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Lloyd George Chris Wrigley Examines the Roots of Lloyd George’S Political Beliefs the Nonconformist Mind of David Lloyd George

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Lloyd George Chris Wrigley Examines the Roots of Lloyd George’S Political Beliefs the Nonconformist Mind of David Lloyd George Lloyd George Chris Wrigley examines the roots of Lloyd George’s political beliefs The Nonconformist Mind of David Lloyd George avid Lloyd George has often proved extra-parliamentary speechmaking’ which to be an elusive figure to pin down, made for a national political debate. He further Dboth for his contemporaries and, later, commented: for historians. Like Disraeli, he was not part of the English public schoolboys’ milieu; nor was The decline of Whiggery and the loss of Cham- he aided by family connections in the way that berlain meant that the upper levels of the Lib- Arthur Balfour was by the ‘Hotel Cecil’, the eral Party increasingly depended on rhetoric as term used to describe Lord Salisbury’s govern- their link with the party as well as the electorate. ments with its many places for his relatives. Lloyd Men such as Gladstone, Morley and Asquith had George was, as he liked to put it, a ‘cottage-bred no base for power within their party save their man’ or, as opponents put it in doggerel verse, a rhetoric and their legislative achievements. They ‘bounder from Wales’.1 He reached Westminster controlled no machine, they spent no money on through grass-roots activism, not family or social politics, they had no base in the localities, no real connections. patronage except when in office.4 Keynes famously wrote: Lloyd George was different in so far as he did have Lloyd George is rooted in nothing; he is void a base in north Wales and more broadly in Non- and without content; he lives and feeds on his conformity, at least until the First World War immediate surroundings; he is an instrument but arguably later. He nurtured his Welsh base and a player at the same time which plays on the directly as well as through his wife, Margaret, company and is played on them too; he is a prism his uncle Richard Lloyd, his brother, William … which collects light and distorts it and is most George and such colleagues as J. Herbert Lewis. brilliant if the light comes from many quarters He also carefully cultivated the local press. He at once; a vampire and a medium in one.2 assiduously maintained strong links to Noncon- formity through leading Nonconformists such In fact, Lloyd George was rooted in Noncon- as Dr John Clifford and through being on the formity, and in radical Welsh politics. Whether he executive board of the Liberation Society (which remained a believer in redemption through faith sought to disestablish the Church of England) and is debateable, but he did continue to be embed- on the National Council of the Evangelical Free ded in Nonconformist culture. This was shown Churches. in many ways, not least in his rhetoric, which was Like most other leaders, Conservative and rich in Biblical, historical and literary allusions Liberal Unionist as well as Liberal, Lloyd George drawn from a Nonconformist perspective. made his name by his skills in speaking on pub- Lloyd George was born in January 1863, a little lic platforms as well as debating in the House of short of midway through Queen Victoria’s reign. Commons. Once he was established as a major He grew up in north Wales in the era of Disraeli politician, he made major speeches that were and Gladstone. He eagerly walked from his home intended to be read as well as heard. Like Glad- in Llanystumdwy to Robert’s shop at Portmadoc stone, Lloyd George arranged the timing of his to buy his uncle, Richard Lloyd, a London news- speeches to accommodate the press. When, as a paper so they both could read the detailed reports major politician, he spoke at 2.30 pm, his speech of the major speeches of Gladstone, Disraeli, was available on the streets by 4.30 pm. Lloyd Chamberlain, Parnell and other leading politi- George was inordinately impressed by the press. cians. Later, he vividly remembered that, when He helped in the 1901 takeover by George Cad- an articled clerk in Portmadoc, he stood outside bury of the Daily News and the reversal of its the shop reading ‘the great news about Gladstone’ pro-Boer War stance.5 He and Sir George Rid- returning to the premiership in 1880. 3 dell were friends for a long time and he cultivated As Colin Matthew argued, the period from other newspaper proprietors, recommending 1872 was ‘the era … [of] the growth of regular Riddell, Harold Harmsworth and Max Aitken 18 Journal of Liberal History 96 Autumn 2017 The Nonconformist Mind of David Lloyd George for peerages. He also put Beaverbrook and done so ‘with a strict economy of sincerity, unde- Rothermere in to his wartime government and tected at the time and, more surprisingly over- made Northcliffe Director of Propaganda. In looked by historians.’ Grigg also argued, October 1918, Lloyd George took over the Daily Chronicle, which had become supportive of mili- In reality, his instincts were more secularist than tary figures critical of him, and so controlled until Nonconformist. He rejected dogmatic Christi- 1926 a major London newspaper.6 The historian anity of every kind, and had a special dislike for A. J. P. Taylor commented, ‘Editors of The Times the Nonconformist kind, because he had more have often thought that they were more impor- direct experience of it than of any other and tant than the Prime Minister. Lloyd George was because its moral atmosphere was in many ways the only prime minister who apparently agreed so alien to him.8 with them.’7 Lloyd George’s Nonconformist roots were David, his sister Mary Ellen (known as Polly) deep. Yet with John Grigg’s otherwise excellent and his brother William were brought up by volumes, it became almost an orthodox view for their uncle, Richard Lloyd, an unpaid pastor in some years that Lloyd George was not a believer. Criccieth of the Disciples of Christ, a sect which Grigg observed of Lloyd George emerging as the believed that the New Testament was a reliable national Nonconformist champion that he had and sufficient guide to a godly life. Founded by Journal of Liberal History 96 Autumn 2017 19 The Nonconformist Mind of David Lloyd George Alexander Campbell, a Scotch Baptist who emi- Lloyd George lost Victorian and later religion in Britain, accepted grated to the United States, it was a breakaway this view, and commented, ‘It would seem that Baptist group which had a small membership, the faith he was Lloyd George did not, like Joseph Chamberlain, some 200 in Wales, when Lloyd George was born. move from belief into agnosticism, but fluctuated More generally, Welsh Baptists remained wed- raised in when he between periods of belief and doubt, like Parnell.’ ded to beliefs in eternal punishment and rejected was between 11 or Machin concluded, ‘Lloyd George can best be the new theology which was undercutting fun- described as a broad and speculative Baptist.’15 damentalism in England. The Welsh religious 12 and about 20, Visiting London for a court case in 1888, he revival of 1904–5, strongest in Welsh speaking visited the scenes of the Jack the Ripper murders areas, was very much fundamentalist.9 Mary Ellen but found peace with a policeman from Caernarvonshire on a Sat- remained a devout believer in the values of the urday night, but on the Sunday morning he heard Disciples of Christ and was critical of her brother of mind with a Charles Haddon Spurgeon preach in the Metro- David’s moral lapses.10 politan Tabernacle, in the afternoon he listened to It seems to me that a key question is what was more liberal Bap- Frederick Harrison at the Positivist Hall and, in the faith that Lloyd George lost? Was it Christi- the evening, he went to hear the Wesleyan Hugh anity generally or was it the faith of his uncle? It tist belief. Price Hughes on ‘The Words of Life’ at St James’s seems that Lloyd George felt major doubts before Hall. Elected to parliament in 1890, Lloyd George or on the day he was baptised in 1875. He doubted spent many Sundays in London going to hear the certainties of the Campbellite Baptists. In leading Nonconformist preachers in their chapels, this he was far from unusual. In the 1860s and drawing on the lists of ‘preachers for tomorrow’ 1870s there was a great turning away from belief from Saturday newspapers. On Sunday morn- in eternal damnation. Charles Haddon Spurgeon ing 20 April 1891, for example, he went to West- defended the verities of hellfire for those not con- bourne Grove chapel. In the afternoon, he chaired verted to his fundamentalist form of Christian- a meeting at which John Clifford gave a lecture on ity, but by 1888 a majority of the members of the gambling. In a letter home, Lloyd George’s sis- Baptist Union had moved in favour of a gentler ter wrote that Dr Clifford was very pleased with and more liberal Christianity.11 This approach, her brother’s address from the chair. As for her characterised by Dr John Clifford, was more to brother, ‘I never saw him more taken with any- Lloyd George’s taste. Lloyd George’s loss of faith one than he was with Dr Clifford. His sermons was with the fundamentalism of the Disciples of were so practical, he said, and yet so refined and Christ, and this was lasting. His son recollected, cultured.’16 On another occasion, in response to that his father ‘found it difficult to accept … one an angry and highly critical letter from his wife, of its cardinal tenets … the literal interpretation Lloyd George defended himself from not going of the Bible’.
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