Pages from my Diary 1908-14 (1934) pp. 54, 65. 55 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., XXIII, 1685: Ibid., XXXII, 1773-90. 56 Ibid., XXI, 2159-2200. Adjournment debate on Heswall reformatory school scandal. 57 See B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain (1966); Bunbury, Lloyd George's Ambulance Wagon. 58 Speech at Tottenham, 29 October 1908. The Times, 30 October 1908. 59 Pelling, Popular Politics and Society in lAte Victorian Britain ( 1968) p. 13. Masterman's own view was 'I doubt if the scheme will ever be popular. I think the people will come to tolerate it, but they will never bless the Liberal party for it as Lloyd George thought they would'. Lord Riddell, More Pages from my Diary, p. 54. 60 Webb, Our Partnership, p. 475 (Diary, 26 May 1911). 61 Bunbury, Lloyd George's Ambulance Wagon, p. 303. 62 Arthur Murray, brother of the former liberal Chief Whip, the Master of Elibank, was a particularly outspoken critic. See Arthur Murray, Diary, 19 July 1912. National Library of (N.L.S.) Elibank Papers, MS 8814, ff. 83--4. For Masterman's advice on how to conduct the campaign see D. Lloyd George to]. St .G. Heath, Secretary of the Land Enquiry Committee, 20 September 1912, Lloyd George Papers, Beaverbrook Library, C/2/1/38. 348 NOTES 63 C. F. G. Masterman to Lloyd George, ? August, 1913. Masterman, Masterman, pp. 258-9. 64 For a full account of the Land Campaign see H. V. Emy, 'The Land Campaign: Lloyd George as a Social Reformer 1909-14' in A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (1971) pp. 35-68. 65 C. F. G. Masterman to Arthur Ponsonby, 30 May 1914. Bodleian Library. Ponsonby Papers, January-August 1914 file. Masterman had been defeated in the Ipswich by-election on 23 May. 66 See Edward David, 'Charles Masterman and the Swansea District By-Election, 1915', Welsh History Review, 5 (1970) pp. 31-44. 67 C. F. G. Masterman to T. E. Harvey, n.d. (August 1914). Friends' House Library, Harvey Papers, 'Outbreak of First World War. Corres• pondence' file: 'And I was a fierce pro-Boer: and I know the sufferings will be immense: and I know that the war has killed most of the things for a lifetime which we care about: and God only knows what we shall come to in the end. Deus rifugum est.' Cf. Bennett, journal, p. 650: 'January 30th 1918 ... Masterman very gloomy and cynical, and prophesying the most terrible things. He said he hadn't had a happy day for 19-20 years, and that the only thing that really bucked him up was winning an election. In fact he was a sad spectacle.' 68 Contemporary &view, 118 (August 1920) pp. 171-90; ibid., 119 (May 1921) pp. 611,615. 69 The Nation, 17 March 1923. 70 Glasgow Herald, 24 March 1923. 71 Derbyshire Times, 28 October 1922. 72 Masterman, Masterman, pp. 327-30. Cf. B. Webb, Diaries 1924-32 (1956) p. 10. '15 February 1924. Masterman's mean depreciation of the labour Ministry in The Nation over the signature of M.P. (last spring he wanted to join the Labour Party!) It is an ugly opening of the striving of the liberals to regain their lost position of an alternative government.' 73 Manchester Guardian, 21 November 1923. 74 The New Liberalism (1920) p. 25. 75 Ibid., p. 121. 76 Ibid., p. 153. 77 Ibid., pp. 159-60. 78 Ibid., p. 163. 79 Ibid., p. 205. 80 Ibid., p. 202. 81 Cf. Beatrice Webb's comment on Henderson:' ... right down in his consciousness is the old liberal who does not himself want any con• siderable change in social structure and is contented with a very moderate measure of social reform within that present system.' Diary, 18 December 1923. 82 See The Liberal Magazine, XXIX (February 1921) pp. 9-19. 83 Nottingham journal, 25 and 26 February 1921; in The Nation, 7 February 1925, Masterman recalled 'My friend Mr Ramsay Muir had arrived with a truculent Lancashire support, setting forth in essentials the NOTES 349 same programme as our own, but occupying an explanatory page where we occupied a paragraph. In a desperate attempt to prevent the appearance of a division, I swallowed the whole of his programme en bloc, as the lean kine swallowed the fat kine in Scripture, and yet got no fatter ....' 84 The Liberal Magazine, XXIX (Aprill921) p. 173. 85 Ibid., p. 175. 86 The Nation, 8 October 1921. SeeM. Stocks, Ernest Simon of Manchester, (1963) pp. 69-75, where the first summer school is said to have been the meeting at Leadon Court in 1920. 87 Stocks, Simon, p. 69. Cf. Webb, Diaries, p. 51: 'There is no document to which this extraordinary crowd can refer, as containing the creed of the party, no leader to whom they tum for guidance; they are simply a crowd . . . drawn together because they happen to dislike the other two political parties ....' 88 Wishful thinking on the liberal side and suspicion on the labour com• pounded to make a working relationship impossible. Cf. Westminster Gazette, 28June 1924. T. Wilson (ed.), The Political Diaries ofC. P. Scott 1911-28 (1970) pp. 46a-62, for different views of liberal behaviour in the House of Commons. Total mistrust between the two parties is also shown in the widely differing reports on the Committee Stage of the government's Housing Bill in Westminster Gazette, 23 June 1924, and Daily Herald 25 June 1924. 89 Masterman, Masterman, p. 346. 90 Daily News, 5 August 1924, report of Masterman's address on national insurance to the liberal summer school. 91 'Why Housing has failed', Westminster Gazette, 24 and 25 Aprill924. 92 Daily News, 23 February 1926. 93 Reynold's News, 21 February 1926. 94 A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: a diary by Frances Stevenson (1971) pp. 246-7; Masterman, Masterman, pp. 361-2. 95 Reynold's News, 30 May 1926. 96 Ibid., 27 June 1926; cf. Daily News, 15 November 1924: 'Socialism is the construction of the insect state. If it does not imply of necessity the worship of the state, at least its fundamental tenet is the complete subordination of the individual to the machine. Its ideal is the sacrifice of freedom in return for comfort.' 97 R. Skidelsky, Politicians and the Slump: the Labour Goverment of 1929-31 (1970 edition) p. 67.

Chapter 3: The Liberal Response to Soclallsm, 1918-29

I E. Acland to H. Young, n.d. (c. 1916). Cambridge University Library. Kennet Papers. 2 D. Lloyd George to A. (copy), 4 September 1920. Beaver• brook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/31/1/44. 350 NOTES 3 0. Wihl to H. Samuel, 25 March 1927. Record Office. Samuel Papers, A/155(vi)/54. 4 W. Runciman to H. Samuel, 19 November 1924. Ibid., A/155(v)/33. 5 R. Holt, Diary, 19July 1914. Liverpool Central Library. Holt Papers. 6 See H. A. L. Fisher, Lord Bryce (1927) vol. 2, p. 122;J. Pease, Elections and Recollections (1932) p. 73. 7 M. Reckitt, As It Happened (1941) p. 104. 8 Quoted in E. M. Forster, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1962 ed.) p. 116. 9 S. E. Koss, Lord Haldane: Scapegoat for Liberalism (1969) p. 241. Again the view is retrospective, but it is fair to add that Haldane had been voicing such worries since at least the 1880s. See, for example, D. A. Hamer, Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery (Oxford, 1972) p. 233. 10 J. A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism (1909) p. 93. 11 Sir C. Hardinge to Lord Crewe, 21 October 1914. Cambridge Univer- sity Library. Crewe Papers. . 12 E. M. Forster to H. Young, 4 March 1915. Cambridge University Library. Kennet Papers. 13 Sandhurst, Diary, 22 August 1914 and 8 January 1916, in Viscount Sandhurst, From Day to Day (1928/9) vol. 1, 22, and vol. 2, 5. 14 C. Addison, Four and a Half Years (1933) vol. 2, p. 459. 15 Lord Beauchamp to Sir J. Simon, 27 January 1918. Institute of Historical Research. Simon Papers. 16 0. Brett, A Defence of Liberty (1920) p. 178. 17 R. Holt, Diary, 31 December 1917 and 12 November 1918. Liverpool University Library. Holt Papers. 18 Liberal circular to agents dated 7 January 1918. See The Times, 22January 1918. 19 Address given by Asquith to the London Liberal Federation on 15 January 1918 and reported in The Times, 17 January 1918. 20 G. Murray, 'The Democratic Idea', in Viscount Bryce (ed.), The League of Nations (Oxford, 1919), p. 125; A. P. Herbert in The Times, 12January 1927. 21 'Leading Rebels-September 1918', marked 'secret'. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/6/1/23. 22 MacDonald in Forward, 14 December 1918, quoted in Lord Elton, The Life of james Ramsay MacDonald (1939) p. 344. 23 H. Dalton, Diary, I January 1919. London School of Economics and Political Science. (Hereafter B.L.P.E.S Dalton Papers.) 24 Sandhurst, Diary, 13-25 November 1918 and I November 1920, in Sandhurst, Day to Day, vol. 2, pp. 281 and 387. 25 H. A. L. Fisher, Diary, 21 November 1918. Bodleian Library. Fisher Papers. 26 Henry Gladstone to Herbert Gladstone, 4 December 1918. F1intshireo County Record Office. Glynne-G1adstone Papers. 27 Lord Esher to 0. S. Brett, 12 September 1919, in M. V. Brett (ed.) The Journals and Letters of Lord Esher ( 1938) vol. 4, p. 243. NOTES 351 28 Memorandum by E. Beddington Behrens, 25 May 1919. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. 29 The Times, 8 August 1919. The document is dated 2 June. 30 Nation, 25 November 1922. 31 Parl. Debates. 5th Ser., CLX, 2159. 32 Nation, 11 March 1922 and 9 Aprill927. Cf. Bonar Law at the Albert Hall, 7 May 1920: 'The issues which are before this country are, in the main, not the old issues. They are social and economic.' Liberal Magazine, June 1920. 33 The Times, II July 1919; Part. Debates, 5th Ser., CXIX, 647. 34 Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After (1933) p. 21. 35 M. Hankey to T.Jones, 17 January 1920, quoted in T.Jones, Whitehall Diary (ed. K. Middlemas) (Oxford, 1969) vol. 1, p. 97. 36 P. Kerr to D. Lloyd George, 18 May 1921. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/34/2/1. 37 K. 0. Morgan, Lloyd George: Welsh Radical as World Statesman (1963) p.7l. 38 D. Lloyd George to A. J. Balfour (copy}, 18 February 1920. Beaver• brook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/3/5/3; D. Lloyd George to A. Bonar Law (copy) 4 September 1920. Ibid., F/31/l/44. 39 See, for example, the manifesto ofJ. Bayley at the Wrekin by-election in February 1920 in ibid., Ffl67f2. Bayley, one might add, came bottom of the poll. 40 Jones, Whitehall Diary, p. 80. 41 Ibid., pp. 99 and 103. 42 Riddell, Intimate Diary, p. 242. 43 Labour news service, reported in The Times, 22 March 1920. 44 C. F. G. Masterman to W. Wedgwood Benn, 24 December 1922. Stansgate Papers. The author is deeply grateful to Lady Stansgate for granting him permission to consult this material, and to Dr Cameron Hazlehurst for allowing him free access to it. 45 See the Liberal Magazine, November 1920. 46 Henry Gladstone to Herbert Gladstone, 25 September 1919. Flintshire County Record Office. Glynne-Gladstone Papers. 47 Lord Elibank to D. Maclean, 26 June 1919. National Library of Scotland. Elibank Papers, 8804, f. 214. 48 See, for example, Maclean's strictures delivered at the unveiling of a picture of Asquith at Newcastle Liberal Club. The Times, 1 March 1920. 49 There are several examples of such sentiments in the Simon Papers; particularly fulsome is L. Jones to J. Simon, 4 January 1920. Institute of Historical Research. Simon Papers. 50 C. F. G. Masterman, The New Liberalism (1920) p. 195. 51 H. H. Asquith, Letters to a Friend (1933) vol. I, p. 175; Elizabeth Bibesco to G. Murray, 29 May 1920. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. 352 NOTES 52 C. F. G. Masterman to Lucy Mastennan, 26 August 1920, quoted in L. Mastennan, C. F. G. Masterman (1939) p. 317. 53 Nation, 14 October 1922. 54 G. McAllister, : Portrait of a Rebel (1935) p. 165. 55 The phrase is R. B. McCallum's. See his Public Opinion and the Last Peace (Oxford, 1944) p. 91. 56 Liberal Magazine, September 1922. 57 Brett, Defence of Liber(Y, p. 211. 58 E. Dodds, Is Liberalism Dead? (1920) p. 73. 59 Nation, 9 August 1919. 60 R. Holt, Diary, 5 May 1919 and 23 September 1920. Liverpool Central Library. Holt Papers. 61 See the speech of Major Henry Barnes, Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CXII, 385. Considering the mild nature of his views, it is surprising to find him a coalition liberal. But he did in fact join the Asquithians later in the year, and when he explained why to Guest, he dwelt upon Mill's commendation of 'an equal participation of all in the benefits of combined labour'. H. Barnes to F. Guest, 21 November 1919. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/21/4/21. 62 M. Asquith to J. M. Keynes, 26 January 1920. King's College, Cambridge, Library. Keynes Papers. Three years later Harold Laski was to report her talking 'just like a grande dame of the eighteenth century who has heard with amazement that there is an emeute at the palace gates'. M. Howe (ed.), Holmes-Laski Letters, 1916-1935 (1953) vol. 1, p. 562. 63 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CXII, 359. 64 See the views of Sidney Webb, reported in Dalton's Diary, 29 Decem• ber 1922. Dalton Papers. 65 L. Masterman, Masterman, pp. 327-8. 66 M. Asquith to A. Bonar Law, 29 October 1922. Beaverbrook Library. Bonar Law Papers 108/1/23. 67 Morning Post, 8 November 1927. 68 See Daily Chronicle, 23 November 1922. 69 Sir E. Grigg to A. Bailey (copy), 4 January 1923. Grigg Papers. The author is much indebted to Mr John Grigg for permission to consult and quote from his father's papers. 70 Lloyd George at the Free Trade Hall on 28 April 1923, reported in The Times, 30 Aprill923. 71 V. Bonham-Carter to G. Murray, 7 December 1923. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. 72 Lord Curzon to Lord Crewe, 11 December 1923. Cambridge Univer• sity Library. Crewe Papers. 73 Diary, 19 November 1923, in M. Cole (ed.), Beatrice Webb's Diaries, 1914-24 (1952) p. 250. 74 H. Spender, The Fire of Life (1926) p. 277. 75 Viscount Grey to Lord Robert Cecil, 14 October 1924. Cecil Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 51073, f. 88. NOTES 353 76 H. Gladstone to D. Maclean, 12 January 1924. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add.MSS 46474, f. 64. 77 W. A. S. Hewins, Diary, 24January 1924. Sheffield University Library. Hewins Papers. 78 H. Dalton, Diary, 4 February 1924. B.L.P.E.S. Dalton Papers. 79 H. Young to G. Young, 6 February 1924. Cambridge University Library. Kennet Papers. 80 H. Dalton, Diary, 19 January 1924. B.L.P.E.S. Dalton Papers. 81 Part. Debates, 5th Ser., CLXXII, 2056. 82 J. R. MacDonald to G. Murray, 10 October 1924. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. Cf. M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-24 (Cambridge, 1971) p. 381. 83 Defection to labour during the war is considered in M. Swartz, The Union of Democratic Control in British Politics during the First World War (1971) pp. 84-144. For a broader treatment see C. A. Cline, Recruits to Labour: The British Labour Party, 1914-31 (1963). 84 A. Mond to D. Lloyd George, 25 September 1924. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, G/14/5/8. 85 New Statesman, 26 January 1924. 86 Sir E. Grigg to A. Bailey (copy) 28 February 1924. Grigg Papers. 87 J. R. MacDonald toJ. St Loe Strachey, 10 August 1923. Beaverbrook Library. Strachey Papers, S/10/1/l. 88 C. B. Fry to G. Murray, 23 June 1924. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. The great athlete was liberal candidate in a by-election at Oxford. 89 J. Wood to D. Maclean, 26 April 1924. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 46474, f. 88. 90 H. H. Asquith to Lord Crewe, 10 April 1924. Cambridge University Library. Crewe Papers. 91 Lloyd George at West Hartlepool, I March 1924, reported in The Times, 3 March 1924. 92 H. Laski to B. Webb, 6 June 1924. B.L.P.E.S. Passfield Papers, II, 4 (h). 93 Notes by Lloyd George sent to Asquith, 10 August 1924. Bodleian Library. Asquith Papers, 34, f. 131. 94 Alexander MacCallum Scott to Sir John Pratt, 2 August 1923 (em• phasis in the original) copied into MacCallum Scott's Diary of the same date. The author is profoundly grateful to Mr John MacCallum Scott for allowing him to make use of this most valuable source. 95 The Times, 28 November 1924. 96 A. Sinclair to Sir E. Grigg, 7 November 1924. Grigg Papers. 97 Draft speech by Phillip Kerr, dated II January 1926. Scottish Record Office. Lothian Papers, GD40fl7f412. Not all liberals shared his animus. The so-called 'Manchester group' was prepared to accept certain forms ofnationalisation; but it should be noted in qualification that even these moderate proposals provoked the formation of a Liberal Anti-Nationalisation Committee in October 1920. 98 Witness. for example, Herbert Fisher's comment during the coal 354 NOTES strikeof1921. 'Isitnotvital to protect the pits? It is a primary obligation of government.' Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. 1, p. 140. See also F. Maurice, Haldane (1937) vol. 2, p. 75. 99 Report of the Industrial Policy Committee of the National Liberal Federation (1921), quoted in the Liberal Magazine, February 1921. 100 Lloyd George in the House of Commons, 13 May 1921. Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CXLI, 2392. For a further example of liberal glee at the collapse of bolshevism into 'ordered finance' see D. M. Mason, Monetary Policy, 1914-28 (1928) p. 50. 101 See Simon's speech in the House of Commons, 16 July 1923, revised and printed in a pamphlet, Socialism Examined (1923) p. 10. 102 Scottish Record Office. Lothian Papers, GD40fl7f418/637. The first sentence was deleted in the finished article. 103 Part. Debates, 5th Ser., CLXI, 2498/2505. 104 Simon, Socialism Examined, p. 15. 105 Lloyd George at Newcastle, 7 November 1922, reported in The Times, 8 November 1922. 106 Runciman at the Connaught Rooms, 11 April 1919, reported in the Liberal Magazine, May 1919. 107 F. W. Hirst, Economic Freedom and Private Property (1935) p. 23. 108 R. Holt, Diary, 1 January 1921 and 12 December 1926. Liverpool Central Library. Holt Papers. 109 'The worker is usually no more competent to play a useful part at the board than the director at the loom or the lathe.' R. Muir, The Liberal Way (1934) pp. 176-7. 110 For an account of the political significance of Lloyd George's earlier land campaign see H. V. Emy, 'The Land Campaign: Lloyd George as a Social Reformer, 1909-1914', in A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays ( 1971) pp. 35-68. Ill See, however, Lloyd George's half-jocular remark to Maclean in January: 'I suppose I shall have to turn my organisation on to a land campaign or something of that sort.' Memorandum by Maclean, 18 January 1924. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 46474, f.71. 112 The Times, 28January 1925. 113 A. Sinclair to Sir E. Grigg, 12 November 1924. Grigg Papers. 114 Wedgwood Benn, Diary, 6 August 1925. Stansgate Papers. 115 Mond at Glasgow Liberal Club, 18 September 1925, reported in The Times, 19 September 1925. 116 Speech at the Annual Conference of the National Liberal Federation, 18 February 1926. Copy in the Kennet Papers. 117 Lord Kilbracken to the Earl oflnchcape, and to Lord Buckmaster, n.d. (1926), quoted in H. Bolitho, james Lyle Mackay, First Earl of lnchcape (1936) pp. 221-2. 118 Sir C. Hobhouse to H. H. Asquith, 3 September 1925. Bodleian Library. Asquith Papers, 34, f. 278. 119 W. Runciman to H. Samuel, 15 May 1926. House of Lords Record Office. Samuel Papers, A/66/2. 120 Manchester Guardian, 27 May 1926. NOTES 355 121 See T. Wilson, The Downfall of the Liberal Party (1966) p. 329. 122 P. Kerr to D. Lloyd George (copy), 23 July 1926. Scottish Record Office. Lothian Papers, GD40/17/223/231. 123 MacCallum Scott, Diary, 3 February 1928. 124 Britain's Industrial Future (1928) p. xx. 125 Grey at Bradford, reported in The Times, 21 February 1927; and at Newcastle, reported in ibid., 15 December 1927. 126 See, for example, Samuel Hoare's speech at Shoreham-on-Sea, reported in ibid., 25 July 1927. 127 Ibid., 2 February 1929. 128 Henry Gladstone to Herbert Gladstone, n.d. Flintshire County Record Office. Glynne-Gladstone Papers. 129 Lord Haldane to B. Webb, 14 January 1925. B.L.P.E.S. Passfield Papers, II, 4 (h). 130 L.A. Lovatt-Fraser to G. Murray, 19 January 1925. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. 131 MacCallum Scott, Diary, 12 February 1925. 132 E. Grigg to F. Guest, 13 March 1925. Grigg Papers. 133 Liberal Magazine, December 1924. 134 See Murray's address to the London Liberal Candidates Association, 26 October 1925 in ibid., November 1925. 135 Lord Parmoor to G. Murray, 28 October 1925. Bodleian Library. Murray Papers. 136 MacAllister, James Maxton, p. 168. 137 C. Cross, Phillip Snowden (1966) p. 228. 138 D. Lloyd George to Sir R. Hutchinson, 3 June 1926. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, G/8/13/7. 139 See the account of these months in the Morning Post, 12 November 1927. 140 W. S. Churchill to A. Mond, 29 January 1926. Library of the British Steel Corporation. Melchett Papers. 141 The incident is dismissed, predictably, as 'much ado about nothing' in Snowden's Autobiography (1934) vol. 2, pp. 743-4. It should be noted that the relevant parliamentary debate did not take place, as Snowden asserts, in 1925 but on 4/5 February 1926. 142 Part. Debates, 5th Ser., CLXXXXI, 573. 143 His position within the Liberal Party in December is discussed in D. Maclean to H. Gladstone, 24 December 1925. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 46474, ff. 183-4. 144 MacCallum Scott, Diary, 11 May 1926. 145 Daily News, 11 October 1926. 146 In a jaundiced pen-portrait ofhim,Jamesjohnston wrote: 'Just as he punched his way to the first place among the heavy-weight boxers of the navy, so he punched his way to parliamentary prominence. He never sought by delicate means to turn an argument.' A Hundred Commoners (1931) p. 59. 147 M. Oxford to]. M. Keynes, 20June 1926. King's College, Cambridge, Library, Keynes Papers. 356 NOTES 148 G. Murray to Lord Robert Cecil, 19 September 1927. Cecil Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 51132, f. 72. 149 C. P. Scott to D. Lloyd George, 16 October 1927. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, G/17/11/24. 150 D. Lloyd George to C. P. Scott, 19 October 1927. C. P. Scott Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 50909, ff. 230-31. 151 D. Lloyd George toP. Snowden (copy), 3 October 1928. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, G/18/7/6; partially quoted in Cross, Snowden, p. 229. 152 Lord Rothermere to D. Lloyd George, 14 September 1928. Beaver• brook Library. Lloyd George Papers, G/17/1/31. Cf. an earlier letter, (10 April 1928) in which 'long-haired Keynes' is castigated for sug• gesting a liberal/labour alliance. Ibid., G/17/1/29. 153 E. A. Strauss to MacCallum Scott, 7 April 1927, copied into the latter's Diary, 29 Aprill927. 154 Phillip Kerr toj. Stevenson, 26 October 1928. Quoted inj. M. Butler, Lord Lothian (1960) p. 161. 155 Memorandum by Samuel, 12 February 1929. House of Lords Record Office. Samuel Papers, A/72/1. 156 The Times, 16 October 1926. 157 Quoted in G. M. Young, (1952) p. 142. 158 D. Maclean to H. Gladstone, 14 June 1929. Gladstone Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 46474, f. 212. 159 R. Scott to H. Samuel, 8 February 1926. House of Lords Record Office. Samuel Papers, A/155 (vi)/1. 160 MacCallum Scott, Diary, 19June 1926. 161 H. H. Asquith to W. Wedgwood Benn, 11 February 1927. Stansgate Papers.

Chapter 4: aa.d the 'Esperim.eat' with Buslnes&Dlen In Governm.eat, 1915-22

1 W. L. Guttsman, The British Political Elite (New York, 1963) p. 29. 2 M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour 1920-1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics (1971) pp. 6-7. 3 A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965) p. 86. 4 M. Cole (ed.), Beatrice Webb's Diaries 1912-1924 (1952) p. 9ln; S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy 1914-1950 (1962) p. 211. 5 S. M. H. Armitage, The Politics of Decontrol of Industry: Britain and the United States ( 1969) ; R. H. Desmarais, 'The Supply and Transport Committee, 1919-1926: A Study of the British Government's Method of Handling Emergencies Stemming from Industrial Disputes' (Wis• consin Ph.D., 1970). 6 Auckland Campbell (Lord) Geddes, The Forging of a Family (1952). 7 Lord Riddell, Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, 1918-1923 (1933) p. 115. NOTES 357 8 P. Lowe, 'The Rise to the Premiership, 1914-16', in A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (1971) p. 105. 9 D. Lloyd George, War Memoirs (1933), vol. 1, The Ministry cif Muni• tions: Est4blishment and Labour Problems. 10 Ibid. 11 C. (Lord) Addison, Politics From Within, 1914-1918 (1924) vol. 1, p. 64; Four and a Half Years (1934) vol. 1, p. 84. 12 Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 239. Author's italics. 13 Ibid., pp. 216-20. 14 Addison, Four and a Half Years, vol. 1, p. 107. 15 Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 65-6. 16 Ibid., pp. 66-7. The result would have been sixty-four machine guns per battalion. By the armistice British battalions averaged eighty. 17 Eric Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 22 August 1915. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers D/2/3/6. 18 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 22 August 1915. Ibid., D/3/3/5. 19 D. Lloyd George to E. Geddes, 22 August 1915. Ibid., D/2/3/6. 20 Addison, Four and a Half Years, vol. 1, p. 160. 21 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 15 March 1916. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, D/3/1/6. 22 D. Lloyd George to E. Geddes, 20 March 1916. Ibid., D/3/2/63. 23 Geddes, Forging of a Family, pp. 228, 230. 24 T. Jones, Lloyd George (1951) p. 74. 25 Lord Riddell, Lord Riddell's War Diary (1933) p. 295; R. Blake (ed.), The Private Papers cif Douglas Haig 1914-1919 (1952) p. 161; Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 228--31, 236. 26 Jones, Lloyd George, p. 74. 27 Addison, Politics from Within, vol. 1, p. 142. 28 Addison, Four and a Half Years, vol. 2, p. 405; Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 4, p. 322. 29 Addison, Four and a Half Years, vol. 1, p. 244. 30 Lord Derby, parliamentary secretary of the War Office, assured the House of Lords that there was an 'absolute absence of connection' between the 'inspector-general of communications' resignation and Geddes' appointment. Lords Debates, 5th Ser., XXIII, 740-43; cf. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 228--36; Blake, Haig, pp. 173-4. 31 Ibid. 32 Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 233. Author's italics. 33 Jones, Lloyd George, p. 74. 34 The final dispatch is quoted at some length by Lloyd George in War Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 236. 35 D. Haig to Lady Haig, 8 May 1917. Quoted in Blake, Haig, p. 230; cf. Lord Beaverbrook. Men and Power, 1917-1918 (1956) p. 164. 36 The Times, 15 May 1917. 37 Part. Debates, 5th Ser., XCIII, 1336-8. 38 Riddell, War Diary, p. 249. 39 War Cabinet Minute, lOJuly 1917. P.R.O. CAB 23/3. 358 NOTES 40 Addison, Politics from Within, vol. 2, p. 33. A. J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: the Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904-1919 (1969) vol. 4, pp. 174-6. 41 Although Geddes obviously enjoyed being a vice-admiral, and wore his uniform when inspecting shipyards, the only evidence that Marder could muster to prove that 'Geddes received flag rank at his own insistence' was Lloyd George's statement in his War Memoirs. Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 4, p. 176; Auckland Geddes wrote that it was Lloyd George's idea. Forging of a Family, p. 241. On Geddes' fondness for titles and uniforms see R. R. James, Memoirs of a Con• servative; J. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers, 1910-37 (1969) p. 72. 42 The Times, 18 July 1917. Fisher, an historian, was president of the Board of Education. 43 Geddes, Forging of a Family, p. 242. 44 Blake, Haig, p. 241. 45 Ibid., pp. 240-1; Beaverbrook, Men and Power, pp. 164-5. 46 Robertson turned down Lloyd George's offer to replace Sir Edward Carson, but accepted the need for a change; Blake, Haig, p. 242. 47 Lord Stamfordham to , 5 July 1917. Quoted in Beaverbrook, Men and Power, p. 171. It was two weeks, however, before Lloyd George found the courage to announce that Geddes was replacing Carson. The Times, 18 July 1917. 48 Beaverbrook, Men and Power, p. 176. 49 W. Graham Greene to E. Geddes, 25 July 1917. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F /17/6/3; E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 30 July 1917. Ibid., Fj17j6j3. 50 T. Jones (ed. K. Middlemas), Whitehall Diary (1969) vol. 2, p. 195. Although the story recounted refers to 'Cunningham Greene' it is clearly about W. Graham Greene. The tale may be apocryphal. More reliable is Marder's account which reveals that Lloyd George had been trying for months to get rid of Greene. Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 4, pp. 215-6. 51 Beaverbrook's version is muddled. Men and Power, pp. 176-7. See Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 4, p. 222. 52 Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 4, pp. 323-5; The Times, 21 November 1917. 53 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 20 December 1917. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, Fj17j6J19. 54 Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 120-2; Geddes, Forging of a Family, p. 242; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 4, pp. 339-40. 55 Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 3, p. 122. 56 'Memorandum on Admiralty Organisation', Eric Geddes, September 1917. GT 2003. P.R.O. CAB 24/26. 57 Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 4, pp. 122-3; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 4, pp. 214-5. 58 Geddes, Forging of a Family, p. 244. 59 The American Monthly Review of Reviews, LVI (August 1917) p. 126; ibid., LVII (February 1918) p. 201. NOTES 359 60 Addison, Politics from Within, vol. 2, p. 172; James, Memoirs of a Conservative, p. 72; Beaverbrook, Men and Power, p. 176n; A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: a Diary by Frances Stevenson (1971) p. 225. In 1917 Geddes was knighted. 61 Addison, Four and a Half Years, vol. 2, p. 498; Part. Debates, 5th Ser., CIII, 1865-1904; ibid., CIV, 1015-1970. 62 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 2 November 1917. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/17 /6/ll. 63 Beaverbrook, Men and Power, p. 176n. 64 Riddell, War Diary, p. 330. 65 James, Memoirs of a Conservative, pp. 71-2. 66 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 8 August 1917. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/2/8-9. 67 A. Marwick, The Deluge; British Society and the First World War (1965) p. 291. 68 War Cabinet Minute 491-1, 24 October 1918; P.R.O. CAB 23/5. War Cabinet Minute 512-1, 17 December 1918. Ibid., 23/8. 69 Post War Priority Committee Minute 61, 'Note by the Chairman', 20 January 1919. P.R.O. CAB 33/21. 70 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 13January 1919. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/3/2. A. Stanley to D. Lloyd George, 8January 1919. Ibid., F/2/6/14. 71 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 29 December 1918. Ibid., F/18/2/36. 72 H. Bolitho, James Lyle Mackay, First Earl of Inchcape (1936) p. 137. 73 'Memorandum on Demobi1isation', Eric Geddes, 29 December 1918. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/2/36. 74 Ibid. 75 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 29 December 1918. Ibid., F/18/2/36. 76 Lord Milner to D. Lloyd George, 7 January 1919. Ibid., F/39/1/5. 77 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 29 December 1918. Ibid., F/18/2/36. 78 War Cabinet Council on Demobilisation, Minute 1-3, 30 December 1918, and Minute 9-57, 20January 1919. P.R.O. CAB 33/19. 79 Some 23,000 would be released from France and the rest from the Home Commands. War Cabinet Council on Demobilisation, Minute 4-21, 3 January 1919. Ibid. 80 S. Graubard, 'Military Demobilisation in Britain Following the First World War', Journal of Modem History, XIX (1947) pp. 297-311; W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis: the Aftermath (1929), vol. 5, pp. 29-30, 52-66; R. R. James, Churchill, a Study in Failure, 1900-1939 (1970) p. 101; C. L. Mowatt, Britain between the Wars 1918-1940 (Chicago, 1955) pp. 22-3; P. B. Johnson, Land Fit For Heroes; the Planning of British Reconstruction, 1916-1919 (Chicago, 1968) pp. 360-l. 81 War Cabinet Minute 521-1, 28January 1919. P.R.O. CAB 23/9. 82 The Times, 30 January 1919. 83 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 18 November 1918. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/2/27. 84 War Cabinet Council on Demobilisation, 'Weekly Appreciation' 14 January 1919. P.R.O. CAB 33/19. 360 NOTES 85 Post War Priority Committee Memorandum 58, as discussed in P.W.P. Standing Council Minute, 13 January 1919. Ibid., 33/21. 86 Addison, Politics from Within, vol. 2, p. 219; P. K. Cline, 'Re-opening the Case of the Lloyd George Coalition and the Postwar Economic Transition 1918-1919', Journal of British Studies, X (1970) pp. 168-70. Geddes did not understand any better than most other cabinet mem• bers the importance of controls for reconstruction, but he supported reconstruction in concept and finance: 'You must be prepared to spend money on after-the-war problems as you did during the during• the-war problems. That must be found, and added to our war debt if necessary. It is the period of reconstruction, and money has to be spent generously, and on those (i.e. social) schemes. If we get over that period I think the trade of the country will revive.' War Cabinet Minute GT 6887, 25 February 1919. P.R.O. CAB 24/75. 87 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 18 November 1918. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/2/27. 88 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 13 January 1919. Ibid., F/18/3/2. 89 Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, pp. 66-8. 90 Ministry of Ways and Communications, Draft Bill, File T.Il Ministry of Transport as cited by Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 67. Cf. 'Draft of a BILL to Establish a Ministry of Ways and Communications ...'. War Cabinet Minute GT 6812, 15 February 1919. P.R.O. CAB 24/75. 91 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 18 November 1918. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/2/27. 92 Report of meeting of Sir Eric Geddes and the Federation of British Industries, 10 March 1919. File T.l5 Ministry of Transport, as cited by Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 66. 93 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CXIII, 1764. 94 Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 72. 95 Diary of Sir Robert Sanders, First Lord Bayford, 26 June 1919. Conservative Research Department (Mr G. D. M. Block). 96 War Cabinet Minute 534, 19 February 1919. P.R.O. CAB 23/9. 97 The Ministry was plagued with accusations of 'favouritism' towards the services that it controlled. Its problems, moreover, were com• plicated by having to engage in complicated negotiations with other, uncontrolled services for their co-operation in the development of any facility or re-organisation which touched upon the unregulated sector. 98 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 13 March 1919. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/3/10. 99 Ibid. Cf. War Cabinet Minute 534-7, 19 February 1919. P.R.O. CAB 23/9. 100 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 19 March 1919. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/3/12. 101 The Times, 3 July 1919. 102 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CXVII, 1061. Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 70. NOTES 361 103 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CXIII, 1954. 104 Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference, p. 116. 105 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 8 September 1919. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/24/1/11. 106 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 13 November 1919. Ibid., F/18/3/33. 107 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 6 February 1920. Ibid., F/18/4/3; War Cabinet Minute CP 1264, 'Future Transport Policy', Eric Geddes, 1 May 1920. P.R.O. CAB 24/105. 108 Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 89. 109 Geddes, Forging of a Family, pp. 144, 245. 110 E. Geddes to D. Lloyd George, 31 May 1920. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/4/11. Outline of Proposals as to tke Future Organisation of Transport Undertakings in Great Britain and Their Rela• tion to the State [Cd. 787]. B.P.P., XXXXI (1920). Ill J. A. B. Hamilton, Britain's Railways in World War I (1967) pp. 200-1. 112 E. Geddes to A. Bonar Law, 29 July 1920. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/18/4/13. 113 Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 83. E. Geddes to S. Baldwin, 14 February 1920. Cambridge University Library. Baldwin Papers, III, D.2.1. 114 Riddell, Intimate Diary oftke Peace Confirence, p. 303; Taylor, Diary by Frances Stevenson, p. 225. 115 Armitage, Politics of Decontrol, p. 92. 116 Taylor, Diary by Frances Stevenson, p. 225. 117 'Committee of Non-Experts', Nineteenth Century and After, 91 (April 1922) pp. 579-90; Mowatt, Britain Between the Wars, p. 130. 118 H. Higgs, 'The Geddes Reports and the Budget', Economic Journal, XXXII (June 1922) p. 253. 119 Taylor, English History, p. 183. 120 Inchcape, for example, was president of the Income Taxpayer's Association. Bolitho, Inchcape, pp. 166-7. 121 James, Churchill, a Study, p. 138n. The committee was not made up only of 'millionaires' as Thomas Jones complained. Whitehall Diary, vol. I, p. 166. Both Geddes and Sir Guy Granet were former railway managers. There were men in the cabinet with larger personal fortunes. 122 Addison, Politicsfrom Within, vol. 2, pp. 171-2. 123 Cf. letters exchanged between Lloyd George and Hilton Young, Alfred Mond, Philip Lloyd Greame et al. during September and October 1921. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers. 124 A. Chamberlain to D. Lloyd George, 9 August 1921. Ibid., F/7/4/20. Cabinet Minute 62-2, 2 Augwt 1921. P.R.O. CAB 23/26. 125 Tke Times, 4 August 1921. 126 P. Sassoon to D. Lloyd George, 9 Augwt 1921. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/45/1/5. 127 Cabinet Minute 68-2, 15 August 1921, P.R.O. CAB 23/23. 128 Cited in 'Disposal of Geddes' Report', Educational Review, LXIII (May 1922) pp. 449-50. 129 Committee on National Expenditure [Cd. 1581, 1582, 1589]. B.P.P., 362 NOTES IX (1922). For the cabinet committee that reviewed the Geddes reports see P.R.O. CAB 27/164-67. 130 F. Owen, Tempestuous Journey; Lloyd George, His Life and Times (1954) p. 600. 131 Cowling, The Impact of Labour, p. 132. 132 Ibid., p. 178. 133 Owen, Tempestuous Journey, p. 603. 134 Higgs, 'The Geddes Reports and the Budget', pp. 251-64. 135 The Times, 4 August 1921; ibid., 24 February 1922. 136 'The Shopkeepers' Calculus', New Statesman, XVIII (1922) pp. 548-9. 137 Cowling, The Impact of Labour, p. 178. 138 Pollard, Development of the British Economy, p. 217. 139 D. Winch, Economics and Policy: a Historical Study (1969) pp. 98-9. 140 Fisher had told the government that his 1918 Education Act would cost £3 million, but by 1922 the annual estimate was closer to £30 million. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. 1, p. 192n. 141 The Nation and The Athenaeum, XXX (February 1922) p. 785. 142 Taylor, English History, p. 184. 143 R. W. Lyman, The First Labour Government 1924 (1957) p. 66, has it right in describing the cuts as self-inflicted.

Chapter 5: Labour In Decline, 1910-14

1 This term is here used to include the Conservative and Liberal Unionist Parties. 2 South Wales Daily News, 5 May 1913. 3 Daily Chronicle, 11 and 13 May 1914. 4 The Times, 12 July 1909. 5 Labour Party, E. C. Minutes, 19 December 1910. (Hereinafter cited as L.P., E. C. Minutes.) 6 Ibid., 17 December 1909. 7 SeeP. F. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism (1971) p. 433 etc. 8 Glamorgan E., Leeds S., Nottingham E. 9 Ayrshire N., Bristol E., Crewe, Hyde, Cockermouth, Gateshead, Govan, Lanarkshire N.E. and N.W., Eccles, Leigh, Leith, Manchester S.W., Middlesborough, Montrose, Spen Valley. 10 Crewe, Cockermouth, Lanarkshire N.W., Leith, Spen Valley. 11 The votes were: January, L. 6159; U. 1994; Lab. 4736. December, L. 5425; U. 6128. 12 A. D. Wood and W. Webster to Master of Elibank, February 1908. Elibank Papers. N. L. S. MSS 8801, ff. 145-50. 13 George Barnes in the Labour Leader, 13 January 1911. 14 The Times, 1 November 1910. 15 Ibid., 23 November 1910. 16 Labour Leader, 13 January 1911. NOTES 363 17 On the I.L.P. attitude see ibid., 2 June 1911. 18 Ibid., 9 January 1913. 19 L. P., E. C. Minutes, 26 July 1911. 20 Labour Leader, 18 July 1911. 21 R. Gregory, The Miners and British Politics, 1906-1914 (1968) pp. 12-13. All data given in the present article about proportions of miners in constituencies are based on this table. 22 For discussion of these claims see the press of the time, particularly The Times, 4 July 1912; Westminster Gazatte, 3 July 1912; Manchester Guardian, 8July 1912. 23 Manchester Guardian, 9July 1912. 24 Westminster Gazette, 6 July 1912. 25 The Times, 4July 1912. 26 Westminster Gazette, 10 July 1912. 27 Robert Pearce (Leek). Daily Herald, II July 1912. 28 See]. E. Williams, The Derbyshire Miners (1962) pp. 510-11. 29 Labour Leader, 21 August 1913. 30 Sheffield Independent, 20 August 1913, quoted by Williams, p. 506. 31 L.P., E. C. Minutes, 10 February 1914. 32 The Times, 19 August 1913. 33 Daily Chronicle, 7 May 1914. 34 Lanarkshire N.E., Holmfirth, Carmarthenshire E., Midlothian, Houghton-le-Spring, Lanarkshire S., Durham N.W. 35 Labour Leader, 21 August 1913. 36 M.F.G.B., E. C. Minutes, 17-20 March 1914, p. 3. 37 L.P., E. C. Minutes, 8 Apri11914. 38 M.F.G.B., E. C. Minutes, 23-5 April 1913, p. 9; 17-20 March 1914, p.2. 39 Ibid., 17-20 March 1914, p. 2. 40 Ibid., 23-5 Apri11913, pp. 7-11. 41 Ibid., 9-10 November 1914, p. 2. 42 Joint meeting of the Labour Party Executive Committee and the Parliamentary Party. L.P., E, C. Minutes, 27 April 1915. 43 Westminster Gazette, 21 May 1914. 44 Oldham (November 1911); Holmfirth- also a mining area (June 1912); Keighley (October 1911 and November 1913). 45 Emergency Subcommittee, 13 November 1912. L.P., E. C. Minutes, 14 November 1912. 46 Daily Citizen, 27 June 1913; Labour Leader, 2 July 1913. 47 See Daily Citizen, 20, 27, 28 June 1913; Daily Herald, 16, 21, 23, 24, 25 June 1913; Labour Leader, 26 June, 3, 10 July 1913. 48 Manchester Guardian, 9 November 1911. 49 Daily Herald, 25 Apri11912. 50 The Times, 24 December 1912. 51 Oldham, Crewe, Midlothian, Lanarkshire S., Leith, Derbyshire N.E. 52 Liberal Magazine (1914) p. 323. 53 J. C. Wedgwood toJ. R. MacDonald, 12June 1913 (copy). Wedgwood Papers. C/o Mrs H. Pease. 364 NOTES 54 J. R. Macdonald to J. C. Wedgwood, 13 June 1913. Ibid. 55 Table of present and prospective labour constituencies. L.P., E. C. Minutes, 23June 1914. 56 Elibank Memorandum, November 1911. P.R.O. CAB 37/108/148. 57 Daily Herald, 27, 31 January 1914. 58 Labour Leader, 16 May 1911. 59 Ibid., 26June 1913. 60 Compare the observation about John Scurr's candidature at Ipswich made by the Daily Chronicle, 22 May 1914. 'Neither the Labour Party nor any trade union or socialist body is financing his candidature; he has not dared let the public know who is.'

Chapter 6: Liberals and the Desire for Working-Class Representa• tives in Battersea, 1886--1922

The Vestry was the unit of local government until the Battersea Borough Council was formed in 1900. 2 Population (Sessional Paper 348) p. 258. B.P.P., XVIII (1831). Census of England and Wales 1891: Preliminary Report (Cd. 6422) p. 16. Ibid., XCIV (1891). The figures are for the sanitary area (the parliamentary area excluded parts represented on Battersea Vestry}. Census of England and Wales 1881: General Report (Cd. 3797). Ibid., LXXX (1883) p. 600. 3 C. Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London (1897) vol. I, p. 279. 4 H. S. Simmonds, All About Battersea ( 1882) p. 4. 5 Morgan Crucible Company Limited, Battersea Works 1856-1956 (1956) p. 34. 6 The churches were St Barnabas', St Luke's, and the Ascension, each with a Sunday attendance of over a thousand. R. Mudie-Smith (ed.), The Religious Life of London (1904) p. 453; and B. Clarke, The Parish Churches of London (1966) pp. 195-8. 7 Calculated from figures given by Mudie-Smith, p. 194. There was a 15.3 per cent attendance of all persons over fifteen in contrast to 30.6 per cent attendance in a predominantly middle-class South London area. 8 Cost of Living of the Working Classes [Cd. 3864]. B.P.P., CVII (1908), pp. 406 and 385. 9 Ibid., p. 436. 10 In Ward 1 the population increased by 17.9 per cent between 1881 and 1891 and the average number of people per house fell from 8.9 to 8.4 (an improvement of 5.6 per cent). It should be noted, however, that the number of people per house was still the highest in the area. In Ward 2 the increase was 35.6 per cent and the ratio increased from 7.2 to 7.4 (a deterioration of2.9 per cent). In Ward 3 the increase was 27 per cent and the ratio increased from 7 to 7.4 per cent (a deterioration of 5.6 per cent). In Ward 4 the increase was 116 per NOTES 365 cent and the ratio fell from 6.5 to 6.1 (6 per cent improvement). Calculated from data in Census of England and Wales 1891: Area, Houses and Population, Vol. 2 [Cd. 6948], p. 42. B.P.P., CV (1893). II The number of houses in the area increased by 42.3 per cent. 12 Simmonds, All About Battersea, p. 4. 13 Booth, Life and Labour, vol. 1, p. 280. 14 E. J. Hobsbawm, 'The Nineteenth Century London Labour Market', in Centre for Urban Studies (ed.), London: Aspects of Change (1964) p. 8. 15 Cost of Living (1908) p. 406. 16 Data from the factory inspectors in Battersea Trades and Labour Council (hereafter B.T.L.C.), Report for the Year 1908. 17 Daily Graphic, 21 December 1909. 18 Hobsbawm, 'Nineteenth Century London Labour Market', p. 11. 19 P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour. The Struggle for London, 1885-1914 (1966) pp. 45-6. 20 South Western Star, 19 October 1889. 21 Second Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire Into the Depression of Trade and Industry. Appendix Part II [Cd. 4715], pp. 10, 25, 42, 51. B.P.P., XXII (1886). 22 Returns from 120 distress committees in 1906 showed that there were double the number of unskilled unemployed, though this proportion has to be considered in the light of the greater tendency of the skilled to be too proud to apply for relief. Parl. Debates, 4th Ser., CLII, 345. 23 Third Report from the Select Committee on Distress from Want of Employment (Sessional Paper 365), pp. 86, 89. B.P.P., IX (1895). 24 R. V. Clements, 'British Trade Unions and Popular Political Economy, 1850-1875', Economic History Review, XIV (1961) pp. 93-104. 25 W. S. Sanders, Early Socialist Days (1927) p. 12. 26 Report of A Committee to Report as to the Origins and Character of the Dis• turbances Which Took Place in the Metropolis on Monday 8th February [Cd. 4665], pp. 93, 83, 88. B.P.P., XXIV (1886). 27 J. Burgess, John Burns: The Rise and Progress of a Right Honourable (1911) pp. 96-7. 28 Sanders, Early Socialist Days, p. 17. 29 South Western Star, 18 May 1889. See also Sanders, Early Socialist Days, pp. 71-3. 30 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1908. 31 South Western Star, 6 and 13 Aprill889. 32 Burgess, John Burns, pp. IX, 111. 33 South Western Star, 12January 1889; Sanders, Early Socialist Days, p. 67. 34 Sanders, Early Socialist Days, p. 67. 35 Interpretation of the election figures is complicated by electors voting for two representatives. The only conservative candidate, a barrister named Valpy, received 15 per cent of the votes cast, but his supporters may well have plumped for him. 36 Morgan Crucible Company, Battersea Works, p. 36. 37 Burgess, John Burns, p. 88. 38 Battersea Herald, 19 June 1886. 366 NOTES 39 'Imperial federation may possibly be followed by the union of the and the United States', and the like. A copy is in Battersea Public Library. 40 Letter from the secretary of the Battersea Liberal and Radical Associa- tion in South Western Star, 12 October 1889. 41 Cited in ibid. 42 Ibid., 13 July 1889. 43 Ibid., 5 October 1889. See also one of the labour election committee's letters in ibid., 21 September 1889. 44 Ibid., 12 January 1889. 45 Ibid., 5 October 1889. 46 This letter of 6 October was read at the Battersea Liberal and Radical Association on 14 October. See ibid., 19 October 1889. 47 Ibid., 7 December and 5 October 1889. 48 The body was set up at a meeting held on 10 December 1889 at which Tims presided and Burns expounded the proposed objects of the league. Reported in ibid., 14 December 1889. 49 Battersea Labour League, Objects and Rules with Parliamentary and Municipal Programme (1894). Copy in the British Museum. 50 The story stems from an article by David Lowe in Forward in 1910 and reprinted in Burgess, John Burns, pp. 116-18. 51 Ibid., p. 119. 52 In the general election of 1886 the liberal candidate in Dundee received 70.5 per cent of the votes as against Morgan's 51.3 per cent of the poll in Battersea. In an 1888 by-election in Dundee the liberal received 65.1 per cent of the votes, and in 1892 an independent labour candidate polled 1.3 per cent as against the liberal's 60.1 per cent. It was only in 1906 that Wilkie captured one of the seats for labour. Calculated from information in McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book 1832-1918 (Harvester Press edition, 1971) section 2, pp. 73-4, 11. 53 Cited in W. , john Burns: Labour's Lost Leader (1950) p. 47. 54 H. Haward, The From Within (1932) p. 21. 55 Burgess, john Burns, p. 153. 56 South Western Star, 29June 1889. 57 Cited in Kent, john Burns, p. 50. 58 Ibid., p. 55. 59 Burgess, john Burns, p. 166. 60 In the 1892 L.C.C. election Burns and Tims had polled 66.5 per cent of the votes with Burns polling 5.6 per cent more. In 1895 Davies and Burns polled 57.5 per cent; in 1898, 58.5 per cent; in 1901, 76.8 per cent; and in 1904, 68.6 per cent. Calculated from figures in Kent, John Burns, pp. 49, 67, 109, 134. 61 South Western Star, 30 April 1909. 62 B.T.L.C., Report for tl:e Years 1896-98. 63 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1901-2. 64 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1901: and Reportfor the Year 1905. 65 B.T.L.C., Report for the Years 1896-8. NOTES 367 66 Ibid. For the Nine Elms Baths, the sterilised milk depot and the electric light station see The District Times, 20 April, 10 July, 28 Sep• tember 190 I. For the development of public libraries in Battersea see the Battersea Beacon, 2 November 1901. 67 On 1 August 1903. South Western Star, 7 August 1903. 68 Third Report of the Select Committee on Distress, pp. 85-90. 69 B.T.L.C., Report for the Years 1896-8. 70 Haward, London Counry Council, p. 32 I. 71 Cited in Kent, John Burns, p. 61. 72 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1904. See also the Report for 1898. 73 Rotton was an artillery officer who had served in the Indian Mutiny. He died in 1909. South Western Star, 23 April 1909. 74 Ibid., 18 May and 23 November 1889. 75 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1903. 76 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1905. 77 For a discussion of progressivism and municipal socialism see A. M. McBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884-1918 (1962) esp. pp. 191--6. 78 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1901-2. 79 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1905. 80 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1906. 81 For the development of unemployment policies see: B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain (1966); K. D. Brown, Labour and Unemployment 1900-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1971); J. Harris, Unemployment and Politics: A Study in English Social Policy, 1886-1914 (Oxford, 1972). 82 Letter of Joseph Rogers in the South Western Star, 14 February 1908. 83 At a meeting on 25 November 1908. Ibid., 27 November 1908. 84 George Lansbury was one of the representatives; ibid., 30 October 1908. A second meeting was less successful; ibid., 11 December 1908. 85 Ibid., 26 February 1909. 86 Ibid., 6 March 1908. 87 Ibid., 15 January 1909. 88 Ibid., 15 October 1909. 89 Ibid., 5 November 1909. 90 Ibid., 15 October 1909. 91 Ibid., 17 January 1908. 92 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1907. 93 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1911. 94 South Western Star, 15 October 1909. 95 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1906. Some progressive councillors who had resigned from the group (not for left-wing reasons) polled 3.9 per cent. The 1903, 1906 and 1909 figures are in the South Western Star, 5 November 1909. 96 This paragraph is largely based on the report in South Western Star, 30 Aprill909. 97 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1907. 98 Ibid. 368 NOTES 99 South Western Star, 30 April 1909. 100 Ibid., 25 June 1909. 101 The election results are in ibid., 5 November 1909. 102 Calculated from the election figures in ibid., 9 November 1912. 103 Battersea North was similar to the old Battersea Division except that one strong working-class ward, Shaftesbury, went into Battersea South. 104 South Western Star, 30 October 1918. 105 The post-1918 election statistics are based on F. S. W. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949 (1969) pp. 3-4. 106 South Western Star, 25 November 1918. In the borough elections a year later two candidates of the federation successfully ran in alliance with four labour candidates for the six places on the council for one Battersea South ward. These two got much the same vote as the labour candi• dates. 107 Calculated from the results given in South Western Star, 7 November 1919. 108 Calculated from the results given in ibid., 10 November 1922. See Appendix 2 for a breakdown of borough election voting in 1912-22. 109 South Western Star, 20 October 1922. 110 B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1916. Ill They were also hampered by a drop in trade union membership during the 1908 depression. B.T.L.C., Report for the Year 1908. 112 For Burns' apparently genuine disgust at the self-seeking of some local S.D.F. members see South Western Star, 9 November 1889. 113 See in particular J. Burns toR. Cunninghame Graham, 29 July 1892. Burns Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 46284, ff. 237-8. 114 This is in contrast toP. Clarke's Lancashire where he finds progressiv• ism enjoying its finest hour in 1910. P. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism ( 1971) p. 406. 115 R. Sanders to A. Bonar Law, 15 July 1918. Beaverbrook Library. Bonar Law Papers, 83/5/14. 116 South Western Star, 22 November 1918. 117 Fabian News, June 1902. 118 Sanders, Early Socialist Days, pp. 30-2. 119 Battersea Labour Party, Battersea Council of Action Papers.

Chapter 7: The New Liberalis:m and the Challenge of Labour: The Welsh Experience, 1885-1929

In the 1966 general election the liberals put up eleven candidates in Wales: their total poll was 89,108. In the 1970 general election nineteen liberal candidates fought Welsh seats but their total poll rose only to 103,747, a drop of over 2,000 in the average vote. 2 For a discussion of the change in one Welsh county see Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'Cardiganshire Politics: the Liberal Ascendancy, 1885-1923', Ceredigion, V (1967), pp. 330-1. The liberals gained a majority of 37 to 10 in the elections for the Cardiganshire County Council in January NOTES 369 1889. Their 37 councillors included 13 tenant farmers, 11 small business• men and 4 Nonconformist ministers. 3 South Wales Daily News, 20 May 1895. 4 SeeN. Masterman, The Forerunner (1972) chapter 2, for a searching and sensitive discussion of Ellis's Oxford days. 5 Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'D. A. Thomas: the Industrialist as Politician', Glamorgan Historian, III (1966) pp. 46-7. 6 The Miner: an Advanced Political Journal, November 1881, p. 121. 7 Ibid., April 1888, p. 38. 8 For this election see L. J. Williams, 'The First Welsh "Labour" M.P.', Morgannwg, VI (1962) pp. 78-94. 9 Among the major documents for the 'new liberalism' are J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: a Stutf>. (1902) and The Crisis of Liberalism (1909); H. Samuel, Liberalism ( 1902); L. T. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction ( 1904) ; L. Chiozza Money, Riches and Poverty (1905); C. F. G. Masterman, The Condition of England ( 1909); R. J. Campbell, The New Theology ( 1907). There is a general account in Kenneth 0. Morgan, The Age of Lloyd George (1971), pp. 29 ff. 10 P. F. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism (1971), particularly chapter 7. 11 The only article dealing with current social conditions in the Traethodydd between 1906 and 1912 was one by the Reverend H. Barrow Williams in the issue of July 1911. Among other things, it was concerned to discuss whether trade unions existed in ancient Nicomedia in the time of Pliny. 12 D. Tecwyn Evans, 'Arwyddion yr Amserau yng Nghymru', Y Geninen, Ebrill 1912. 13 E. Keri Evans and W. Pari Huws, Co.fiant Y Parch David Adams (1924) pp. 143-5. See also 'Y Beibl a'r Dduwinyddiaeth Newydd', Y Geninen, January 1908. 14 Cambria Daily Leader, 29 January 1906. See also T. Morgan, Darlithiwr Enwocaf Cymru: sef y Parch. ]. Gomer Lewis (1914); and Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'The Gower Election of 1906', Gower, XII (1959) pp. 15-20. 15 For example, 'Open Letter to the Ministers of the Gospel in the Merthyr Boroughs', Merthyr Pioneer, 17 June 1911. 16 T. E. Nicholas, 'Y Ddraig Goch a'r Faner Goch: Cenedlaetholdeb a Sosialaeth', Y. Geninen, January 1912. There is a portrait and obituary of Nicholas on the front page of the Morning Star, 21 April 1971. A symposium of essays on his career is currently being prepared. The present writer has greatly benefited from conversations with the late Mr Nicholas about his career. 17 Y Goleuad, 2 September 1908. 18 Wales, March 1913, pp. 124 ff., and May 1914, pp. 149 ff. 19 The papers of Lord Davies ofLlandinam and of Daniel Lleufer Thomas in the National Library of Wales contain material on these two move• ments. Lleufer Thomas was chairman of the School of Social Service, 1911-23. See a valuable sketch of him by D. Williams, Dictionary of Welsh National Biography down to 1940, pp. 939-40. 370 NOTES 20 South Wales Daily News, 8 September 1911. 21 'Socialism in South Wales', Labour Leader, 27 October 1905. 22 J. Hodge to J. R. MacDonald, 17 October 1900. Transport House. Labour Party letter files, l/181. Cf. Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'Labour's Early Struggles in Wales: Some New Evidence, 1900-8', National Library of Wales Journal (Winter 1972), 364-70. 23 For South Glamorgan see the South Wales Daily News, September• October 1903. Herbert Gladstone, the liberal Chief Whip, decreed that Brace should receive the nomination provided he was in sympathy with the liberals on general questions (ibid., 29 October 1903). For West Monmouthshire see ibid, May-July 1904; Llais Llajur, May-July 1904; and Glamorgan Free Press, 14 May 1904, 'Some Plain Talk about the West Monmouth Campaign'. Tom Richards' nomination in this con• stituency was only made possible when C. M. Warmington, the liberal nominee, refused to oppose a labour candidate. The local press noted the fierce hostility of Nonconformist ministers in the West Monmouth Liberal Association to any labour candidature, even though Richards himself was an ardent chapelgoer. 24 Hartshorn was defeated by the liberal Quaker industrialist, F. W. Gibbins, by a majority of 2,710 in a by-election on 31 March 1910 (South Wales Daily News, 7 March-2 Aprill9l0). The Master ofElibank urged the Mid-Glamorgan liberals in vain that the seat had been ear• marked for the South Wales Miners' Federation when the sitting member retired. For the Mid-Glamorgan liberals, Alderman T. J. Hughes replied that Hartshorn was in fact an L.R.C. (and I.L.P.) candidate. Hughes added: 'The gulf between liberalism and rampant socialism was far wider than that between liberalism and conservatism' (South Wales Daily News, 19 March 1910). In the December 1910 general election Hartshorn was comfortably defeated by J. Hugh Edwards. 25 Articles by Hartshorn, Labour Leader, 8 April and 16 December 1910. 26 South Wales Daily News, 19 September 1903. 27 North Wales Observer, 28 October 1892. 28 Ibid., 12 July 1895. 29 For Lloyd George's involvement in educational devolution see L. W. Evans, 'The Welsh National Council for Education, 1903-6', Welsh History &view, VI (June 1972) pp. 49-88. 30 North Wales Observer, 12 July 1895, reporting an election speech by Lloyd George in the Caernarvon Guildhall. 31 For example, a speech at Rhyl in which Lloyd George attacked Lord Penrhyn's propensity to talk of 'my quarry' and 'my men'. Reported in Rhyl &cord and Advertiser, 9 January 1897. 32 The only first-hand account of this visit is given in H. Spender, The Fire of Life (n.d.). 33 Report of a meeting between Lloyd George and Ramsay MacDonald, 3 March 1914; Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 8/1. Consulted by kind per• mission of Mr D. Marquand M.P. 34 South Wales Daily News, 2 October 1908. NOTES 371 35 Cf. Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'Lloyd George and the Historian', Trans. Hon. Soc. Cymm. (1971) especially 73-5. 36 Merthyr Pioneer, 14 March 1914. 37 See C. Parry, The Radical Tradition in Welsh Politics: a Study of Gwynedd Politics, 1900-1920 (1970). 38 For example, G. D. H. Cole, A Short History of the British Working Class Movement (1927) vol. 3, pp. 70-7, 101-2. 39 There is an excellent discussion of this point in the early chapters of M.G. Woodhouse, 'Rank and File Movements in South Wales, 1910- 26' (Oxford D.Phil., 1970). 40 South Wales Worker, 1913-14, passim. 41 Brace was re-elected to the executive of the S.W.M.F. at the top of the poll in September 1912. Richards remained its treasurer until 1931. 42 W. W. Price to J. R. MacDonald, 28 April 1907. Transport House. Labour Party General Correspondence Files, LPGC 14/1. 43 The successful liberal was Clement Edwards, formerly member for Denbigh District, 1906-January 1910. Edwards emphasised his record of involvement in trade unionism since 1891 but urged Welsh workers to free themselves from the 'socialist-syndicalist chariot'. His views are recorded in South Wales Daily News, 18 May 1914, and Glamorgan Free Press, II December 1913. 44 In the 1900 election 4,437 of Hardie's 5,745 votes had been cast jointly for Thomas and himself. 45 Phillips' views are given in 'Cymru a Sosialiaeth', and 'Y Ddraig Goch ynte'r Faner Goch?', Y Geninen, January and October 1911, and in articles in Y Traethodydd, 1912-14. Phillips, the son of a Penmaenmawr worker, was a B.A. and B.D. ofJesus College, Oxford, and a member of the South Wales League of Young Liberals. He unsuccessfully contested Gower as a liberal candidate in December 1910 and lost by 953 votes to the sitting labour member, John Williams. His campaign there is cov• ered in Mumbles Weekly Press and Gower News, l-22 December 1910. He fiercely attacked the Swansea liberal journal, the Cambria Daily Leader, for giving the impression that his candidacy was a lost cause. During the campaign the secretary of the Newport I.L.P., H. Humphreys, re• vealed the damaging information that Phillips had been a member of the Newport I.L.P. from 3 February to 12 May 1910 (Llais Llafur, 10 December 1910). Phillips fought Gower again in 1918. 46 J. Keir Hardie, 'Socialism in South Wales', Labour Leader, 26 February 1912; Twentieth Annual Conference of the , held at Merthyr Tydfil, 27-28 May 1912. 4 7 There is much valuable evidence on these matters in the Report and Evidence of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the Church and other Religious Bodies in Wales [Cd. 5432-5] B.P.P., 14-17 (1910). See also E. T. Davies, Religion in the Industrial Revolution in South Wales (1965) chapter IV. 48 J. Keir Hardie, The Welsh Dragon and the Welsh Flag (Pioneer Pamphlets, No I, 1911); Merthyr Express, 14 October 1911. 372 NOTES 49 Labour Leader, 25 August and 8 September 1911. See particularly a letter by David Thomas in the latter issue. 50 Merlhyr Pioneer, 26 July 1913. 51 Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into Industrial Unrest: No. 7 Division [Cd. 8668] B.P.P., 15 (1917-18), esp. p. 97 ff. 52 Sir A. Mond to D. Lloyd George, 10 August 1922, enclosing statement by W. C. Jenkins of Swansea. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/37/2/17. 53 Y Tyst, 30 September-25 November 1914; Y Deymas, 1 October 1919- November 1919 passim; T. Eirug Rees (ed.), Y Prifathro Tlwmas Rees: ei Fywyd a'i Waith (1939), pp. 138-48; R. W. jones, Y Parchedig John Puleston jones M.A., D.D. (1929),pp.l86 ff; R. R. Hughes, Y Parchedig John Williams D.D., Brynsiencyn (1929) pp. 226 ff. 54 K. W. jones-Roberts, 'D. R. Daniel', Journal of the Merioneth Hist. and Record Society (1965) pp. 70-71. 55 Nicholas met with defeat by over 16,000 votes at the hands of the bellicose National Democratic Party candidate (and former militant miners' agent) Charles Butt Stanton, an advocate of hanging the kaiser. 56 See Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'Twilight of Welsh Liberalism: Lloyd George and the "Wee Frees", 1918-35', Bull. Bd. Celtic Studies, XXII (May 1968) pp. 389-91. 57 Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'Lloyd George's Stage Army: the Coalition Liberals, 1918-22', in A. J.P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (1971) pp. 240-2. 58 W. C. Tennant to D. Lloyd George, 31 March 1921. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, F/96/1/15. 59 F. E. Guest to D. Lloyd George, 6 January 1921, enclosure. Ibid., F/22/3/2. 60 See C. P. Cook, 'Wales and the General Election of 1923', Welsh History Review, IV (1969) p. 392, where he cites the election address of the liberal candidate for Neath. 61 South Wales News, 10 January 1921; manifesto of the (Asquithian) Welsh Liberal Federation under the presidency of Ellis W. Davies. 62 W. W. Craik, The Central Labour College (1964) pp. 172-86; J. Griffiths, Pagesfrom Memory (1969) pp. 24-6. 63 Kenneth 0. Morgan, Ceredigion, vol. 5, pp. 333-7. 64 Principal T. Rees to G. M. Ll. Davies, 17 December 1923. National Library of Wales. Davies Papers, 2153. 65 J. E. jones, Tros Cymru (1970) pp. 25-36. A. Butt-Philip, 'The Political and Sociological Significance of Welsh Nationalism since 1945' (Oxford D. Phil., 1971) gives an excellent account of the origins of Plaid Cymru. This Thesis is shortly being published by the University of Wales Press. 66 The Welsh Nationalist, January 1932, p. 1. 67 For the issues that divided them see Sir A. Mond to D. Lloyd George, 25 September 1924. Beaverbrook Library. Lloyd George Papers, G/14/5/8; and D. Lloyd George to Sir A. Mond, 29 September 1924. Ibid., G/14/5/10. NOTES 373 68 Western Mail, June 1928. 69 Ibid., 17, 20,21 May 1929; Cambrian News, 9, 16 May 1929. 70 Western Mail, 29 May 1929: J,iverpool Daily Post, 29 May 1929. 71 Liverpool Daily Post, 1 June 1929. Lloyd George's view is not supported by a comparison of the percentages of the poll obtained and seats fought by Welsh liberal candidates in 1924 and 1929. 72 See G. J. Jones, Wales and the Quest for Pe(J(;e (1970) pp. 97-124. 73 H. Pelling, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968) p. 12 et seq. 74 Clarke, especially pp. 45-52. On the other hand, Dr Clarke does show the close relations that obtained between liberals and labour in such towns as Bolton, Blackburn and Preston by 1910. 75 Cambrian News, 14 December 1923. 76 Kenneth 0. Morgan, 'Wales and the Boer War - a Reply', Welsh HistOT_Y Review, IV (December 1969) p. 367 ff.

Chapter 8: Lord Elcho, Trade Ualoaism aad Democracy

I J. Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (1883) p. 470. 2 N. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel (1953) p. 188. 3 The Earl ofWemyss and March (i.e. Lord Elcho), Memories 1818-1912 (Edinburgh, 1912) vol. I, p. 125. 4 F. E. Gillespie, Labour and Polities in England (Durham, North Carolina, 1927) p. 177. 5 M. Cowling, 1867 - Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution (Cambridge, 1967) p. 290. In the heat of the franchise debate in the spring of 1866, John Bright dubbed Elcho's anti-reform group 'The Cave of Adullam', a sarcastic allusion to King David who gathered the dis• tressed and discontented of Israel into the Cave of Adullam. C.f. I Samuel22. 6 D. Simon, 'Master and Servant', in J. Saville (ed.), Democracy and the Labour Movement (1954) p. 190. 7 R. Harrison, Before the Socialists: Studies in Labour and Polities, 1861-1881 (1965) p. 39. 8 Wemyss, Memories, vol. I, p. 125. 9 Ibid., p. 185. 10 Parl. Debates, 3rd. Ser., LXXVII, 49. 11 F. Charteris (i.e. Lord Elcho) to R. Peel, 12 February 1846. Peel Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 40584, f. 422. 12 A. Briggs, The Making of Modern England, 1783-1867 (New York, 1965) p. 324. 13 Lord Elcho toJ. Watson, 1 March 1859. Scottish Record Office (S.R.O.). Wemyss MSS. Uncata1ogued. 14 Ibid. 15 B. Disraeli to Lord Elcho, 21 March 1859. Ibid. 374 NOTES 16 Parl. Debates, 3rd Ser., XLIII, 935. 17 Ibid., 943. 18 Lord Elcho to J. Watson, c. 30 March 1859. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. U ncatalogued. 19 Newspaper cuttings, 1859. Ibid. 20 Lord Elcho toR. Lowe, 15 March 1865. Ibid. 21 Parl. Debates, 3rd Ser., CLXXVIII, 1397. 22 Ibid. 23 R. Challinor, 'Alexander MacDonald and the Miners', Our History, Pamphlet 48 (1967-8) p. 7. 24 A. MacDonald to Lord Elcho, 8 February 1867. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 25 Simon, 'Master and Servant', p. 166. 26 W. H. Marwick, The Life of Alexander Campbell (Glasgow, n.d.) p. 17. 27 G. Newton to Lord Elcho, 8 August 1865. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Un- catalogued. 28 Wemyss, Memories, vol. I, p. 370. 29 This whole account is taken from the Beehive, 14 Aprill866. 30 The Times, 26 April 1866. 31 W. H. Fraser, 'Trade Unions, Reform and the Election of 1868 in Scotland', Scottish Historical Review, L (1971) p. 138. 32 Ibid., 143. 33 The Times, 26 April 1866. 34 G. Newton to Lord Elcho, 10 July 1866. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Un• catalogued. 35 Simon, 'Master and Servant', pp. 185-6. 36 Lord Elcho to A. MacDonald, dated end ofJuly 1866. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 37 Simon, 'Master and Servant', p. 186. 38 G. Newton to Lord Elcho, 14 September 1866. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 39 W. Mathews to Lord Elcho, 25 January 1867. Ibid. 40 Lord Elcho toW. Mathews, 28 January 1867. Ibid. 41 Lord Elcho to S. Walpole, 8 May 1867. Ibid. 42 Lord Elcho toJ. C. Proudfoot, 11 May 1867. Ibid. George Newton died in December 1866. 43 Ibid. 44 Lord Elcho toW. Mathews, 13 May 1867. Ibid. 45 Parl. Debates, 3rd Ser., CLXXXVIII, 1603-11. 46 Simon, 'Master and Servant', pp. 188-90. 47 Ibid., p. 190. 48 Beehive, 8 June 1867. 49 Ibid. 50 Ibid., 5 October 1867. 51. Newspaper Cuttings, 1868. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. If MacDonald's letter was accurate anti-Elcho sentiment in London must have been extreme for George Potter's L.W.M.A. to influence its opposition labour group, the Junta. NOTES 375 52 Simon, 'Master and Servant', p. 190. 53 Parl. Debates, 3rd Ser., CLXXXVI, 1580. 54 Ibid. 55 Ibid. 56 Cowling, 1867 - Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution, p. 90. 57 Lord Elcho to S. Walpole, 2 November 1866. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 58 Ibid. 59 Lord Elcho to S. Walpole, December 1866. Ibid. 60 Lord Elcho to A. MacDonald, 12 January 1867. 61 For the L.T.C. resolution see J. B. Jeffreys, Labour's Formative Years, 1849-1874 (1948) pp. 143-4. Elcho referred to the Edinburgh protest demonstration in an undated letter to A. MacDonald, c. December 1866. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 62 Lord Elcho to A. MacDonald, December 1866. Ibid. 63 The quotations are from F. W. D. Charteris (i.e. Lord Elcho), Lord Elcho and the Miners of Midlothian (1867) pp. 3-14. 64 Newspaper Cuttings, 1867. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 65 H. W. McCready, 'British Labour and the Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1867-1869', University of Toronto Quarterly XXV (1954-5) pp. 390-409. 66 F. Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs (1911) vol. I, pp. 322-3. 67 Seventh Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Organisation and Rules of Trade Unions and Other Associations (Cd. 3980]. B.P.P., 29 (1868), p. 46. 68 Eighth Report of the Commissioners. Ibid., p. 28. 69 Eleventh and Final Report of the Commissioners [Cd. 4123]. Ibid. 31 (1869), p. xxii. 70 Wemyss, Memories, vol. 1, p. 390. 71 F. Harrison to Lord Elcho, 31 December 1867. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. Harrison was referring to the Druitt case in which members of the Tailors Union were convicted of illegal intimidation of non-union workers. Reg. v. Druitt, Laurence, Adamson and others (16 L.T. 855, 10 Cox C.C. 592). 72 Eleventh and Final Report of the Commissioners [Cd. 4132]. B.P.P., 31 (1869), Appendix. 73 McCready, 'British Labour', pp. 404-9. 74 Elcho reminded Harrison of his kind words in a letter, 12 May 1905. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 75 Newspaper Cuttings, 1869. Ibid. 76 Ibid. 77 Lord Elcho toW. Moore, c. October 1868. Ibid. 78 Harrison, Before the Socialists, p. 39. 79 Newspaper Cuttings, 1869. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 80 Ibid. 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid. 83 Harrison, Before the Socialists, p. 115. 376 NOTES 84 Lord Elcho to A. Campbell, 23 October 1868. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. U ncatalogued. 85 R. P. Arnott, The Miners: A History of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, 1889-1910 (1949) p. 44. 86 A. J. Youngson Brown, 'Trade Union Policy in the Scots Coalfields', Economic History Review, V-VI (1952-4) pp. 35-42. 87 W. H. G. Armytage, A. j. Mundella, 1825-1897. The Liberal Background to the Labour Movement (1951) p. Ill. 88 Challinor, 'Alexander MacDonald and the Miners', p. 31. 89 Fraser, 'Trade Unions', pp. 154-7. 90 Lord Elcho to W. Moore, c. October 1868. S.R.O. Wemyss MSS. Uncatalogued. 91 Ibid. 92 Charteris, Memories, vol. I, p. 377.

Chapter 9: Laissez..faire As Dopna: The Liberty and Property De• fence League, 1882-1914

1 J. Vincent, The Formation of the British Liberal Party (New York, 1963) p. 39. 2 R. Harrison, Before the Socialists: Studies in Labour and Politics, 1861-1881 (1965) pp. 37, 171-3. 3 J. R. Vincent, Pollbooks: How Victorians Voted (Cambridge, 1967) pp. 43-5. 4 E. Lawrence, Henry George in the British Isles (E. Lansing, 1957) pp. 13-29. 5 jus, 11 February 1887. Liberty Review, 1 December 1894. 6 Stjames Gazette, 12 July 1880. 7 M. Cowling, 1867 - Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill (Cambridge, 1967) p. 5; and F. B. Smith, The Making of the Second Reform Bill (Cambridge, 1966) p. 48. Attempts to modify the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871 resulted in the formation of the National Federation of Employers of Labour in 1873 which in some ways was a precursor of the L.P.D.L. See Capital and Labour, 25 February 1874, ibid., 14 March 1877, ibid., 17 July 1881. Anti-statist sentiments were rife in 1873. SeeS. Macoby, English Radicalism 1853-1886 (1953) p. 190. Disraeli's speech at Bath on 10 October 1873 claimed that 'for nearly five years the present ministers have harassed every trade, worried every profession, and assailed or menaced every class, institu• tion, and species of property in the country'. 8 H. G. Hutchinson, Portraits of the Eighties (New York, 1920) pp. 158-63. See also the Earl of Wemyss and March (i.e. Lord Elcho), Memories, 1818-1912 (Edinburgh, 1912). 9 A. Fremantle, This Little Band ofProphets: The British Fabians (New York, 1959) pp. 72, 292. For Donisthorpe's anarchy see his article 'In Defence NOTES 377 of Anarchy', New Review, XI (1894) pp. 183-91; his Individualism (1894) and Liberty Review (April 1897) p. 163. 10 The Personal Rights Association, which had been founded in 1871, carried on a spirited campaign against state regulation of prostitutes, compulsory vaccination, vivisection, and arbitrary incarceration of lunatics until early in the twentieth century. Crofts and Donisthorpe were also members. A good summary of its views can be found in its journal, Individualist. 11 Self-Help v. State Help. The Liberty and Property Defence League: Its Origins, Objects, and Inaugural, 1882, p. 18. Hereafter referred to as L.P.D.L., Origins. 12 Ibid., pp. 20-1. Lord Bramwell also condemned the Electric Lighting Act which made companies liable to purchase by municipal corporations at the end of twenty-one years. C. Fairfield, A Memoir of Lord Bramwell (1898) pp. 134-8. 13 Edinburgh Review, CCCXIX (July 1882) pp. 292-3. 14 Echo, 6 July 1882. 15 For an excellent example see H. Begbie, Albert, Fourth : A Last Word (1917). Sir William Lewis, E. Pleydell Bouverie, H. D. Pochin and Hugh Fortescue are other examples. 16 T.U.C., Annual Report, 1883, p. 21. See also Labour Standard, 29 June 1883, 21 July 1883. 17 Lord Wemyss, Socialism at St Stephens, 188~ 1884 ( 1895) pp. 4 7-53. 18 Industrial Remuneration Conference: The Report of the Proceedings and Papers read in the Prince's Hall, Piccadilly, under the Presidency of the Rt Hon. Sir Charles Dilke Bart., M.P. on 28, 29, 30 January 1885 (1885) p. 497. 19 F. Rogers, Life, Labour and Literature (1913) pp. 231-6; H. Pelling, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain ( 1968) pp. 76--8. 20 R. Strachey, Struggle: The Stirring Story of Women's Advance in England (New York, 1930) pp. 133-9. 21 B. L. Hutchins and A. Harrison, A History ofFactory Legislation ( 1911) pp. 210-11. 22 Socialism vs. Individualism: A Public Debate held in the Mechanics Hall, Nottingham, 25 October 1890 (Nottingham, 1890). 23 Nottingham Daily Guardian, 28 October 1890; Nottingham Evening News, 27 October 1890. 24 L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1893--4. Branches of the league were also es• tablished in Derby, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Man• chester, Nottingham, Oldham, Plymouth, Sheffield, Sunderland, and Cambridge University. 25 League support was always forthcoming for ratepayers' groups. Walter Pierce, president of the Liverpool Land and House Owners' Association, founded in 1860, was a founder member of the L.P.D.L. The impetus for the founding of the Liverpool body came from Herbert Spencer. See D. Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (1908) vol. 1, pp. 323, 400. See also The Times, 18 November 1891; ibid., 19 November 1891; ibid., 25 February 1892. 26 London Star, 7 March 1892.

I!.A.L.H.-N 378 NOTES 27 L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1894-5, pp. 17-19. 28 The term 'blocked' refers to the practice of using an English version of the liberum veto which permitted any member to block further debate on private members' legislation after midnight. See R. Temple, Letters and Character Sketches from the House of Commons (1912). Temple and Wemyss generally held similar views and Temple's son, Richard Carnac Temple, succeeded Wemyss as president of the L.P.D.L. in 1913. 29 The cause of the rift was Donisthorpe's support for the disestablishment of the Church of England. He also felt that the league had not agitated sufficiently against the Contagious Diseases Act, the Vaccination Act, and the Oaths requirement for members of the Commons. He con• cluded that the league had become extremely unpopular among working-class audiences and had degenerated into a harassed interests league. See jus, 30 March 1888. 30 Liberty Review, February 1909, p. 35. 31 Anti-Socialist, March 1909, p. I. No figures were ever given for the circulation of Liberty Review. 32 Personal information obtained from Miss Frances Smith, a relative of Millar. For further information on Millar see N. C. Soldon, 'Laissez• Faire on the Defensive: The Story of the Liberty and Property Defence League' (University of Delaware Ph.D., 1969) pp. 269-75; also A. G. Whyte, The Story of the R.P.A. (1949) p. 24. 33 J. Macabe, A Biographical Dictionary of Modem Rationalists ( 1920) pp. 874-6. 34 Liberty Review, 15 December 1895; ibid., january 1908, p. 6. 35 F. Millar, Socialism: Its Fallacies and Dangers (1900). 36 Liberty Review, passim. 37 Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, vol. I, p. 400. 38 G. B. Shaw (ed.),Fabian Essays in Socialism (New York, 1889) pp. 72-3. A cheap edition of A Plea for Liberty was published later to ensure widespread distribution. Spencer dedicated his share of the royalties to placing copies in public libraries. 39 T. Mackay (ed.), A Plea for Liberty (1891) p. 404. 40 American Political Science Quarterly September 1891, pp. 581-3. Spectator, 30 May 1891. Quarterly Review, April 1891, pp. 489-516. 41 Economic Review, july 1891, pp. 337-44. The difference is similar to that made by D. Nichols, 'Positive Liberty, 1881-1914', American Political Science Review, 56 (March 1962) pp. ll4-28. 42 See above, pp. 262-89. E. Halevy, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century (2nd ed., 1951) pp. 246-81, drew attention to this employers' counter-attack. 43 B. C. Browne, Selected Papers on Social and Economic Questions (Cambridge, 1918) pp. 47-60. E. H. Phelps Brown, The Growth of British Industrial Relations ( 1964) pp. 90--8. 44 E. Vincent, 'The Discontent of the Working Classes', in Mackay (ed.), A Plea for Liberty, pp. 212-15. See also G. Brooks, Industry and Property (Mells Lodge, 1892). 45 Liberty Review, April 1893, p. 24. NOTES 379 46 L. H. Powell, History of the Shipping Federation (1950) p. 5; and H. Hayman, 'The Triumph of Free Labour at Hull', Liberty Review, July 1893, pp. 2-9. 47 See W. Collison, The Apostle of Free Labour (1913) pp. 88-9; Fairplay, 7 June 1895; Free Labour Gazette, September 1899; J. M. Ludlow, 'Free Labour Frauds', Economic Review, 5 (1895) pp. 110-17. L.P.D.L. mem• bers G. A. Laws, George Livesey and William T. Lewis were among the initiators of the group. See Powell, Shipping Federation, pp. 17-18, 110-11, 116-17, 123-4. For Livesey see Journal of Gas Lighting, Water Supply, 6 October 1908. For Lewis see E. Phillips, Pioneers of the Welsh Coalfields (Cardiff, 1925) pp. 256-61. 48 Lord Halsbury to Lord Wemyss, 20 December 1897. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. See also Pelling, Popular Politics and Society, pp. 73-6; R. F. V. Heuston, Lives of Lord Chancellors, 1885-1940 (Oxford, 1964) pp. 73--S, 119-22. 49 L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1893-4, pp. 1-29. 50 Ibid., 1894-5, pp. 13-16. 51 Ibid., 1897, pp. 4-7. Wemyss served as its chairman and the council in• cluded Sir William T. Lewis, Sir Benjamin Browne, George Livesey, W. W. Vivian (Dinorwic Quarries), J. Carlisle (Chamber of Shipping of the U.K.), G. A. Laws, Alexander Siemens, T. F. Rider (National Association of Master Builders), and W. Shepherd (London Central Association of Master Builders). 52 W. Collison to Lord Wemyss, 5 November 1897. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. 53 F. Millar to Lord Wemyss, 29 October 1897; 14 December 1897. Ibid. 54 Liberty Review, 15 October 1897. Labour Protection Association, Report of Proceedings, 1898, pp. 1-4. 55 F. Millar to Lord Wemyss, 29 October 1897. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. U ncatalogued. 56 Royal Commission on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations [Cd. 2826]. B.P.P., LVI (1906) pp. 349-58. Contributions were channelled through Millar's private account at Lloyds Bank, F. Millar to Lord Wemyss, 2 November 1897. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. As late as 1905 Wemyss provided £500. See Lord Wemyss to F. Millar, 8January 1905. Ibid. 57 Quoted in Clegg, British Trade Unions, p. 178. 58 Browne, Selected Papers, pp. ix-xvii and passim. 59 Labour Protection Association, Report of Proceedings, 1898, pp. 1-4. Also The Times, 18 November 1898; Wemyss, Memories, vol. 2, p. 203. 60 A. R. Ilersic, Parliament of Commerce: The Story of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce, 1860-1960 (1960) p. 123. 61 Liberty Review, 15 April 1899. Millar and the extremist staff of the Liberty Review with their F.L.P.A. activities eventually drove away more moderate employers, such as C. W. Macara, president of the Master Federation of Cotton Spinners' Association, who served on the council. 62 Liberty Review, 15 September 1897. 63 Clegg, British Trade Unions, pp. 309-10. These decisions were cheered by 380 NOTES the Liberty Review, 15 January 1899 and 15 September 1899. Shaxby proposed a further amendment of section 7 of the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875. See ibid., 15 October, 1899. 64 The Times, 17 January 1899. Phelps Brown, British Industrial Relations, p. 272. Browne appears to have had second thoughts about the wisdom of a direct industry or nation-wide confrontation with trade unions. In 1913, following the faulty working of the Trade Disputes Act of 1906, the 1911 railway strike, and 1912 miners' strike, Browne advised against an attempt to create a 'fighting fund' to aid employers in combating strikes. The suggestion for such a fund came from the newly established United Kingdom Employers' Defence Union. Browne felt that the Trade Disputes Act could only be modified by means of parlia• mentary action. This could only be achieved by voting power which the employers did not possess. He warned employers against any exacerbation of the situation which might divide employers and em• ployees even further. The Times, 27 March 1913. 65 Liberty Review, 15 August 1899. 66 Ibid., 15 August 1897 and 15 March 1899. 67 Ilersic, Parliament of Commerce, pp. 143-4. The Times, 17 November 1900. See also B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain (1966) pp. 72-4. Wemyss may have been able to serve as a shepherd for harassed interests but on the political scene his extremism made him a political Ishmael. Yet, Lord Newton and Salisbury could still rally to his defence. See The Times, 29 April 1902. 68 H. G. Hutchinson, Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury (1914) pp. 134-5, 149, 262--6. See also F. Millar to Lord Wemyss, 22 April 1896. S. R. 0. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. 69 Liberty Review, 15 March 1900; 15 August 1900; 15 January 1902. 70 R. F. Ryder to Lord Wemyss, 3 May 1902 and 26 April 1902. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. 71 Soldon, 'Laissez-Faire on the Defensive', pp. 366--74. The Times, 19 August 1901 to 11 November 1901, passim. 72 Co-operation between the 'trade' and the league was close. L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1893-4, lists those affiliated. See Licensed Victuallers Guardian, 20 August 1887, for praise of the L.P.D.L. The relationship between the league and the 'trade' is discussed more fully in Soldon, 'Laissez-Faire on the Defensive', pp. 385-9, 411-5. 73 The articles and letters ran between 18 November 1901 and 16 January 1902. 74 E. A. Pratt, Trade Unionism and British Industry: A Reprint of The Times' Articles on 'The Crisis in British Industry' (1904) pp. 2-3. 75 Quoted in ibid., p. 24. 76 Ibid.,passim. 77 The Times, 6 December 1901. 78 A. L. Levine, Industrial Retardation in Britain (New York, 1968) pp. 82-8. 79 See The Times, 5 May 1902, 3 May 1903; L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1901-2, p. 5; ibid., 1902-3, p. 6. The naming of Lewis, who was closely associated with the Employers' Parliamentary Council, requires a NOTES 381 comment on the influence Wemyss may have exerted on Balfour. The latter was a frequent companion of Wemyss's daughter-in-law, Lady Elcho, at Percy Wyndham's country home, 'Clouds'. The house was a favourite gathering place for the social group called 'the Souls'. Wemyss passed L.P.D.L. pamphlets on to Balfour who quoted from two of them, The Unemployed and The Socialist Spectre, in the introduction which he wrote for the political tract, The Case Against Socialism: A Hand• book for Speakers and Candidates ( 1908). See K. Young, Arthur james Balfour (1963) pp. 81-4, 134-9: Wemyss, Memories, vol. 2, pp. 229-31; F. Millar to Lord Wemyss, 19 October 1904. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncata• logued. 80 L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1905, pp. 6-8. 81 Ibid., 1906-7, p. 5. Liberty Review, January 1907, p. 24. 82 L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1906-7, p. 5. F. Millar to Lord Wemyss, 30January 1907. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour: The Struggle for London ( 1967) pp. 181-3. The Times, 25 August 1907. 83 L.P.D.L., Annual Report, 1912, p. 10. 84 The Times, 3 March 1913. 85 Ibid., 6 March 1929. 86 B. Lippincott, Victorian Critics of Democracy (Minneapolis, 1938). 87 K. Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (New York, 1936) pp. 141, 192-264. 88 R. H. Murray, Studies in the English Social and Political Thinkers of the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1929) vol. 2, p. 272. 89 A. Sampson, Anatomy of Britain Today (New York, 1962) pp. 565-70. 90 Labour Co-Partnership, October 1906, p. 150.

Chapter 10: The Anti-Socialist Union, 1908-49

1 Quoted in E. Halevy, The Rule of Democracy, 1905-1914 (Benn edition, 1961) p. 92. 2 , 17 January 1906. 3 For example, by the Standard, 19 January 1906. 4 Daily Graphic, 1 February 1906. 5 H. Pelling, A Short History of the Labour Party (1965) p. 134. 6 Daily Telegraph, 24 July 1907; Standard, 20 July 1907. 7 Labour Leader, 11 October 1907. On this campaign see K. D. Brown, 'The Labour Party and the Unemployment Question, 1906-1910', Historical Journal, XIV (1971) pp. 599-616; and K. D. Brown, Labour and Unemployment 1900-1914 (Newton Abbot, 1971) pp. 85-112. 8 H. Cox, Socialism in the House ofCommons (1907) p. 7. 9 S. Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool (1934) p. 76. lO A. E. Fellowes to A. J. Balfour, 24 October 1907. Balfour Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 49859, f. 184. 11 A. Chamberlain to A. J. Balfour, 24 October 1907. Ibid. 49736, f. 25.

E.A.L,H.-Q 382 NOTES 12 Quoted in J. Biggs-Davison, George Wyndham, a Study in Toryism (1951) p. 184. 13 J. L. Garvin to E. Goulding, 5 December 1909. Beaverbrook Library. Wargrave Papers, A/3/2. 14 Observer, 21 January 1906; Daily Mail, 20 January 1906. 15 London Municipal Society, Will Socialism Benefit the English People: Debate between H. M. Hyndman and Gerald Arbuthnot, 9 February 1909 (1909) pp. 8-9. 16 Spectator, 19 October 1907. 17 J. R. Clynes, Memoirs (1937) vol. 1, p. 124. 18 Salvidge, Salvidge, p. 79. 19 'The Labour Party and the Books that Helped to Make It', Review of Reviews, XXXIII (1906) pp. 569-82. 20 R. Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill (Fontana edition, 1972) p. 169. 21 Quoted in A. M. Gollin, The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908-1914 (1960) p. 227. 22 See generally, S. Hynes, The Edwardian Tum of Mind ( 1968) pp. 17-53. 23 The Times, 3 October 1906. 24 Ibid., 3 October 1907. 25 C. Lowther, The House of Lords, Socialism, and Other Questions (1907) p. 17. 26 The Times, 3 Apri11911. 27 London Municipal Society, Conference on the Progress of Socialism, 27 October 1907 (1907) p. 5. 28 Ibid., p. 7. 29 R. D. Blumenfeld, R.D.B.'s Diary (1930) pp. 224-5. 30 Daily Express, 23 October 1908. 31 London Municipal Society, Conference on the Progress of Socialism, p. 23. 32 L.P.D.L. statement published in The Times, 31 March 1911. 33 The I.F.L. acted in conjunction with the Poplar Municipal Alliance in the inquiry into the alleged mal-administration of the Poor Law by socialist guardians. One of the I.F.L.'s legal representatives con• ducted the Alliance's case. See G. Haw, The Life Story of Will Crooks M.P. (1917) p. 274. 34 Anti-Socialist, 14 (March 1910) Supplement. 35 Liberty, III (January 1911), p. 14. 36 Arnold White's papers are currently being catalogued by the National Maritime Museum. Unfortunately they were not available for this present essay. 37 Liberty, 15 November 1911. 38 Ibid., 1 November 1911. 39 Anti-Socialist, 5 (June 1909) p. 54. 40 Ibid., p. 63. 41 A.S.U., Pamphlet 88, Success Without Socialism: Lord Strathcona (1910); Pamphlet 71, Success Without Socialism: Josiah Wedgwood (1910). 42 Liberty, 7 June 1911. 43 Ibid., 6 September 1911. NOTES 383 44 W. Bull (ed.), Public Opinions on Socialism (1910) p. xvi. 45 Liberty, 12 Aprill911. 46 Anti-Socialist, 2 (March 1909) p. 22. 47 London Municipal Society, Conference on the Progress of Socialism, p. 18. 48 Liberty, III (March 1911) p. 60. 49 Anti-Socialist, 3 (Aprill909) p. 30. 50 Liberty, II (Aprill910) p. 1. 51 Ibid., 10 May 1911. 52 Ibid., III (November 1911) p. 381. 53 W. Long toR. D. Blumenfeld, 7 September 1910. Beaverbrook Library. Blumenfeld Papers, LONGJW.5. 54 W. Long to R. D. Blumenfeld, 3 September 1910. Ibid., LONG/ W.4 ii. The very fact that Long had insisted upon this condition indicates that he understood the extremist views of some of the people with whom he was associating in the A.S.U. On the other hand he must also have been aware of the advantages of being associated with a group which had considerable support from the backbenchers of the party he hoped to lead. 55 E. A. Porritt, 'The British Labour Party in 1910', Political Science Quarterly XXV (1910) p. 313. 56 The Times, 16 Aprill910. 57 Ibid., 11 July 1911. 58 Ibid., 21 February 1911. For the circulation of Anti-Socialist see the issue for March 1909, p. 13. 59 Donations from Mason and Paget were noted respectively in The Times, 23 November 1909 and 12 April 1911. 60 Bull's contributions were noted respectively in Anti-Socialist, 9 (October 1909) p. 105; Liberty, II (May 1910) p. 19; The Times, 12 Aprill9ll. 61 The Times, 2 March 1910. 62 Ibid., 13 March 1911. 63 Liberty, 6 December 1911. 64 Clarion, 28June 1912. 65 H. 0. Arnold-Forster toR. D. Blumenfeld, 4 December 1907. Beaver• brook Library. Blumenfeld Papers. ARN.l. 66 See above p. 247. 67 C. Lowther to R. D. Blumenfeld, 7 September 1909. Beaverbrook Library. Blumenfeld Papers, LOWT 1. The tone of this letter would appear to confirm Halevy's assessment of unionist county families, in• cluding the Lowthers of Cumberland. They 'constituted the picturesque element of the Unionist Party who saw themselves deserted by those whom until the dawn of the new century they had been pleased to regard as attached to themselves by a tie amounting to moral serfdom.' Ha1evy, Rule of Democracy, p. 10. 68 On this seeK. D. Brown, 'The Trade Union Tariff Reform Association, 1904-1913', journal of British Studies, IX (May 1970) p. 151. See also GoBin, The Observer and]. L. Garvin, p. 329, n 3. It is perhaps worth mentioning that the unionists had helped to establish a Conservative Labour Party in 1904. Its organiser had been R. J. Macartney who 384 NOTES later became one of the A.S.U.'s permanent lecturers. See L. Bather, 'A History of Manchester and Salford Trades Council' (Manchester Ph.D., 1956) p. 165. 69 G. Younger to A. Bonar Law, 9 October 1913. Beaverbrook Library. Bonar Law Papers, 30/3/12. 70 The phrase is used by A. J. P. Taylor, Beaverbrook (1972) p. 61. 71 W. Ashley to R. D. Blumenfeld, 13 November 1912. Beaverbrook Library. Blumenfeld Papers, MOU 10. 72 In an interview at his London home on 12 February 1973. Hereafter cited as Sir H. Brittain, interview. I am deeply grateful to Sir Harry for his assistance. 73 A.S.U. New Series, Pamphlet 101, Socialism and Communism (n.d.). 74 Aberdeen Evening Express, 17 September 1935; Daily Mirror, 24 Septem• ber 1935. 75 Reconstruction Society New Series, Pamphlet I, Reconstruction: Political and Economic (1919). 76 Information, 26January 1934. My italics. 77 A.S.U., What I Saw in Russia (1925). See also A.S.U. New Series, Pamphlet 30, The Bolshevik Terror (n.d.) and ibid., 22, The Terrible Hell of Bolshevism (n.d.). 78 The Times, 25July 1927. 79 Information, 9 December 1932. 80 Ibid., 29 June 1928. 81 N. Roberts (ed.), A Handbook for Anti-Socialists (1924) p. 18. 82 Information, 21 September 1928. 83 Ibid., 26January 1934. 84 Quoted in R. R. James, Memoirs of a Conservative. J. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers, 1910-1937 (1969) p. 289. 85 Quoted in ibid., p. 192. 8fi B.E.U., Annual Report, 1936 p. 4. 87 Ibid., p. 32. 88 Ibid., 1938, p. 11. 89 In 1931 the A.S.U.'s publications did finally begin to advocate protection. See, for example, Information, 13 November 1931. But by this time the independent liberals had been reduced to an insignificant 33 seats in the Commons and the election campaign of 1931 saw the Labour Party defending free trade in the hope of attracting Liberal votes. See A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965) pp. 324-7. 90 M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924. The Beginning of Modem British Politics (Cambridge, 1971) pp. 2-3. 91 Blake, The Conservative Party, pp. 206-8. 92 The full list is cited in James, Memoirs of a Conservative, pp. 130-3. 93 Sir Harry Brittain claimed that most of the 'Constitutional' M.P.'s subscribed to this publication. See his Happy Pilgrimage (n.d.) p. 75. 94 Sir H. Brittain, interview. He and Sir Edward Iliffe served for a time on the executive of the Economic League. The league, founded in 1919, was dedicated to 'the preservation of personal freedom and NOTES 385 enterprise' and to opposing 'all subversive forces that seek to under• mine the security of Britain in general and of British industry in particular'. Quoted in R. Benewick, The Fascist Movement in Britain (1972 edition) p. 42. I am grateful to Mr D. Jones of the Department of Politics at Queen's for drawing my attention to this reference. 95 See Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, pp. 17-53. 96 Figures taken from H. Pelling, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968) p. 117. 97 On this division see C. Tsuzuki, 'The Impossibilist Revolt in Britain', International Review of Social History, I (1956) 377-97. 98 Sir Harry Brittain, interview. 99 Information, 24 February 1928. 100 Sir Harry Brittain, interview. 101 Benewick, The Fascist Movement, p. 24. 102 Ibid., p. 302.

Chapter 11: Profit-Sharing, SociaHsm and Labour Unrest

1 E. P. Thompson, William Morris, Romantic to Revolutionary (1955) pp. 425-6. 2 The term 'enterprise consciousness' is from I. C. McGivering, D. G. J. Matthews and W. H. Scott, Management in Britain (1960) p. 92. The judgement was made by Walter Citrine, one of the few trade union supporters of profit sharing, in Co-partnership, September 1925, p. 18. 3 Unless otherwise noted, data is taken from the Ministry of Labour Gazette, July 1930, pp. 238-42; and the three major government surveys, Reports on Profit Sharing and Co-partnership in the United Kingdom [Cd. 7549] B.P.P., 80 (1894): [Cd. 6496] Ibid., 43 (1912-13); [Cd. 544]. Ibid., 23 (1920). 4 B. Browne, Selected Papers on Social and Ecorwmic Questions (Cambridge, 1918) p. 218. 5 Co-partnership, June 1919, p. 44. Rev. J. F. Maxwell, 'Company Law Reform - the Moral Justification', in P. Derrick and J. F. Phipps (eds), Co-ownership, Co-operation and Control (1969) pp. 123-78. F. L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (University Paperback ed., 1970) p. 97. 6 B. Turner, 'Real Profit-sharing- A Splendid Huddersfield Example', Socialist Review, 5 (1910) pp. 267-71. N. P. Gilman, Profit-sharing Between Employers and Employed (1889) pp. 292-4. Co-partnership, March 1912, p. 35; ibid., April 1912, p. 54. 7 Profit-sharing was defined at the 1889 Paris International Conference on Profit-sharing as a partial remuneration from profits 'fixed before• hand'. The Board of Trade and the Labour Association for the Promotion of Co-operative Production, the promotional body for profit-sharing, used this definition as well. See the note by the Board of Trade economist, David Schloss, in the Ecorwmic Review, 1 (1891) 386 NOTES pp. 94-5. The Labour Association changed its name to the Labour Co-partnership Association in 1902. Under Co-partnership the bonus is paid in shares and the worker, in theory, is enabled to gain a voice in management. Since the holding of such shares hardly ever brought participation in management, or even the right to vote, the important distinction is between employer-initiated profit-sharing and co• partnership, and co-operative production designed to give workers substantial control. Profit-sharing was used generally to cover all employer-initiated schemes, and is so used in this essay. 8 New Statesman. Special Supplement on Co-operative Production and Profit• sharing, 14 February 1914. Fabian Society, Socialism: True and False, Tract 51 (1899) p. 15. G. B. Shaw (ed.), Fabian Essays (1889) p. 56n. G. B. Shaw, 'The New Radicalism', manuscript lecture, October 1887. Shaw Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 50693, ff. 154-5. See also H. Goldberg. 'Jaures and the Peasants', International Review of Social History, 2 (1957) p. 382. 9 Cited in J. Saville, 'The Christian Socialists of 1848' in his Democracy and the Labour Movement (1954) p. 150. 10 F. M. L. Thompson, 'Land and Politics in England in the Nineteenth Century' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, XV (1965) pp. 26-7. 11 T. Illingsworth, Distribution Reform (1885) pp. 12-13. See, among others, G. Broderick, 'Democracy and Socialism', Nineteenth Century, XV (1884) pp. 635-42; T. Rogers, 'Contemporary Socialism', Contemporary Review, 47 (1885) pp. 51-64: C. Stubbs, The Land and the Labourers (1885) pp. 31-4. In debate and lectures anti-socialists for• warded co-operative production and profit-sharing. See Socialism: For and Against. By Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant ( 1887) p. 8: Co-operation versus Socialism: Being A Report of a Debate Between Mr H. H. Champion and Mr Benjamin Jones (1887) p. 27: Co-partnership, April 1914, p. 54. 12 J. Chamberlain to C. Dilke, 31 December 1882. Dilke Papers. B.M.Add MSS 43885, f. 323. J. T. Emmett, 'A Plea for Liberty', Quarterly Review, 172 (1891) p. 502. 13 W. H. Mallock, 'Conservatism and the Diffusion of Property', National Review, 11 ( 1888) pp. 383-404. 14 The Times, 25 April 1885. See also L. Jebb, The Small Holdings of England (1947) p. 144. S. H. Harris, Auberon Herbert (1943) pp. 272-4. 15 On the self-styled 'individualists' who claimed credit for introducing the term into common English usage see E. Bristow, 'The Defence of Liberty and Property in Britain, 1880-1914' (Yale Ph.D., 1970). 16 The company very nearly merged with Henry Solly's Society for Promoting Industrial Villages. H. Solly to J. Hole, 18 April 1885. British Library of Political and Economic Science (Hereafter B.L.P.E.S.). Solly Papers, vol. 4, f.D.46. Solly, a pioneer in wokers' education, was particularly concerned with the spectre of impending social chaos. See his weekly newspaper, Common Good, and an undated manuscript article in his papers, vol. 4, f.D.89. 17 Report from the Select Committee on Small Holdings [ Cd. 313]. B.P.P., 12 NOTES 387 (1889), question 1834. See also H. Wantage, Lord Wantage. A Memoir (1907) Appendix 3: Lord Wantage, 'A Few Theories Carried into Practice', Economic Review, 3 (1893) pp. 33-7. 18 H. Belloc, 'The Liberal Tradition', in Essays in Liberalism ( 1897) p. 24. 19 On the Briggs episode see the memorandum by the brothers and the comments by S. Taylor, Profit-sharing (1884) pp. 117-32 and the account in R. Church, 'Profit-sharing and Labour Relations in the Nineteenth Century', International Review of Social History, 16 (1971) pp. 3-7. Church is concerned almost exclusively with the Briggs and Livesey episodes. 20 Lectures on Economic Science. Committee on Labour and Capital. National Association for the Promotion of Social Science ( 1870) p. 18. 21 Industrial Partnership Record, August 1867. On the change in the law see G.]. Holyoake, Partnerships of Industry (1865) p. 14. 22 A. Briggs to Lord Elcho, 8 May 1869. Scottish Record Office (S.R.O.) Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. 23 W. S. Jevons, 'On Industrial Partnership', in Lectures on Economic Science. Cairns, who held a more orthodox version of the wage fund theory than Jevons, looked to producer's co-operation to resolve the social problem. 24 E. Mack and W. H. G. Armytage, Thomas Hughes (1952) pp. 151-3. 25 G.]. Holyoake, The History ofCo-operation (1908) vol. 2, pp. 416-7,582. 26 For the early Owenites, the Redemptionists and the strikers see G. D. H. Cole, A Century of Co-operation (1944); and S. Pollard, 'Nine• teenth Century Co-operation: From Community Building to Shop• keeping', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds), Essays in Labour History (1967) pp. 74-112. 27 N. C. Masterman, John Malcolm Ludlow (1963), chapters 5 and 6. Cole, Century of Co-operation, chapter 6. Mack and Armytage, Thomas Hughes, chapter 4. On the group's paternalism see Saville, 'Christian Socialists of 1848'. Masterman explores the split in chapter 6 of his book on Ludlow. For Maurice's theology see P. d'A. Jones, The Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton, 1968) pp. 9-13. 28 On his life's activities see T. Chrimes, Edward Owen Greening (1924) and J. M. Bellamy and J. Saville (eds), Dictionary of Labour Biography, (1972) vol. 1, pp. 136-9. 29 Industrial Partnership Record, May 1867, p. 23. 30 Ibid., March 1867. The journal was meant to 'appeal to the middle and upper and commercial classes generally'. Ibid., April1867, p. 11. 31 These schemes are discussed in ibid., March 1867, pp. 2-3; April 1867, pp. 12-13; August 1867, p. 47; Chrimes, Greening, pp. 45-6; Mack and Armytage, Thomas Hughes, pp. 152-7; B. Jones, Co-operative Production (Oxford, 1894) pp. 266-71, 444-5, 499-500. 32 In addition to the sources cited in the previous note see Holyoake, History of Co-operation, vol. 2, pp. 346n; Masterman, Ludlow, p. 187. Early in 1868 Holyoake became co-proprietor and editor, and the Record became the Social Economist. Walter Morrison M.P., who was an avid supporter of industrial partnerships, loaned Greening and 388 NOTES Holyoake £100 for the journal but the last number appeared in September 1868. 33 Crimes, Greening, p. 45. 34 Proceeds of the Co-operative Congress ( 1869) p. 78. 35 J. M. Ludlow and L. Jones, Progress of the Working Class 1832-1867 (1867) pp. 144--5; Industrial Partnership Record, January 1868, p. 85. 36 The anti-union plans are discussed in Report on Prqftt-sharing (1894) pp. 35-7, 43. There are 28 schemes listed for these years in ibid (1912- 13), appendices A and B. The total of24 additional employers derived above, excludes the 2 Briggs plans, 4 Greening plans and 2 in farming, but includes others not listed in the Report but mentioned in the Industrial Partnership Record, April 1867, p. 15, Illingsworth, Distribution Reform, pp. 128-30, and Ludlow and Jones, Progress of the Working Class, p. 146. 37 W. S.Jevons to G.J. Holyoake, 5 February 1867. Co-operative Union Library (hereafter C.U.L.). Holyoake Papers, 1761. Goldwin Smith to G. Holyoake, 5 February 1867. Ibid., 1762. J. S. Mill to G. Holyoake, 27 July 1868. Ibid., 1796. Industrial Partnership Record, August 1867, p.48 : ibid., April 1867, p. 11. 38 A. Briggs to Lord Elcho, 8 May 1869. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Un• catalogued. On the report see Taylor, Profit-Sharing, 140n-ln, and the Eleventh and Final Report of the Royal Commission on Trades Unions [Cd. 4123]. B.P.P., 31 (1686-9). While he opposed profit-sharing Elcho was one of the 'new model employers' of the day who cultivated good relations with labour. 39 Holyoake, Partnerships of Industry, p. 10; Industrial Partnership Record, August 1867, p. 48. 40 Industrial Partnership Record, January 1868, p. 85. 41 Cole, Century of Co-operation, p. 159. These and other similar ventures were discussed with interest by the organ of the National Federation of Associated Employers of Labour, Capital and Labour, 25 August 1875, 15 September 1875, 22 September 1875. 42 B. Webb, The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain (1891) pp. 137 ff. See the list of industrial partnerships with unsubscribed capital, many of them worker-initiated, in the Social Economist, September 1868, p. 107. Ludlow was particularly interested in the Frame-Makers and Gilders Association, which B. Webb praised for holding 'aloft the standard of self-employment.' (Co-operative Movement, p. 134). However, even this association was circumscribed as a self-governing workshop. From the beginning the workers held only 25 per cent of the shares, and the manager was of the opinion that 'in pure co-operatives workers feel the loss of a master-mind. Workmen lack the ability to direct their own labour', Social Economist, July 1868, p. 67. 43 For an interesting discussion of the tendency of co-operative production to degenerate see P. Blumberg, Industrial Democracy: The Sociology of Participation (1908) chapter 1. 44 On its formation see, Minute Book of the Committee for Promoting Co• operative Production (1884) at the office of the Industrial Participation NOTES 389 Society (formerly the Labour Association) to whom I am very grateful. See also Labour Association, First Report (1884-5). E. 0. Greening to J. Bonar, 14 October 1922, quoted in Chrimes, Greening, pp. 51-2. 45 Labour Association, Annual Report (1884-5); ibid (1904-5). 46 E. 0. Greening toT. Hughes, 9 May 1891. C.U.L. Greening Papers. Letterbook (1886-92). The Scottish Wholesale Society, which kept co-partnership in its productive units, consistently accounted for about half the capital and sales of all productive societies. 47 Labour Co-partnership, January, February, April 1903. Faced with the threat of competition from the Wholesale, the Society's Committee gave in to a fait accompli: Committee's Manifesto. Read at the Meeting 8 November 1902. C.U.L. Greening Papers. 48 Labour Co-partnership, May 1898, p. 69. Tom Mann before he became a syndicalist, Ben Tiiiett, Clem Edwards, Charles Fenwick and Thomas Burt were among those who supported co-operative production. See Trade Unionists and Co-operators (n.d.). B.L.P.E.S. Solly Papers, vol. I, f.A.47. For other trade union support see H. J. Fyrth and H. Collins, The Foundry Workers (Manchester, 1959) p. 88; and A. Fox, A History of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives (Oxford, 1958) pp. 182-5. 49 President of the British Constitution Association from 19 I I to I 9 I 4; on the Council of the Anti-Socialist Union; a member of the Middle Classes Defence League, a London group initiated with help from Lord W emyss to act against municipal socialism. 50 H. Begbie, Albert, Fourth Earl Grey: A Last Word (1917) pp. 63 ff. 51 Liberty Review, February 1904. 52 W. C. Snell, 'Co-operators and Profit-Sharing', Economic Review, 3 (1893) p. 201. 53 J. M. Ludlow to H. Broadhurst, 14 February 1882. B.L.P.E.S. Broad• hurst Papers. vol. I. Holyoake, History of Co-operation, Chapter LI. 54 Neale, The Labour Association, p. 9. 55 Cited in T. Illingsworth, On the Exchange and Distribution of the Produce of Labour and Distribution of Wealth (1886) p. 54. Other Christian socialists utilised Spencer as well. See the work of one of the most prolific anti• socialist critics of the time, M. Kaufmann, Christian Socialism (1888) pp. 2&--9. 56 The pre-history of the International Co-operative Alliance is in the Report of the First International Co-operative Congress (I 895) pp. I -1 7. 57 On this group see J. E. S. Haywood, 'Charles Gide and the Social Philosophy of Co-operation', Archives Intemationale de Sociologie de la Co-operation, 13 (1963) pp. 42-62; A. Trombert, Charles Robert. Sa Vie, Son Oeuvre (two vols, Paris, 1927). 58 Report of the Co-operative Congress (1887) pp. 13, 111. 59 Report of the Fifth Congress of the International Co-operative Alliance (I 902) p. 400. On Neale's role and attitude see E. de Boyve to G. Holyoake, 13 July 1896. C.U.L. Holyoake Papers, 3565; and G. Holyoake to E. de Boyve, 17 July 1897. Ibid., 3566. See also the note by H. Wolff, Economic Review, 5 (1895) pp. 544-5. 60 H. Desroche, 'Principles Rochdaliens? Lequels?: Sociologie His- 390 NOTES torique d'un Premier Congres (Londres, 1895)', Archives Internationales, 10 (1961) pp. 3-25. 61 H. Clegg, A. Fox, and A. F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unionism (Oxford, 1964) p. 391. On Vivian and Williams see Dictionary of Labour Biography, pp. 334-6, 346-7. 62 Constitution Papers, November 1907; Labour Co-partnership, December 1903, p. 182. 63 S. Taylor to H. Solly, 2 March 1887. B.L.P.E.S. Solly Papers. vol. 4, f.D.95. 64 R. Hilton to T. Bushill, 19 December 1892. Quoted in T. Bushill, Profit Sharing and the Labour Question (1892) pp. 102-3. 65 On the unitary ideology see A. Fox, 'Industrial Sociology and In• dustrial Relations', Royal Commission on Trade Unions. Research Papers, 3 (1966). Also his 'Managerial Ideology and Labour Relations', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 4 (1966) pp. 366-78. R. Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (1959) Part 2. 66 Labour Association, Minutes, 30 November, 7, 14 December 1893. Labour Co-partnership, March 1895. The Industrial Union of Employers and Employed. Inaugural Conference (1895). Free Labour Gazette, July 1895. 67 Building Trade News, July 1895. 68 The Proposed National Federation of Employers Associations and Trade Unions (1901); B.L.P.E.S. Webb Collection, Section B, vol. 15. The National Industrial Association (1903). Ibid., vol. 16. P. Mantoux and M. Alfassa, La Crise du Trade Unionisme (Paris, 1903) pp. 217-34. 69 For a survey by a 'lecturer on industrial betterment' see B. Meakin, Model Factories and Villages (1905). See also E. H. Phelps Brown, The Growth of British Industrial Relations (1965) pp. 74-81. 70 J. G. Brooks, 'Patriarchal versus Socialistic Remedies', Economic Journal, 3 (1893) pp. 226-38. 71 P. Collignon, Frederic Le Play. Sa Conception de la Paix Sociale (Paris, 1932) pp. 56, 74, and passim. F. Le Play, La Riforme Sociale (two vols, Paris, 1875). The English passages are from the French original. 72 Collignon, Le Play, p. 85; La Riforme Sociale, 16 May 1893 (Journal of Les Unions de la Paix Sociale). 73 Trombert, Charles Robert, vol. 2, p. 27. Employers who subscribed toLe Play's doctrines did, however, share profits and pay bonuses. La Riforme Sociale, 16 February 1893 and 1 March 1893. 74 Meakin, Model Factories, pp. 26-7, 227, 252, 354. 75 For the address of Georges Picot, also president of another group of Le Play's adherents, La Societe d'Economie Sociale, see Liberty and Property Defence League, Self Help for Labour ( 1892) and La Riforme Sociale, 16 November 1889. 76 Fox, Boot and Shoe Operatives, pp. 241-2. 77 Labour Leader, 17 June 1889. 78 W. G. Allen, John Heathcoat and His Heritage (1958) p. 154. 79 Royal Commission on Labour [Cd. 6894]. B.P.P., 34 (1893-4), Livesey's testimony 26, 694 ff. W. Thorne, My Life's Battles (n.d.) pp. 51-2. 80 For the dispute see Clegg, Fox, and Thompson, British Trade Unionism, NOTES 391 pp. 57-8. See also Livesey's 'Profit-Sharing. A Vindication', Economic Review, 11 (1901) pp. 410-18. 81 Royal Commission on Labour, 26, 926. For Livesey's full views on co• partnership see his 'Industrial Partnership and the Prevention of Distress', in C. Loch (ed.), Metlwds of Social Advance (1906). 82 Labour Association, Minutes, 5 December 1889; 2january, 27 February 1890. Brief Account ofthe Labour Association's Action in the South Metropolitan Gas Strike (1890). 83 E. 0. Greening to G. Livesey, 9 January 1890. C.U.L. Greening Papers. Letterbook (October 1888-Aprill890). 84 Labour Association, Minutes, 1 December 1901. Labour Co-partnership, December 1901, p. 187. 85 Reynolds Newspaper, 20 May 1892. On his financial support see W. Collison, Apostle of Free Labour (1913) p. 244. 86 Report on Profit-Sharing (1912-13) pp. 88-9, 94, 106-7, 112-3, 123-4. Royal Commission on Labour [Cd. 6894]. B.P.P. (1893-4), appendix civ. G. von Schulze-Gaervernitz, Social Peace (1900) p. 65n. 87 Report on Profit-Sharing (1894) pp. 162-3. 88 T. Hughes to G. Holyoake, 19 December 1892. C.U.L. Holyoake Papers, 3394. W. H. Warburton, The History of Trade Union Organisation in the North Staffordshire Potteries (1931) pp. 210-12. See also Economic Review, 3 (1893) pp. 247-50. 89 Labour Association, Sixth Annual Report {1890-1) pp. 14-19. E. Greening to F. Payne, 10 August 1890. C.U.L. Greening Papers. Letterbook (May 1886--August 1892). E. Greening to A. F. Hills, 14 and 26 August 1890. Ibid. La Riforme Sociale, 1 October 1891. 90 The West Ham United Football Club began here and the Thames Iron Works Gazette was one of the first house organs in British industry. See the February and March 1895 issues for the range of welfare institu• tions, and the issues beginning December 1899 on Hills and the West Ham Municipal Alliance. 91 A. F. Hills toT. Bushill, 11 January 1893. Quoted in Bushill, Profit• Sharing, pp. 105--6. 92 On the Hills scheme and the others see Report on Gain-Sharing and Certain Other Systems of Bonus in Production [Cd. 7848]. B.P.P., 80 {1895). For some more recent examples see S. Melman, Decision Making and Productivig {1958) pp. 10-13, 35. 93 E. Hobsbawm, 'British Gas Workers, 1873-1914' in his Labouring Men {1964) pp. 163-5. 94 Browne plotted with Wemyss and took part in the Free Labour Pro• tection Association. See Lord Wemyss to B. Browne, 25 June 1898. S.R.O. Wemyss Papers. Uncatalogued. B. Browne to Lord Wemyss, 11 December 1898. Ibid. 95 Earl Grey to G. J. Ho1yoake, 30 September 1899. C.U.L. Ho1yoake Papers, 3768. 96 Labour Co-partnership, April, November 1899, February 1900. 97 Seebohm Rowntree denied that his profit-sharing was 'a substitute for piecework'. Industrial Unrest: A Way Out {1922) p. 43. Other con- 392 NOTES fectionery manufacturers did emphasise the cost-reducing factor. On Clark, Nichols and Coombs, see Ecorwmic Review, 12 (1902) pp. 35-43. On Barratt and Co., where a bonus scheme stipulated 'no waste of time by courting and love-making', see London Municipal Society, Facts against Socialism, January 1910. 98 W. H. Lever, Viscount Leverhulme (1927) pp. 26, 52-4, 14-1-8. See also W. H. Lever, 'Prosperity Sharing vs. Profit-Sharing', Ecorwmic Review, 11 (1901) pp. 47--64. C. Wilson, History of Unilever (1954) vol. 1, chapter 10. 99 'Profit-Sharing', Quarterly Review, CCXIX (1913) pp. 507-30. John Knight and Co., another large soapmaker, also excluded wasteful em• ployees from the bonus. Report on Profit-Sharing (1920) pp. 101-2. 100 Labour Association, Minutes, 1 August 1907. See also the following ot the Association's publications: A. Bowley, Combinations of Capital, and Co-partnership ( 1903); S. J. Chapman, Producing Co-operatively (n.d.); A. C. Pigou, 'An Economist's View of Co-Partnership', in Report ofthe Half Yearly Meeting (1909). See also A. Marshall, Industry and Trade (1919) pp. 839-40. 101 'Profit-Sharing', pp. 521-2, summarises the favourable conditions. For the claims see Report on Profit-Sharing (1912-13) p. 72; Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., XXXIV, 128: &onomic journal, 9 (1899) pp. 586--7. 102 Browne, Selected Papers, p. 160. Co-partnership, August 1912, p. 119. 103 Railway News, 24 April, 1, 15, 22 May, 5 June 1897. 104 'The Principles and Practice of Labour Co-Partnership', Edinburgh Review, 209 (1909) p. 321. C. Furness, Industrial Peace and Industrial Efficiency (West Hartlepool, 1908). C. Fay, Co-Partnership in Industry (Cambridge, 1912) p. 128. 105 Phelps Brown, British Industrial Relations, p. 336. Part. Debates, 5th Ser., XXV, 1776. For a recent review of the whole question seeS. Meacham, 'The Sense of Impending Clash: English Working Class Unrest Before the First World War', American Historical Review, 77 (1972) pp. 1343--64. 106 B. Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (1960) chapter 5. On the 'Young Forwards' see William Bull Newspaper Cuttings, vol. 8. Hammersmith Public Library. Lord Harry Bentinck, Tory Democracy (1918) pp. 78 ff. 107 W. Lawler Wilson, The Menace of Socialism (1909) p. 441. 108 Part. Debates, 5th Ser., XXXVIII, 500-1. 109 A. Bonar Law, Labour Unrest (1912). Anti-Socialist Union, Co-Partner· ship (1912). Liberty, February, September 1911. 110 Memorandum by L. S. Amery entitled 'Objects of the Imperial Fund', 21 July 1912. Cecil ofChelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51160, f. 185. Ill Lord Lansdowne, 'Observations on Lord Milner's Memorandum', April 1913. Balfour Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 49862, ff. 270-84. 112 W. L. Bridgeman toW. Long, 26 March 1907. Ibid. 49776, ff. 201-2. J. E. Barker, 'The Land, the People and the General Election', Nineteenth Century, LXVI (1909) p. 389. 113 G. Parker, The Landfor the People (1909) p. 8. On the committee see the Anti-Socialist, May 1910, p. 20: Small Ownership and the National Land NOTES 393 Bank (1911); The Unionist Land Poluy (1912). The Anti-Socialist Union and the Small Ownership Committee distributed much of the same literature. 114 Lord Cecil of Chelwood, All the WtV (1948) passim, and The Way of Peace (1928) p. 14. G. Livesey to Robert Cecil, 16 January 1906. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51158, ff. 54-5. Co-partnership, March 1927, p. 54. 115 On the British Constitution Association see its Annual &ports, 1905-17, and R. K. Wilson, The Province of the State (1911) p. 272. On the attempt at unity see an undated and unheaded memorandum by Cecil (1911), Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51075, ff. 158-61. On Osborne seeR. Cecil to Hugh Cecil, 10 September 1913. Hatfield House. Hugh Cecil Papers. W. V. Osborne to Viscount Walmer, 12 August 1913. Cecil ofChelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51161, f. 20. 116 Parl Debates, 5th Ser., XXXIV, 98-154: ibid., XXXVII, 190-1: ibid., XXXIX, 870-2; ibid., XLII, 1690; ibid., XLIII, 1803--4; ibid., XLIV, 1487, 2203; ibid., LXII, 291-2. Labour Association, Twenty-sixth Annual &port (1911-12). Co-partnership, July 1912,June-July 1914. 117 L. Rostron to R. Cecil, 7 March 1912. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51160, ff. 87-8. 118 G. E. Raine toR. Cecil, 12 March 1912. Ibid., f. 91. 119 Co-partnership, March 1912, p. 38. 120 G. E. Raine toR. Cecil, 14 March 1912. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51160, f. 100. A. Williams toR. Cecil, 2 May 1912. Ibid., f. 125; 9 May 1912. Ibid., ff. 129-30: 28June 1912. Ibid., f. 159: 5July 1912. Ibid., ff. 191-2. Labour Association, Minutes, 17 May 1912. Co-Partnership, July 1912, p. 99: ibid., August 1912, p. 114. In addition to Sir Basil Peto, who had tried to introduce a notorious profit-sharing scheme in his building business in 1890, other friends in parliament in• cluded Furness, Lever and Amery. 121 Labour Association, Minutes, 4July, 14 November, 12 December 1912, 13 February 1913. 122 One employer of 1,800 on the London docks introduced Co-partnership in 1914 and the Brighton Railway began a share-purchase plan. Profit-Sharing and Co-partnership, August 1912. The Southern Railway followed suit in 1927. The Times, 20 May 1927. 123 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., XXXIV, 152. Railway News, 20 April 1912. Profit-Sharing and Co-partnership, June, July 1912. 124 Ibid., July 1912 and March 1913. Fay, Co-Partnership, p. 117. 125 J. Child, British Management Thought (1969). R. Bendix, Work and Authority in Industry (1963 ed.). In 1925 the chairman of the Labour Association Executive wrote, 'the managing director who may be a small shareholder but obtains a large salary is the worst person before whom to place a co-partnership scheme'. Such managers were at the forefront of management science. P. H. Edwards to Lord Cecil, 24 January 1925. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51164, ff. 79-82. 394 NOTES 126 Lord Leverhulme to E. Greening, 17 October 1918. C.U.L. Greening Papers. Bundle 35. 127 Reconstruction Committee. Interim Report on joint Standing Councils [Cd. 8606]. B.P.P., 18 (1917-18), para. 24. Ministry of Reconstruction. Com• mittee on Relations between Employers and Employed [Cd. 9153]. Ibid., 8 (1918), para. 7. The Labour Association had lobbied heavily. On the F.B.I. see The Times, 2 August 1919. 128 Report on Profit Sharing (1920) pp. ii, 26, 50-2, 93-5. 129 Labour Association, Minutes, 5 April 1922, 11 April 1923, 5 March 1924. Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CLXII, 1880-5; ibid., CLXXXII, 1754- 94: ibid., CXCVI, 1291. Cecil also piloted a bill through the Lords. Ibid., LVII, 365-86; ibid., LVIII, 712, 778. SeeR. Cecil to S. Baldwin, 22 June 1926. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51080, f. 184-5. Coal Strike, a memorandum prepared by Cecil for a cabinet meeting on 26 November 1926. Ibid., 51103. Industrial Policy. Memor• andum by the Lord Privy Seal, 18 May 1926. P.R.O. CAB 65/26. 130 K. Middlemas andJ. Barnes, Baldwin (1969) pp. 295-7. P. H. Edwards to Lord Cecil, 4 June 1924. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 5ll64, f. 148-9. Report of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry [Cd. 2600]. B.P.P., 14 (1925), pp. 163, 235. Cabinet of 24 June 1926. P.R.O. CAB 43/26. 131 Lord Cecil to L. Amery, 1 November 1926. Cecil ofChelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51072, f. 238. Cecil, All the Way, p. 61. A. Steel• Maitland to Lord Cecil, 7 April 1927. Cecil of Chelwood Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 51071, ff. 133-4. 132 Note of My Recollection of a Letter sent to the Prime Minister on 15 December 1926. Ibid., 51080, f. 194. 133 Britain's Industrial Future (1928) chapter 19. Conservative Political Centre, What We Think about Property Owning Democracy (1949). 134 Parl. Debates, 5th Ser., CLXXXII, 1763. 135 Report on Profit Sharing (1920) p. 27. 136 On the Mond scheme see The Times, 25 January, 3 July 1926. Also McGivering, Matthews and Scott, Management in Britain, pp. 93-4. 137 G. Block, Co-Partnership Today (1946) pp. 26-7, is still one of the best surveys of the subject. 138 Labour Research Dept., Co-Partnership and Profit-Sharing (1927). The 1921 survey, which confirms the conclusions of the government reports, is in the Cecil Papers. B.M. Add. MSS 5ll03, ff. 156-81. Cecil circulated it in the cabinet in 1926 and it was later published in different form by the author: W. Wallace, Prescriptionfor Partnership (1959). 139 Report on Profit-Sharing (1920) p. 25. 140 Ibid., p. 22. NOTES 395 Chapter 12: Thomas Mackay: The Anti-Socialist Phllosophy of the Charity Orgaaisation Society

1 G. D. H. Cole, 'A Retrospect of the History of Voluntary Social Service' in A. F. C. Bourdillon (ed.), Voluntary Social Services (1945) p. 20. 2 See C. L. Mowat, The Charity Organisation Society, 1869-1913 (1961) chapter I. 3 G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London (1971) p. 252. 4 C. S. Loch, 'Charity and Charities', Encyclopedia Brittanica (11th ed. 1910) vol. V, p. 886. 5 B. Webb, My Apprenticeship (1926 ed.) p. 206. 6 Ibid., pp. 204-5. 7 C. S. Loch, 'Christian Charity and Political Economy', in C. S. Loch, A Great Ideal and Its Champion (1923) p. 102. 8 The first full-scale history of the C.O.S., H. Bosanquet's Social Work in London (1914) deals mainly with the subject from the institutional side. More recent works, which go some way towards placing the C.O.S. within the context of contemporary ideas, include C. L. Mowat, The Charity Organisation Society, 1869-1913 (1961) and C. S. Woodward, 'The Charity Organisation Society and the Rise of the Welfare State' (Camb. Ph.D., 1961). For an excellent discussion of the C.O.S. attitude towards the casual poor, see Stedman Jones, Outcast London, chapters 12-16. 9 See T. Mackay, Methods of Social Reform (1896) passim. 10 W. S. McKechnie, The State and the Individual (1896) pp. 214-15. 11 Obituary in Charity Organisation Review, XXXI (March 1912) p. 176. 12 G. Kitson Clark, 'The New Politics and the New Gentry', chapter viii in The Making of Victorian England ( 1962) pp. 262 ff. 13 Obituary in Charity Organisation Review, XXXI (March 1912) p. 176. 14 The most succinct statement of this view is to be found in Mackay's article, 'Empiricism in Politics', National Review XXV (1895) pp. 790--803. 15 T. Mackay, Public Relief of the Poor (1901) p. 92. 16 See, for example, Mackay, Methods of Social Reform, pp. 63 ff. and A History of the English Poor Law (1899) vol. 3, pp. 533-9. 17 S. Webb, English Poor Law History (1929), part 2, I, 461. The most thorough contemporary discussion of the strict Poor Law unions is to be found in W. Chance, The Better Administration of the Poor Law (1895). 18 S. Webb, English Poor Law History, p. 463. 19 J. A. Hobson, Problems ofPoverty (5th ed. 1905) p. 19. Hobson was one of the most perceptive contemporary critics of C.O.S. ideals. See in par• ticular his article, 'The Social Philosophy of the C.O.S.', Contemporary Review, LXX (1896) pp. 710-27. 20 A. Briggs, 'The Welfare State in Historical Perspective', Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, ii, No. 2 (1961) pp. 222 ff. 21 Mackay, A History of the English Poor Law, p. 590. 22 T. Mackay, The English Poor, A Sketch of their Social and Economic History (1889) p. v. 23 Ibid., p. vi. 396 NOTES 24 Ibid. 25 See J. Viner, 'The Intellectual History of Laissez-Faire', The Journal of Law and Economics, III (October 1960) p. 49. In this stimulating article Viner is mainly concerned with the origins of the doctrine oflaissez-faire in the early modern period of history. The story needs to be taken further. For example, there is an interesting link (only hinted at in the present essay) between the anti-government writings of eighteenth• century thinkers like and William Godwin and the similar views expressed by late nineteenth-century anti-socialists such as Mackay, Auberon Herbert and Wordsworth Donisthorpe. 26 Mackay, The English Poor, p. v. 27 Ibid., p. ix. 28 Ibid., p. 4. 29 Ibid., p. 6. 30 See, in particular, Chapters I, 5 and 7 of The English Poor. 31 Mackay, The English Poor, p. 146. 32 Ibid., p. 147. 33 Ibid., pp. 182-3. 34 Ibid., p. 184. 35 H. M. Hyndman, The Historical Basis of Socialism (1883) p. 21. 36 Ibid., p. 55. 37 Mackay, The English Poor, p. 93. 38 Ibid., p. 72. 39 Ibid., pp. 73, 139. 40 Hyndman, The Historical Basis, p. 47. 41 Ibid., p. 377. 42 Ibid., p. 392. 43 Ibid., p. 396. 44 Ibid., p. 393. 45 Mackay, History of the English Poor Law, pp. 11, 18-19. 46 Mackay, Public Relief of the Poor, p. 30. 47 Ibid., pp. 54 ff. 48 Ibid., p. 60. 49 Ibid., p. 69. For a similar contemporary view see the Cobden Club pamphlet by F. C. Montague, 'The Old Poor-Law and the New Socialism' (1886). 50 N. Senior, 'Poor Law Reform', Edinburgh Review, LXXIV (1841) p. 33. 51 Mackay, Public Relief of the Poor, p. 98. 52 Ibid., p. 104. 53 Mackay himself noted a similar contrast between his own ideals and that of E. B. Bax as expressed in The Ethics of Socialism ( 1889). See chapter xv of The English Poor. 54 T. Mackay, Introduction to E. Richter, Pictures of a Socialist Future (1907 ed.) p. ix. 55 T. H. Huxley, 'Government: Anarchy or Regimentation', Nineteenth Century, XXVII (1890) pp. 847 ff. Huxley traced the roots of'a priori individualism' back to Locke in the seventeenth century and 'a priori socialism' back to Rousseau in the eighteenth century. NOTES 397 56 Mackay, The English Poor, p. 168. 57 T. Mackay, 'The Interest of the Working-Class in Free Exchange', in T. Mackay (ed.), A Policy of Free Exchange (1894) p. 216. 58 Ibid, p. 245. 59 Sir Louis Mallet (1823-90): civil servant and economist; negotiated the free trade treaty with France in 1865. His occasional writings were collected in a volume entitled Free Exchange by his son Bernard Mallet in 1891. See D.N.B., XII (1909) pp. 872-3. 60 H. D. MacLeod (1821-1902): mercantile lawyer and economist; his writings on economics include, The Theory and Practice of Banking (1856) and The Elements of Political &onomy (1858). Owing to his unorthodox views and 'over confident style', MacLeod was an unsuccessful candidate for the chair of political economy at Cambridge in 1863, at Edinburgh in 1871 and at Oxford in 1888. See D.N.B. Second Supplement, XII (1912) pp. 540-1. 61 For Mackay's references to Mallet and MacLeod, see 'Empiricism in Politics', National Review pp. 790-803, and 'The Revolt against Orthodox Economics', Quarterly Review, CXCIV (1901) pp. 353 ff. 62 Mackay, 'The Revolt against Orthodox Economics', p. 353. 63 See T. Mackay, 'The Methods of the New Trade Unionism', Quarterly Review, CLXXX (1895) pp. 138-59. 64 See T. Mackay, Working-Class Insurance (1890), and 'Investment' in A Plea for Liberty ( 1891 ; revised ed. 1894). 65 T. Mackay, 'The Wages and Savings of Working-Men', Quarterly Review, CLXXXIX (1899) pp. 410-11. 66 See, for example, the statement of Mr Balian Stead in 'The Wages and Savings of Working-Men', p. 410. 67 J. M. Baernreither, English Associations of Working Men (1899), especially chapter iv, 'The State, Self-Government, and Self-Help'. 68 Mackay, 'The Wages and Savings of Working-Men', pp. 408 ff. 69 Ibid., p. 408. 70 Mackay, 'Investment' in A Plea for Liberty, p. 210. 71 Ibid., p. 202. 72 Ibid., p. 203. 73 The person most closely associated with this idea in England was H. W. Wolff. See Mackay's article, 'People's Banks', National Review, XXII (1894) pp. 636-47. 74 Ibid., p. 640. 75 Ibid., pp. 64~. 76 Mackay, 'The Wages and Savings of Working Men', p. 416. 77 R. A. Church, 'Profit-Sharing and Labour Relations in England in the Nineteenth Century', International Review of Social History, XVI (1971) pp. 10-16. 78 Mackay, 'The Wages and Savings of Working Men', p. 414. 79 S. Pollard, 'Nineteenth Century Co-operation: From Community Building to Shopkeeping' in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (1960) pp. 74-112. See also M. Buber, Paths in Utopia (1949). 398 NOTES 80 S. Webb, The Difficulties ofIndividualism, Fabian Tract No. 69 (1896) p. 7. 81 T. Mackay, 'The Unpopularity of the House of Conunons', National Review, XXVII (1896) p. 814. 82 J. L. Talmon, 'Utopianism and Politics', Conservative Political Centre Pamphlet No. 180 (1957) p. 13. 83 See W. E. H. Lecky, Democraey and Liber€Jl (1896), and H. Maine, Popular Government (1885). 84 T. Mackay, 'Old Age Pensions', QuarterlY Review, CLXXXII (1895) p. 256. 85 Ibid., p. 265. 86 T. Mackay, 'Politicians and the Poor Law', FortnightlY Review, LVII (1895) pp. 413, 422. 87 For a comparable outburst to Mackay's from within the Liberal Party see J. Goschen 'Ethics and Economics', in Essays and Addresses on Economic Questions ( 1905). 88 This phrase is from E. Barker, Political Thought in England 1848 to 1914 (2nd ed. 1928) p. 207. 89 T. Mackay, introduction to E. Facquet, The Cult of Incompetence (1914) p. 8.

Chapter 13: W. H. Mallock and SociaUIIDl in England, 1880-1918

I G. S. Haight (ed.), The George Eliot Letters (1956) vol. 4, p. 427. Disraeli's conunent is quoted in J. MacPatrick's introduction to The New Republic (Gainesville, 1950) p. xxxi. 2 E. Aveling, The Value of This EarthlY Life (1879). 3 W. H. Mallock, Memoirs of Life and Literature (1920) p. 144. 4 C. A. Barker, Henry George (New York, 1951) p. 393. 5 H. Spencer, 'What is Social Evolution?', Nineteenth Century, XLVI (1898) p. 348. 6 Matlock's anti-socialist arguments were well known in America, having been frequently published in American periodicals such as the North American Review. See W. H. Mallock, Labour and the Popular Welfare (1893) p. 188. 7 An examination of Matlock's statistical works is not the purpose of this paper, but it must nevertheless be noted that statistics were an im• portant part of his scientific conservatism and that he was the only conservative philosopher to use them extensively. A. A. Young com• mented that Matlock's British income statistics could not be highly rated but he conceded that Mallock did at least try to prove his case by reference to facts and not by unproved assertion. He concluded that 'for the time being at least, his figures hold the field'. A. A. Young, 'Mr Mallock as Statistician: and the British Income Statistics', QuarterlY Journal of Economics, 25 (1911) p. 376. 8 A. V. Tucker, 'W. H. Mallock and Late Victorian Conservatism', University of Toronto Quarter[y, XXXI (1962) p. 227. 9 R. B. McDowell, British Conservatism, 1832-1914 (1959) pp. 132-4. NOTES 399 10 Michels was the continental elite theorist who most influenced Mallock. Mallock devoted chapter 5 of his The Limits of Pure Democracy ( 19 10) to a resume of Michel's ideas on revolutionary political parties, with which he fully agreed. 11 W. H. Mallock, 'Radicalism and the Working Classes', National Review, 2 (1883) p. 141. 12 W. H. Mallock, The Old Order Changes (1886) vol. 1, p. 131. 13 Ibid., p. 29. 14 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 102. 15 Ibid., p. 63. 16 W. H. Mallock, 'Conservatism and Socialism', National Review, 2 (1884) p. 702. 17 Mallock, The Old Order, vol. 1, p. 98. 18 J. L. Lucas, 'Conservatism and Revolution in the 1880s', inJ. L. Lucas (ed.), Literature and Politics in the Nineteenth Century ( 1971) p. 214. 19 W. H. Mallock, 'Conservatism and the Diffusion of Property', National Review, XI (1888) p. 389. Mallock's ideas on unemployment may well have been influenced by H. S. Foxwell, Irregularity of Employment and Fluctuations in Prices (1886). Foxwell held, like Mallock, that regularity of employment was labour's most pressing claim. 20 Mallock, 'Conservatism and the Diffusion of Property', pp. 399, 403. 21 Ibid., p. 402. 22 Cited inS. Macoby, English Radicalism, 1853-1886 (1938) p. 341. 23 Lucas, Literature and Politics, p. 183. 24 Mallock, 'Radicalism and the Working Classes', p. 130. He was quite right to fear the effects of radicalism on socialism. Later both Sidney Webb and Shaw admitted the impetus that Henry George's ideas had given to the growth of the British socialist movement. See A. G. de Mille, Henry George: Citizen of the World (New York, 1950) p. 2. 25 Mallock, Limits of Pure Democracy, p. 365. 26 See especially H. S. Maine's essay on the constitution of the United States in his Popular Government (1886). 27 Ibid., p. 59. 28 For Fitzjames Stephen, as much as for Mallock, history showed that 'in all ages and under all circumstances the rank and file are directed by leaders of one kind or another who get the command of their collective force ...' (]. F. Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (1873) p. 211, edited by R. J. White, Cambridge, 1967). But Stephen's views diverged from Mallock's in his conception of what this leadership must in• evitably be under democracy, i.e. a squalid group of wire-pullers whose predominance would invert 'the true and natural relation between wisdom and folly' (ibid., p. 212). Mallock on the other hand still felt that democracy could be reconciled with the governorship of the well• instructed and able. Maine's Popular Government was basically an attempt to prove the essential fragility and impermanence of democratic systems and their tendency to create a mischievous conservatism through the force of an ignorant and stereotyped public opinion. The gradual im• provement of society, the movement from status to contract, had 400 NOTES corresponded to 'the rise and fall of aristocracies, by the formation of one aristocracy within another, or by the succession of one aristocracy to another' (Maine, Popular Government, p. 42). 'Democracy did not seem to be capable of producing aristocracy, though from that form of political and social ascendancy all improvement has hitherto sprung' (ibid., p. 189). Maine concluded that all democracy could produce in place of a national and progressive aristocracy would be rule by the wire-puller. 29 Mallock, Limits of Pure Democracy, p. 351. 30 W. H. Mallock, The Actual Position of Labour (1894) p. 8. 31 W. H. Mallock, A Critical Examination of Socialism (1908) p. 25. 32 K. Marx, 'Value, Price and Profit', in The Essential Left: Marx, Engels and Lenin (1960) pp. 71-2. 33 Mallock, Critical Examination, p. 19. 34 Ibid., p. 34. 35 Ibid., p. 33. 36 T. Bottomore and M. Rubel (eds.), K. Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy ( 1963) p. 105. 37 W. H. Mallock, The Nation as a Business Firm (1910) p. 227. 38 D. H. Laurence (ed.), Bernard Shaw, Collected Letters 1874-97 (1965) p. 169. 39 W. H. Mallock, Aristocracy and Evolution (1898) pp. 263-4. 40 H. Hyndman and W. Morris, A Summary of the Principles of Socialism (1884) p. 6. 41 Mallock, Critical Examination, p. 107. 42 Ibid., p. 109. 43 Mallock, Aristocracy, p. 120. 44 J. A. Hobson, 'Mr Mallock as a Political Economist', Contemporary Review, LXXIII (1898) pp. 530-1. 45 S. Webb, in G. B. Shaw (ed.), Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889) p. 48. 46 W. Ashworth, An Economic History of England 1870-1939 (1960) pp. 182-3. Mallock's defence of capitalists as often actively directing and controlling businesses is still a valid one today despite the oligopolistic structure of much of Britain's industry. SeeP. Sargent Florence, Owner• ship, Control and Success of Large Companies (1961). 47 G. B. Shaw, Socialism and Superior Brains- A Reply to Mr Matlock (1910) p. 55. 48 W. H. Mallock, 'The Functions of Wealth', Contemporary Review, 41 (1882) p. 220. 49 Mallock, Actual Position of Labour, pp. 23-4. 50 Wilshire had maintained that under socialism the public servant would be largely free from external coercion and that this situation had already been achieved in certain state undertakings. Thus he wrote, 'the postal employee, in a manner, may be considered as a man employing himself'. G. Wilshire, Socialism, The Matlock-Wilshire Argument (New York, 1907) p. 23. 51 Mallock, Critical Examination, p. 143. 52 J. H. Clapham, An Economic History of Modem Britain (Cambridge, 1951) vol. 3, p. 318. NOTES 401 53 Shaw, Socialism and Superior Brains, p. 15. 54 Hobson, 'Mr Mallock as a Political Economist', p. 534. 55 Mallock, Pure Democracy, Book 5, chapters 1-3. 56 Mallock, Critical Examination, p. 271. 57 A. Marshall, Principles of Economics (7th ed. 1916) Book 4, chapter 6. 58 Shaw, Socialism and Superior Brains, pp. 35-6. 59 Mallock, Pure Democracy, p. 323. 60 Ibid., p. 351. 61 Mallock, Critical Examination, pp. 115-6. 62 Ibid., p. 126. 63 The Essential Left, p. 31. 64 Mallock, Aristocracy, p. 232. 65 W. H. Mallock, Studies of Contemporary Superstition (1895) pp. 281-2. 66 The Times Literary Supplement, 28 August 1953. It is worth noting here that some conservative intellectuals, alarmed by what they consider to be Britain's relatively poor economic progress in recent years, have argued that increased taxation and, subsequently, lowered incentive, have gone to excessive lengths in Britain. A 're-integration' of the entrepreneurial class has been argued as a priority for modern con• servatism. See P. W orsthorne, 'The Ideological Setting', Conservatism Today (1966) p. 24. The similarity between the ideas in this Conservative Political Centre publication and those of Mallock indicate the relevance of his anti-socialist writings for contemporary conservatism. This rele• vance was the thesis of the T.L.S. review in 1953. 67 Mallock, Critical Examination, p. 203. 68 W. H. Mallock, Property and Progress (1884) p. 247. 69 W. H. Mallock, Social Reform as Related to Realities and Delusions (1914) pp. 368-9. 70 G. Butler, The Tory Tradition (1914) pp. 29-30, warned that toryism could become synonymous with 'obscurantist reaction and selfishness' unless it based itself on the adage that 'of those who have much, much shall be required'. Index

Abinger, Lord, 240, 241, 260 138, 141, 142, 143, 146, 155, 156; Ablett, Noah, 171, 172 Right to Work Council, 144, 145; Abraham, William, 163, 171 Social Democratic Federation, 129, Acland, Eleanor, 42 130, 131, 132, 138, 140, 142, 144, Acland, Francis, 53 145, 146, 150, 154, 156; Trades and Addison, C., 44, 78, 80, 86, 90, 98, 100, Labour Council, 126, 129, 135, 138- 176 43, 146-9, 152-4 Adullamites, 187, 188, 189 Beatty, Admiral, 85 Amery, Leo, 283 Beaverbrook, Lord, 86 Anti-Com Law League, 186, 213 Besant, Annie, 216,217,339 .Anti-Socialist, 244, 247, 248 Beveridge, William, 21 Anti-Socialist Union, 13,219,282, 284; Birkenhead, Lord (F. E. Smith), 42, decline, 254-7; finance, 248-51; 282 foundation, 238, 239-40; labour Birrell, A., 8 movement, 252-4; membership, 16, Blanc, L., 266, 269 241, 242, 259, 260-1; policies, 14, Blumenfeld, R. D., 234, 240, 247, 249, 243-7; structure, 241-3 251, 252, 254, 260 .A Pkafor Liberty, 220, 296, 310 Boer War, 3, 161, 170, 228, 237, 257 Applegarth, R., 201, 208 Booth, Charles, 2, 4, 169, 295, 297, 341 Armstrong, Sir William, 262, 280 Booth, William, 3 Ashley, Wilfrid, 240, 251, 254, 257, Bottomley, H., 3 259,260 Boumville, 61, 276 Ashton, T., 116 de Boyve, E., 272, 273 Asquith, H. H., 27, 35, 48, 54, 55, 58) Brace, W., 168, 172 59, 72, 73, 284; Liberal split, 9, 32, Bradlaugh, C., 215, 220, 334 45, 64, 70, 17 5; possible alliance with Braithwaite, W. J., 28, 30 Labour Party, 50-2; prime minister, Briggs, H. and Co., 265, 266, 268, 269, 7, 25, 26, 43, 77, 101, Ill 278,279 Asquith, M., 52, 53, 54 Bright, John, 187, 188, 197, 198, 200, Association of British Chambers of 212; and political reform, 184, 190, Commerce, 225, 226. 195 Association of Principals of Private Britain's Industrial Future (The Yellow Schools, 213 Book), 18, 39, 41, 65 Aveling, E., 317,330 British Constitution Association, 239, 241, 258, 284, 295 Baldwin,Stanley,35,54,57,58,65,68, British Empire Union, 255-7, 258 241,251,253, 257,260 ' 259 Brittain, Harry, Balfour, A.J., 234,235, 241, 243,249, Broadhurst, H., 214 262, 280,283,287 Browne, Sir Benjamin, 225, 227, Barnes, G., 224 279, 281, 285 Battersea, 10, 11, 126-65; Labour Budget (1909), 168, 170, 283; and League, 135, 138, 139, 142, 148, 149, Anti-Socialist Union, 244, 248; and 157; Labour Party, 142, 145, 146, C. F. G. Masterman, 26-9, 34; 147, 149, 152; Liberal and Radical (1914), 31, 170 Association, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139, Bull, Sir William, 241, 242, 245, 249, 149, 157; Progressive Alliance, 126, 250, 257, 260, 282

403 404 INDEX Burns, John, 11, 128, 130, 132, 139, Clyde, 44, 47, 153, 224 140, 143, 148, 149, 222; and the Clynes,J. R., 44, 101, 102, 174,236 London County Council, 137, 141, Co-efficients Club, 21, 162 144, 154; M.P. for Battersea, Cole, G. D. H., 4, 171,298 126, 133-7, 138, 142, 154, 155; Collison, W., 223, 224, 274, 278 president of the Local Government Conservative and Unionist Party, 6, 11, Board, 23, 26, 143, 234 14, 44, 47, 50, 57, 61, 64, 66, 72, 227, Burt, T., 214, 274 251, 258, 315, 319, 320; and profit• By-elections: Abertillery (1920), 176; sharing, 262, 264, 283, 287; attitude Bow and Bromley (1912), 119; to Labour Party and socialism, 12, Carmarthen (1928), 179, (1957), 233,236,249,250,255,256 180; Chesterfield (1913), 115; Colne Cook, A. J., 172 Valley (1907), 7, 23, 235; Crewe Co-operative Congress, 270, 272, 273 (1912), 120-1; Derbyshire N.E. Co-partnership, 14, 222, 283, 312. See (1914), 32, 116; Dulwich (1903), 21; also profit-sharing Durham N.W. (1914), 117; East Cox, Harold, 16, 235, 241, 271, 272, Carmarthenshire ( 1912), 117; Gower 284 (1888), 163, (1922), 175; Hanley Crewe, Lord, 58 (1912), 113-15; Houghton-le• Crofts, W. C., 210, 211, 219 Spring (1913), 117; Jarrow (1907), Curzon, Viscount, 151 235; Keighley (1913), 117, 119; Kirkdale (1907), 235, 236; Leicester Dalton, Hugh, 56, 253 (1913), 119-20; Merthyr Tydfil Dangerfield, George, 9, 164 (1888), 162-3; Mid-Derbyshire Davidson,J. C. C., 86,255 (1909), 107; Midlothian (1912), 121; Davies, Clement, 181 Oldham (1911), 120; Paisley (1920), Demobilisation, 87-90 51, 53; Pontypridd (1922), 175; Devonshire, Duke of, 241,246,247,249, Rusholme (1919), 51; Spen Valley 260 (1920), 51; Wakefield (1902), 228 Dickinson, L., 43 Disraeli, B., 184, 187, 197, 198, 201, Campbell, R. J., 164, 165 317,324 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 7, Donisthorpe, W., 210, 211, 212, 214, 8, 25, 43, 106, 169 215, 218 Carson, Sir Edward, 81, 82, 83, 84 Dyer, Colonel, 224, 225 Cecil, Lord Hugh, 16, 284 Cecil, Lord Robert, 273, 282, 283, 284, Economic League, 257 287 Education Act (1902), 22, 23 Chamberlain, Austen, 235 Edwards, E., 113, 115 Chamberlain, Joseph, 210, 214, 264, Elcho, Lord, see Lord Wemyss 319, 320, 321, 325 Elibank, Master of, 50, 123, 168 Chamberlain, Neville, 255 Ellis, Tom, 162, 174, 178 Charity Organisation Society, 225, 295, Employers' Parliamentary Council, 300, 307; foundation, 290-2; philo• 222, 225, 226, 227 sophy, 15, 293, 294, 297, 298. 313, Engineering Employers' Federation, 315 224, 225 Chartists, 2, 184, 186, 202, 222 Esher, Lord, 47 Christian Socialists, 20, 267 Churchill, W. S., 26, 30, 64, 69, 89, 176, Fabian Essays, 221, 296 247; as anti-socialist, 12, 103; as Fabian Society, 6, 13, 106, 161, 235, 'new liberal', 7, 17, 25, 27, 28, 164, 237 258 Faringdon, Lord, 99 Civil Service Anti-Socialist League, 245 Federation ofBritish Industries, 97, l 03, Civil Service Socialist Society, 245 286 INDEX 405 Filmer, R., 241, 260 Granet, Sir Guy, 99 Finney, S., l14-l5 Grayson, Victor, 7, 23, 235 Fisher, H. A. L., 43, 83, 103 Green, T. H., 6, 7 Forster, E. N., 44 Greening, E. 0., 268, 269, 270, 271, Free Church Socialist League, 243 272, 273, 277, 278, 286 Free Labour Protection Association, Grey, Sir E., 55, 57, 66 222, 223, 224, 225 Grigg, Edward, 57, 60, 68 Friendly societies, 309-10, 311 Furness, C., 282 Haig, General D., 80, 81, 83, 84, 88 Haldane, R. H. B., 34, 43, 68 Garvin, J. L., 236, 238, 243 Hamber, Captain, 212 Geddes, Auckland, 100 Hamilton, Lord Claude, 241, 260 Geddes, Eric, 8, 104; Admiralty, 82-5; Hamilton, Sir E., 241, 260 'Axe', 76, 99-103, 176; death, 103; Hancock, J. G., 107, 118 Demobilisation Committee, 87-90; Hardie, J. Keir, 3, 34, 122, 144, 160, early life, 76-7; munitions, 78-80; 162, 163, 166, 170, 172, 173, 174, recruited by Lloyd George, 74, 76, 209, 247 77-8; transport, 75, 76, 81, 90-8 Harrison, F., 13, 201, 202, 203, 214 General elections: (1892), 10, 138; Hartley, E. R., 120 (1900), 21; (1906), l, 6, 10, 22, 24, Hartshorn, V., 168, 170, 172 106, 148, 230, 234, 236; (January Harvey, W. E., 116, 117 1910), 10, 106, 108-ll, 155, 172,242, Haslam,J., 115 248; (December 1910), 10, 108-ll, Henderson, Sir Alexander, 241, 250, 113, 121, 172, 242; (1918), 32, 46, 260 50, 155, 175; (1922), 53, 54, 175; Henderson, Arthur, 8, 37, 56, 120, 155, (1923), 35, 39, 55, 177; (1924), 60, 174 67, 177; (1929), 14, 33, 41, 67, 71, Herbert, Auberon, 220, 264, 296 72, 179; (1935), 257 Hill, A. A., 212 General Federation of Trade Unions, Hirst, F., 62 112, 229 Hoare, S., 255, 259, 260 General Strike, 40, 64, 65, 70, 156,254, Hobhouse, C., 64 259, 287, 288 Hobhouse, L. T., 6, 24, 164 George, D. Lloyd, 2, 10, 12, 25, 31, 39, Hobson, J. A., 6, 24, 39, 43, 164, 297, 40, 42, 46, 51, 56, 57, 65, 66, 69, 74, 332, 336 77, 84, 102, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, Hodge, J., 168 168, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 183, Hodges, F., 172 247, 257, 283; and E. Geddes, 8, 76, Holt, R., 43, 44, 63 78-82, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92-5, 98, 100, Holyoake, G. J., 220, 267, 268, 270, 103, 104; and Labour Party, 55, 58, 271, 272, 273, 279 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 122; and C. F. G. Home, R., 49, 100 Masterman, 18, 27, 28, 33-4, 36,41; Housing and Town Planning Bill ( 1908) and socialism, 48-50, 54, 61, 62; and 26 Wales, 169-71; as 'new liberal', 7, Howell, G., 192, 208, 221 17, 164, 169, 258; land policy, 59, Hughes, T., 192, 273, 278; and co• 63-4, 67, 70; relations with Asquith• operation, 266, 267, 270, 271; and ians, 32, 35, 40, 45, 48, 53-5, 58, 59, Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 64, 70-l, 177 201, 203 George, Henry, 210, 264, 318, 320, 324 Hyndman, H. M., 4, 132,214,236,321, Girouard, P., 78, 79 323, 329, 330, 332; and the poor law, Gladstone, H., 9, 21, 23, 26, 27, 34, 55 302-4, 306 Gladstone, W. E., 13, 184, 188-9, 193, 195, 197, 198,209,210,211,212,315 Glasgow Trades Council, 191-7 Inchcape, Lord, 64, 88, 99, 102 406 INDEX Independent Labour Party, 2, 5, 68, Lewis, Dr G., 165 120, 136, 144, 172, 235; as part of the Liberal Land Convention (1926), 40, Labour Party, 6, 106, 237; in Wales, 64 161, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 175 Liberal Party, 6, 8, 18, 34, 41, 56, 58, Industrial Remuneration Conference, 71, 160, 161, 189, 205, 211, 262, 313, 215 315; and 1906 election, 1, 21-2, 24; Information, 251, 253, 257 and profit-sharing, 287; and social Inverforth, Lord, 74 reform, 23, 28-9, 66; land policy, 29, 30-1, 36, 69; relations with January Club, 254 Labour Party, 8-11, 22, 25, 50, 51, Jellicoe, Admiral, 83, 84, 85 55, 57, 59, 68, 70, 105-7, 111-25, 170, Jessel, H., 240, 241, 260, 282 233; split between Asquith and Lloyd Jevons, W. S., 266, 269, 315, 328 George, 46, 53, 251, 259 Johnson, W., 117, 118 Liberty, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249 Jones, B., 163 Liberty and Property Defence League, Jones, Tom, 49 185, 207, 231, 232, 233, 239, 264, Jowett, F., 122, 274 276, 284, 318; foundation, 208-12; membership, 213, 227, 295, policy, 13, 15, 213-19, 222-7, 228-31; Kenyon, B., 115, 116 publications, 218-21, 272, 296; rela• Kerr, Phillip, 49, 61, 65 tions with Anti-Socialist Union, 16, Keynes, J. M., 39, 40, 178 239-40,241 Kilbracken, 64 Liberty Review, 219, 220, 222, Kitchener, Lord, 77, 78, 79, 80 272 Livesey, G., 219, 222, 224, 233, 279, Labour Association for the Promotion 284, 312; and profit-sharing, 276--S, of Co-operative Production, 270--4, 281, 288, 312 277--SO, 285-7 Loch, C. S., 291, 292 Labour exchanges, 25, 112 Locker-Lampson, 0., 250, 257, 259, Labour Party, 1, 8, 24, 33, 34, 36, 37, 260 44, 47, 57, 108, 110, Ill, 143, 148, London County Council, 51, 123, 126, 155, 172, 231, 235, 273, 282, 288; 128, 132, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, Conservative attitudes to, 12,16,234- 149, 154, 217, 231 9, 243, 253, 257, 258; in Battersea, London Municipal Society, 15, 238, 151, 156; in Wales, 168, 169, 174; 240, 241, 318 parliamentary party in 1906, 6, 234; London Trades Council, 184, 189, 193, relations with Liberals, 8-11, 25, 50, 199 51, 59, 68, 105-7, 111-25, 170, 233 Long, Walter, 241, 247, 249, 250, Labour Representation Committee, 260 6, 105, 143, 168, 234, 237 Loreburn, Lord, 44 Lambert, G., 66 Lowther, Claude, 239, 240, 247, 249, Lancashire, II, 164, 181 257,260 Lansbury, G., 119 Ludlow,]. M., 265,268,269,270,271, Laski, Harold, 34, 53, 253 272 Law, A. Bonar, 53, 86, 243, 250, 283; and Lloyd George, 33, 42, 54, 85 Laws, G. A., 223 Macara, C., 63 Layton, W., 39, 40, 52 MacDonald, A., 196, 198, 199, 200, League of Nations, 36, 52, 284 205-7, 209; and Lord Wemyss, 184, Lecky, W. E. H., 314, 320 185,189-90,193,194,202,204,206, Le Play, F., 275 208, 210; and Master-Servant Law, Lever, W. H., 16, 247, 262, 280, 281, 191-4; and Royal Commission on 285, 286 Trade Unions, 201, 202 INDEX 407 MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 8, 37, 44, 48, Ministry of Munitions, 77, 78, 79 53, 54, 57, 71, 119, 120, 143, 172, 174, Minority Report of the Poor Law 177, 284; attitude to Liberalism, 46, Commission, 26, 244, 248 55, 56, 122 Mitchell-Thompson, W., 241,257, 259, Mackay, T., 220, 221, 300; and the 260 Charity Organisation Society, 292, Mond, Sir A., 61, 62, 176, 177, 288; 294, 295, 307; and democracy, 313- leaves Liberal Party, 40, 57, 64, 179; 15; and free exchange, 307-9; and and profit-sharing, 262, 286, 287 friendly soctetles, 309-ll ; and Money, L. G. C., 6, 24, 164 'people's banks', 311-12; and poor Morant, R., 30 law, 295, 296-8, 301-7, 314; and Morel, E. D., 34 profit-sharing, 312-13; as an in• Morgan, 0., 127, 133, 136 dividualist, 15, 293, 299, 316; early Morley, John, 8 life, 294-5 Morris, William, 262, 330 McKenna, R .• 80 Mosley, Oswald, 254 Maclay, J., 74, 75, 99 Muir, R., 37, 39, 40 Maclean, D., 48, 50, 52, 58, 73 Mullens, J. A., 212 Macleod, H. D., 308, 309 Murray, Gilbert, 68, 69 Macmillan, Harold, 14 Maddison, F., 273, 285 Nation, 24, 25, 47, 164 Maine, H., 314, 326 National Free Labour Association, 223, Mallet, L., 308, 309 278 Mallock, W. H., 15, 16, 301, 319, 320; National insurance, 26, 27, 35, 40, 48; and anti-socialist organisations, 15, bills, 7, 28, 29, 30, 112, 170, 181, 244 240; early life, 317-18; on Marxist National Liberal Federation, 37, 39, 50 economics, 325-42; on poor law, Neale, E. V., 267, 268, 270, 271, 272 321-5; publications, 317-18 273 Marconi scandal, 28, 31 'New liberalism', 6, 7, 11, 35, 36, 163- Martin, J., 116, 118 4, 169, 170; in Wales, 163-4; see also Marx, K., 44, 302, 322, 325, 326, 327, under the names of 'new liberals' 330, 333, 340; labour theory of value, Newton, G., 191, 193-5, 198, 199 327-30 Non-conformist Anti-Socialist Union, Mason, J. F., 249, 260 243 Massingham, H. W., 53 Northcliffe, Lord, 42 Masterman, C. F. G., 3, 8, 11, 22, 51, O'Grady, J., 225 53, 68, 164; and Lloyd George, 27, Old age pensions, 7, 23, 35, 43, 170, 28, 31, 33-4, 36, 41, 58; and post- 244, 297, 313, 315 1918 Liberal policy, 35-41; as 'Oldham Limiteds', 269, 312 'new liberal', 6, 7, 17-27; attitude Osborne case, 111, 154,248,284 to socialism, 18, 24, 34, 36, 58; early Outhwaite, R. L., 114, 121 life, 18-21; in government, 25-32; in parliament, 22-5; The New Paget, A., 249, 260 Liberalism, 35-7 Pareto, W., 320, 325 Master-Servant Laws, 184,189-98, 199, Parker, Sir G., 241, 243, 260, 282, 283 210 Parmoor, Lord, 69 Maurice, F. D., 267 Pease, J., 43 Middle Classes Defence League, 231, Peel, Sir R., 185, 186, 187, 197 238,240,246,284 Pembroke, Earl of, 212 Mill, J. S., 266, 269, 328, 336 Penrhyn, 146, 163, 170, 171, 229 Millar, F., 216,219-20, 224, 231, 232 PersonalRightsAssociation, 212,215-16 Milner, Lord, 89 Plaid Cymru, 159, 180 Miners' Federation of Great Britain, Poching, H. D., 212 106-8, 113-18 Ponsonby, A., 24, 31, 34 408 INDEX Ponsonby, F., 3 Scurr, J., 32, liS, 121, 124 Poor Law, 22, 29, 30, 293; Amendment Shaw, G. B. 263, 318, 330, 334, 336, Act (1834), 296, 297, 303, 305, 314; 338, 339, 341 H. M. Hyndman on, 303-4; T. Shipping Federation, 223 Mackay on, 295-8; 300-2, 304-7, Siemens, A., 224 315; Report of 1834, 305; see also Simon, E. D., 39 Minority Report of the Poor Law Simon, J., 62 Commission Smiles, S., 185, 338 Pringle, W. M. R., 52, 64, 70 Smillie, R., 47, ll4, ll6, ll7 Profit-sharing, 14, 246, 262-89; see also Smith, Adam, 185, 200, 308, 327 co-partnership Snowden, Ethel, 46, 167 Provis, S., 26 Snowden, Philip, 6, 58, 69, 70, 71, 122, 124, 228 (1921), 96-8 Social Democratic Federation, 4, 10, Rainbow Circle, 164 106, 214, 216, 236, 237, 273, 274 Randell, D., 163 Socialist Sunday Schools, 4 7 Ratepayers' Defence League, 217 Solly, Henry, 273 Reckitt, M., 43 , Duke of, 231 Reform League, 184, 188, 189, 190, South Metropolitan Gas Works, 222, 192, 197, 198, 202, 205 276-8, 281, 285, 287, 289, 312 Reform Union, 184, 188, 190 South Wales Miners' Federation, 168, Rhondda, Lord, see D. A. Thomas 171 Richards, T., 168, 172 Spencer, Herbert, 210, 2ll, 215, 217, Riddell, Lord, 28, 49, 50, 95 239,264,272,298,299,301,318,330; Right to Work Bill, 8, 235 and A Plea for Liberty, 220-1, 296; Ritchie, David, 6 and co-partnership, 14 Robert, C., 272, 275 Spender, H., 55 Roberts, G. H., 120 Spender, J. A., 9 Robertson, Sir William, 84 Spender-Clay, H., 241, 257, 261 Rogers, Thorold, 264 Stamfordham, Lord, 55 Rolleston, Sir John, 241, 260 Stanley, A., 74, 83, 88, 90 Rothermere, Lord, 72 Staveley-Hill, H., 241, 261 Rowntree, Seebohm, 2, 39, 169, 178, Steel-Maitland, A., 249, 250, 251, 287 262, 263, 286, 288, 341 Stephens, H. C., 212 Royal Commission of Trade Unions Strachey, J. St Loe, 236 (1867-9), 12, 198, 201-4, 266, 269 Strachie, Lord, 63 Runciman, W., 52, 64, 68, 69 Suffragettes, 9, 29 Russian revolution, 44, 86, 174, 252 Summerbell, Tom, 235 Rutland, Duke of, 241, 261 Ryder, C. F., 228 Taff Vale, 228, 230 Temple, Sir Richard, 231 Saklatvala, S., 152 Thomas, A., 163 Salvation Army, 3, 25 Thomas, D. A. (Lord Rhondda), 74, Salvidge, Archibald, 12, 181, 235, 236 100, 162, 163, 173 Samuel, H., 6, 7, 26, 72, 164; Report, Thomas,J. H., 44, 97, 100, 102 287 Thorne, Will, 276, 277 Sanders, W. S., 127, 129, 130, 139, 156 Tillett, Ben, 5, 222 Sandhurst, Lord, 47 Tims, J., 132, 134, 138, 142 Sankey Commission, 92, 104, 153 Trade Union Act (1913), 112, 114 Say, Leon, 217 Trades Disputes Bill (1906), 106, 231. Scott, A. McCallum, 59, 70, 73 234 Scott, C. P., 71, 164, 181 Trades Union Congress, 4, 5, 44, 112, Scott Holland, H., 20, 21 136, 138, 213, 214, 223, 225, 227 INDEX 409 Unemployed Workmen's Bill (1905), MacDonald, 184, 185, 189-90, 193, 15, 234 194, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210; and Union of Democratic Control, 174 Master-Servant Laws, 189-97, 199, University settlements, 3, 19, 20 200, 210; and R. Peel, 185-7; and Royal Commission on Trade Unions, Vivian, H., 273, 285 12, 198, 201-4, 266; and trade unions, 187, 200-1; as Adullamite, Wallas, G., 339, 340 184, 185, 192, 195, 197; assessments Wantage, Lord, 264 of, 184-5, 210-11 Watkin, Sir E., 212, 213 Wemyss, Sir R., 84, 85 We Can Conquer Unemployment, 41, 66, Wheatley, J., 40 179 White, Arnold, 13, 243 Webb, Beatrice, 14, 20-1, 26, 30, 55, 'White International', 217 103,169,189,205,263,270,292,295 Whitley Councils, 151, 155, 252 Webb, Sidney, 20-1, 169, 189, 205, Williams, E. E., 243, 261 217' 221' 229, 230, 263, 295, 296, Williams, J., 166, 168 297, 313, 331, 333, 341 Winstone, J., 172 Wedgwood, J. C., 122, 123 Wrightson, Sir T., 241, 261 Weir, W., 74 Wyndham, G., 236 Wemyss, Lord (Lord Elcho), 12, 216, 217,220,227,228,231,233,269,278; Yellow Book, see Britain's Industrial Future and Liberty and Property Defence Young, E. H., 40, 56, 57, 64 League, 13, 207, 212, 219; and A. Younger, Sir George, 250