Appendix: Statistical Information

Table A.1 Order in which the main works were built. Table A.2 Railway companies and trade unions who were parties to Industrial Court Award No. 728 of 8 July 1922 Table A.3 Railway companies amalgamated to form the four main-line companies in 1923 Table A.4 Midland and Scottish Railway Company statistics, 1924 Table A.5 London and North-Eastern Railway Company statistics, 1930 Table A.6 Total expenditure by the four main-line companies on repairs and partial renewals, total mileage and cost per mile, 1928-47 Table A.7 Total expenditure on carriage and wagon repairs and partial renewals by each of the four main-line companies, 1928 and 1947 Table A.8 Locomotive output, 1947 Table A.9 Repair output of subsidiary locomotive works, 1947 Table A. 10 Carriage and wagon output, 1949 Table A.ll Passenger journeys originating, 1948 Table A.12 Freight train traffic originating, 1948 TableA.13 Design offices involved in post-nationalisation BR Standard locomotive design Table A.14 Building of the first BR Standard , 1954 Table A.15 BR stock levels, 1948-M Table A.16 BREL statistics, 1979 Table A. 17 Total output of BREL workshops, year ending 31 December 1981 Table A. 18 Unit cost of BREL new builds, 1977 and 1981 Table A.19 Maintenance costs per unit, 1981 Table A.20 Staff employed in BR and in BREL, 1982 Table A.21 BR traffic, 1980 Table A.22 BR financial results, 1980 Table A.23 Changes in method of BR freight movement, 1970-81 Table A.24 Analysis of BR freight carryings, 1970-81 Table A.25 BR freight carryings by commodity, 1981 Table A.26 BR passenger miles, revenue, costs and grant, 1975-82 Table A.27 BR freight and parcels business results, 1975-82 Table A.28 BR financial results, 1975-82 Table A.29 BR five-year statistical summary, 1978-82 Table A.30 BR overall performance, 1979-83 Table A.31 BR stock levels, 1949 and 1981 Table A.32 BR locomotive stock, 1983 Table A.33 Road motor vehicles licensed in Great Britain, 1903-80 Table A.34 Road accidents in Great Britain by type of area, class of road and severity, 1981 Table A.35 Road casualties in Great Britain by class of road user, 1978-81

220 Appendix 221

Table A.36 Road casualties in Great Britain by class of road user, type of area and severity, 1981 Table A.37 Senior railway engineers who have held the office of President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1847-1986 222 Appendix

TABLE A.l Order in which the main works were built

Owning Order in Year Location of company Class of which built built works in 1923 work undertaken 1 1833 Shildon LNER Wagons 2 1838 Wolverton LMS Carriages 3 1840 Brighton SR Locomotives 4 1840 Bromsgrove LMS Wagons 5 1840 LMS Locomotives 6 1842 LNER Locomotives, Carriages and Wagons 7 1842 GWR Locomotives 8 1843 LMS Locomotives 9 1846 Barrow-in- LMS Locomotives Furness 10 1847 Ashford SR Locomotives 11 1847 Stratford LNER Locomotives 12 1847 Stratford LNER Carriages 13 1849 Gorton LNER Locomotives 14 1850 Ashford SR Wagons 15 1850 Bow LMS Locomotives 16 1853 Doncaster LNER Locomotives 17 1853 Doncaster LNER Carriages 18 1853 Earlestown LMS Wagons 19 >1855 Wolverhampton GWR Locomotives 20 1856 St Rollox LMS Locomotives 21 1856 St Rollox LMS Carriages 22 1856 Kilmarnock LMS Locomotives 23 1863 Darlington LNER Locomotives 24 1864 Stoke-on- LMS Locomotives, Carriages Trent and Wagons 25 1865 York LNER Wagons 26 1869 Swindon GWR Carriages and Wagons 27 1876 Derby L.L. LMS Carriages and Wagons 28 1876 Newton Heath LMS Carriages and Wagons 29 1881 Gorton LNER Carriages and Wagons 30 1884 York LNER Carriages 31 1887 Horwich LMS Locomotives 32 1888 Lancing SR Carriages 33 1889 Doncaster LNER Wagons 34 1891 Eastieigh SR Carriages 35 1896 Temple Mills LNER Wagons 36 1899 Caerphilly GWR Locomotives 37 1901 Barassie LMS Wagons 38 1901 Caerphilly GWR Carriages and Wagons 39 1902 Walkergate LNER Carriages and Wagons Appendix 223

TABLE A.l Continued

Owning Order in Year Location of company Class of which built built works in 1923 work undertaken 40 1903 Inverurie LNER Locomotives, Carriages and Wagons 41 1909 Eastleigh SR Locomotives 42 1923 Faverdale LNER Wagons 224 Appendix

TABLE A.2 Railway companies and trade unions who were parties to Industrial Court Award No. 728 of 8 July 1922

Railway companies Alexandra Docks Railway; Barry Railway; ; ; ; Hull & Barnsley Railway; London & North-Western Railway; Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway; London & South-Western Railway; Maryport & Railway; ; North-Eastern Railway; North Staffordshire Railway; ; South-Eastern & Chatham Railway; . Trade unions National Union of Railwaymen; Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades, comprising: Associated Black­ smiths' and Ironworkers' Society of Great Britain and Ireland; United Society of Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Shipbuilders; National Society of Brass Workers and Metal Mechanics; London Society of Amalgamated Brass Workers; London United Brass Founders' Society; National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers; National Society of Coppersmiths, Braziers and Metal Workers; Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Workers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland; National Amalgamated Union of Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, Motormen and Electrical Workers; Electrical Trades Union; Amalgamated Society of Farriers and Blacksmiths; National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association; National Union of General Workers; National Union of Operative Heating and Domestic Engineers; General Iron Fitters' Association; Iron, Steel and Metal Dressers' Trade Society; National Amalgamated Union of Labour; National Union of Stove, Grate, Fender and General Light Metal Workers; Operative Tinplate, Sheet Metal Workers' and Braziers' Society; National Amalgamated Society of Operative House and Painters and Decorators; United Patternmakers' Association; United Operative Plumbers' and Domestic Engineers' Association of Great Britain and Ireland; Amalgamated Society of Railway Vehicle Builders, Wheelwrights, Carpenters and Mechanics; Ship Constructors' and Shipwrights' Association; Amalgamated Union of Upholsterers; National Union of Vehicle Builders; Amalgamated Wheelwrights', Smiths' and Kindred Trades Union; Amalgamated Society of Woodcutting Machinists of Great Britain and Ireland; Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers; National Federation of Building Trades Operatives; National Federation of General Workers, comprising: National Union of General Workers; National Amalgamated Union of Labour Workers' Union. Appendix 225

TABLE A.3 Railway companies amalgamated to form the four main-line companies in 1923

Great Western Railway Company

Constituent companies (7) The Barry Railway Company; The Cambrian Railway Company; The Cardiff Railway Company; The Great Western Railway Company; The Rhymney Railway Company; The Taff Vale Railway Company; The Alexandra (Newport & South Wales) Docks & Railway Company. Subsidiary companies (26) The Brecon & Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway Company; The Burry Port & Gwendreath Valley Railway Company; The Cleobury Mortimer & Ditton Priors Light Railway Company; The Didcot, Newbury & Southampton Railway Company; The Exeter Railway Company; The Forest of Dean Central Railway Company; The Gwendreath Valleys Railway Company; The Lampeter, Aberayron & New Quay Light Railway Company; The Liskeard & Looe Railway Company; The Llanelly & Mynydd Mawr Railway Company; The Mawddy Railway Company; The Midland & South-Western Junction Railway Company; The Neath & Brecon Railway Company; The Penarth Extension Railway Company; The Penarth Harbour, Dock & Railway Company; The Port Railway & Docks Company; The Princetown Railway Company; The Rhondda & Swansea Bay Railway Company; The Ross & Monmouth Railway Company; The South Wales Mineral Railway Company; The Teign Valley Railway Company; The Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company; The Van Railway Company; The Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway Company; The West Railway Company; The Wrexham & Ellesmere Railway Company.

London Midland and Scottish Railway Company

Constituent companies (8) The Company; The Company; The & South-Western Railway Company; The Company; 226 Appendix

TABLE A.3 Continued

The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Company; The London & North-Western Railway Company; The Midland Railway Company; The North Staffordshire Railway Company. Subsidiary companies (27) The & Railway Company; The & Edzell District Railway Company; The Callander & Railway Company; The District Railway Company; The Railway Company; The Cleator & Workington Junction Railway Company; The Cockermouth, Keswick & Penrith Railway Company; The Dearne Valiey Railway Company; The Light Railway Company; The & Newtyle Railway Company; The Harborne Railway Company; The Killin Railway Company; The Knott End Railway Company; The Lanarkshire & Railway Company; The Leek & Manifold Valiey Light Railway Company; The Maryport & Carlisle Railway Company; The Mold & Denbigh Junction Railway Company; The North & South-Western Junction Railway Company; The Company; The & Wigtownshire Joint Committee; The Shropshire Union Railways & Canal Company; The Solway Junction Railway Company; The Stratford-upon-Avon & Midland Junction Railway Company; The Tottenham & Forest Gate Railway Company; The Wick & Lybster Light Railway Company; The Company; The ( to ) Company.

London and North-Eastern Railway Company

Constituent companies (7) The Company; The Great Eastern Railway Company; The Great Northern Railway Company; The Great North of Railway Company; The Hull & Barnsley Railway Company; The Company; The North-Eastern Railway Company. Subsidiary companies (26) The Brackenhill Light Railway Company; The Colne Valley & Halstead Railway Company; Appendix 227

TABLE A.3 Continued

The East & West Yorkshire Union Railway Company; The East Lincolnshire Railway Company; The & Bathgate Railway Company; The Forcett Railway Company; The Forth & Clyde Junction Railway Company; The Gifford & Garvald Railway Company; The Great North of , Clarence & Hartlepool Junction Railway Company; The Horncastle Railway Company; The Humber Commercial Railway & Dock Company; The Kilsyth & Bonnybridge Railway Company; The Lauder Light Railway Company; The London & Blackwall Railway Company; The Company; The Mid-Suffolk Light Railway Company; The Newburgh & North Railway Company; The North Lindsey Light Railways Company; The Nottingham & Grantham Railway & Canal Company; The Nottingham Joint Station Committee; The Nottingham Suburban Railway Company; The Seaford & Sefton Junction Railway Company; The District Railway Company; The South Yorkshire Junction Railway Company; The Stamford & Essendine Railway Company; The West Riding Railway Committee.

Southern Railway Company

Constituent companies (5) The London & South-Western Railway Company; The London Brighton & South Coast Railway Company; The London Chatham & Dover Railway Company; The South-Eastern Railway Company; The South-Eastern and Chatham Railway Companies Managing Committee. Subsidiary companies (14) The Bridgwater Railway Company; The Brighton & Dyke Railway Company; The Freshwater Yarmouth & Newport (Isle of Wight) Railway Company; The Hayling Railways Company; The Company; The Isle of Wight Central Railway Company; The Lee-on-the-Solent Railway Company; The London & Greenwich Railway Company; The Mid- Railway (Bromley to St Mary Cray) Company; The North Company; The Plymouth & Dartmoor Railway Company; The Plymouth Devonport & South-Western Junction Railway Company; The Sidmouth Railway Company; The Victoria Station & Pimlico Railway Company. 228 Appendix

TABLE A.4 London Midland and Scottish Railway Company statistics, 1924

The LMS was the largest of the four companies which came into existence in 1923. It represented 40 per cent of the total railway system in England, Scotland, Wales and , with a total staff of 275 000. The following facts and figures which applied in 1924 - when the railways in the British Isles were approaching their peak­ will enable the reader to make his own comparisons with the much smaller British Railways in 1982 (Table A.29). Sums of money should be multiplied by approxi­ mately 20 to give the 1982 equivalent.

Financial statistics £ Capital 398929175 Gross receipts 86515433 including: Railway 80587891 1572 165 Canals 153004 Docks 690 360 Hotels, refreshment rooms and dining cars 3430472 Mileage open for traffic Railway lines - Great Britain 7214 -Ireland 320 Total 7534 Canals 549 Stations etc. (including those joint with other companies) Stations - passenger 2598 -goods 2403 Private sidings 4365 Passenger traffic No. of passengers carried (excluding season ticket holders) 357607262 No. of season ticket holders 301391 Parcels and packages of luggage in advance 30742483 Freight traffic tons Merchandise 34039893 Coal, coke and patent fuel 90144 191 Other minerals 34284 565 Total 158468649 Appendix 229

TABLE AA Continued

Livestock carried Horses 55654 Cattle 2049806 Calves 232046 Sheep 6346155 Pigs 1175 190 Miscellaneous 9836 Total 9868687 Net ton miles General merchandise 2318506 335 Coal, coke and patent fuel 4023 852 862 Other minerals 1671 083 024 Total 8013 442 221 Engine mileage Train miles - coaching 89099429 -freight 61805018 Shunting and other miles 80 406 457 Total 231310 904 Steamship services Regular Irish and continental steamship services (daily) 14 Nautical miles run between England and Ireland (approx.) 450000 Nautical miles run between England and the continent 450000 Steamships owned East Coast: sailing between Goole and Hull and continental ports (Amsterdam, Antwerp, Ghent, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Copenhagen, Dunkirk) 25 West Coast: sailing between England and Ireland Holyhead and Kingstown 3 Holyhead and North Wall, Dublin (cargo) 7 Holyhead and Greenore 3 Fleetwood and Belfast 3 Heysham, Belfast and Douglas 4 and Drogheda 2 Stranraer and Larne 2 Miscellaneous 5 Lake steamers Windermere 5 Coniston 2 LochTay 3 Loch Awe 1 Loch Lomond Goint with LNER) 6 Firth of Oyde 11 Tilbury and Gravesend ferry 6 Total 88 230 Appendix

TABLE A.4 Continued

Locomotives and rolling stock Locomotives - steam 10246 -electric 2 Electric motor vehicles (with seating capacity for 15 828 persons) 272 Rail motor cars (with seating capacity for 1461 persons) 28 Passenger carriages (with seating capacity for 1 002 384 persons) 19025 Restaurant cars (with seating capacity for 6177 persons) 204 Sleeping cars (with berths for 1427 persons) 113 Post Office vans 110 Luggage, parcel and brake vans 2563 Horse boxes 1594 Carriage trucks 1649 Other passenger train vehicles 1543 Wagon stock exclusive of service vehicles (with a total carrying capacity of 3 029 219 tons) 302868 Main works As described in Chapter 3. Hotels Owned and managed by the LMS: 32 Ayr Station Hotel Belfast Midland Station Hotel Birmingham Queen's Hotel Bletchley Station Hotel Bradford Midland Hotel Crewe Crewe Arms Derby Midland Hotel Dornoch Dornoch Hotel Station Hotel Edinburgh (Princes St) Caledonian Hotel Furness Abbey Furness Abbey Hotel Glasgow Central Hotel, St Enoch Hotel Gleneagles Gleneagles Hotel Greenore Greenore Hotel Holyhead Station Hotel Station Hotel Keighley Station Hotel Kyle of Station Hotel Larne Laharna Hotel Leeds Queen's Hotel Liverpool North-Western Hotel, Exchange Station Hotel, Midland Adelphi Hotel London Euston Hotel, St Pancras Midland, Grand Hotel Midland Hotel Morecambe Midland Hotel Port rush Northern Counties Hotel Appendix 231

TABLE AA Continued

Preston Park Hotel Strathpeffer Highland Hotel Tumberry Tumberry Hotel Refreshment rooms at stations 116 Docks, harbours and wharves Docks, harbours and wharves owned 31 Total length of quay (feet) 101293 Other property Houses 25613 Road vehicles and horses Horse-drawn vehicles 19259 Motor vehicles, tramcars and omnibuses 1372 Horses 10 221 Coal Consumption for all purposes (tons) 6780840 Staff Number of staff employed (approx.) 274523 232 Appendix

TABLE A.5 London and North-Eastern Railway Company statistics, 1930

Track mileage Owned 6294 Share of joint lines 75 Leased or worked 11 Leased or worked jointly Total, 1st track 6381 Total, 2nd track 3953 Total, 3rd track 472 Total, 4th track 356 Over 4 tracks 302 Total length of single track (including sidings) 16732 Authorised but not open for traffic 12 Mileage run over by company's locomotives Owned 6294 Party owned 360 Leased or worked 11 Leased or worked jointly 156 Total 6821

Rolling stock Locomotives - steam 7316 - electric 13 - petrol shunting 2 Road motor vehicles Steam 85 Electric 87 Petrol 1 Petrol electric 2 Electric trailer cars 55 Passenger carriages Uniform class 10 108 Composite 2951 Restaurant cars 223 Sleeping cars 112 Post Office vans 64 Luggage, parcels, miscellaneous 45 Total coaching stock 13 503 Open wagons 121844 Covered wagons 33351 Mineral wagons 88826 Special wagons 3382 Cattle trucks 7290 Rail and timber trucks 13 687 Brake vans 4670 Total merchandise and mineral stock 273050 Appendix 233

TABLE A.5 Continued

Service vehicles 15030 Departmental locomotives 18 Road traffic equipment Road motors for goods and parcels 798 Road motors for passenger traffic 40 Horse wagons and carts 8801 Miscellaneous 88 Horses for road vehicles 5113 Horses for shunting 328 Houses and dwellings Labouring class dwellings 2460 Houses and cottages for staff 9491 Other houses and cottages 6167 Traffic carried Originating Total onLNER No. of passengers 205716944 192513 638 No. of season tickets 183409 158014 Goods tonnage Merchandise (excl. Classes 1--6) 24848403 18696516 Minerals and merchandise (Classes 1--6) 26801174 21807496 Coal, coke and patent fuel 87569499 76146423 Totals 139219076 116650435 Head of livestock 6836808 5582938 Train Mileage Steam coaching 63650514 Steam goods 47871270 Total 111 521 784 Electric coaching 1295645 Electric goods 65898 Steam rail motors 2410 950 Petrol etc. 58566 Shunting miles - coaching 4113237 - goods 34665369 Assisting and light mileage 16393850 Total engine miles 170525299 Revenue Gross receipts Expenditure Net receipts £ £ £ Railway 52390 710 41 863042 10 527 668 Road transport 111047 108869 3078 Total 52501 757 41 971 911 10530746 234 Appendix

TABLE A.5 Continued

The gross receipts (railway) were made up of: £ Passenger train traffic 18368344 Goods train traffic 33584082 Miscellaneous receipts 438284 Railway expenditure included, e.g.: Maintenance and renewal of rolling stock 8343953 Locomotive running expenses 10 203 902 Staff Total staff at 8 March 1930 195030

TABLEA.6 Total expenditure by the four main-line companies on locomotive repairs and partial renewals, total mileage and cost per mile, 1928-47

A verage cost Expenditure per mile Year £ Total mileage d 1928 10388884 538854068 4.63 1929 10247724 549262136 4.48 1930 9843664 537122647 4.40 1931 8907535 512378164 4.17 1932 8186276 495578856 3.97 1933 7950247 494567790 3.86 1934 8557256 516075271 3.97 1935 8391165 521204047 3.86 1936 8492684 537450063 3.79 1937 8623546 550259958 3.76 1938 8931447 533400415 4.02 1939 8904367 512179630 4.17 1940 9795620 498945416 4.68 1941 10 839 038 497 145038 5.21 1942 13 107393 505 121801 6.23 1943 16187367 509684753 7.63 1944 17688053 508605689 8.35 1945 18409165 496565263 8.90 1946 20129057 500 804139 9.65 1947 22483150 479193500 11.26 SOURCE Appendix 235

TABLE A.7 Total expenditure on carriage and wagon repairs and partial renewals by each of the four main­ line companies, 1928 and 1947

1928 1947 £ £ Carriage expenditure GWR 765552 1460689 LMS 1591501 2862673 LNER 1473456 2931943 SR 968345 1541861 Total 4798854 8797166

Wagon expenditure GWR 556221 1095206 LMS 1409031 3716657 LNER 1836679 3493274 SR 207033 610107 Total 4008964 8915244 Carriage and wagon total 8807818 17712410

SOURCE British Rail 236 Appendix

TABLEA.8 Locomotive output, 1947

Output of repaired locomotives (MOT classification) 12 Heavy repairs - number 13 Heavy repairs - light weight of engines 14 Heavy repairs - light weight of tenders 15 Heavy repairs - light weight of engines and tenders 16 Light repairs - number 17 Light repairs - light weight of engines 18 Light repairs - light weight of tenders 19 Light repairs - light weight of engines and tenders 20 Mileage run by maintained stock during 1947 21 Total miles made good

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Works & reference no. No. ToIlS ToIlS ToIlS No. ToIlS ToIlS GWR 1 Swindon 717 42480 9521 52001 287 17544 3324 2 Wolverhampton 178 8653 1010 9663 68 3652 470 3 Caerphilly 184 9042 9042 40 2289 Totals 1079 60 175 10 531 70706 395 23485 3794 LMS 4 Crewe n9 50568 16364 66 932 714 47442 14525 5 Derby 768 36494 11 059 47553 280 14994 4018 6 Horwich 440 21976 6182 28158 228 12197 2937 7 StRollox 354 18433 6138 24571 239 13 981 4683 8 Bow 102 47725 876 5601 91 4545 718 9 Kilmarnock n 3414 1242 4656 III 5145 1576 Totals 2520 135610 41861 In 471 1663 98304 28457 LNER 10 Darlington 567 29150 7113 36263 121 7132 2041 11 Doncaster 582 37373 10683 48 056 156 10853 3334 12 Gorton 547 30 819 9623 40 442 92 5440 1825 13 Cowlairs 393 19337 5474 24811 189 10873 3408 14 Stratford 390 18638 4718 23 356 354 17511 3545 15 Inverurie 118 5093 1880 6973 76 3845 1340 Totals 2597 140 410 39491 179901 988 55654 15493 SR 16 Eastleigh 327 18803 5268 24 071 124 7621 2364 17 Ashford 276 12884 3377 16261 89 4440 1282 18 Brighton Totals 603 31687 8645 40 332 213 12061 3646 Appendix 237

TABLE A.S Locomotive output, 1947

Output of new locomotives 22 New locomotives - number 23 New locomotives -light weight of engines 24 New locomotives - light weight of tenders 25 New locomotives - light weight of engines and tenders

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Tons Miles Miles No. Tons Tons Tons

20868 60 3285 663 3948 4122 No new engine building 2289 No new engine building 27279 88 922 962 90 258 000 60 3285 663 3948

61967 75754283 36 2169 896 3065 19012 51854580 49 3322 3322 15134 31484382 28 1807 732 2539 18664 36524 366 No new engine building 5263 Included under Derby No new engine building 6721 Included under St Rollox No new engine building 126 761 193291833 195617611 113 7298 1628 8926

9173 25 1600 634 2234 14187 7 650 204 854 7265 No new engine building 14281 No new engine building 21056 No new engine building 5185 No new engine building 71147 152697200 165 036 791 32 2250· 838 3088

9985 23 029 204 26 144 769 All works pooled 5722 16507755 17831833 for new engine 651896 building 15707 40 188 855 43976602 18 1386 311 1697

SOURCE British Rail

Notes: (a) Cols 12-19 for LMS exclude repairs to 107 Austerity locomotives for the MOT and 28 on loan from the LNER. (b) Cols 12-19 for SR include under Eastleigh and Ashford some locomotives which were normally repaired there, although during 1947 they were actually repaired at Brighton. No locomotives allocated to Brighton for maintenance were repaired at Brighton during 1947. (c) Cois 16-19 for LNER Stratford include 149 shed repairs, many of which would not be comparable with ordinary shop light repairs. 238 Appendix

TABLEA.9 Repair output of subsidiary locomotive works, 1947

Average Classified no. of output locomotives Works on works Heavy Light Other activities GWR Barry 10.5 9 115 Bristol, Bath Road 2.0 48 unclassified repairs; Newport, Ebbw Jet. 5.6 65 divisional outdoor Newton Abbot 14.4 195 machinery Old Oak Common 6.1 53 maintenance Tyseley 7.4 54 Worcester 10.5 3 87 Total 56.5 12 617 LMS* Bristol 3.0 21 Inverness 3.5 15 28 Leeds 5.6 5 108 nil Rugby 10.3 25 126 Total 22.4 45 283 LNER Gateshead 13.0 238 unclassified repairs; grease factory; outdoor machinery maintenance SR Bournemouth 0.5 1 9 Bricklayers' Arms 4.8 9 28 Eastleigh 1.2 9 Exmouth Jct. 1.3 1 5 unclassified Feltham 0.9 4 running shed Guildford 1.4 2 19 maintenance Hither Green 0.9 4 New Cross Gate 5.8 7 15 Nine Elms 1.5 2 25 Salisbury 0.5 1 6 Stewarts Lane 5.3 7 41 Total 24.1 30 165 *Between 1923 and 1947 the LMS closed six of its subsidiary locomotive works, at Belle Vue (Manchester), Carlisle, Kentish Town, Leeds, Saltley (Birmingham) and Grimesthorpe (Sheffield). TABLE A.lO Carriage and wagon output, 1949

No. of No. of classifiedrepairs* New rolling stock* artisan Carriages Wagons Containers staff Works and reference no. employed Heavy Light Heavy Light Heavy Light Carriages Wagons Containers Eastern and North-Eastern Regions 1 YorkC&W 2977 924 3264 5891 7072 246 849 188 2 Shildon Wagon 2573 4 13 3979 25898 13 4032 3 Doncaster C& W 1968 1002 1941 2849 19593 460 519 19 4 Stratford C&W 1417 1090 4608 2025 18023 1408 5 Faverdale Wagon 539 17 2 1793 2048 976 372 1588 295 ~ 6 Gorton C&W 503 39 254 4211 20050 10 567 ";:;s ~ 7 Walkergate C&W 482 66 788 1924 16952 ;::: l:l... Regional totals 10 459 3142 10 870 22672 109636 1692 3728 207 5620 295 ~. London Midland Region 8 DerbyC&W 4748 2971 460 8050 4978 261 3674 9 Wolverton C&W 3687 2973 502 12 52 303 3050 50 10 Earlestown Wagon 1691 21 2 12816 2079 1737 1966 11 Bromsgrove Wagon 366 4853 2088 973 Regional totals 10 492 5965 964 25731 9197 2710 564 6724 2016 Scottish Region 12 Cowlairs C&W 1207 443 2367 5005 3812 148 353 13 St Rollox Carriage 876 1171 1091 14 Barassie Wagon 714 7575 955 209 20 15 Germiston Wagon 403 3094 861 16 Inverurie C&W 229 259 753 853 6160 414 N Regional totals 3429 1873 4211 16527 11 788 358 787 VJ 'C! ~

TABLE A. 10 Continued

No. of No. of classifiedrepairs* New rolling stock* artisan Carriages Wagons staff Containers Works and reference no. employed Heavy Light Heavy Light Heavy Light Carriages Wagons Containers

Southern Region 17 EastJeigh C&W 1722 15 1130 2362 2451 281 280 370t 242 18 Lancing Carriage 1692 538 2088 1 18 140* 60 19 Ashford Wagon 789 2889 3703 2756 Regional totals 4203 553 3218 5251 6155 281 280 388 2896 302 Western Region ~ "1:5 20 Swindon C&W 4221 1567 1622 4995 7 983 1 130 280 153 1368 97 ~ ;:s 21 Caerphilly Carriage 97 101 228 ~ ~. Regional totals 4318 1668 1850 4995 7 983 1 130 280 153 1368 97 Totals: all regions 32901 13 201 21113 75176 144 759 6 161 5 075 1312 16608 2710

SOURCE British Rail

Notes: *The repair figures are in accordance with the differing classifications used by the various regions in 1949. A given number of carriage heavy repairs, for example, may not represent the same amount of work on different regions. The figures for new rolling stock are also not directly comparable, not only on account of the variety of vehicles built but also because of the varying extent to which components and assemblies were purchased from the trade. tUnderframes built or converted at Lancing. *Underframes built at Ashford. TABLE A.ll Passenger journeys originating, 1948

London Midland Western Southern Eastern North- Journeys Total all regions Region Region Region Region Region Region Per- Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase centage or or or or or or or of (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) total on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 Journeys journeys journeys journeys journeys journeys journeys ooos % ooos ooosOOOs ooos ooos ooos ooos ooos ooos ooos ooosooos ooos Analysis by fare categories Ordinary fares 69314 6·96 (6518) 18243 (2557) 9032 (1498) 24720 (1285) 10 362 309 2238 (889) 4719 (598) (8,60%) (12-30%) (14·22%) (4·94%) 3·07% (28·44%) (11,25%) Monthly return 252034 25·30 (SO 998) 83064 (16303) 26091 (9910) 94 119 (8956) 25649 (5509) 7899 (6588) 15212 (3732) (16,83%) (16·41%) (27·53%) (8·69%) (17-68%) (45·48%) (19·70%) Excursion, weekend, 84686 8·50 50136 25642 15419 14615 8618 23624 13 765 7643 4807 7017 3320 6145 4207 cheap day, etc. 145·11% 150·83% 143·69% 139·61% 169·51% 89·82% 217·07% Workmen 229784 23·07 (3325) 87626 (1407) 21576 (1 571) 75 188 3195 22513 (1351) 11283 (1731) 11598 (460) (1·43%) (1·58%) (6·79%) 4·44% (5·66%) (13·30%) (3-82%) Other descriptions 64 514 6·48 (12935) 16999 (3005) 11 079 (2574) 18395 (3 783) 8365 (1172) 4325 (1409) 5351 (992) (16·70%) (15·02%) (18·86%) (17,06%) (12·29%) (24·57%) (15·64%} Season tickets 295718 29·69 (56977) 73314 (16256) 29968 (7754) 132255 (17506) 27383 (7235) 9597 (2416) 23201 (5810) (16·15%) (18·15%) (20·56%) (11·69%) (20·90%) (20·11%) (20·03%) ~ Total 996 050 100 (80 617) 304 888 (24109) 112 361 (14689) 368301 (14570) 101 915 (10 151) 42359 (9713) 66 226 (7385) '1::::1 ~ (7·49%) (7·33%) (11·56%) (3·81%) (9·05%) (18·65%) (10·03%) ;::! ~ >;. Analysis by class of travel First class - journeys 29290 2·94 (3826) 11048 (1246) 2913 (219) 7178 (1 104) 2595 (157) 1148 (140) 4408 (960) (11·55%) (10·13%) (7.00%) (13,33%) (5·69%) (10·86%) (17·89%) - takings £15 597 12·39 £729 4·90% Second class - journeys 617 0·06 (3) 485 (19) 132 16 (0·58%) (3-82%) 13·54% - takings £1744 1·39 £119 7·37% Third class - journeys 736359 73·93 (73463) 206 214 (21456) 87872 (12 899) 285450 (16642) 76675 (8659) 29928 (7842) SO 220 (5965) (9·07%) (9·42%) (12·80%) (5·51%) (10·15%) (20·76%) (10·62%) - takings £102 055 81·09 £3488 3·54% Workmen - journeys 229784 23·07 (3325) 87626 (1407) 21576 (1571) 75 188 3 195 22513 (1 351) 11283 (1731) 11 598 (460) (1·43%) (1·58%) (6·79%) 4·44% (5·66%) (13·30%) (3-82%) - takings £6457 5·13 £839 14·93%

SOURCE British Rail Notes: N (a) Passenger journeys represent the number of passengers carried by BR except where the journey began on London Transport and ended on the BR system. Figures shown in respect of a region oj::...... are the passenger journeys originating in that region; they do not include journeys terminating or passing through that region which originated in another region. Through booked continental. Channel Islands and Irish traffic is included. with certain minor exceptions. as originating in the region of the port of entry. (b) Children for whom tickets are issued are treated as adults. but infants in arms are ignored. Return tickets are counted as two journeys and journeys by season ticket holders computed on the basis of 6(X) journeys per annum. 'Ordinary fares' are the standard or full fares applicable to the ordinary travelling public. including children. 'Other descriptions' covers aU bookings at fares lower than those applicable to the ordinary travelling public, except those which are shown separately. Examples are commercial travellers' weekend tickets. privilege tickets. services duty and furlough tickets. warrants, etc. N ~ N

TABLE A. 12 Freight train traffic originating, 1948

London MidLand Western Southern Eastern North-Eastern Scottish Freight type TotaL aLLregions Region Region Region Region Region Region

Per- Increase Increase increase Increase Increase Increase Increase centage or or or or or or or of (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) (Decrease) totaL on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 on 1947 tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons OOOs % OOOs OOOs OOOs OOOs (){)()s ooos ooos OOOs OOOs ooos OOOs OOOs ooos Merchandise 54780 19·84 (568) 18494 143 9955 (307) 3704 (1) 7261 (311) 7481 300 7885 (392) (1,03%) 0·78% (2·99%) (0·02%) (4-11%) 4·18% (4,74%) Minerals 59280 21·47 6783 21075 1816 8249 1114 1631 81 9562 657 10 724 1802 8039 1313 ~ 12·92% 9·43% 15·61% 5·28% 7·38% 20·19% 19·52% ~ (1) Coal and coke 161 145 58·36 11 862 56587 3523 24194 1359 3457 160 25558 2716 30429 3196 20920 908 ;:s 7·95% 6·64% 5·95% 4·84% 11·89% 11·74% 4·54% $:).. Livestock 912 0·33 (46) 201 (1) 153 3 45 2 78 (16) 92 (1) 343 (33) ~. (4,82%) (0,42%) 2·42% 4·16% (17·58%) (0·92%) (8·84%) Total 276 117 100 18031 96357 5481 42551 2169 8837 242 42459 3046 48726 5297 37187 1796 6·99% 6·03% 5·37% 2·82% 7·73% 12·20% 5·07%

SOURCE British Rail Notes: (a) Tonnage figures for each region represent the total volume of freight traffic originating in the region and do not include traffic terminating, or passing through, which has originated in another region. Continental, Channel Islands and Irish traffic invoiced to BR is treated as originating at the port of entry. In total, therefore, the figures represent the tonnage of revenue-earning traffic conveyed. Free hauled traffic, which includes railway service materials conveyed without charge on revenue-earning trains, is excluded. (b) Traffic is classified as follows: 'Merchandise' includes all freight train traffic except 'Coal and Coke'. 'Livestock' and traffic in Classes 1 to 6 of the General Railway Classification. 'Minerals' comprises all traffic in Classes 1 to 6 of the General Railway Classification, e.g., bricks, iron ore, lime, limestone, pig iron, roadstone and stone in the rough. 'Coal and coke' includes coal, coke, patent fuels, slack, smudge, cannel and coal cinders for fuel. 'Livestock' consists of the tonnage equivalent of the number of horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, etc., computed on a standard basis. TABLE A.13 Design offices involved in post-nationalisation BR Standard locomotive design

Detail design offices Parent Standard office Wheels Bogie Pony truck Brake boiler Type of locomotive for design and axles Motion Frames complete complete gear Boiler fittings complete 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunting with EE power equipment Derby Derby Derby Derby Derby 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunting with Crompton Parkinson, GEC Doncaster Doncaster Doncaster Doncaster Doncaster or BTH power equipment ::t:. Class 8, 4-6-2 passenger tender Derby Derby Derby Derby Derby Derby Brighton Derby Swindon Derby :g !':> Class 7, 4-6-2 mixed traffic tender Derby Derby Doncaster Derby Derby Derby Brighton Derby Swindon Derby ;::s ~ Class 6, 4-6-2 mixed traffic tender Derby Derby Doncaster Derby Derby Derby Brighton Derby Swindon Derby ~. Class 5, 4--6--0 mixed traffic tender Doncaster Derby Doncaster Doncaster Derby Brighton Doncaster Swindon Derby Class 4, 4--6--0 mixed traffic tender Brighton Derby Doncaster Brighton Derby Brighton Brighton Swindon Derby Class 4, 2-

SOURCE British Rail e 244 Appendix

TABLE A.14 Building of the first BR Standard locomotives, 1954

Type of locomotive Building allocation Number Region/works 2-10-0 Class 9 67 LMlCrewe 4-6-2 Class 6 15 LMlCrewe 4-6-0 Class 5 15 LMlDerby 4-6-0 Class 4 10 W/Swindon 2-6-4T Class 4 15 SlBrighton 2-6-0 Oass4 30 ElNElDoncaster 2-6-0 Oass3 5 W/Swindon 2-6-2T Oass3 18 W/Swindon 2-6-0 Oass2 10 ElNElDarlington 0-6-0T 16xx 20 W/Swindon LMlDerby 350 HP diesel-electric {:g ElNElDarlington SOURCE British Rail TABLE A.15 BR stock levels, 1948-64

Locomotives Multiple-unit vehicles Coaching vehicles power cars and trailers Non-passenger Diesel and Diesel and Passenger Seating and berth vehicles Year Steam Electric diesel-electric Electric diesel-electric carriages capacity (parcels vans, etc.) 1948 20211 17 69 4235 40 40351 2417000 15315 1949 19790 17 102 4606 39 41192 2464 000 15226 1950 19598 10 128 4597 39 42218 2506000 16004 1951 19103 33 148 4560 36 42087 2501000 15902 1952 18859 58 211 4597 36 41881 2482000 15791 ~ ~ 1953 18584 65 260 4571 39 41 762 2468000 15529 "';:s 1954 18420 71 320 4638 72 41917 2480000 15847 I:<. ><. 1955 17955 71 456 4685 181 41 715 2459000 15687 1956 17522 71 609 4948 455 41522 2438000 15163 1957 16954 71 803 5013 1351 41827 2446000 14994 1958 16103 72 1201 5270 2422 42003 2446000 14926 1959 14452 85 1800 5854 3252 40537 2361000 14271 1960 13271 135 2550 6442 3833 40091 2331000 14871 1961 11687 158 3179 6916 4011 37849 2203000 14551 1962 8764 178 3683 6982 4087 33607 1953000 12482 1963 7047 194 4060 7021 4145 31598 1809000 11521 1964 4970 198 4462 7004 4120 26678 1546000 10725

SOURCE British Rail

N .j::o. VI 246 Appendix

TABLE A. 16 BREL statistics, 1979

Turnover - year 1979 [OOOs Repairs and modifications to BR rolling stock 186083 New rolling stock production for BR 109161 Services and material issues to BR 68529 Work for private parties 31349 Total 395122

Book Value of Capital Employed 31.12. 79 £234.5m Position at 31.12. 79 Number of workshops 13 Number of staff Salaried 5776 Wages paid 30460 Total 36236

Output of repaired rolling stock in 1979 Locomotives 1562 HST power cars 88 HST trailer cars 330 Locomotive-hauled carriages 6463 Diesel multiple units 1349 Electric multiple units 2066 Wagons 33118 Containers 55 SOURCE BREL Appendix 247

TABLE A. 17 Total output of BREL workshops, year ending 31 December 1981

New construction for BR No. built High Speed Train power cars 36 Class 56 diesel main-line locomotives 14 High Speed Train coaches 32 Mark III sleeping cars 27 EMUs - Class 315 95 EMUs-Class 317 71 Diesel-electric multiple units - prototype 3 BREULeyland rail-bus 1 Steel-carrying wagons - BBA 12 Steel-carrying wagons - BBD conversion 90 Steel-carrying wagons - BPA conversion 30 Steel-carrying wagons - BRA conversion 146 Service wagons - 'Seacow' 186 Service wagons - skip storage 22 Service wagons - bogie hopper ballast 6 47-ton mineral wagons - HAA 655 4O-foot container carrying vehicle 1 44-ton 2-axle van - VGA 1 Open wagons - OCA 265 PVC/nylon wagon sheets 1063 New construction for private parties Customer Description No. built Tanzania First-class couchette cars 14 Buffet cars 10 Bogie covered goods wagons 112 Crew vans 8 Bangladesh Broad-gauge wagons 128 Blue Circle Cement Ltd Cement tank wagons 60 Ministry of Defence 'Warflat' wagons 26 British Petroleum Oil Co. Tank conversions 220

Classified Repair work General Inter. Light Total Unclassified High Speed Train power cars 40 66 106 3 Diesel-engined main-line locomotives 98 159 98 355 356 Electric-engined main-line locomotives 45 6 42 93 46 Diesel-electric shunting locomotives 32 18 50 61 Traction motorS - armatures 7555 Traction motors - carcases 7094 Generators - armatures 783 Generators - carcases 778 248 Appendix

TABLE A.17 Continued

Classified Repair work (contd) CIR ClIC2 C3 C3T C4 C4X C6 Total C5 Loco-hauled coaching stock High Speed Train trailer 151 294 445 24 Passenger-carrying - special 3 98 261 362 58 -ord'y 191 742 324 1810 3067 269 Non-passenger-carrying Bogie repairs 58 388 494 940 113 DMUs 157 59 829 58 1103 86 EMUs 248 659 938 85 152 4 2086 35 Classified GR lRIL IRIW IR Total Traffic wagons 2858 238 2917 8818 14831 PVOnylon wagon sheets 5219 Final Torque Engines Gearboxes drives converters DMU components 2252 2334 1488 59 Appendix 249

TABLE A.18 Unit cost of BREL new builds, 1977 and 1981

1982 prices 1977 1981 £000 £000 % change Locomotive 913 856 6 HSTpower 671 652 - 3 HST trailer 152 156 + 3 Loco-hauled coach 142 288 +103 EMU 194 218 + 12 Freight wagon 20.5 25.3 + 23 SOURCE BREL

TABLE A.19 Maintenance costs per unit, 1981

19810utturn 19810utturn Number in maintenance cost cost per vehicle fleet £m £ Diesel locomotives 2054 106 51600 Electric locomotives 267 12 44940 Shunting locomotives 803 5 6230 HST power cars 181 35 199370 DMUs 3105 71 22870 EMUs 7365 91 12350 LHCVs 7734 61 7890 Freight wagons 84 568 57 675 SOURCE BREL

TABLE A.20 Staff employed in BR Engineering and in BREL, 1982

Number of employees (approx.) Region/Workshops Function Headquarters Salaried Wage earning CE 210 7080 27300 S&TE 160 2570 7100 M&EE 1600 3700 17600 BREL 350 5500 28800 SOURCE BREL 250 Appendix

TABLE A.21 BR traffic, 1980

Freight Million tonnes Coal and coke 94 Iron and steel 13 Oil and chemicals 18 Building materials 19 Mixed traffic 2 Freightliners 8 154

Total revenue £61Om Passenger Journeys 760m Revenue £954m

SOURCE British Rail

TABLE A.22 BRftnancial results, 1980

Totals Where the money came from lm lm Railway Passenger, freight and parcels 1564.5 Contract payments t633.6 2 198.1 Shipping 196.3 Harbours 24.1 220.4 Hotels 42.0 Catering Station 45.5 Train 21.2 66.7 Property Operational letting 35.7 Non-operational letting 13.7 49.4 Others Rail workshop sales 39.6 Freighdiners 69.0 Hovercraft 13.1 Transmark (consultancy services) 6.1 Other 14.7 142.5 Total income 2719.1

Where the money went Staff costs 1547.9 Materials, supplies and services 858.6 Fuel and power 191.3 Interest on borrowing 69.7 Depreciation on assets 128.5 Total outgoings 2796.0

SOURCE British Rail Note: As this shows, BR made a loss of 06.9 m. After taking into account additional provision for replacement of assets owing to inflation, there was an overall loss of £163 m. Appendix 251

TABLE A.23 Changes in method of BR freight movement, 1970-81

1970 1974 1979 1981 million million million million Method tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes Trainload 106 133 145 137 Wagonload 93 43 24 17 SOURCE British Rail

TABLE A.24 Analysis of BR freight carryings, 1970-81

1970 1974 1979 1981 million million million million Commodity tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes Coal & coke 114 88 94 95 Iron & steel 40 31 25 18 Petroleum/chemicals 23 23 21 16 Aggregateslbuilding materials 18 22 19 16 SOURCE British Rail

TABLE A.25 BRfreight carryings by commodity, 1981

% share of % share of total rail total rail Million freight by Tonne freight by Commodity tonnes weight miles tonne miles Coal & coke 95 62 3929 34 Iron & steel 18 12 1366 12 Petroleum/chemicals 16 10 1960 17 Aggregateslbuilding materials 16 10 1485 13 Other 9 6 2690 24 SOURCE British Rail 252 Appendix

TABLE A.26 BR passenger miles, revenue, costs and grant 1975-82

1982 prices 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Passenger miles (millions) 18 800 17 700 18 200 19100 19900 19700 19100 17000 Revenue (pence) per passenger mile 5.2 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.4 Costs (pence) per passenger mile 9.2 9.4 9.2 9.5 9.4 9.8 10.5 11.3 Grant (pence) per passenger mile 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.7 5.4 SOURCE British Rail

TABLE A. 27 BR freight and parcels business results, 1975-82

1982 prices 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 £m £m £m £m £m £m £m £m Revenue 805 861 863 847 848 752 715 616 Costs 940 891 860 830 826 788 698 605 SOURCE British Rail

TABLE A.28 BR financial results, 1975-82

1982 prices 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 £m £m £m £m £m £m £m £m Revenue: passenger 1031 1045 1090 1154 1149 1167 1126 927 freight 604 664 667 654 661 585 586 522 parcels 201 197 197 193 187 170 130 94 Total revenue 1836 1906 1954 2001 1997 1919 1841 1543 Costs 2663 2554 2533 2648 2701 2723 2700 2567 SOURCE British Rail Appendix 253

TABLEA.29 BR five-year statistical summary, 1978-82

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Passenger receipts and traffic Receipts £m 701.8 799.7 954.0 1 022.8 924.1 Passenger journeys millions 734.0 748.0 760.0 718.5 630.1 Passenger miles (estimated) millions 19100 19900 19700 19100 17000 Freight and parcels receipts and traffic Freight train - receipts £m 384.5 432.1 459.8 503.7 478.2 - traffic tonnes, m 171.0 169.0 153.0 154.2 141.9 - net tonne miles (trainload and wagonload) millions 12416 12361 10 961 10 877 9867 Parcels - receipts £m 119.4 130.8 141.2 119.4 92.2 - traffic tonnes, m 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7 Operations Loaded train miles - coaching millions 208.0 207.0 214.0 208.9 185.2 freight millions 38.0 36.0 32.0 30.4 27.0 Traction hours in traffic - coaching millions 9.3 9.1 9.2 8.9 7.9 - freight millions 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.3 3.7 Loaded wagons forwarded millions 7.0 6.7 5.9 5.7 5.0 Loaded wagon miles millions 590.0 565.0 483.0 444.8 381.2 Assets at end of year Locomotives - diesel 3268 3261 3078 2864 2750 - electric 312 310 301 267 266 APT - power cars 2 5 6 6 6 - passenger carriages 6 15 30 30 30 HST - power cars 109 136 142 181 197 passenger carriages 421 533 630 664 709 Coaching vehicles 21031 20963 20408 18268 16889 Freight vehicles (excluding brake vans) 150 371 137 589 119 507 88 327 71452 Stations 2837 2821 2787 2742 2711 Route open for traffic miles 11123 11 020 10964 10 831 10706 Staff at end of year 182 198 182031 178059 170397 161407 SOURCE British Rail 254 Appendix

TABLEA.30 BR overall performance, 1979-83

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Total receipts per train mile £ 7.41 6.97 6.89 6.62 6.83 Train service (operating) expenses per train mile £ 2.30 2.36 2.39 2.31 Train service (maintenance) expenses per train mile £ 1.97 1.94 2.13 1.90 Terminal expenses per train mile £ 1.17 1.10 1.12 1.06 Infrastructure expenses per train mile £ 2.60 2.58 2.02 2.72 Administration costs per train mile £ 1.36 1.33 1.41 1.49 1.35 Train miles per member of staff (total staff productivity) miles 1521 1570 1597 1495 1688 Revenue per £1000 gross paybill costs £ 1537 1459 1394 1256 1400 Train miles per train crew member (train crew productivity) miles 7099 7244 7478 6947 7898 Track maintenance costs per single track mile £ 9621 9539 9523 9475 10010 Signal renewal and maintenance costs per single track mile £ 6379 6342 6284 5982 6000 Signal operating costs per single track mile £ 4625 4547 4655 4463 4506 Train miles per single track mile 000s 12.6 12.8 12.6 11.3 12.5 Train miles per locomotivelHST set 000s 51.7 53.4 55.2 51.1 57.1 PSO grants per passenger mile pence 3.89 4.0 4.80 5.52 4.98 PSO grants as percentage of passenger receipts % 65.3 66.3 78.9 95.9 81.4 Passenger receipts per loaded train mile £ 6.05 5.86 5.78 5.51 5.93 Receipts per passenger mile pence 5.96 6.04 6.08 5.76 6.12 Passenger miles per loaded train mile (average trainload) passengers 102 97 95 96 97 Loaded train miles per passenger vehicle miles 11 416 11 937 12417 11580 13 076 Passenger trains arriving within 5 mins of booked time % 87 89 90 88 90 Passenger trains cancelled % 3.1 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.0 Train catering services cancelled % 4.7 3.2 3.5 3.6 Freight operating surplus as percentage of receipts % 0.4 1.5 Freight receipts per train mile Index 103 100 104 105 105 Freight receipts per net tonne mile Index 102 100 100 98 93 Tonne miles per loaded freight train mile (average trainload) tonnes 343 338 358 366 377 Train miles per freight wagon miles 303 308 385 408 525 Parcels operating surplus as percentage of receipts % 8.9 14.1

SOURCE British Rail Appendix 255

TABLE A.31 BR stock levels, 1949 and 1981

Reduction Classification 1949 1981 % Locomotives 19909 3131 84 Coaches 58222 19149 67 Freight vehicles 1141925 119128 90 Containers 25536 125 99 Total 1245592 141533 89 Note: Allowance must be made for the introduction of much larger freight vehicles in recent years.

TABLE A.32 BR locomotive stock on 1 January 1983

Class of locomotive Number Main-line diesel-electric 2005 Diesel-electric shunters 745 AC electric 219 DC electric 47 Steam 3 Total stock 3019 Note: The three steam locomotives were built for the narrow-gauge Vale of Light Rail­ way, built in 1902 and becoming part of the GWR at the 1923 amalgamation. It only operates during the summer months. No. 9 ('Prince of Wales') was built in 1902 and Nos 7 and 8 (,Owen Glendower' and 'Llewellen') in 1923. 256 Appendix

TABLEA.33 Road motor vehicles licensed in Great Britain, 1903-80

Motor Private cycles Crown cars and scooters Public Agri- and private and transport cultural Other exempt All Year vans mopeds vehicles Goods tractors vehicles vehicles vehicles Figures in thousands 1903 8 5 4 17 1930 1056 712 101 349 15 15 24 2272 1940 1423 278 81 444 50 2 47 2325 1950 2258 729 136 895 296 26 68 4408 1960 5526 1796 93 1397 443 72 113 9440 1970 11515 1048 103 1616 434 99 135 14950 1980 15073 1372 110 1761 397 100 397 19210 SOURCE Department of Transport

TABLE A.34 Road accidents in Great Britain by type of area, class of road and severity, 1981

Location Fatal Serious Slight All accidents Built-up areas 2814 44189 142172 189 175 Non-built-up areas 2541 20788 35762 59091 Main roads'" 3309 31604 88312 123225 Minor roadst 2046 33376 89628 125050 All areas/all roads:j: 5355 64980 177941 248 276 SOURCE Department of Transport Notes: The severity of a road accident is defined as 'the severity of the most seriously injured casualty in the accident' . ... motorways, A(M) and A roads (Le. motorways, trunk and principal roads) t B, C and unclassified roads (Le. other roads) :j: includes unknown road type

TABLE A.35 Road casualties in Great Britain by class of road user, 1978-81

Pedestrians Motor Motor traffic cyclists Other (thousand Children Pedal and moped vehicle Total million Year All ages only cyclists riders Car users users casualties kilometres) 1978 70295 28909 22201 69733 157875 29691 349795 274.2 1979 66 714 26379 23 645 67155 149511 27488 334513 275.8 1980 63299 24 931 24788 70838 143517 24290 328 600* 283.1 1981 60 750 23 722 25306 69129 146 317 23 338 324840 277.7 *Adjusted for additional accidents not analysed in detail SOURCE Department of Transport Appendix 257

TABLE A.36 Road casualties in Great Britain by class of road user, type of area and severity, 1981

Casualties by severity Killed Seriously Slightly Total of all injured injured casualties Pedestrians Children 318 6229 17175 23722 Adults - 15-59 years 605 6353 17148 24106 - 60 and over 947 3912 6334 11193 Age not reported 4 119 1606 1 729 Total casualties 1874 16613 42263 60 750 Pedal cyclists Children 86 2010 7262 9358 Adults 224 3169 12177 15570 Age not reported 15 363 378 Total casualties 310 5194 19802 25306 Two-wheeled motor vehicle users Moped 81 2873 7597 10 551 Motor scooter 18 559 1600 2177 Motor cycle 1032 17766 37603 56401 Total casualties 1 131 21198 46800 69129 Other vehicle users Car 2287 31338 112692 146317 Bus and coach 20 941 8925 9886 Goods vehicle 203 2688 .9264 12155 Other vehicle 21 287 989 1297 Total casualties 2531 35254 131870 169655 All road users Children 504 9853 34036 44 393 Adults - 15-59 years 3782 59119 178950 241851 - 60 and over 1554 8845 23091 33490 Age not reported 6 442 4658 5106 Total casualties 5846 78259 240735 324840 Type of area Built-up (30-40 m.p.h.) 2940 49707 179617 232264 Non-built-up (50-70 m.p.h.) 2906 28549 61107 92562 Area not reported 3 11 14 Total casualties 5846 78259 240 735 324840 SOURCE Department of Transport Notes: The statistics refer to personal injury accidents reported to the police. Figures for deaths refer to persons who died within 30 days of the accident. This is the usual international definition and differs from that used in other contexts by the Registrars General. 258 Appendix

TABLE A.37 Senior railway engineers who have held the office of President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers since it was founded in 1847 and up to 1986

Period of office 1847-8 , FRS 1849-53 John R. Ramsbottom 1870-1 Joseph Tomlinson 1890-1 Samuel Waite Johnson 1898 Sir John A.F. Aspinall 1909-10 Sir ,vincent L. Raven, KBE 1925 Sir , KBE 1927 Sir Nigel Gresley, eBE 1936 Sir William A. Stanier, FRS 1941 Oliver V.S. Bulleid, eBE 1946 Roland e. Bond 1963 Bibliography

Ahrons, E. L., 'Histories of Famous Locomotive Builders', series of articles in The Engineer, vols 129-36. Allen, C. J., The London and North Eastern Railway (Ian Allan). Bagnell, P. S., The History of the National Union of Railwaymen (George Allen & Unwin, 1963). Berdrow, W., The , 1787-1937 (Verlag fUr Sozialpolitik, Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1937). Bonavia, M. R, The Economics of Transport (Nisbet/Cambridge University Press, 1936). Bonavia, M. R, The Organisation of British Railways (Ian Allan, 1971). Bonavia, M. R., The Birth of British Rail (George Allen & Unwin, 1979). Bonavia, M. R., The Four Great Railways (David & Charles, 1980). Bonavia, M. R., British Rail: The First 25 Years (David & Charles, 1981). Bonavia, M. R., Railway Policy Between the Wars (Manchester University Press, 1981). Bonavia, M. R., The History of the LNER, vols 1 and 2 (George Allen & Unwin, 1982); vol. 3 (George Allen & Unwin, 1983). Bond, R. C., A Lifetime with Locomotives (Goose & Son, 1975). Brown, F. A. S., Sir Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer (Ian Allan, 1962). Bulleid, H. A. V., Master Builders of Steam (Ian Allan, 1983). Cox, E. S., Locomotive Panorama, 2 vols (Ian Allan, 1965). Cox, E. S., British Railways Standard Steam Locomotives (Ian Allan, 1966). Darwin, B., A Century of Medical Service: The Swindon Medical Fund Society (Swindon Press, 1947). Doughan, D., Sir William Armstrong - The Great Gunmaker (Frank Graham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1970). Gale, W. K. V., Iron and Steel (The Moorland Publishing Co., Ashbourne, 1977). Hume, K. J., History of Engineering Metrology (Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1980). Johnson, J., and R A. Long, British Railways Engineering, 1948-80 (Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1981). Kelley, T., George Birkbeck: The Creator of the Mechanics Institutes (Liverpool University Press, 1957). Larkin, E. J., Works Organization and Management (Pitman, 1st edn 1940; 2nd edn 1945). Larkin, E. J., The Elements of Workshop Training (Pitman, 1st edn 1945; reprinted 1946; 2nd edn 1947). Larkin, E. J., Memoirs of a Railway Engineer (Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1979).

259 260 Bibliography

Low, R. C. S., 'The Re-organisation of British Railways Workshops', Journal of Institution of Locomotive Engineers, 1967. Lowe, J. W., British Builders (Goose & Son, 1975) Mountford, E., Caerphilly Works, 1901-1964 (Roundhouse Books, 1965). Nock, O. S., Sir , An Engineering Biography (Ian Allan, 1966). Nock, O. S., History of the Great Western Railway (Ian Allan, 1964). Nock, O. S., Two Miles a Minute (Patrick Stephens, 1980). Nock, O. S., (gen. ed.) Encyclopaedia of Railways (Octopus, 1977). Peck, A. S., The Great Western at (Oxford Publishing Company, 1983). Radford, J. B., and Midland Locomotives (Ian Allan, 1971). Reed, B., Crewe Locomotive Works and its Men (David & Charles, 1982). Rogers, H. C. B., The Last Steam Locomotive Engineer (George Allen & Unwin, 1970). Rogers, H. C. B., Riddles and the '9Fs' (Ian Allan, 1982). Round the Works of Our Great Railways (Arnold, 1893). Skeat, W.O., George Stephenson and His Letters (Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1973). Smith, S. A. S., 'The British Railways Mechanised Iron Foundry, Horwich', Journal of Institution of Locomotive Engineers, 1955. Thomas, J., The Story: The History of the Scottish Railway Metropolis (David & Charles, 1964). Warder, S. B., 'Electric Traction in the British Railways Modernisation Plan,' Journal of Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 18,1961. Warren, J. G. H., A Century of Locomotive Building, Robert Stephenson & Company, 1823-1923 (Andrew Reid & Co., 1923). Wilson, R. B., Sir : Memoirs and Diary (David & Charles, 1972). Wilson and Reader, Men and Machines: History of D. Napier and Son, 1808- 1958 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1958). Young, R., Timothy Hackworth (Shildon 'Stockton & Darlington Railway' Jubilee Committee, Shildon Town Council Office, County Durham, 1975). Index

Adams, J. H., 59 125, 126, 127, 137, 138-40, 147, 148, 163, Adams, William, 52, 59 164,165,189,190,191,192,199,201,202, Aeronautical Inspection Directorate (AID), 144, 203,204,205,206,208,209,210,214,215, 147 216,219,246-9 Amalgamation (1923), 3, 4, 6, 19, 20, 32, 34, British Rail Maintenance Ltd, 125,219 40,50,54,56,58,62,66,68,72,83,90,93, British Railways Board, 15, 18, 30, 52, 117, 105,107,116,121,132,144,147,166,168, 121,125,133,138,147,162,196,198,201, 175,188,197,198,203,225-7,255 209,210,214 Anthony, William, 54 British Road Federation, 213 Apprentices, 53, 121, 132, 141, 182-9, 198 British Transport Commission (BTC), 8, 9, 12, trade (or craft), 182-5, 187, 189 13,15,18,184,185,192,198,211 higher grade, 132, 185-9 Bromsgrove Wagon Works, 17,38, 45-{i, 222, Armstrong, George, 25, 26, 27 239 Armstrong, Joseph, 25, 26, 28 Brown, T. W., 147 Armstrong, Whitworth and Company, 93 Brunei, Isambard K., 20, 22, 28,153 Ashford Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,30, Budgets, 162,208,209-10 91,94-6,97,150,222,240 Bulleid, O. V. S., CBE, 6,10,258 Ashford Locomotive Works, 17, 91, 92-4,119, Burgin, Rt Hon. Leslie, 211 152,153,168,222,236-7 Burrows, Sir Robert, 185 Aspinall, Sir John A. F., 66,146,258 Bury, Edward, 1,2,39 Association of Railway Locomotive Engineers, 145 Caerphilly Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,21, Attock, F., 65 33,34,36,222,240 Attock, George, 65 Caerphilly Locomotive Works, 17, 21, 31-5, Axles and axle-boxes, 29, 43, 44, 52, 70, 82, 84, 119,178,222,236-7 95, 106, 113, 141, 142-3, 144, 145, 149, Carmichael, Bruce, 52 150,151,152,161,169,243 Channel Tunnel, 87, 216, 219 Cheeseman, L., 96 Bain, David, 61 Churchward, G. J., 22, 23,145 Barassie Wagon Works, 17, 39, 57, 58, 67,176, Clayton, Thomas G., 60, 61 222,239 Cock, C. M., 8 Barrow-in-Furness Works, 38, 50-1, 222 Colleges of Higher Education, 189 Bates, A. E., 62 Collett, C. B., 6, 23 Batteries, 29,77,171 Collins, C., 96 Beattie, Joseph, 151 'Columbine' locomotive, 49 Beeching, Lord (Dr Richard), 15, 117,211 Computerisation, 64, 110, 137-8, 139, 162-3, Bessemer steel, 48,145,146,158,160, 167 164-5,198,203,207 Billington, R., 96 Continuous casting plants, 169-70 Blair, J., 10 Contract works, 1,2,3,8,25,26,27,29,49,51, Blenkinsop, John, 1 52,59,72,76,77,81,90,92,93,103,110, Boilers, 3,11,23,25,26,27,29,31,32,49,59, 141,149,150,157,175,179,211 66,72,73,74,76,81,83,91,93,103,104, Cook, K. J., 10 105,106,111,112,114,144,146,149,154, Cook, Dr P. Lesley, 16 155,157,158,159,160,161,162,167,243 Corbishley, Peter, 192 Bond, Roland C., 8, 258 Cowlairs Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon Bouch, William, 81, 83 Works, 7, 17, 57,69, 72-3, 119, 153, 169, Bow Locomotive Works, 38, 51-2, 119, 222, 176,222,236-7,239 236-7 Cox, E. S., 8, 11 BRE-Metro Ltd, 18 Crewe Locomotive Works, 3, 6,17,37,38,43, Brickworks, 47, 167 46-50,51,52,53,60,66,99,106,107,108- Brighton Locomotive Works, 90-2, 96, 100, 9, Ill, 112, 114, 119, 125, 141, 142, 144, 119,146,178,179,222,236-7,244 145,146,147,153,155,158,164,166,167, British Engineering Standards Association, 145 168,170,171,172,176,178,182,185,186, British Rail Engineering Ltd (BREL), 18, 30, 188,196,207,219,222,236-7,244 31, 44, 49, 58, 77, 85, 94, 120, 121, 122, Cudworth, James I., 92

261 262 Index

Cunningham, John, 46 Cylinders, 23, 26, 31, 34, 43, 44, 52, 59, 60, 66, Factories Act (1961), 199 73,74,92,93,107,111,112-13,144,145, Factory Inspectorate, 199 151,157, 158, 160, 163, 167, 168 Factory and Workshop Act (1878), 198-9 Factory and Workshop Act (1895), 199 Darlington Locomotive Works, 17,68,69,74, Factory and Workshop Act (1901), 199 80-4,104,119,174,222,236-7,244 Fairburn, C. E., 6, 43,176 Dean, William, 25, 26, 146 Faverdale Wagon Works, 70, 84, 88-9, 223, 239 Fay, Charles, 65 Dent, A. E. C., 8 Dent, R., 59 Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Derby, 16,51,52, 117, 121, 125, 133, 138, 176, Trades, 195 178,181,210,243 Fell, Lt. Col. L. F. R., 43 Derby Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,39,43, Fernie, John, 142 45,46,60-5,79,96,99,125,150,151,153, Files, 158, 170 157,161,167,168,171,176,185,207,219, Financial control, 56-7,117,121,125,127,130, 222,239 132, 133, 138, 139, 165, 177,203-10,228, Derby Locomotive Works, 6,17,38,41-5,106, 233-5,246,249,250,252-4 119,125,132,137,142,145,147,154,157, First aid organisation, 200 164, 172, 174, 176, 178, 183, 184, 185, 188, , 76, 80 190,219,222,236-7,244 Forces Railway Operating Division, 175 Forging, 2, 3, 26, 29, 49, 52, 55, 61, 62, 66, 71, Developments (Loans, Guarantees & Grants) Act (1929), 27 72, 76, 81, 113, 114, 140, 141, 146, 150, Doncaster Carriage Works, 17,69,74,77-80, 151, 152, 153, 158, 166, 167, 168-9, 174, 86,123,125,176,222,239 176, 178, 179 Doncaster Locomotive Works, 17,69,74,75- Fowler, Sir Henry, KBE, 6, 42, 43, 44, 66,146, 7,78, 86,94, 119, 123, 125, 145, 153, 178, 258 179,185,188,219,222,236-7,244 Frames, 2,23, 30, 54,55, 61,62, 70, 71, 74, 79, Doncaster Wagon Works, 17,69,76,78,80,86, 85, 88, 89, 92, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104, 105, 222,239 106, 110, 111, 112-13, 114, 130, 144, 149, Dukinfield,179 152,154,155,156,158,162,164,167,243 Dunn, Dr, 77 Future developments, 211-19 Gardener, G. H., 96 Earle, Hardmann, 53 Gauges, broad and narrow (permanent way), Earlestown Carriage and Wagon Works, 17, 22-3,25,26,28,29,53,168,174,247,255 38,48,53-5,62,166,185,222,239 George V, King, 23 Eastern Region, BR, 9,10,11,52,84,118,120, George VI, King, 80 201,216,239,241,242,244 Gibson, J., 28 Eastleigh Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,90, Glass-fibre reinforced plastics, 63, 64, 100, 146, 91,97-9,100,102,168,171,176,179,222, 166,171-2 240 Gooch, Daniel, 2, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 53, 73, 90, Eastleigh Locomotive Works, 17, 90, 91, 92, 141, 160, 167 94, 97, 99-102, 119, 125, 161, 169, 176, Gooch, J. V., 73 178,179,185,188,219,223,236-7 Gorton Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,69,84, Edinburgh, Prince Philip, Duke of, 40 176, 222, 239 Edward VII, King, 40 Gorton Locomotive Works, 17, 31, 69, 74-5, Edwards, Edwin, 47 84,119,145,151,152,155,157,161,175, Elizabeth II, Queen, 23, 40 222, 236-7 Engineering Industry Training Board, 185 Government Departments and Ministers Engineering Standards Committee, 143 Admiralty, 174, 177, 178 Engineers Aircraft Production, 176, 177 chartered, 192 Defence, 247 technician, 192 Education and Science, 189 Erection, 3, 25, 31, 32, 34, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 61, Employment, 199 66, 76, 81, 82, 83, 92, 93, 100, 103, 104, Environment, 214 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 154, 155 Health and Social Security, 214 Estimating, 206-9 Home Office, 214 European Economic Community, 213, 216 Supply, 177, 179, 181 'Evening Star' locomotive, 24 Transport, 16, 175, 195,211,213,214,219 Expenses, 121,207,209 , 91,173,179 Index

'Great Western' locomotive, 22 Kentridge, Arnold G., 192 Great Western Railway (GWR), 4, 5, 6, 7, 19, Kilmarnock Locomotive Works, 39, 58-9, 119, 20--36, 53, 106, 117, 118, 141, 145, 154, 222,236-7 170,178,179,188,194,197,211,213,222, Kirtley, Matthew, 42, 43 225,235,236-7,238,255 Kirtley, Thomas, 42 Gresley, Sir Nigel, CBE, 6, 65, 66, 76, 83, 146, Kitson, 3, 59 258

Hackett, O. G., 96 Lancaster bombers, 176 Hackworth, Timothy, 1, 2, 25, 37, 68, 70, 81, Lancing Carriage Works, 17, 91, 96-7, 104, 150 176,180,222,240 Hampden bombers, 176 Larkin, EdgarJ., 11, 117 Harrison, J. F., 8,10 Laundries, 29, 171 Hatchell, M. S., 10 Leitner system, 29 Hawkesworth, F. W., 6,10 Lelean, W. A., 146 Health and safety, 89,121,198-9,215 Lemon, Sir Ernest J. H., 6, 54, 61 Health and Safety Executive, 199 Levett, W. E., 96 Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), 199 , 45 Hedley, William, 1 Liverpool & Manchester Railway, 1,37,53,65, Hibbert, Newton, 65 211 Higgs, F. R., 23 Locke, Joseph, 46 Hinton, Lord (Christopher), 188 London Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS), 4, Holden, James, 145 5,6,7,8,19,37-67,106,111,116,117,118, Holland-Martin, K., 211 133,144,147,171,176,177,178,179,184, Hood, Wells, 88 185, 190, 192, 203, 211, 222, 225-6, 228- Hookham, J. A., 59 31,235,236-7,238 Hopkinson, J., 65 London Midland Region, BR, 9, 10, 62, 118, Horwich Foundry, 66, 72,169-70,219 120,163,201,239,241,242,244 Horwich Locomotive Works, 6,17,39,51,55, London & North-Eastern Railway (LNER), 4, 65,66-7,72,119,143,144,145,146,147, 5,6,7,19,20,68-89,116,117,118,132, 151,152,155,168,170,172,178,179,181, 176,178,179,211,222,223,226-7,232-4, 185,188,222,236-7 235,236-7,238 Hours of work, 83, 126, 127,156,194,196,198, London Transport, 63, 77,147,175,185 199,215 Lundie, Cornelius, 31 Hoy, H. A., 66 , 59 Hughes, George, 6, 65, 66 Machinery and plant, 3, 18, 23, 25, 42, 48, 54, 61,65,71,85,102,121,149-65 Il\ston, Fred B., 96, 97 compressed air systems, 156 Industrial Court, 195, 196,224 computer numerically controlled (CNC) Industrial relations, 194-202 machines, 162, 163, 164-5; see also: Inspectors (initial examiners and finished work), Computerisation 44, 106-7, 117, 120, 121, 130, 133, 141, cutting tool materials, 160--2 146-7,158,203,206 electric motors, 155-6, 162 Inverurie Locomotive and Carriage and Wagon high-speed tool steel, 161, 162, 163 Works, 7, 17, 57, 68, 70, 88, 119, 223, hydraulic power, 54, 55, 153, 154, 157, 158, 236-7,239 159 Iron, 1,2,3,27,28,45,46,48,61,64,66,75,76, milling machines, 161 79,80,81,88,89, 112, 141, 145, 146, 149, overhead travelling cranes, 53, 99, 153-6 150, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 166-7, stationary steam engines, 157 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 steam hammers, 152 Ivatt, H. G., 6,10,43,45,60,106,146 traversing tables, 60, 153, 156 welding techniques, 162-3, 164 wheels, manufacture and maintenance of, Johnson, James, 60 150--1, 152, 163; see also: Wheels Johnson, Samuel Waite, 43, 60, 258 Whitworth engineering workshop (Man­ Jones & Potts, 38, 53 ), 151 Jones Turner & Evans, 53 'Mallard' locomotive, 76 264 Index

Manufacturing companies, 18, 32, 42, 43, 65, Pay and Efficiency Agreement, 133, 195-6 75,106,110, Ill, 125, 137, 141, 142,144, , 1 146--7, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, Peppercorn, A. H., 6, 10 156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164, Pettigrew, W. F., 51 165,167,168,172,174,176,178,179,188, Piecework prices, 196 219,243,247 Planter, A. H., 96 Marshall, W. P., 42 Points and crossings, 48, 49, 65, 74, 170 Mason, R., 51 Policy committees, 6, 8,11,117,144 Matthews, Sir Ronald W., 211 Polytechnics, 189 Maudslay, 142 Pratt & Whitney, 143 Maunsell, R. E. L., 6, 66, 93 'Princess Royal' locomotive building, 49, 111- Maxwell, Robert, 41 15 McConnell, J. E., 48 Privatisation, 219 McIntosh, J. F., 56 Production planning and control, 121, 126--40, Mitchell, Sir Steuart, 16, 117 207 Modernisation and re-equipment plan (1954), Production Office, 116, 132, 137,203,207 12,13, 15, 19,23,30,63,83,91,97, 107, Professional institutions 110,211 Institution of Civil Engineers, 142, 189 Montgomery, Field Marshal, 180 Institution of Electrical Engineers, 189, 192 Moon, Sir Richard, 48, 185 Institution of Locomotive Engineers, 146 Moorsom, Admiral C. R., 182 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 3, 42, Moorsom, W. M., 182 147, 189, 192 Morals and Health Act (1802), 198 Progressive repair systems, 11, 44, 49, 55, 74, Motion, 44, 106, 113-14, 143, 149, 157, 160, 84,94,95,96,97,99,100,104,105,106, 167,243 107, 108-9, 110, 121, 144, 147, 175 Munns, Fred, 10, 97 Progressive System of Workshop Training, 182-5 Nasmyth, James, 152, 153 Public utilities, 20--2, 37, 39, 42, 46--7, 51, 75, National Health Scheme, 22, 30, 47 76,77,94 Nationalisation (1948), 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 'Puffing Billy' locomotive, 25 18,19,27,29,30,36,40,45,46,49,50,52, Pugson, Ernest, 8, 62 59,67,70,72,73,74,79,82,83,84, 107, Pupils, 66, 121, 182, 185-90 116,117,121,126,130,133,144,147,184, 185,188,190,195,198,200,202,203,211, Quality assurance, 7, 23, 31, 40, 41, 44,106--7, 214,243 117, 120, 121, 126, 130, 133, 140, 141-8, Neilson & Co., 3, 59 158,160,173,178,203,206,213,215,219 Nelson, Sir George, 43 BRB Quality Ass~rance Division, 147 New manufacture procedure, 8,11, 18,60,61, Central Materials Inspection Bureau, 147 62,63,111-15,121,125,132-8,175,207, interchangeability of components, 141, 143 209 measuring aids, 142-4: Johansson gauge New works procedures, 206 blocks, 144; standard gauges, 143 Newall, John W., 143 metrology, developments in, 145-6 Newton Heath Carriage and Wagon Works, 39, Nati6nal Physical Laboratory certification, 145 54,62,65,104,222 Pressure Vessels Quality Assurance Board, Nicholson, John, 73 148 'North Star' locomotive, 23, 53 tolerances, 143-4

Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act Railway Division, BTC, 12 (1963), 199 Railway Engineering School (Derby), 190, 192 Operation layout sheet, 133, 136,207 Railway Executive, 8, 12, 24, 107, 117, 121, Overseas railways, 2, 8, 18, 25, 53, 56, 64, 71, 130,202 94, 95, 96, 120, 125, 126, 138, 139, 163, Railway Executive Committee, 61,173,175 174,175,179,202,216,219,247 Railway Industry Association, 18 Railway Institutes, 22, 25, 37,42,47,53,68,84, Palmer, Lord, 211 92, 182, 186, 202 Panter, William, 97 Railway Shopmen's National Council, 16, 195, Park, C. A., 39 196 Park, J. C., 52, 59 Railway War Production Committee, 173 Paton, William, 72 (1921), 4, 197 Index 265

Rainhill, 37, 53 Spitfire fighters, 67, 176 Ramsbottom, John, 48, 49, 66, 141, 142, 153, Sponsored studentship, 189-90 155,158,167,168,182,258 Staff Association, BR, 200, 202 Ramsden, James, 51 Staff, exchanges of, 188 Randle, H., 10 Staff suggestions, 200, 201 Rationalisation plan (1962), 16, 17, 18, 24, 27, Stamer, A. C., 81 41,43,50,55,63,70,74,77,79,83,84,87, Stamp, Lord, 211 88,89,92,96,97,100,110,117,153,156, Stanier, Sir William A., FRS, 6, 43, 49, 146, 162,163,168-9,170,215 187,258 Raven, Sir Vincent L., KBE, 258 Starrett, L. S., 143 Records, 121, 133,210 Steel, 3, 14,29,30,47,48,49,55,62,63,64,65, Regulation of the Forces Act (1871), 173 66,67,70,71,72,73,79,85,86,88,94,95, Reid, Robert W., 61 96,97, 111, 112, 113, 145, 146, 149, 150, Religion, 21,22,37,42,46-7,55,75-6,96,198 154,156,158,160,161,162,163,164,165, Repair documentation, 206 166,167-8, 169, 170, 172, 174, 178, 179 Repair of locomotives, carriages and wagons, Stephenson, George, 1, 2, 25, 37, 42, 53, 59, 2,8,11,16,18,103-10,204,205,234-5 116, 188, 258 repairs procedure, 106, 107, 126-32; 137, Stephenson, Robert, FRS, 1, 37, 41, 42, 59, 209,210 188,258 Riches, C. H., 31 Stephenson, Robert, & Co., 1,3,31,32,55,59, Riddles, Robert A., CBE, 6, 8,11,12,50,126, 68, 141 179 , James, 93 Robbins report, 189 Stirling, Patrick, 76, 93 Robertson, Lord (Sir Brian), 12, 15, 192,211 Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1, 2, 68, 80, Robinson, J. A., 27 81,83,194,198,211 Robson, A. E., 10, 18 Stoke Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon 'Rocket' locomotive, 37 Works, 39, 59-60, 222 Rods, 104, 112, 113-14, 141, 142, 158, 161 Stratford Carriage Works, 17,69,74, 86, 87, Roe, Sir Alliot V., 66 185, 222, 239 Rolling stock library, 133, 210 Stratford Locomotive Works, 17,52,69,73-4, Rolls-Royce engines, 75, 176, 181 87,119,185,188,222,236-7 Royal Engineers, 178 Stroudley, William, 96 , 142 Subsidiary works, 4, 32, 37, 44, 68, 81, 90, 97, Royal Train, 29, 40-1, 79 238 Royce, Sir Henry, 75 Superannuation schemes, 197-8, 199 , Duke of, 40-1 St Rollox Carriage Works (Glasgow), 6, 17, Swindon Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,20, 38,58,67,153,156,176,222,239 21, 24, 27-31, 36, 60, 161, 166, 168, 171, St Rollox Locomotive Works (Glasgow), 6, 179,222,240 17, 38, 55-8, 72, 73, 119, 125, 145, 147, Swindon Locomotive Works, 2, 3, 6,17,20-5, 169,185,188,219,222,236-7 26,27,28,29, 30, 32, 34, 104, 106, 119, Sanders, Lance, 97 141,144,145,146,151,152,153,154,155, Sellars, J. H., 31, 32 157,158,160,161,166,167,168,170,172, Serpell review, 214 174, 175, 178, 179, 185, 188,222,236-7, Sharpe Bros & Co., 59 244 Shepherd, Arthur, 97 Shepherd, Charles, 97 Tank locomotives, 23, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, Shildon Wagon Works, 1, 17, 68, 69, 70-2, 81, 52,59,60,66,73,82,84,92,93,243 87,88,89, 124, 150, 156, 161, 168-9, 178, Tanks, military, 176, 178, 179, 181 194, 222, 239 Technician trainees, 188, 189 Signals and signal boxes, 15,48,49-50,77,145, Temple Mills Wagon Works, 17, 68, 70, 86-7, 170, 190,214 222 Soho Works (Shildon), 68, 83, 150 Tenders, 23,26,27,34,43,67,81,93, 114, 115, Southern Railway (SR), 4, 6, 7,19,66,90-102, 150,243 117,118,163,178,211,222,223,227,235, Testing, 66, 110, 112, 113, 114-15, 142, 145, 236-7,238 146-7,163, 167, 169, 171-2 Southern Region, BR, 9, 10, 11,95,97, 118, Thompson, E., 6 120,171,201,240,241,242,244 Tomlinson, Joseph, 258 Specialised activities, 4, 166-72 Townhill Wagon Works, 73 266 Index

Traction motors, 172 113, 114, 141, 142, 145, 149, 150-1, 152, Trade unions, 16, 194, 195, 196, 198,214,224 153,154,155,156,157,158,162,163,164, Training of staff, 121, 139, 182-93 166-7,168,171,243 training centres, 190--2 Whitley bombers, 176 training schools, 55, 86, 184, 185, 186 Whitney, Eli, 143 Transport Act (1947), 8 Whitworth, Sir Joseph, 43, 47, 142, 143, 151, Transport Act (1953), 12 152,158 Transport Act (1962), 15, 18 Wilson, Lord (Sir Harold), 34 Transport Act (1968), 18, 120 Windsor, Lord, 31 Treadgold, W., 147 Wolverhampton Locomotive Works, 17, 21, Trevithick, Francis, 48 25-7,119,178,222,236-7 Trevithick, Richard, 1,48, 157 Wolverton Carriage and Wagon Works, 17,29, 37, 38, 39-41, 48, 62, 65, 125, 145, 168, Universities, 16, 146, 182, 185, 188-9 171,176,178,179,185,196,219,222,239 Wood, 14,28,46,51,54,55,61,62,64,65,70, Victoria, Queen, 40, 47 72,79,81,84,85,86,87,88,89,96,149, Vulcan (Viaduct) Foundry (Newton-Ie-Willows), 150,153, 154, 155, 157, 170, 171 1,3, 53, 59, 141, 166 Woolwich Arsenal, 174, 175 Work Study Training Centre (Watford), 192 Wages, 16,52,53,59,83,116, 117, 119, 121, Workshop supervisors, 4, 11, 27, 40, 63, 66, 126, 130, 132, 194-7, 198, 199,203,204, 107,111,116,119,120,121,130,132,137, 206,207,215,249 143,145,146,157,182,184,190,191,192, Wainwright, H. S., 93 193, 196, 197 Waister, W. H., 27 Workshops Division, BR, 16, 18,30,45,70,73, Walkergate Carriage and Wagon Works, 17, 75,77,83,85,92,110,117,120,127,133, 70, 87, 222, 239 145,163,172,190,203 Ward Foundry (Dundee), 52 Works organisation and management, 4, 5, Warder, S. B., 10 7,11,116-25,219 Warner, Surrey, 97 World wars Watkin, A. M., 92 first, 3, 4, 32,41,43,44,49, 51, 93, 105, 120, Watkin, Sir Edward, 92 143, 144, 161, 162, 168, 173-5, 178, 194 Watt, James, 157, 188 second, 4,13,22,34,36,43,49,52,67,68, Webb,F. W.,3,47,49, 158, 170 83,91,107,116,120,141,144,147,162, Wedderburn, Professor Dorothy, 16 163, 168, 173, 175-81, 186, 188, 190, Weighing, 114-15 192,211,215 Wellington, Duke of, 37 Worsdell, Thomas C., 65 Western Region, BR, 9, 10, 11, 24, 30, 118, Wyatt, Matthew Digby, 20 120,201,216,240,241,242,244 Wheels, 2, 4, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 40, 43, 44, York Carriage Works, 17, 69, 79, 84, 85-{i, 99, 52,59,60,61,64,65,66,72,73,79,82,88, 125,152,164,176,185,219,222,239 92,93,94,95,96,103,104,105,106,107, York Wagon Works, 17,69,84,85,87,222,239