DOCSLIB.ORG

Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) /4 ^'^ SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES ■ u AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 122 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES By Ernst Artschwager Formerly Senior Botanist and E. W. Brandes Formerly Head Pathologist Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK No. 122 The garden sugarcanes of Melanesia constitute the original base from which our present-day varieties of sugarcane derive. Varietal descriptions of the Melanesian garden canes and their derivatives are drawn from a living collection and are here placed on record. As background material and to promote fullest interest in use of this extensive store of germ plasm, what is known or what logically may be in- ferred concerning the history, value, and use of these varieties as a group and their interrelationships with other varietal groups in the genus is given. CONTENTS Page Page Origin, classification, and charac- Vegetative characters used in the teristics 1 description and classification Importance of Saccharum offici- of noble canes—Continued narum 3 Vegetative characters—Con. Colloquial names 3 Blade 56 Relative position of Saccharum Leaf sheath 57 officinarum in the genus 7 Auricles 59 Geographic origin and dispersal. 18 Ligule 61 Origin 18 Dewlaps 61 Dispersal 21 Midrib pubescence 64 Collecting expeditions, 1853- Evaluation of characters used_- 65 1951 28 Descriptions and taxonomic keys Vegetative characters used in the of the clones 81 description and classification Descriptions of the clones 83 of noble canes 45 New Guinea group 83 Materials and methods 45 New Caledonian group 160 Vegetative characters 48 Hawaiian group 180 v Internode 48 Miscellaneous noble group 198 Bud 52 Taxonomic keys 253 Leaf 56 Literature cited 260 Washington, D. C. Issued January 1958 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, XJ. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.25 (paper) Origin, migration, and diversification centers of noble sugarcanes: ® is the location of the origin of Saccharum officinarum, derived from S. robustum, which occurred 8000 to 15000 B. C. = shows first track of migration of S. officinarum, beginning about 8000 B. C. — shows second tracks of migration, beginning about 6000 B. C. — shows third tracks of migration, about 500 to 1100 A. D. indicates satellite centers of diversity along tracks of migration. Shaded portion of map indicates outline of the former great Asiatic-Australian Continent. SUGARCANE CSaccharum officinarum L.>: ORIGIN, CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES ' ORIGIN, CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS^ A field reconnaissance of the Old World tropics in 1922-23 to collect sugarcane and a critical review of available data on sugarcane groups motivated the systematic search for domesticated Saccharum forms and their near relatives in the presumptive area of their origin, Mel- anesia. This search also included the areas of their early dispersal— Indonesia, southeastern Asia, and Polynesia. The map (frontispiece) reconstructs the postulated origin of domes- ticated sugarcanes by selection from wild canes in New Guinea and their migrations prehistorically (transported as stem cuttings by man) to various centers of diversity. At these centers some canes were further modified by natural hybridization with other wild grasses. The shaded portion of the map indicates the outline of the former great Asiatic-.A.ustralian Continent. The continent in an earlier geologic epoch (Cretaceous) afforded a land bridge by which some Asiatic types of cane apparently found their way unaided by man to what is now Melanesia. Subsequently, when isolated by water barriers and under different conditions, a different wild cane evolved in Melanesia than in Asia or other islands of the archipelago. The phytogeographic studies of Merrill (35) ^ suggest this hypothesis. 1 Submitted for publication January 14, 1957. 2 Introductory section by E. W. Brandes, formerly head pathologist in charge, Sugar Crops Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 3 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 260. 2 AGR. HANDBOOK 12 2, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE This explanation covers both the presence of Saccharum in Melanesia and the restricted range of the large wild cane, S. robustum Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl, recently found in New Guinea. The present handbook, describing vegetative characteristics of a kindred aggregation of Saccharum forms, here designated as garden sugarcanes of Melanesia and their derivatives, and variously called ''thick-stemmed tropical,'' ''original,'' or "noble" sugarcanes, also broadly interpreted as the horticultural species S. officinarum L. (29),^ is the fourteenth technical contribution stemming from a comprehen- sive sugarcane project. The purpose of this project was to gather a world reference collection of ancestral or precursor wild and domes- ticated cane varieties and was begun in 1922. The contributions include separate treatments of the more or less discrete segments of the reference collection on the subjects of comparative morphology {1-7, 29), disease reactions {16, 18), geographic origins based on the ranges of wild forms and centers of diversity of domesticated forms related to them {13, 18, 19), ecological diversity and adaptation {IJi), and practical cane breeding {16, 18), which is the central theme of the project. The conception of the overall project grew out of the need for locally adapted, disease-resistant genotypes. In general, groups of the original Saccharum forms that are related morphologically and particularly groups of individuals related both in form and in geo- graphic origin are apt to have functional characteristics in common {16). In other terms, the mode of the phenotype often but^ not invariably reflects the mode of the genotype in physiological qualities, including such puzzling characteristics as group adaptability to alien environments and even group reactions to infections. In fact, observations on the group reactions of morphologically related Sac- charum forms to sugarcane mosaic virus {12, 16) stimulated the gathering of all cultivated and wild groups of Saccharum and Sac- charum relatives from their primary, isolated areas of origin and the assembling of them for comparative study at each of several stations at different latitudes in the New World. Duplicating the collection in that manner was for the purpose of studying adaptability and insuring the production of normal specimens. The expectation was that every variety in the collection would be found naturally adapted 4 AUhough no type specimens exist, there is good evidence that Linnaeus based his species officinarum on the only sugarcane readily available to him, now known as Creole. The clone gradually disappeared from extensive cultiva- tion between 100 and 150 years ago. Much historical and botanical study has been devoted to the clone by Deerr (24) y Bremer {21), Grassl (29), and others, but there remains some confusion as to its identity and synonymy. Creole is an odd sterile hybrid type with 2n = 81 chromosomes. By an unusually fortunate circumstance the United States Patent Office published in 1849 (28) a contem- porary series of technicallv correct and beautifully executed drawings of Creole made by Charles L. Fleischmann of Philadelphia. Fleischmann was assisted m this work which includes enlargements of microscopic features of the clom^ ''Otaheite," by the internationally famous Czech botanist Corda. Corda was recommended for this scientific investigation by Baron Alexander von Humboldt. The morphological characteristics of Creole, a short, relatively thick-stemmed greenish-yellow cane with erect leaves, are quite distinctive. The clone proved to be extremely susceptible to mosaic and is practically extinct. These excellent drawings of Creole showed that our own specimens from Santo Domingo and Spain, which had to be destroyed because of mosaic infection, were authentic. SÜGAKCANE 3 to the photoperiod and as far as practicable to other elements of the environment in at least one station {14)- The practical purpose of the overall project was to try to provide a broader base of knowledge for applied research on the improvement of sugarcane by breeding, taking into account the elementary char- acteristics of the plant groups that could be determined by observa- tion, tests, or planned experiments. Regarding the particular group under reference in this handbook, it is part of our purpose to direct attention to the exploited and still unexploited values in the largely untapped reservoir of garden canes. IMPORTANCE OF SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM The indispensable sugar-bearing component of essentially all the numerous and widespread varieties of domesticated sugarcane, which form a complex of polyploid hybrids, is provided by a few selected representatives of the tropical, thick-stemmed horticultural species Saccharum officinarum. The high weight per cane, self-thrashing of the cane, and the high tonnage per acre of the crop are also directly endowed by the same selected representatives of the tropical garden canes under reference in this handbook. Less generally recognized but nevertheless important qualities found within the species are resistance to some formidable diseases and, considering the tropical origin, a sur- prising
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3894-3899 Research Article Acute and Sub Acute Toxicological
    Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(8):3894-3899 ISSN : 0975-7384 Research Article CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Acute and sub acute toxicological assessment of the ethanolic root extract of Saccharum spontaneum Linn. (Poaceae) in male wistar albino rats M. Sathya and R. Kokilavani Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-29 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The present investigation was intended to evaluate the toxicity of the ethanolic root extract of a traditionally used plant Saccharum spontaneum Linn. The acute toxicity studies was done on male wistar albino rats which showed no clinical signs, no mortality of the rats even under higher dosages levels (50, 150, 300, 500, 1000, 2000mg/kg b.wt) indicating the high margin of safety of the plant extract. The sub acute toxicity study was done to find out the effective dosage of the plant in rats. The varying doses(100,200,300,400, and 500mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract were administered orally to different groups of male wistar strain of albino rats on daily basis and sacrificed after 28 days of administration. The administration of plant extract produced no significant change in organ weight and hamaetological parameters like hemoglobin, RBC, Hb, WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PCV, platelet, neutrophil and lymphocyte. The record of biochemical parameters like ACP, ALP, AST, ALT, LDH, and NAG in treatment groups of rats were non significant in comparison with control group of rats. The parameters remained within the normal range. Physical, hematological parameters as well as biochemical were unaltered throughout the study.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Recent Molecular Genetics Evidence for Sugarcane Evolution and Domestication
    A Review of Recent Molecular Genetics Evidence for Sugarcane Evolution and Domestication Laurent Grivet, C. Daniels, J.C. Glaszmann, and A. D’Hont Abstract In 1987, J. Daniels and B. T. Roach published an living wild and cultivated sugarcane plants and from exhaustive multidisciplinary review of evidence permitting written history and linguistic evidence for relatively recent the domestication and the early evolution of sugarcane events. In 1987, J. Daniels and B. T. Roach published to be traced. We try here to synthesize the new data a comprehensive review of hypotheses and arguments that have been produced since, and their contribution to regarding sugarcane evolution and domestication, based the understanding of the global picture. It is now highly on the available botanical, genetic and historical evidence. probable that sugarcane evolved from a specific lineage Since then, new data, particularly in the field of molecular restricted to current genus Saccharum and independent genetics, have made it possible to reconsider evolution from lineages that conducted to genera Miscanthus and and domestication of sugarcane. Erianthus. The scenario established by E. W. Brandes in 1958 is very likely the right one: Noble cultivars (ie. State of the Art Saccharum officinarum) arose from S. robustum in New Guinea. Humans then spread these cultigens over large Relevant germplasm distances. In mainland Asia, natural hybridization with S. spontaneum occurred, and gave rise to the North Indian (S. From a practical point of view, sugarcane genetic barberi) and Chinese (S. sinense) cultivars. Relationships resources can be divided into three groups: (1) traditional between S. spontaneum and S. robustum in situations of cultivars, (2) wild relatives, and (3) modern cultivars.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharum X Officinarum) E De Um Parente Selvagem (S
    1 Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen Jayça Amate Marim Toledo Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2015 2 Jayça Amate Marim Toledo Bióloga Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Orientador: Prof. Dr. GIANCARLO CONDE XAVIER OLIVEIRA Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2015 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP Toledo, Jayça Amate Marim Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen / Jayça Amate Marim Toledo. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2015. 99 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. 1. Cana-de-açúcar 2. Fluxo gênico 3. Saccharum I. Título CDD 633.61 T649b “ Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais Jair (in memoriam) e Rita de Cassia. Ao meu irmão Franklin e ao meu noivo Lino Fernando. Sem vocês absolutamente nada seria possível. 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Durante esses dois anos de curso e pesquisa com o objetivo de adquirir o título de mestre em ciências pelo programa de genética e melhoramento de plantas da ESALQ, nunca havia deparado com situações tão desafiadoras como as passadas por esse período de tempo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproductive Biology of Saccharum Spontaneum L.: Implications for Management of This Invasive Weed in Panama
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota !20: e61–79 reproductive (2014) biology of Saccharum spontaneum L.: implications for management... 61 doi: 10.3897/neobiota.20.6163 ReseARCh ARTiCLe NeoBiota www.pensoft.net/journals/neobiota Advancing research on alien species and biological invasions The reproductive biology of Saccharum spontaneum L.: implications for management of this invasive weed in Panama Graham D. Bonnett1,2, Josef N. S. Kushner2, Kristin Saltonstall2 1 CSIRO Plant Industry, QBP, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panamá Corresponding author: Graham D. Bonnett ([email protected]) Academic editor: R. Hufbauer | Received 28 August 2013 | Accepted 2 December 2013 | Published 24 January 2014 Citation: Bonnett GD, Kushner JNS, Saltonstall K (2014) "e reproductive biology of Saccharum spontaneum L.: implications for management of this invasive weed in Panama. NeoBiota 20: 61–79. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.20.6163 Abstract Saccharum spontaneum L. is an invasive grass that has spread extensively in disturbed areas throughout the Panama Canal watershed (PCW), where it has created a #re hazard and inhibited reforestation e$orts. Currently physical removal of aboveground biomass is the primary means of controlling this weed, which is largely ine$ective and does little to inhibit spread of the species. Little is known about reproduction of this species, although it is both rhizomatous and produces abundant seed. Here we report a series of studies looking at some of the basic reproductive mechanisms and strategies utilised by S. spontaneum to provide information to support development of better targeted management strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharum Ravennae (L.) L
    TAXON: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): Italian sugarcane Synonym(s): Erianthus elephantinus Hook. f. plume grass Erianthus purpurascens Andersson ravenna grass Erianthus ravennae (L.) P. Beauv. Ripidium ravennae (L.) Trin. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 8 Feb 2018 WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Ornamental Grass, Naturalized, Dense Stands, Wind-Dispersed, Riparian Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems Creation Date: 8 Feb 2018 (Saccharum ravennae (L.) Page 1 of 17 L.) TAXON: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Chromosome Composition of Sugarcane in Nobilization by Using Genomic in Situ Hybridization
    Yu et al. Molecular Cytogenetics (2018) 11:35 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13039-018-0387-z RESEARCH Open Access Characterization of chromosome composition of sugarcane in nobilization by using genomic in situ hybridization Fan Yu1, Ping Wang1, Xueting Li1, Yongji Huang1, Qinnan Wang2, Ling Luo1, Yanfen Jing3, Xinlong Liu3, Zuhu Deng1,4*, Jiayun Wu2, Yongqing Yang1, Rukai Chen1, Muqing Zhang4 and Liangnian Xu1* Abstract Background: Interspecific hybridization is an effective strategy for germplasm innovation in sugarcane. Nobilization refers to the breeding theory of development and utilization of wild germplasm. Saccharum spontaneum is the main donor of resistance and adaptive genes in the nobilization breeding process. Chromosome transfer in sugarcane is complicated; thus, research of different inheritance patterns can provide guidance for optimal sugarcane breeding. Results: Through chromosome counting and genomic in situ hybridization, we found that six clones with 80 chromosomes were typical S. officinarum and four other clones with more than 80 chromosomes were interspecific hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. These data support the classical view that S. officinarum is characterized by 2n = 80. In addition, genomic in situ hybridization showed that five F1 clones were products of a 2n + n transmission and one F1 clone was the product of an n + n transmission in clear pedigree noble hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Interestingly, Yacheng 75–408 and Yacheng 75–409 were the sibling lines of the F1 progeny from the same parents but with different genetic transmissions. Conclusions: This is the first clear evidence of Loethers, Crystallina, Luohanzhe, Vietnam Niuzhe, and Nanjian Guozhe were typical S.
    [Show full text]
  • ​Saccharum Officinarum
    Saccharum officinarum L. ​ ​ Pablo Florez Agricultural Science Colegio Bolivar 2018-2019 Wojciech Waliszewski Image retrieved from (Kew science, 2018). TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0: Introduction 3 Chapter 2.0: Ecology 4 2.1 Distributional Context 4 2.1.1 Affinities 4 2.1.2 Present Distribution and Origin 4 2.2 Elevation and Climate 8 2.2.1 Geology and Soils 8 2.3 Vegetation Components and Interactions 9 Chapter 3.0: Biology 10 3.1 Chromosome complement 10 3.2 Life cycle 10 3.2.1 Flowering and fruiting 10 3.3 Reproductive biology 12 Chapter 4.0: Propagation and Management 13 4.1 Propagation 13 4.2 Planting 14 4.3 Management 14 4.3.2 Pest and disease control 20 Chapter 5.0: Emerging Products and Potential Markets 21 5.1 Emerging products and potential markets 21 5.1.2 Saccharum officinarum Products 22 5.1.3 Alcoholic Beverages 23 5.1.4 Medicinal Uses 24 5.2 Imports and Exports 25 References 26 1.0: Introduction Saccharum Officinarum is a variety of the crop that is commonly known as sugarcane. It has been present in Colombia for over five hundred years, and it is now one of the most important industries for the economy in Valle del Cauca. This monograph is a detailed research about this crop, and it will address its ecology, biology, propagation and management, and emerging products and market. Ecology discusses matters such as its distributional contex, affinities, origin, ideal elevation and climate, geology and soils, and its vegetation components. The biology talks about the crop’s chromosome complement, its life cycle, the process of flowering and fruiting, and reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution and Expression of the Fructokinase Gene Family in Saccharum
    Chen et al. BMC Genomics (2017) 18:197 DOI 10.1186/s12864-017-3535-7 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Evolution and expression of the fructokinase gene family in Saccharum Yihong Chen1,2, Qing Zhang1, Weichang Hu1, Xingtan Zhang1,3, Liming Wang1, Xiuting Hua1,2, Qingyi Yu1,4, Ray Ming1,5 and Jisen Zhang1,2,3* Abstract Background: Sugarcane is an important sugar crop contributing up to about 80% of the world sugar production. Efforts to characterize the genes involved in sugar metabolism at the molecular level are growing since increasing sugar content is a major goal in the breeding of new sugarcane varieties. Fructokinases (FRK) are the main fructose phosphorylating enzymes with high substrate specificity and affinity. Results: In this study, by combining comparative genomics approaches with BAC resources, seven fructokinase genes were identified in S. spontaneum. Phylogenetic analysis based on representative monocotyledon and dicotyledon plant species suggested that the FRK gene family is ancient and its evolutionary history can be traced in duplicated descending order: SsFRK4, SsFRK6/SsFRK7,SsFRK5, SsFRK3 and SsFRK1/SsFRK2. Among the close orthologs, the number and position of exons in FRKs were conserved; in contrast, the size of introns varied among the paralogous FRKs in Saccharum. Genomic constraints were analyzed within the gene alleles and between S. spontaneum and Sorghum bicolor, and gene expression analysis was performed under drought stress and with exogenous applications of plant hormones. FRK1, which was under strong functional constraint selection, was conserved among the gene allelic haplotypes, and displayed dominant expression levels among the gene families in the control conditions, suggesting that FRK1 plays a major role in the phosphorylation of fructose.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Noxious Weed List Effective As of December 10, 2010
    Federal Noxious Weed List Effective as of December 10, 2010 Aquatic Latin Name Author(s) Common Name(s) Azolla pinnata R. Brown Mosquito fern, water velvet Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh Killer algae (Mediterranean strain) Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth Anchored water hyacinth, rooted Hydrilla verticillata (L.) Royle Hydrilla Hygrophila polysperma T. Anderson Miramar weed Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal Water-spinach, swamp morning Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss African elodea Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume Ambulia Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S.T. Blake Broadleaf paper bark tree Monochoria hastata (Linnaeus) Solms-Laubach Arrowleaf false pickerelweed Monochoria vaginalis (N.L. Burm.) K. Presl Heartshape false pickerelweed Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Duck lettuce Sagittaria sagittifolia Linnaeus Arrowhead Salvinia auriculata Aublet Giant salvinia Salvinia biloba Raddi Giant salvinia Salvinia herzogii de la Sota Giant salvinia Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell Giant salvinia Solanum tampicense Dunal Wetland nightshade Sparganium erectum Linnaeus Exotic bur-reed Parasitic Latin Name Author(s) Common Name(s) Aeginetia spp. Linnaeus Varies by species Alectra spp. Thunb. Varies by species Cuscuta spp. Linnaeus Dodders (except for natives) Orobanche spp. Linnaeus Broomrapes (except for natives) Striga spp. Lour. Witchweeds Federal Noxious Weed List Version 1.0 Page 1 of 5 Terrestrial Latin Name Author(s) Common Name(s) Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Prickly acacia = Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & (updated 3/21/2017) Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) King & Crofton weed Ageratina riparia (Regel) King & H. Rob. Mistflower, spreading snakeroot Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Brown ex de Sessile joyweed Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns Capeweed Asphodelus fistulosus Linnaeus Onionweed (corrected 3/21/2107) Avena sterilis Durieu Animated oat, wild oat Carthamus oxyacantha M.
    [Show full text]
  • A Few Common Native Grasses of North Carolinaa Nancy Adamson ([email protected] , [email protected]) & Gary Kauffman ([email protected])
    A Few Common Native Grasses of North Carolinaa Nancy Adamson ([email protected] , [email protected]) & Gary Kauffman ([email protected]) Grasses are vital components of natural communities. They provide habitat for a huge diversity of insects, spiders, and other wildlife. Many are host plants for butterflies & grass skippers, their pollen and/or foliage is eaten by many other insects. They are key for natural fires (helping to carry fire quickly and replenish nutrients). When searching for specific host needs, often non-native grasses are listed for our native butterflies; if you observe caterpillars on native grasses, please document: post to iNaturalist, share with me or CarolinaLeps https://lists.duke.edu/sympa/arc/carolinaleps. These notes are for gardeners trying to include more native grasses in home and community landscapes (first draft--comments/suggestions welcome). names soilb ht. (ft.) notes Andropogon gerardii dm 3-7 bright red and blue tones in stalks, reddish seedheads & fall color, good for big bluestem, turkeyfoot groundnesting birds & bees Andropogon glomeratus mw 2-3 mountains to coast, “bushy” seedheads beautiful in light or dew, for some reason I always think of the Tasmanian devil when I see these, a heftiness that seems ready bushy bluestem to twirl and take off Andropogon ternarius d 2-3 primarily piedmont & coastal plain, my favorite small stature species—parts of the splitbeard bluestem white, fluffy seedheads persist through the winter, brilliant in evening sun Andropogon virginicus dm 2-3 see Weakley for varieties, many folks know as indicator of acidic soils, lovely reddish orange fall color, excellent for habitat restoration, though less valuable as broomsedge cattle forage than little bluestem Aristida spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of Organellar DNA Sequences in the Andropogoneae: Saccharinae
    Theor Appl Genet (1994) 88:933-944 Springer-Verlag 1994 S. M. A1-Janabi M. McClelland C. Petersen B. W. S. Sobral Phylogenetic analysis of organellar DNA sequences in the Andropogoneae: Saccharinae Received: 30 June 1993 / Accepted: 21 December 1993 Abstract To study the phylogenetics of sugarcane (Sac- wheat, rice, barley, and maize, which were used as out- charum officinarum L.) and its relatives we sequenced four groups in phylogenetic analyses. To determine whether loci on cytoplasmic genomes (two chloroplast and two mit- limited intra-complex variability was caused by under sam- ochondrial) and analyzed mitochondrial RFLPs generated pling of taxa, we used seven restriction enzymes to digest using probes for COXI, COXII, COXIII, Cob, 18S+5S, the PCR-amplified rbcL-atpB spacer of an additional 36 26S, ATPase 6, ATPase 9, and ATPase ~ (D'Hont et al. accessions within the Saccharum complex. This analysis 1993). Approximately 650 bp of DNA in the intergenic revealed ten restriction sites (none informative) and eight spacer region between rbcL and atpB and approximately length variants (four informative). The small amount of 150 bp from the chloroplast 16S rDNA through the inter- variation present in the organellar DNAs of this polyptoid genic spacer region tRNA val gene were sequenced. In the complex suggests that either the complex is very young or mitochondrial genome, part of the 18S rRNA gene and ap- that rates of evolution between the Saccharum complex proximately 150 bp from the 18S gene 3' end, through an and outgroup taxa are different. Other phylogenetic infor- intergenic spacer region, to the 5S rRNA gene were se- mation will be required to resolve systematic relationships quenced.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Two Sugarcane Ancestors Saccharum Officinarum and S
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Comparative Analysis of two Sugarcane Ancestors Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum based on Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences and Photosynthetic Ability in Cold Stress Fu Xu 1,2, Lilian He 1, Shiwu Gao 2, Yachun Su 2 , Fusheng Li 1,2,* and Liping Xu 2,* 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China 2 Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (L.X.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-0502 (F.L.); +86-591-8377-2604 (L.X.) Received: 7 July 2019; Accepted: 2 August 2019; Published: 5 August 2019 Abstract: Polyploid Saccharum with complex genomes hindered the progress of sugarcane improvement, while their chloroplast genomes are much smaller and simpler. Chloroplast (cp), the vital organelle, is the site of plant photosynthesis, which also evolves other functions, such as tolerance to environmental stresses. In this study, the cp genome of two sugarcane ancestors Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum were sequenced, and genome comparative analysis between these two species was carried out, together with the photosynthetic ability. The length is 141,187 bp for S. officinarum and that is 7 bp longer than S. spontaneum, with the same GC content (38.44%) and annotated gene number (134), 13 with introns among them. There is a typical tetrad structure, including LSC, SSC, IRb and IRa. Of them, LSC and IRa/IRb are 18 bp longer and 6 bp shorter than those in S. spontaneum (83,047 bp and 22,795 bp), respectively, while the size of SSC is same (12,544 bp).
    [Show full text]