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Grasses and Grasslands Grasses and Grasslands – Sensitization on the • Characteristics • Identification • Ecology • Utilisation Of Grasses by MANOJ CHANDRAN IFS Chief Conservator of Forests Govt. of Uttarakhand Grasses and Grasslands • Grass – A member of Family Poaceae • Cyperaceae- Sedges • Juncaceae - Rushes • Grassland – A vegetation community predominated by herbs and other grass or grass like plants including undergrowth trees. Temperate and Tropical Grasslands • Prairies • Pampas • Steppes • Veldt • Savanna Major Grassland types (old classification) • Dabadghao & Shankarnarayan (1973) – Sehima – Dichanthium type – Dichanthium - Cenchrus – Lasiurus type – Phragmites – Saccharum – Imperata type – Themeda – Arundinella type – Cymbopogon – Pennisetum type – Danthonia – Poa type Revised Grassland Types of India (2015) 1. Coastal Grasslands 2. Riverine Alluvial Grasslands 3. Montane Grasslands 4. Sub-Himalayan Tall Grasslands of Terai region 5. Tropical Savannas 6. Wet Grasslands Grassland types of India 1- Coastal grasslands – Sea beaches (mainland and islands) – Salt marshes – Mangrove grasslands Sea beach grasslands, Spinifex littoreus Salt marsh grasslands, Rann of Kutch 2. Riverine Alluvial grasslands Corbett NP, Katerniaghat WLS 3. Montane grasslands – Himalayan subtropical grasslands – Himalayan temperate grasslands – Alpine meadows – Trans-himalayan Steppes – Grasslands of North East Hills – Grasslands of Central Highlands – Western Ghats • Plateaus of North WG, Shola grasslands and South WG – Eastern ghats – Montane Bamboo brakes Alpine meadows, Kedarnath Alpine meadows Mamla/Ficchi – Danthonia cachemyriana Cordyceps sinensis – Yar-tsa Gam-bu Annual Migration Montane grasslands of NE Hills, Dzukou valley Montane bamboo brakes of Dzukou valley, Nagaland Shola Grasslands, South Western Ghats Pine forest grasslands, Uttarakhand Central Highlands, Pachmarhi, MP Trans-Himalayan Steppes Grazing in trans-Himalayan steppe Tibetan steppe, Mansarovar Tibetan steppe 4. Sub-himalayan Tall Grasslands of Terai Region 5. Tropical Savannas – Desert Savannas – Tropical Savannas of Peninsular India – Northern Tropical Hill Savannas – Closed Sal Forest Grasslands Narenga porphyrocoma Desert Savannas, Lasiurus hirsutus 6. Wet Grasslands, Keibul-Lamjao NP, Manipur Uses • Food – Cereals and millets • Rice- Oryza sativa • Wheat- Triticum aestivum • Ragi – Eleusine coracana • Fodder – Napier grass- Pennisetum purpureum – Guinea grass- Panicum maximum • Essential oils – Lemon grass- Cymbopogon flexuosus – Palmarosa- Cymbopogon martinii – Vetiver- Vetiveria zizanioides • Habitat for other WILDLIFE • Livelihood options Uva (Native Barley), Wheat • Soil Binders Uses… – Lasiurus hirsutus – for sand dune stabilisation • Ornamental – Phragmites and Arundo • Lawns – Zoysia tenuifolia • Medicinal – Cynodon dactylon – Doob • Brooms – Thysanolaena maxima • Sugar – Saccharum officinarum • Thatching – Chrysopogon gryllus • Stuffing – Imperata cylindrica • Fibre/ Ropes – Eulaliopsis binata • Carbon sequestration- C4 grasses Habits • Arboreal – eg. Arthraxon jubatus • Terrestrial – eg. Poa annua • On walls – eg. Tripogon filiformis • Aquatic – eg.Hygrorhiza aristata • Sea shore – eg.Spinifex littoreus Kikuyu grass Pennisetum clandestinum Successions and Climax • Successions – Riverine • Climax – Climatic – eg. Alpine meadows, deserts – Edaphic – eg. Rocky plateau, wetlands – Anthropogenic – eg. Jhuming, forest fires, Dhikala Major Questions… • Whether grasslands should be burned? • How to eradicate Lantana/Kalabansa Ecological value • C3 and C4 plants • C sequestration • Seepage of water • Reduction of runoff • Moisture retention in fibrous roots • Food, fodder, fuel, clothing, thatching, etc. • Primary colonisation and succession • Habitat for other wildlife The Grass Family • PLANTAE – Phanerogams>Angiosperms >> Monocots • Glumiflorae • Cyperales – POACEAE (Gramineae) – Type genus: Poa – Type species: annua – 660 genera » 10000 species TAXONOMY • POACEAE- Subfamilies – Bambusoideae • Bamboos – Monopodial - eg. Melocanna baccifera – Sympodial – eg. Bambusa bambos – Panicoideae – Tribes: • Maydeae – Maize, Coix • Paniceae – Usually awnless • Andropogoneae – Usually awned – Pooideae • Poa – Study of Grasses - AGROSTOLOGY (Bor, N. L. 1960) POACEAE (Family) PANICOIDEAE POOIDEAE Subfamily ANDROPOGONEAE PANICEAE MAYDEAE Tribes Andropogon Alloteropsis Chionachne Apluda Brachiaria Coix Apocopsis Cenchrus Euchlaena Arthraxon Digitaria Trilobachne Bothriochloa Echinochloa Tripsacum Cymbopogon Panicum Zea Dichanthium Paspalidium Heteropogon Spinifex Ischaemum Trachys Description • Parallel veins • Leaf sheath • Ligules and auricles • Cylindrical culm • Fibrous roots • Nodes Difference between Cyperaceae and Poaceae • Triangular culm • Three leaves at base of peduncle • Palea absent • Leaves from base • Leaves – Leaf sheath – Ligule • Hairy rim • Membraneous – Auricles – Lamina • Leaf tip – Acute, acuminate, blunt, etc. • Leaf base – Cordate, petiolate, cuneate, etc. • Leaf shape – Lanceolate, linear, oblong, etc. Inflorescence • Types of inflorescence – Paniculate – Racemes – Spicate – Branched racemes – Digitate – Sheath/Bracts – Solitary • eg. Lygaeum spartum – Verticillate • Unit of inflorescence = spikelet Ligule Grass spikelet structure Hairy Membranous Awn Pedicelled Spikelet- Diagramatic spikelet Joint Pedicel Sessile Callus spikelet Florets • Lemma and palea • Lodicules • Three stamens • Fruit caryopsis Ø Lopholepis ornithocephala Zoysieae 118. Lopholepis S. littoreus (Male) S. littoreus (Female) Maydeae 1. COIX Linn. Linn. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 263. 1960. (Coix is a name used by Theophrastus and Plinius for Egyptian palm the leaves of which were used for mats and baskets). Species about 6, distributed in the tropical Asia to Polynesia, of which 3 occur in India and 2 in this region. Female spikelets completely enclosed in a leaf sheath forming spherical or cylindrical bead like structure. Genus distribution: Africa, Asia, Borneo, Burma, Java, Malaya, South America and Sri Lanka. Coix gigantea Maydeae 2. CHIONACHNE R.Br. R. Br. in Benn. Et. Al. Fl. Jav. Rar. 15. 1838; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 262. 1960. (From the Greek ciwn, snow and achne, chaff, supposedly an allusion to pale- coloured glumes). Species about 7, distributed from India to East Australia, of which 2 occur in India and same in this region. Diagnostic characters: Male and female spikelets in different parts of the same inflorescence. Racemes spathaceous; monoecious, lower solitary female and upper male spikelets. Lower glume chartaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 9-11 nerved, 2- keeled; keels pilose; apex muticous. Genus distribution: South-East Asia, Australia and Polynesia. C. koenigii, C. semiteres Chionachne koenigii Paniceae 58. PASPALUM Linn. (Paspalum from the Greek term for a millet.) Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2:855. 1759; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 :10. 1896; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 334. 1960. Species about 250, distributed in the tropical regions, of which about 12 species occur in India and 3 in this region. Genus Distribution: Asia, Europe, Malaya, Pacific Islands and U. S. S. R. Paspalum Paspalum canare var. canare P. canare var. canare P. scrobiculatum distichum Paniceae 59. PENNISETUM L.C.Rich. L. C. Rich in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1 : 72. 1805; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 : 82. P. purpureum 1896, p. p.; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 341. 1960. P. pedicellatum (Pennisetum is derived from Penna, a feather, and seta, a bristle) Species about 75, distributed in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, of which 15 occur in India Genus distribution: Africa, America, Asia, Australia, Europe, Malaysian Islands, Philippine Islands and West Indies. Pennisetum purpurem Paniceae 47. CENCHRUS L. Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 470. 1754; Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 1049. 1753; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 287. 1960. (Cenchrus-is the Greek Kenchros, a kind of millet.) Species about 25, 7 occurs in India and about 4 in Maharashtra Genus Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Europe, Mediterranean regions and other Warm countries. Cenchrus biflorus Andropogoneae 5. ANDROPOGON L. Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 468. 1754; Hook. f. Fl. Brit Ind. 7: 164. 1896, p.p.; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 89. 1960. (Andropogon is derived from andros-a man, pogon- beard i. e. man's beard, alluding to the appearance of the spikes.) Diagnostic characters: Inflorescence of racemes, racemes paired, digitate, 1–2 cm long, deciduous from 4 toothed stipes. The copper colored bi-nate raceme makes it distinguishable in fields. Species about 100 of which 9 occurs Andropogon pumilus in India and one in Maharashtra Genus distribution: Mostly in the Andropogoneae 18. EULALIA Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1 : 160. 1829; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 145. 1960. E. shrirangii (Eulalia is named for Eulalie Delile, botanical artist). Species about 30, distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions, of which about 13 occur in India Genus distribution: Africa, Australia, Several parts of Asia, Malaya, Pacific Islands, Philippine and New Zealand. Eulalia trispicata Andropogoneae 43. VETIVERIA Lem.-Lisanc. Lem.-Lisanc. In Bull. Soc. Philom, Paris 1822: 43. 1822; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 258. 1960. (Vetiveria comes from Vetiver, the Tamil vernacular name of the V. lawsonii plant). Species about 10,distributed in the tropics of the world, of which 2 occur in India and also in Maharashtra. Genus distribution: America, Africa and many parts of Asia and Java. V. zizanoides V. lawsonii V. zizanioides Chrysopogon serrulatus Ghodia ghas Andropogoneae
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