Notes Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Labour Leader, 23June 1905. 2 A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965) p. 1. It was certainly unlikely that the average Englishman would have been unaware of the existence oflocal government institutions.lfMr Taylor's statement is meant to apply to national government it is worth pointing out that the police were organised and controlled on a local basis. 3 G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England (1965) p. 109. On the proliferation of government agencies see D. Roberts, The Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State (New Haven, 1960) pp. 327-33. The philosophy underlying Victorian legislation has been the subject of a lengthy and by now rather pointless academic debate. It has been conveniently summarised by A. J. Taylor, Laissez-faire and State Inter­ vention in Nineteenth Century Britain ( 1972). 4 North Wales Observer, 18 December 1896. 5 A. S. Wohl in his introduction to a new edition of A. Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (Leicester, 1970) p. 9. 6 Labour Leader, 2 November 1895. 7 F. Ponsonby, Recollections of Three Reigns (1951) p. 300. 8 Contemporary Review, LXXXI (January 1902) p. 81. On this see B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain (1966) p. 2lff. The view has recently been challenged by G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London (1971) p. 78. 9 C. F. G. Masterman, in J. T. Boulton (ed.), The Condition of England (1960) p. 59. 10 A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds), Essays in Labour History 1886-1923 (1971) p. 2. 11 D. Butler, 'Electors and Elected' in A. H. Halsey (ed.), Trends in British Society Since 1900 (1972) p. 227. 12 G. D. H. Cole, 'British Trade Unions in the Third Quarter of the Nineteenth Century', reprinted in E. M. Carus Wilson (ed.), Essays in Economic History (1962) vol. 3, p. 220. 13 A. E. Musson, British Trade Unions 1800-1875 (1972) p. 58. 14 B. R. Mitchell and P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cam­ bridge, 1971) p. 68. 15 H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (Pelican edition, 1963) pp. 89-90. 16 T.U.C., Annual Report, 1897, p. 28. 17 H. Pelling, 'The Working Class and the Origins of the Welfare State', in his Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968) pp. 1-18. 344 NOTES 18 I.L.P., Annual &port, 1895, p. 26. 19 T.U.C., Annual Report, 1895, p. 44. 20 P. Snowden, 'The Labour Party and the General Election', Independmt Review, VII (1905) p. 143. 21 Ibid., p. 139. 22 See, for example, C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1949) pp. 212-26; D. Nicholls, 'Positive Liberty, 1880-1914', American Political Science &view, 56 ( 1962) pp. 114--28. 23 D. G. Ritchie, The Principles of State Interference (1891) p. 64. 24 H. Samuel, Liberalism ( 1902) p. 28. 25 H. Cox, Socialism in the House of Commons (1907) p. 8. 26 J. Morley to H. Campbell Bannerman, 19 July 1907. Campbell Banner­ man Papers. B.M.Add. MSS 41223, f. 253. 27 Bristol Right to Work Committee, Annual &port, 1908, p. 2. 28 T. Wilson, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 1914-1935 (Fontana edition, 1968) pp. 20-I. In 'Some Reflections' for this edition of his book Professor Wilson admits that his metaphor was perhaps a little rash because it has so taken the attention of readers that other explana­ tions of the party's downfall, 'including the possibility that the apparent victim may have been at death's door anyway' have been overlooked. 29 R. Douglas, The History of the Liberal Party, 1895-1970 (1971) p. 3. 30 Ibid., p. 2. 31 G. Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England 1910-1914 (Capri­ corn edition, 1961) p. 8. 32 Pelling, Popular Politics, pp. 101-20. 33 H. V. Emy, Liberals, Radicals and Social Politics 1892-1914 (Cambridge, 1973). 34 P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour. The Struggle for Landon 1885-1914 (1967) esp. pp. 294--8. 35 P. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism (Cambridge, 1971). 36 C. F. G. Masterman, 'Liberalism and Labour', Nineteenth Century, LX (1906) p. 706. 37 There has, of course, been a considerable amount of work on the Conservative Party and its politicians. For a recent bibliography see G. D. M. Block, 'On the State of Conservative Studies', Swinton Journal, 14 (1969), pp. 32-6. For a fuller list see the same author's A Source Book of Conservative Studies (1964) pp. 13-62. 38 S. Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool (1934) p. 271. 39 M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics ( 1971) p. I. 40 No copies are known to survive. It is mentioned by '0', 'Industry and Its Rewards in Great Britain and Ireland', Westminster &view, XXXVII (1842) p. 216. 41 F. Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs (1911) vol. 1, p. 316. 42 Pelling, British Trade Unionism, p. 69. 43 St james Gazette, 12 July 1880. His speech damning Gladstone was published by the L.P.D.L. as Socialism at St Stephens, 1883-1884. 44 A. White, The Views of Vanoc: An Englishman's Outlook (1910) p. 310. NOTES 345 45 R. Tressall, The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists (Penguin edition, 1940) p. 33. 46 H. Macmillan, The Winds r:ifChange, 1914-1939 (1966) p. 249. 47 R. A. Church, 'Profit-Sharing and Labour Relations in England in the Nineteenth Century', International Review of Social History, XVI (1971) p. 2. 48 B. Webb, My Apprenticeship (Penguin edition, 1971) p. 59. 49 E. H. Phelps Brown, The Growth of British Industrial Relations (1959) pp. 211-15. 50 K. D. Brown, 'Conflict in Early British Welfare Policy: the Case of the Unemployed Workmen's Bill of 1905', Journal of Modem History, 43 (1971) pp. 615-29. 51 J. Chambers, Unemployment and Politics (Oxford, 1972) pp. 105-6. 52 Quoted in R. J. White, The Conservative Tradition (1950) p. 88. 53 G. R.Jones, 'England', in H. Rogger and E. Weber (eds), The European Right (1965) pp. 29-30. Chapter 2: The New LiberalisDl of C. F. G. Mastennan, 1873-1927 The only biography of Masterman is that by his widow, Lucy Master­ man, C. F. G. Masterman (1939). I am most grateful to Mrs Master­ man and to Mr N. C. Masterman for their kind help in this piece of research. Unfortunately only a very few fragments of Masterman's correspondence appear to have survived. This material is not available for public use. I am indebted to the custodians of the following libraries and museums for granting me access to collections in their keeping which contain material relating to Masterman: The First Beaverbrook Foundation, Beaverbrook Library (David Lloyd George Papers); Bodleian Library, Oxford (Asquith Papers, Ponsonby Papers); British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics (Braithwaite Papers; Webb Diaries); British Museum (John Burns Papers; Herbert Gladstone Papers; C. P. Scott Papers); and Friends' House Library (T. E. Harvey Papers). 2 C. Addison, Politics from Within (1924) vol. 1, p. 29; cf. Arnold Bennett, Journal (1932) p. 688. 3 S. Hynes, The Edwardian Tum of Mind (1968) p. 86. 4 Union debate, 30 November 1897. I am indebted to Mr N.C. Master­ man for bringing this information to my attention and to Mr R. F. Thompson of the Cambridge Union Society for making it available. 5 Ibid., 19 November 1895. 6 Ibid., 7 February 1899. 7 C. F. G. Masterman, in R. Mudie-Smith (ed), The Religious Life of London (1904) p. 196. 8 C. F. G. Masterman, 'The English City', in L. Oldershaw (ed), England: a Nation (1904) p. 56. E.A.L.H.-M 346 NOTES 9 See Masterman's defence against adverse criticism in his Preface to the new and popular edition of his The Heart of Empire (1902) pp. xiii-xiv. This collection of essays, originally published in 1901, was edited and in some cases rewritten by Masterman. See G. P. Gooch, Under Six Reigns (1936) p. 86. 10 The Hearl of the Empire, pp. 50-1. 11 Ibid., p. 8. 12 The Condition of England (1909) p. 9. 13 See 'The Challenge of the Church', The Commonwealth, IX (May 1904) pp. 131-4; 'June in England', The Commonwealth, IX (July 1904) pp. 211-3. 14 B. Webb, Our Partnership (1948) p. 292. 15 H. G. Wells, Experiment in Autobiography (1934) pp. 650-1. 16 C. F. G. Masterman, 'For Zion's Sake: The Wail of a Social Reformer', The Commonwealth, V (November 1900) p. 322. 17 'Municipal Socialism', The Pilot, VI (October 1902) pp. 367-9. 18 H. Gladstone Interview Notebook, 9 March 1903. Herbert Gladstone Papers, British Museum Add. MSS 46484, f. 31. 19 C. F. G. Masterman to H. Gladstone, 8 December 1903. Ibid., B.M.Add. MSS 46061, f. 87. 20 Webb, Our Partnership, p. 309 (Diary, 30 July 1905). 21 South Essex Mail, 23 December 1905. 22 Ibid., 16 December 1905. 23 'The Outlook for Social Reform', Independent Review, VII (October 1905) p. 148. 24 Parl. Debates, 4th Ser., CLV. 1048-50. 25 H. Gladstone to C. F. G. Masterman, 28 June 1906. H. Gladstone Papers. B.M.Add.MSS 46107, f. 164. 26 Parl. Debates, 4th Ser., CLXI 439-40. 27 Ibid., CLXVI, 977-1009. 28 'Liberalism and Labour', The Nineteenth Century, LXI (November 1906), p. 712. 29 The Nation, 24 August 1907. 30 J. A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism (1909) p. 133. 31 The Nation, 6July 1907. 32 Ibid., 27 July 1907. 33 'Causes and Cures of Poverty', Albany Review, II (February 1908), pp.