Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Rouquette Zhang Li switchgrass in traits panicle ( for interactions environment x QTL ln tes(remn&Hre,20) ndmsiae pce,teei ietascainbetween association and direct yield a seed is influences there ultimately species, role which domesticated important seeds, an In of plays size pattern 2004). have and branching may Harder, number grasses, panicles & wild the (Friedman Simple In affects fitness (number, type. and (Bommert 2009). plant branching branches branch pollination Bataillon, tertiary length, each wind and & on panicle secondary Glemin in many borne in 2018; possess can size variation Whipple, plants panicles and as & in complex number while differences measured thousands branches, flower species interspecies often for primary and grass only of selection are among pattern), determinant of and and critical and target within history, are length, the architecture architectures life panicle been Panicle and in has diversity morphology 1994). inflorescence) enormous Nugent, (or is & panicle There (Coen grass 2007). the (Doust, grain, years of of bearers the As Introduction genetics candidate yearly developmental and with shared associated QTL on were based time effects development flowering panicle E signals. identified (4 of environmental x most previously model QTL to and pleiotropic the responses with E), a of and co-localized x supporting Many QTL flowering, QTL effects. no with Panicle condition-specific (i.e., associated effects exhibited genes photoperiod. consistent E exhibited x and QTL QTL temperature the with mean of effects Twelve mixed the multi-environment traits. of our panicle x Overall, 6) QTL for of switchgrass. with QTL in correlated 18 QTL factors detected trait between environmental panicle model identified relationships underlying QTL also pleiotropic genes We outcrossing evaluated candidate We an biomass. potential and in and States. interactions architec- production number United E tiller branching central genetic time, the secondary the flowering in evaluate and and sites traits we number, field panicle study, branching ten this primary across could In length, grown architecture panicle population productivity. panicle switchgrass including controlling seed interactions traits impacting E panicle by x of development QTL cultivar ture peren- and a and (QTL) switchgrass, efforts loci In breeding trait interaction. quantitative aid their of and identification environment, crop, the biofuel genes, by nial controlled variation quantitative exhibit traits Panicle Abstract 2020 5, November 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Boe Arvid ot aoaSaeUniversity State Dakota South University Research State Forage Michigan and Sorghum Wheat USDA-ARS System Missouri of University Stillwater Laboratory University Overton Research State Water at Oklahoma Center and Extension Soil and Grassland Research USDA-ARS Agricultural University A&M Service Texas Conservation Resources Austin National at USDA Texas of University The aiu virgatum Panicum 1 iouWeng Xiaoyu , 9 3 n hmsJuenger Thomas and , hli Fay Phillip , 4 aq Wu Yanqi , 1 ahieBehrman Kathrine , ) 1 5 ei Fritschi Felix , 1 1 ao Bonnette Jason , 6 oetMitchell Robert , 1 onReilley John , 7 ai Lowry David , 2 Francis , 8 , Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oas ta. 01 ir ta. 00 ue l,21) u hs atrshv o enivsiae in investigated been not have patterns these but 2017), al., 2011; ( Izawa, et Switchgrass & Yu Endo-Higashi 2010; 2006; al., al., grasses. et et developmental perennial Miura (Brown of havenative rice 2001; context locations and al., QTL the sorghum et overlapping in in approaches through Komatsu development squarely many identified panicle fits the effects in through of Pleiotropic and observed one pleiotropy, part been 2013). is genome-wide in Rockman, mapping estimate & 2019), QTL (Paaby to al., pleiotropy 2015). used et al., been et (Lee al have (Azizi development et that meristems reproductive on (Auge effects and impacts crops pleiotropic developmental growth show in their vegetative genes potential both development-related pathway yield reproductive affect time and frequently and flowering vegetative most for number the loci example, tiller networks the For During on regulatory Therefore, pleiotropy. similar 2020). show meristems. by al., frequently meristems axillary et of traits is Xue and type 2008; inflorescences different apical Li, the and 2004;). meristem & affect shoot same (Wang internodes, Preston may the the signals tiller, and from environmental of originate leaves, Pigliucci complex traits determinacy and as 2019; related and such developmentally many activity al. organs, transition, devel- the vegetative-to-reproductive et aboveground genetics, by all Auge in dictated of 2014; implications mainly formation an broad al., has is the et therefore and plants, (Armbruster and 1957) In evolution Pleiotropy traits (Williams, adaptive among 2008). traits and Klingenberg, correlation distinct 2014; opment genetic multiple al., genetic et the affecting the (Armbruster to modularity understand gene contributes and to single integration interest trait for a of great of interactions driver of important QTL-by-environment phenomenon is the in interactions QTL is involved in of Pleiotropy common were pattern is the QTL E traits. and x 19 phenotypic E G five of underlying x environments. for architecture watering out G QTL QTL-by- different identifying 11 influence. 17 showed under and environmental identified QTL maize that studies in (2017) six to found number QTL, susceptible branching al. (2017) these primary are et Among tassel traits Leng al. rice. related example, et in For panicle population Zhao that et 2017). haploid (Kovi indicating al., double traits interactions, et a panicle environment (e.g., Zhao in many crops traits 2017; many impacting in related al., genotype-by- (QTL) E panicle et as x loci G known Leng trait of quantitative 2011; better studies Quantitative important al., is on identified 2013). environment effects al., have the et environmental 2002). rice) Marias to al., to maize, (Des response E) et addition x (Jamal in Ungerer (G In common 2004; plasticity interactions environment also Yan, phenotypic 1997). is & in al, traits Hong variation panicle 2006; et Genetic in al., Mitchell species et components et 2016; Brown within Abiotic (Adriani al., variation 2009; architecture genetic al., et 2010). panicle standing Wu et deficit al., ultimately traits, 2017; water et and panicle by al., development in (Liu influenced variation panicle et family al. be Wu affect inbred et to light 2016; recombinant architecture Adriani found and al., panicle rice also example, drought, of was For a heat, branching trait in as 2019). Secondary plastic) such branching (or al., rice. primary variable et in than most Tu resources more the 2016; light was to al., with number response et interact branch in mechanisms Bai secondary environmental these that 2016; different and found al., to mechanisms (2016) et response regulatory in (Adriani complex plasticity signals involves display environmental development often panicle traits phenotypically as Panicle through cues, signals domesticated 2000). environmental architecture. and (Sultan, and panicle availability changes in wild resource plastic variation changing both Given to genetic of respond understand Barrett, 2005). productivity often to & Organisms and Mazer, interest (Dorken fitness & great availability (Wolfe of the nutrient is to competition 2005), it architecture intraspecific Doust, in species, inflorescence and & evolve of 2006), likely (Mal importance (Caruso, drought traits the availability 1999), variation These water environmental al., and soil 2000). 2004) et 2004), Harder, 2005). Kellogg, (Vogler & light 2002; (Friedman Li, panicle pollinator as Kellogg, & different obscured by such mediated & has Wang that phylogeny selection (Doust suggests natural 2016; grass diversity to grasses the al., response panicle across the et homoplasy of in and Crowell mechanisms variation times, the 2006; many panicle independently of al., arisen distribution have et architecture phylogenetic (Brown the pr aiu virgatum Panicum . a encapoe saptnilboulco ic twsslce by selected was it since crop biofuel potential a as championed been has L.) 2 . 09.Gnsivle nhroepathways hormone in involved Genes 2019). , Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Xi 0321.Oerpiaeo aho h apn rgn eoye,aogwt utpereplicates multiple with along genotypes, progeny mapping the Austin, Laboratory, of Field each Brackenridge F the of and at replicate grandparents pot One 3.8-L of a in 2013-2015. maintained in was which TX of each clones, 10 produce F from grandparents, accessions), derived The upland clonally northern genotypes population. (both are mapping ‘Summer’ outbred and VS16 ‘West F four-way ‘Dacotah’ and population The lowland cultivars DAC6 occurring the upland from respectively. naturally the respectively. 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G four-way with across latitudinal a of along traits from nature germplasm, panicle progeny lowland and of of be divisions architecture importance will clonal 2000). genetic the production Vogel, planted seed investigate 2009; the Taliaferro, consistent evaluated to & as we (Das US relationship breeding, study, production its and biofuel this and large-scale selection In morphology for of Panicle demands targets the form. important meet panicle be to in differ critical may divergence across likely driven quality regimes) dispersal have disturbance seed pollen or may of tradeoffs to and size/number Pattern seed habitats a seedling habitats. has these (e.g. growth prairie switchgrass of establishment in many upland seed grass context contrast, of in bunch In aspects occurs the restricted or areas. that patches, a in riparian form system along has growth especially mating distributions switchgrass spreading patchy of reproduction, lowland rhizomatous in aspects primarily example, sexual occurs on For versus and selection form habitats. vegetative to differing in We related in investment be 2003). establishment Esbroeck, may of been Van switchgrass have 2014; degree in differences Price, and evolution length 1966; Jr, panicle panicle (Porter although that morphotype cultivars switchgrass, hypothesize and broadly plant in ecotypes is lowland switchgrass limited between which is and reported morphology ecotype, characters panicle coastal leaf based on third upland Information study a review). possesses recent in define very but habit 2020, to Hopkins, A al., and ecotype able et morphology 2007; lowland (Lovell was 1966). on (Casler, the and panel Jr, based the Mountains with diversity Mexico (Porter past to Rocky switchgrass sympatric ecotypes the Northern native resequenced the lowland in and grass southern a to classified Plain and on been west perennial Coastal have upland seaboard C4 Texas populations northern eastern warm-season distinctive the preference, the a major to from Two is Vogel, south extends Switchgrass 1995). (Mitchell, that Canada needs range 2017). southern bioenergy a al., from filling with et for America, candidate Robertson management North flow excellent 2012; water an adaptation sequestration, Uden, land, switchgrass carbon as marginal & makes such on service control, (Hohenstein production ecosystem 1990s erosion biomass and early environments, high and the of for in range bioenergy potential wide for Its a species to grass 1993). model McLaughlin, a 1994; as Wright, DOE) & (US Energy of Department US the 1 1 yrd fec ftoecosswr hnitrrse eirclyt rdc the produce to reciprocally intercrossed then were crosses those of each of hybrids yrdprns n h F the and parents, hybrid 1 aet,wr rnpatdfo a oJl f21 t1 edsts ntreof three In sites. field 10 at 2015 of July to May from transplanted were parents, 2 rgn eepoaae ydvdn lnsmnal to manually plants dividing by propagated were progeny 3 Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. 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Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. itn ihtepteno diieeet fms fteQL(al ) hr T ipae conditional displayed QTL con- where is 3), This (Table QTL interactions. the E of x most QTL of effects of environment. additive specific predictors of a significant pattern under most the interest the with of were sistent traits environments, tested for photoperiod the selection a and to genotype provides Temperature similar suitable approach environments with under our help genotypes However, potentially new prediction. can of and model performance improve the predicting help especially of may traits way populations, related model in panicle QTL on (Leng multi-environment expression to studies effects the known phenotypic several Epistatic is in and Additionally, architecture. 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Data may be preliminary. ue .A,Pned . n oou,K 21) litoyi eeomna euainb flowering- by regulation developmental in Pleiotropy (2019). constraint. K. evolutionary an Donohue, it and Sahebi, is & S., and genes: A., Penfield, auxin pathway A. phytohormones, A., Rshid, the G. A., of M. study Auge, A Latif, M., regulations: M. meristem rice. Hanafi, apical in S.N.A., shoot cytokinin, the Abdullah, Understanding M., plas- Maziah, (2015). panicle dependent. Y., M. environment Rice M. and Rafii, (2016). genotype P., is T. Azizi, panicle Lafarge, larger & for D., QTL Luquet, a H., carrying 9 Adam, Lines Isogenic A., Near Dardou, in M., ticity Dingkuhn, E., D. Adriani, for collaborators and Science Institute National Genome and References Joint the Station the by Biological the thank Kellogg provided We to DE- Department the access was AgBioResearch. Numbers U.S. at prepublication University Award research 1832042) Center, State under (DEB this Research Michigan Research Program by for Bioenergy Environmental Research Lakes and Support Ecological Great Biological Long-term material Foundation of the DE-FC02-07ER64494. This Office by Science and T.E.J. Science, part National to SC0018409 of Office in DESC0014156 the Office Energy, Award supported by Energy, of Research work of Department funded Environmental upon US and and the based improve Biological supported by helping is of was for and with Office members research (IOS-1444533) out Science, Lab Program This helping of Juenger Research field other Genome comments. the and Plant in their MacQueen Foundation worked Alice with who to manuscript postdocs go the thanks and students, Special technicians, collection. field data S2) numerous (Table the lists thank gene We candidate branching the secondary and S1), and (Table files. PBN; sites Acknowledgements excel field number, supplemental 10 the branching the in of primary each included at PL; are genotypes length, for SBN) (panicle number, data phenotyping switchgrass The in environments Files Supplemental specific and for mechanisms Availability genotypes work the of Data suitable Future understanding combination of and a regions. interactions selection to environment geographic the programs. due by across breeding facilitate is QTL effects will switchgrass of different them in driver displaying underlying traits the QTL identifying panicle with on years. of multiple environment, focusing variation across the that and and suggest regions collection QTL results geographic data the large our environmental underlying across summary, drivers more plasticity environmental In and the trait be capture years, and could better interactions multiple study to E sites, received availability This x nutrient field and QTL and 1). more temperature composition (Figure include soil rain cooler to as 700mm slightly our such future around In had received the expansion. MNHT only in organ STIL (˜1400mm), expanded and while have rain growth rain, all plant ample 1000mm (MNHT) subsequently soil there KS received approximately and effective that Manhattan, status OVTN as and suggested water such year, (OVTN), impact also for, TX study may Overton, accounted 2) which OK, Table being soil relative Stillwater, not (STIL, loam 1, The but Table OK sandy in traits light Stillwater, noted factors. panicle different site As affecting environmental interac- field to factor moisture. between E the environmental etc.) interactions response x other at moisture complex in QTL be soil traits may by the days, plastic panicle of obscured degree for more some growing were heritability was for (i.e., low or (SBN) detected factors SBN explored number environmental were which branching not appropriate factors secondary in were environmental the for study No because E possibly rice x 2016). showed tions, QTL al., a also of et study with driver (Adriani Previous consistent significant et resources (Mitchell a is 5). morphology also (Figure This switchgrass was sites affected QTL. radiation southern Solar photoperiod the and 1997). or days al., northern degree growing the temperature-based in that either effects with neutrality 1,2.doi:10.1186/s12284-016-0101-x 28. (1), ehnsso Development of Mechanisms aiu virgatum Panicum 5A1 eoereference. genome AP13 v5 3,1-15. 135, , e Phytologist New 9 2:55-70. 224: , Rice, Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. remn . adr .D 20) noecneacietr n idpliaini i rs species. grass six in pollination wind and architecture Inflorescence (2004). D. 18 Ecology, L. Functional Harder, together & 1 date J., heading Friedman, Early and 1 rice. date in Heading development genes time panicle Flowering control (2011). T. Izawa, & N., Arabidopsis. Endo-Higashi, from Genotype (2014). lessons M. G. plants: M. in Aarts, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2014.01.001 & mapping M., Koornneef, QTL J., grasses. 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No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. icl,N IC4.5 9.2La https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/results https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/7 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/results Loam -96.42 Source loam Data Weather Clay Loam 41.154 Texture -96.67 Soil -85.37 LINC Longitude 44.307 Latitude 42.42 Code Site BRKG KBSM NE Lincoln, MI Corners, Hickory SD experimental Brookings, 10 the for data Site weather Field of source and texture, soil study. 91 code, the 37, site LOW in Breeding, longitude, architecture fields of Mol latitude, inflorescence environments. two mapping The for watering meta-QTLs 1. Fine different and Table under QTLs Mapping populations (2017). maize (2017). D. multiple al. et in Development. Ren, J. traits Inflorescence Zhang, Y., Grass Peng, . of X., Zhao, Control . Molecular (2014). 65 . Biology, Z. rice. 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S nentoa,HmlHmsed UK Hempstead, Hemel International, VSN ln rwhRglto,83 Regulation, Growth Plant ln oeua ilg,59 Biology, Molecular Plant (Campanulaceae). 9 253-279. 59: , nulRve of Review Annual vlto,11 Evolution, CS Spec. (CSSA Proceedings American Scientific (1), (1), In: , Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. TLPN04 .51- - - 1 - 1 - 0.35 1 - 1 0.50 1 0.62 - 1 0.49 - 0.44 0.68 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0.42 PBN 1 0.36 STIL PBN 1 0.56 CLMB PBN 1 0.43 correlation Genetic PBN MNHT correlation Genetic correlation 0.30 Genetic LINC PBN correlation Phenotypic correlation Phenotypic 0.41 correlation Phenotypic KBSM PBN BRKG across number. branching and secondary sites SBN, among and Sites traits number, panicle branching between primary correlation PBN, length, genetic panicle and PL, correlation sites. phenotypic The 3. Table https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/results https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/temple-tx/grassland-soil-and-water-research-laboratory/docs/temple-climatic-data/ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/results loam clay Sandy https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/results Clay https://www.mesonet.org/index.php/weather/local/perk http://agebb.missouri.edu/weather/history/index.asp?station Clay -97.88 loam -97.73 from Sandy (ordered sites field loam 10 the Sandy mesonet.k-state.edu/weather/historical -97.35 of each 30.384 27.55 at south). (SBN) number to branching north -94.98 secondary Loam and (PBN), 31.043 Source number Data branching ( Weather -97.05 heritability PKLE loam Narrow-sense KING Sandy 2. 32.303 Table TMPL -92.22 35.991 Texture Soil OVTN -96.64 38.897 TX Longitude Kingsville, STIL TX Latitude 39.141 Austin, CLMB TX Code Temple, Site TX MNHT Overton, OK Stillwater, MO Columbia, KS Manhattan, Site Field L1--1-- 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 0.97 - - 1 1 0.86 - - 1 1 0.80 0.88 - 1 0.79 0.74 - - 1 0.72 1 0.79 - 1 1 0.62 - 1 1 0.82 0.57 - - 1 0.50 - - 1 0.67 - - 1 0.42 SBN 0.60 1 - 0.40 PL SBN 0.54 1 - 0.68 PL SBN 0.39 1 - 0.52 PL SBN 1 0.42 PL SBN 1 0.42 PL SBN 1 PL LPNSNP B SBN PBN PL SBN PBN PL IG0.47 0.24 0.49 KING 0.44 0.20 PKLE TMPL 0.57 OVTN SBN 0.38 0.58 STIL CLMB 0.71 PBN MNHT 0.55 LINC KBSM BRKG PL Sites/Traits h 2 ,adisoesadr ro ( error standard one its and ), ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± .80.58 0.45 0.08 0.54 0.09 0.08 0.63 0.13 0.08 0.64 0.08 0.66 0.07 0.65 0.08 0.07 0.62 0.64 0.06 0.07 14 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± .70.48 0.29 0.07 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.62 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.08 0.38 0.07 0.47 0.06 0.07 0.56 0.40 0.07 0.06 ± S) o ail egh(L,primary (PL), length panicle for 1SE), ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 prefix=bfd Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. cosStsP - SRAD and DL, - Rainfall, Tmean, C respectively. and VS16, B x x WBC on A and based branches. DAC secondary x model of AP13 traits. regression number from panicle - SBN: linear for cross branches; E) the general primary x denote (QTL subset of D interaction number environment - best x PBN: by by QTL length; of panicle selected effects PL: the factor(s) for environmental criteria - information The Bayesian 5. Table 1 Chr09N Chr09K [email protected] - Chr05K [email protected] SBN 1 Chr02N [email protected] SBN 1 [email protected] Chr09N SBN Chr07N [email protected] SBN 1 0.56 Chr05N [email protected] PBN Chr03K Chr05K [email protected] PBN [email protected] PBN 1 0.61 Chr02N PBN 3K@38 flanking Right Chr02K [email protected] PBN Chr09N marker [email protected] PBN flanking Chr06N [email protected] Left PBN 0.54 Chr05N [email protected] LOD - PL [email protected] Chr05K PL Chr04K [email protected] - PL 0.58 Chr03N [email protected] PL Chr02K [email protected] MARKER PL [email protected] - PL respectively. season, PL of FL50, QTL end Pleiotropy. the column at in biomass BIO) marked trait and and is count TC, position tiller - QTL (FL50, time, QTL overlapping flowering traits identified The are - other each E. BIO what at x and Q traits and TC, column panicle effect, in with pleiotropic presence ‘No’ pleiotropy The indicates or have ‘Yes’ 1 branches). traits mega as secondary between in - traits marked of interval morphology distance is number panicle confidence interaction SBN: physical for environmental branches; 1.5 with by primary of (chromosome genotype drop of LOD of number name a PBN: marker with length; markers their panicle flanking with and (PL: 1 values, along LOD maximum QTL, pair), identified base The 4. Table 1 1 0.52 PL PBN 1 Sites Across correlation Genetic 0.27 correlation PBN Genetic KING correlation Genetic 0.35 correlation Phenotypic PKLE PBN correlation Phenotypic correlation Phenotypic 0.52 TMPL PBN OVTN Sites B .01-00 - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 0.72 - - 1 0.73 - 1 0.74 0.03 0.38 - 1 0.63 0.70 - 1 0.73 0.47 1 1 - 0.69 - 1 1 0.72 - 1 0.61 - 1 1 0.61 - - 1 0.51 - 0.55 0.50 SBN 0.46 - PBN 0.63 SBN 0.58 1 - 0.21 PL SBN 1 0.53 PL SBN 1 0.59 PL SBN 1 PL 8672 .9Chr09N 9.29 18.617122 Chr02N Chr09N 9.46 Chr07N 4.89 58.696003 Chr05N 4.17 12.531268 4.73 49.904749 64.047349 Chr02N 5.52 Chr09N 55.500715 Chr06N 5.82 Chr05N 3.56 18.617122 3.63 48.768076 16.511689 Chr03N 4.29 26.099983 .81349 Chr05K Chr03K 4.90 8.83 7.188103 Chr02K 17.77051 4.09 59.503978 Chr05K Chr04K 4.82 4.66 56.620419 Chr02K 13.041487 6.18 62.598826 4452 03 Chr09K Chr05K 10.37 24.465322 6.22 60.232411 15 7644 Chr09N 17.684245 Chr02N Chr09N 54.556579 Chr07N 7.913256 Chr05N 49.035214 60.974614 Chr02N 50.387752 Chr09N Chr06N 10.880731 Chr05N 43.871788 11.735767 Chr03N 24.521536 9997 Chr09K Chr05K 19.959778 58.583292 Chr05K Chr03K 4.388419 13.323286 Chr02K 56.436103 Chr05K Chr04K 44.678143 9.916183 Chr02K 60.739957 9334 oT,BIO TC, No 19.333648 FL50 No FL50 No TC FL50, Yes 60.798034 No 21.588445 49.904749 FL50 65.990782 BIO No TC, FL50, No 56.445418 Yes No 20.831824 BIO 51.935176 47.154718 Yes 30.30364 8679 Yes No 28.697896 60.232411 TC Yes FL50, Yes BIO 8.204815 No 20.786505 63.664705 FL50 No No BIO 58.488157 No 29.613196 64.045891 akrQEPleiotropy QxE marker Posted on Authorea 5 Nov 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160460109.97406017/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. environment-interactions-for-panicle-traits-in-switchgrass-panicum-virgatum Figures_PCE.pdf file Hosted QTL the for factor candidate 2016, the in as radiation model. considered solar the was average on that and based factor (photoperiod) E environmental length x the day indicates rainfall, * total respectively. temperature, mean annual are vial at available B K5.6AxB* * * * * * * B x A * [email protected] B x A SBN * [email protected] * B x A PBN B x A [email protected] SRAD PBN DL B 3K@38 x A Rainfall PBN [email protected] Tmean B x A Cross PL [email protected] PL QTL Trait https://authorea.com/users/373444/articles/491132-qtl-x- * * * * D x C D * x C * D x C D x C D x C * D x C 16