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Poaceae [Gramineae] – Grass Family

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Poaceae [Gramineae] – Grass Family POACEAE [GRAMINEAE] – GRASS FAMILY Plant: annuals or perennials Stem: jointed stem is termed a culm – internodial stem most often hollow but always solid at node, mostly round, some with stolons (creeping stem) or rhizomes (underground stem) Root: usually fibrous, often very abundant and dense Leaves: mostly linear, sessile, parallel veins, in 2 ranks (vertical rows), leaf sheath usually open or split and often overlapping, but may be closed Flowers: small in 2 rows forming a spikelet (1 to several flowers), may be 1 to many spikelets with pedicels or sessile to stem; each flower within a spikelet is between an outer limna (bract, with a midrib) and an inner palea (bract, 2-nerved or keeled usually) – these 3 parts together make the floret – the 2 bottom bracts of the spikelet do not have flowers and are termed glumes (may be reduced or absent), the rachilla is the axis that hold the florets; sepals and petals absent; 1-6 but often 3 stamens; 1 pistil, 1-3 but usually 2 styles, ovary superior, 1 ovule – there are exceptions to most everything!! Fruit: seed-like grain (seed usually fused to the pericarp (ovary wall) or not) Other: very large and important family; Monocotyledons Group Genera: 600+ genera; locally many genera 2-3 slides per species WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive POACEAE [GRAMINEAE] – ANDROPOGONEAE TRIBE Big Bluestem [Turkey Foot]; Andropogon gerardii Vitman - Andropogoneae (Tribe) [Split] Splitbeard Bluestem; Andropogon ternarius Michx. - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Broomsedge Bluestem; Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus - Andropogoneae (Tribe) [Jointhead] Small Carpetgrass; Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino (Introduced) – Andropogoneae (Tribe) Silver Beardgrass; Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Chinese Silvergrass [Plume Grass]; Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Introduced) – Andropogoneae (Tribe) Silver Plume Grass; Saccharum alopecuroides (L.) Nutt. – Andropogoneae (Tribe) Little Bluestem; Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Indian Grass; Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Grain Sorghum; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. Bicolor (Introduced, cultivated) – Andropogoneae (Tribe) Johnson Grass; Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Introduced) - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Eastern Gama Grass; Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Corn; Zea mays L. ssp. Mays (Introduced) - Andropogoneae (Tribe) Big Bluestem [Turkey Foot] – p1 USDA Andropogon gerardii Vitman Poaceae (Grass Family); Andropogoneae (Tribe) La Petite Gemme Prairie, Polk County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, caespitose, erect, to 2-3+ m; Culm terete, unbranched or few branches, mostly glabrous and often glaucous; Roots fibrous, rhizomes or not; Leaf Blades hairy at base, mid-vein thick, up to 1 cm wide; Leaf Sheaths hairy or not, pilose at collar, sheath open; Ligules membranous and ciliate; Inflorescence of 2-7+ (often 3) spike-like racemes up 10+ cm; Spikelets in pairs (RAME structure) of 1 sessile fertile spikelet with awn up to 2+ cm and 1 pedicellate staminate spikelet without awn (spikelets 1+ cm in length), rachis (axis) and base of spikelets often very hairy; prairies and meadows; summer to early fall Ligule membranous with (varieties present) hairy margin (ciliate), [V Max Brown, 2013] collar pillose Big Bluestem [Turkey Foot] – p2 Andropogon gerardii Vitman [V Max Brown, 2013] Paired fertile (sessile) and staminate (pedicellate) spikelets (RAME structure) - separated from inflorescence in flipped photos below Staminate floret on Sessile pedicel with Staminate perfect anther spikelet on spikelet with pedicel both anthers without awn and stigmas shown Sessile perfect spikelet with 6-7 mm awn Big Bluestem [Turkey Foot] – p3 FALL – WINTER LOOK Andropogon gerardii Vitman [V Max Brown, 2013] Staminate spikelet on pedicel without awn Sessile perfect spikelet with awn Callus hairs at base of Sessile spikelets but not stalked spikelet [Split] Splitbeard Bluestem – p1 USDA Andropogon ternarius Michx. Poaceae (Grass Family); Andropogoneae (Tribe) Near Praiarie State Park, Barton County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, caespitose, erect, to 1.1+ m; Culm terete, several short branches; Roots fibrous; Leaf Blades less than 4 mm wide, to 30+ mm long, mostly glabrous; Leaf Sheaths mostly glabrous or not; Ligules membranous and often slightly ciliate; Inflorescence of a cluster of usually 2 spike-like racemes, usually above leaf sheaths; Spikelets in pairs (RAME structure) of 1 sessile spikelet (1 lower sterile and 1 upper fertile floret) with upper lemma awn up to 2+ cm and 1 pedicellate staminate (or sterile) spikelet (pedicel usually shorter than sessile spikelet, nodes and pedicel of upper spikelet with white hairs up to 10 mm (see photos on p2); various habitats; late summer to fall (varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2013] [Split] Splitbeard Bluestem – p2 Andropogon ternarius Michx. Spikes tend to be nearly straight at maturity [V Max Brown, 2013] Paired RAME structure – sessile spikelet (lower sterile and upper perfect floret) and a sterile pedicellate spikelet (spikelet reduced to a glume-like structure) Spikes not hidden in leaf sheaths, at maturity these will split into 2 racemes Reduced Pedicellate spikelet Abundant silver Upper floret lemma to grayish with awn – somewhat white hairs spiraled and bent Sessile Spikelet 5 mm Pedicel about as long or less than sessile spikelet Usually 2 RAME spikes per peduncle at maturity Broomsedge Bluestem – p1 USDA Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Poaceae (Grass Family); Andropogoneae (Tribe) Near Nixa, Christian County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, caespitose, erect, to 2 m, usually shorter; Culm terete, somewhat flattened, many short branches; Roots fibrous, rhizomes present or not; Leaf Blades with mid-vein thick, less than 10 mm wide, to 50+ mm long, glabrous or hairy, variable; Leaf Sheaths hairy or not, keeled, sheath open; Ligules membranous (<1 mm) and ciliate; Inflorescence of 2-5+ clusters (spike-like racemes), forming in multiple leaf sheaths on short branches; Spikelets in pairs (RAME structure) of 1 sessile spikelet (1 lower sterile and 1 upper fertile floret) with awn up to 2 cm and 1 pedicellate staminate (or sterile) spikelet, nodes and pedicel of upper spikelet with white hairs up to 10 mm (see photos on p2); various habitats; late summer to fall (several varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2013] Inflorescence of RAMES on a Broomsedge Bluestem – p2 usually slightly curved axis of Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus spike-like racemes [V Max Brown, 2013] RAME (1 fertile sessile spikelet and 1 sterile or absent pedicellate spikelet) arrangement of A. virginicus Awn of lemma of sessile spikelet, 10 to 20 mm long, not Pecidellate sterile twisted spikelet – absent or much reduced Silver/white hairs from 5-10 mm Inflorescence Pedicel of sterile develops in leaf spikelet, usually sheath, opens fully about twice as from sheath at long as sessile maturity, width of spikelet 3 mm leaf sheaths from 3-5 mm Sessile spikelet with 1 lower sterile floret (reduced) and 1 upper fertile floret RAME internode Callus hairs – 1-3 mm Broomsedge Bluestem – p3 FALL – WINTER LOOK Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus [V Max Brown, 2013] Spikelet pair with RAME internode Pedicellate sterile spikelet – absent or much reduced Silver/white hairs from 5-10 mm Pedicel of sterile spikelet, usually about twice as long as sessile spikelet RAME internode Sessile spikelet with 1 lower sterile floret (reduced) and 1 upper fertile floret, awn present Callus hairs – 1-3 mm [Jointhead] Small Carpetgrass – p1 USDA Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino (Introduced) Poaceae (Grass Family); Andropogoneae (Tribe) Heber Springs, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: Plant perennial, caespitose, spreading and branching, rooting, to 1 m; Culm terete, branching; Roots fibrous, rhizomes usually present; Leaf blades lanceolate to ovate, cordate base margins hairy, size variable; Leaf Sheaths hairy; Ligules membranous and ciliate; Inflorescences of palmate clusters of spike-like racemes of RAMES, both terminal and axillary; see p2 for photos and detailed description of RAME structures; various moist habitats such as pond margins and stream banks; fall [V Max Brown, 2016] Inflorescence a cluster of spike-like [Jointhead] Small Carpetgrass – p2 racemes with Rames (however the Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino pedicellate spikelet of the pair is [V Max Brown, 2013] absent) The RAME structure (the spikelet pair plus the internode) is represented here by the sessile spikelet and the internode as the pedicellate spikelet is absent Near the base of the sessile spikelet there may be a short stalk (nub only) of the absent pedicellate spikelet (nub not present in this sample). Lower Glume of Sessile spikelet – here about 3.5 mm (average length is 3-5.5 mm), has several veins with hairs, upper glume with 1-3 veins (not shown here). There are 2 florets, lower one sterile, upper floret fertile and often awned but not in this sample. Silver Beardgrass – p1 USDA Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter Poaceae (Grass Family); Andropogoneae (Tribe) US HWY 13, Just N of Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, caespitose, erect, up to 1.2+ m; Culm mostly terete, glabrous, nodes with erect hairs or not; Roots fibrous; Leaf Blades less than 5 mm wide, to 30+ cm long, mostly glabrous with long hairs near base; Leaf Sheaths glabrous; Ligules membranous; Inflorescence a dense panicle to 12+
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