DOCSLIB.ORG

The Relation Between Road Crack Vegetation and Plant Biodiversity in Urban Landscape

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Relation Between Road Crack Vegetation and Plant Biodiversity in Urban Landscape Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2014, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Sl. No. 12), pp. 885-891 Geotech., Const. Mat. & Env., ISSN:2186-2982(P), 2186-2990(O), Japan THE RELATION BETWEEN ROAD CRACK VEGETATION AND PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN URBAN LANDSCAPE Taizo Uchida1, JunHuan Xue1,2, Daisuke Hayasaka3, Teruo Arase4, William T. Haller5 and Lyn A. Gettys5 1Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan; 2Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, China; 3Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Japan; 4Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan; 5Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, USA ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to collect basic information on vegetation in road crack, especially in curbside crack of road, for evaluating plant biodiversity in urban landscape. A curbside crack in this study was defined as a linear space (under 20 mm in width) between the asphalt pavement and curbstone. The species composition of plants invading curbside cracks was surveyed in 38 plots along the serial National Route, over a total length of 36.5 km, in Fukuoka City in southern Japan. In total, 113 species including native plants (83 species, 73.5%), perennial herbs (57 species, 50.4%) and woody plants (13 species, 11.5%) were recorded in curbside cracks. Buried seeds were also obtained from soil in curbside cracks, which means the cracks would possess a potential as seed bank. Incidentally, no significant differences were found in the vegetation characteristics of curbside cracks among land-use types (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, P > 0.05). From these results, curbside cracks would be likely to play an important role in offering habitat for plants in urban area. Keywords: Biodiversity, Road Crack, Seed Bank, Urban Area, Vegetation 1. INTRODUCTION diversity and ecosystems [12], [19], [20]. And, to evaluate the urban biodiversity and ecosystems, the Roads are important infrastructure components sites where could be habitats for plant, such as that provide critical corridors for transporting goods wetland, riverside, garden, park or shrine in the and humans. Expansion and integration of asphalted cities, have been surveying [12]. road networks would symbolize urbanization. Some In this study, we hypothesize that road cracks, plants, however, become established in curbside especially curbside cracks of road, can be site where cracks of road and cause deterioration of asphalt and some plants establish including ecologically curbs, reducing road surface longevity and safety valuable species, and be evaluated as useful habitat (Fig. 1). Therefore, road managers spend a consider- for plant. To investigate above hypothesis, we able amount of time and money on roadside surveyed plant that invades curbside cracks of road; vegetation management [4]. In this context, several we compared species composition and characteris- ecological traits of plants in curbside cracks of road tics in the curbside cracks among land-use types in have been also shown for effective road manage- urban area. The objective of this study is to collect ment [4], [5], [18]. basic information on vegetation in road crack, On the other hand, there has been growing especially in curbside cracks of road, for evaluating interest in the effect of urbanization on the bio- plant biodiversity in urban area. xxxxxxxx 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study Area Surveying of vegetation in curbside cracks was conducted in Fukuoka City, southern Japan, in September 2012 along National Route 3, 202 and 263, over a total distance of 36.5 km (Fig. 2). Fukuoka City is one of the biggest cities in Japan besides Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, and the population is around one and a half million, the density is 4,392 km-2, as of May 1, 2013 (Fukuoka City Environmental Data System). According to Fig. 1 Some plants established in curbside cracks AMEDAS (Automated Meteorological Data aaaaaaaaof road. Acquisition System) from 2003 to 2012, Fukuoka 885 Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2014, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Sl. No. 12), pp. 885-891 City lies in the warm-temperature zone, with values xxxx of Kira’s Warmth Index [9] ranging from 143.4 to 155.5 °C and with annual precipitation of 1,020 to 2,018 mm. 2.2 Species Composition and Characteristics Route 3 The species composition of vegetation in curbside cracks was recorded according to the Route 202 methodology of Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance Route 263 scale [2]. A curbside crack was defined as a linear space (under 20 mm in width) between the asphalt pavement and curbstone [4]. We located 38 survey 0 2 4 km plots along the route at intervals of approximately 1 km. The size of the plots was 50 m (length) × 20 mm (maximum width of the crack). Fig. 2 Location of study sites. Plant nomenclature used in this paper followed Miyawaki et al. (1994), Baba (1999) and Shimizu (2003). All the recorded species were categorized by life form (dormancy form, disseminule form, types [3], [21]. The vegetation characteristics radicoid form and growth form) and invasive status employed were the following: the total number of (native or non-native), in order to characterize the species, average number of species, Sannon- vegetation surveyed. Life form was based on the Wiener’s diversity index (H’) and the percentage of description by Raunkiaer (1934) and Numata (1990), non-native species. and we distinguished non-native from native species Horn’s measurement of overlap [6] was done based on published literature [1], [11], [17]. Using with mean cover data of species in each land-use aerial photographs and field observation, dominant type in order to examine the similarity of species land-use types within a radius of 100 m from each composition among land-use types. According to the survey plot were classified as forest, business area, residential districts, developed land, dry fields and Eq. (1), Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) of species paddy fields. [14] in each land-use type was also calculated; 2.3 Soil Property SDR = (F’ + C’) / 2 (1) The soil was collected from curbside crack in Where F’ and C’ is the ratio of frequency and each survey plot, using stainless spatula, for mea- cover of each species to the numbers of the most surement of pH and EC. abundant species, respectively. And then, in order to estimate the potential To find out whether the proportion of each life vegetation in curbside crack, the soil obtained from 2 form was different among land-use types, we the crack was spread over 20 cm with thickness of conducted a two-way ANOVA. The differences in 1.5 cm on the vinyl pot filled with expanded vermiculite. Prepared pots were put under the pH and EC of curbside crack soil among land-use constant temperature of 25 °C with 12 hours light of types were also analyzed using an ANOVA. All of 3,300-3,600 lux a day for 3 months, and plant the data for the ANOVAs were used after trans- emerged from the soil was regularly identified. forming to ln(x + 0.5) value. 2.4 Data Analysis 3. RESULTS Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale (r, +, I, II, 3.1 Species Composition and Characteristics III, IV and V) was transformed as follows: r and +, 0.1%; I, 5.0%; II, 17.5%; III, 37.5%; IV, 62.5% and In total, 113 species including 83 (73.5%) V, 87.5%. natives were observed in curbside cracks along the To test whether characteristics of vegetation in surveyed routes (Appendix 1), of which 100 (88.5%) curbside cracks were different among land-use types, species were herbaceous and 13 (11.5%) species we conducted a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, under the were woody plants. In the former, 57 perennials null hypothesis that vegetation characteristics of (50.4%) were recorded. Of the 36 families obtained curbside cracks were equivalent across land-use in this survey (Appendix 1), Poaceae and Asteraceae 886 Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2014, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Sl. No. 12), pp. 885-891 Txxable 1 Vegetation characteristics of curbside cracks among land-use types. Vegetation characteristics Number of survey Total number of Average number of Sannon-Wiener's Percentage of non- Land-use types plots species species diversity index (H ') native species Forest 18 63 13.3 1.670 19.0 Business area 12 45 10.6 1.952 35.6 Residential districts 14 41 18.7 1.785 39.0 Developed land 11 20 20.0 2.987 40.0 Dry fields 13 23 10.0 1.675 30.4 Paddy fields 10 - - - - P -value - 0.200ns 0.194ns 0.053ns 0.200ns P > 0.05: ns indicates not significant using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Horn's overlap index (Ro) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 accounted for the majority of herbaceous plants (47/100 species), and Ulmaceae was dominant in woody plants recorded (4/13 species). V1 n = 26 No significant differences were found in the vegetation characteristics of curbside cracks across land-use types (P > 0.05) (Table 1). V2 Using Horn’s measurement of overlap three n = 9 vegetation types could be distinguished (Fig. 3). Type V1 contained business area and residential V3 districts (n = 26), and Type V2 included forest and n = 3 developed land (n = 9). Type V3 consisted of dry fields (n = 3). Common species to all vegetation Fig. 3 Classification of 5 land-use types based on types (12/113 species) were Artemisia princeps aaaaaaaamean cover of component species. See xxxxx aaaaaaaaAppendix 1. 10100%0 ( I ) 1001%00 ( III ) P = 0.757ns P = 0.908ns 7157%5 751%75 5105%0 501%50 Th(w) R5 ) 125 25% 251%25 R4 % Th ( s H R3 m r 100 Ch R2 o 0% 01%00 f e 群V1A 群V2B 群V3C V1 V2 V3 f 群A 群B 群C i l f o n o i 10100%0 10100%0 t ( II ) ( IV ) r o ns P = 0.830ns p P = 0.645 o r P 7157%5 7157%5 t-p t,t-p t 150 50% 5105%0 r ps 2152%5 2152%5 pr D4 p-b D3 e 100%0 D1 100%0 b-p 群V1A 群V2B 群V3C 群VA1 群VB2 群V3C Vegetation types Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toronto Master Gardeners Ask Plant Id Questions
    TORONTO MASTER GARDENERS ASK PLANT ID QUESTIONS Image Question Answer Growing in ditches beside a gravel road It is challenging to identify a plant from a single leaf, and I consulted our team in Township of Perry 25 minutes north of Master Gardeners, several of whom feel that the plant is likely some sort of Huntsville. Cant find it in any of our of dock. Consider the following: reference books. Leaves are emerging from ground singly and veins are deep ñ Rumex sanguineus var.sanguineus (red-veined or bloody red. dock). See the Missouri Botanical Garden monograph ñ Rumex obtusifolius (broadleaved dock/ bitter dock). See Illinois Wildflowers – Bitter Dock ñ Rumex aquaticus (Scottish dock). See Nature Gate’s Scottish Dock Another suggestion was this might be pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana). See Ohio State University’s Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed May 2019 Guide – Common PokeweedClick on the above links and you'll see photos that show that these plants have leaves that resemble those of your mystery plant, in many respects. However, with docks and the common pokeweed, leaves generally emerge from the same clump, not singly. As well, these plants have lance-shaped leaves, which seem to differ quite a bit from the oblong-shaped leaf of shown in the photo you submitted.Finally, it is possible that the plant is related to dock, but is a sorrel (Rumex acetosa) - some sorrels have leaves that are shaped more like the leaf in your photo. For example, see Nature Gate's Common sorrel My neighbour gave me this plant, that I Your neighbour gave you a Bergenia cordifolia, commonly called Bergenia or planted las year.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacophore PHYLLANTHUS PLANTS in PHOTOPROTECTION
    Pharmacophore, 8(3) 2017, Pages: 1-10 Pharmacophore ISSN-2229-5402 Journal home page: http://www.pharmacophorejournal.com PHYLLANTHUS PLANTS IN PHOTOPROTECTION: A BROAD SPECTRUM OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS Ivette María Menéndez-Perdomo1,2, Ángel Sánchez-Lamar1* 1. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, 25St, 455 between I and J, CP 10400, Havana, Cuba 2. Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 05th Mar 2017 During the past few decades, there has been an increased scientific interest to prevent or amend the Received in revised form: consequences of human exposure to the detrimental effects of sunlight ultraviolet (UV) radiation. 07th Apr 2017 Environmental UV radiation cause direct and indirect DNA damage, inducing mutations, and Accepted: triggering associated diseases, such as skin cancer. Many photoprotection strategies are currently 28th Apr 2017 available, as this has become a core issue on public healthcare. In this context, many Available online: phytocomponents had shown photoprotective properties in different experimental models. Plants 29th May 2017 in the genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine by ethnics from all over the world, and recent investigations support their genoprotective activity against UV radiation. In the present review, we summarize UV-related DNA photodamages and several Keywords: Phyllanthus, photoprotection, strategies for its prevention such as the use of phytocomponents. We update the current knowledge UV, antioxidant, DNA repair concerning the photoprotective properties of several Phyllanthus species, putting emphasis on studies carried out in the last decade. We examine different molecular mechanisms described to .
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Oplismenus Hirtellus S S P
    Oplismenus John Peter Thompson Upper Marlboro August 2011 S pecial thanks to Kerrie Kyde for comments, edits contributions and guidance Oplismenus hirtellus s s p. undulatifolius (A r d.) U. S cholz Kerrie L. Kyde, Maryland Department of Natural R esources, Bugwood.org Wavyleaf Basketgrass Invades M a ryla nd http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/WLBG/index.asp 1996 Ed Uebel discovered WLBG in Patapsco Valley State Park and at Liberty Reservoir in Maryland Peterson PM, Terrell EE , Uebel EC, Davis CA, S cholz H, S oreng R J. 1999 Oplismenus hirtellus subspecies undulatifolius, a new record for North America. Castanea 64. (2): 201-202 (1999) - En Keys. Geog=3 S ystematics: ANGIOS PE R MAE (GR AMINEAE : OPLIS ME NUS ) US A, (199902902). Hernwood landfill property has been treated By permission Kerrie Kyde All rights reserved MAEDN Areas of Invasion of WLBG in the Mid Atlantic http://upload.wikimedia.o rg/wikipedia/commons/th umb/6/63/Oplismenus_u ndulatifolius_tizimizasa0 1.jpg/250px- Oplismenus_undulatifoliu s_tizimizasa01.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/thumb/6/63 /Oplismenus_undulatifolius_ti zimizasa01.jpg/250px- Oplismenus_undulatifolius_tiz imizasa01.jpg Monograph of the g enus Oplismenus (Gramineae) By URSULA SCHOLZ http://herbarium.usu.edu/translate/opli smenusscholz.html Oplismenus P. B ea uv. s ec t. S cabriseta S chlecht., Linnaea 31: 301 (1861-62). O. affinis S c hult. --O. affinis S chult. var. affinis --O. affinis va r. humboldtianus U. S c holz O. baronii C a m us O. burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. --O. burmannii (Retz.) P. B eauv. var. burmannii --O.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Azerbaijan – Naiba Mehtiyeva and Sevil Zeynalova
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY – Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Azerbaijan – Naiba Mehtiyeva and Sevil Zeynalova MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF AZERBAIJAN Naiba Mehtiyeva and Sevil Zeynalova Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar sh. 40, AZ1073, Baku, Azerbaijan Keywords: Azerbaijan, medicinal plants, aromatic plants, treatments, history, biological active substances. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Historical perspective of the traditional medicine 3. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Azerbaijan 4. Preparation and applying of decoctions and infusions from medicinal plants 5. Conclusion Acknowledgement Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Data on the biological active substances and therapeutical properties of more than 131 medicinal and aromatic (spicy-aromatic) plants widely distributed and frequently used in Azerbaijan are given in this chapter. The majority of the described species contain flavonoids (115 sp.), vitamin C (84 sp.), fatty oils (78 sp.), tannins (77 sp.), alkaloids (74 sp.) and essential oils (73 sp.). A prevalence of these biological active substances defines the broad spectrum of therapeutic actions of the described plants. So, significant number of species possess antibacterial (69 sp.), diuretic (60 sp.), wound healing (51 sp.), styptic (46 sp.) and expectorant (45 sp.) peculiarities. The majority of the species are used in curing of gastrointestinal (89 sp.), bronchopulmonary (61 sp.), dermatovenerologic (61 sp.), nephritic (55 sp.) and infectious (52 sp.) diseases, also for treatment of festering
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Identification Guide
    WEED IDENTIFICATION GUIDE Carpetgrass American Burnweed Common Chickweed Mouse-ear Chickweed Axonopus affi nis (Carpetgrass) is a mat-forming Erechtites hieracifolia (American Burnweed Stellaria media (Common Chickweed) is a mat- Cerastium vulgatum (Mouse-ear Chickweed) is a perennial that can be identifi ed by its smooth leaf or Fireweed) is a robust summer annual identifi ed forming winter annual or short-lived perennial in winter perennial with alternating leaves that are blades with rounded tips. Typically, a few long by its spiraling, alternating elliptic to lance-shaped temperate regions and is identifi ed by alternating, oblong and covered with hair. Prostrate overall, hairs are present on the leaf sheath at the base leaves with narrow, sharp-pointed bases on the shiny leaves - egg or oval, to broadly elliptic, in Mouse-ear Chickweed will have several upright of the blade. Often found coexisting in centipede lower part of the stem and clasping based on the shape. Upper leaves are without petiole, while the stems. The weed can further be identifi ed by lawns. Carpetgrass is found in the Coastal Plain of upper. American Burnweed fl owers late-spring lower leaves have sparsely, hairy long petiole. Found the white fl owers containing fi ve pedals that are the Gulf states, north to North Carolina and west to through fall and can be found throughout most of throughout North America, with the exception of notched at the ends. Mouse-ear Chickweed can be Arkansas and Oklahoma. Eastern, Central and Southern United States. the Rocky Mountains. found throughout the United States. Clumpy Rye Annual Lespedeza Dandelion Plantain, Bracted Lolium perenne (Perennial ryegrass) or Lolium Kummerowia striata (Common or Annual Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) is a stemless Plantago aristata (Bracted Plantain) is a winter multifl orum (Annual ryegrass) is a winter annual Lespedeza) is a freely-branched summer annual perennial.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Management of Horseweed and Hairy Fleabane in California
    University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu Publication 8314 / September 2008 Biology and Management of Horseweed and Hairy Fleabane in California ANIL SHRESTHA, Department of Plant Science, California State University, Fresno; KURT HEMBREE, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Fresno County; and STEVEN WRIGHT, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Tulare and Kings Counties In recent years, increasing populations of horseweed, or mare’s tail, (Conyza canadensis) and hairy, or flax-leaved, fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) have been observed in vineyards, orchards, canal banks, and roadsides in California, especially in the Central Valley. Numerous growers, pest control consultants, and managers have complained that the recommended rates of some postemergent herbicides, such as glyphosate, are no longer effective on these weeds. Since glyphosate-resistant biotypes of these species have now been confirmed (Shrestha et al., 2007), alternative integrated techniques need to be employed to effectively manage resistant and nonresistant biotype populations and to prevent the further development of herbicide resistance. A basic understanding of the biology of these weeds is essential to develop an integrated management approach. Biology of Horseweed and Hairy Fleabane Horseweed and hairy fleabane are summer annuals belonging to the Asteraceae (sunflower) family. The temperature and light requirements for germination, soil type preference, and depth of soil emergence of these two species are fairly similar. The optimal temperature for germination of both species ranges from 65ºF to 75ºF, and they can germinate under moderate (0.4 MPa) water stress. However, hairy fleabane can germinate at lower temperatures than horseweed (Karlsson and Milberg 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Cyphostemma Juttae SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk (Dinter & Gilg) Desc
    TAXON: Cyphostemma juttae SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk (Dinter & Gilg) Desc. Taxon: Cyphostemma juttae (Dinter & Gilg) Desc. Family: Vitaceae Common Name(s): Namibian grape Synonym(s): Cissus juttae Dinter & Gilg tree grape wild grape Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 14 Sep 2016 WRA Score: -2.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Succulent Tree, Ornamental, Toxic, Fire-Resistant, Fleshy-Fruit Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines,
    [Show full text]
  • New Jan16.2011
    Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog Cistus Nursery 22711 NW Gillihan Road Sauvie Island, OR 97231 503.621.2233 phone 503.621.9657 fax order by phone 9 - 5 pst, visit 10am - 5pm, fax, mail, or email: [email protected] 24-7-365 www.cistus.com Spring 2011 Mail Order Catalog 2 USDA zone: 2 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ‘Aureovariegatus’ coralberry Old fashioned deciduous coralberry with knock your socks off variegation - green leaves with creamy white edges. Pale white-tinted-pink, mid-summer flowers attract bees and butterflies and are followed by bird friendly, translucent, coral berries. To 6 ft or so in most any normal garden conditions - full sun to part shade with regular summer water. Frost hardy in USDA zone 2. $12 Caprifoliaceae USDA zone: 3 Athyrium filix-femina 'Frizelliae' Tatting fern An unique and striking fern with narrow fronds, only 1" wide and oddly bumpy along the sides as if beaded or ... tatted. Found originally in the Irish garden of Mrs. Frizell and loved for it quirkiness ever since. To only 1 ft tall x 2 ft wide and deciduous, coming back slowly in spring. Best in bright shade or shade where soil is rich. Requires summer water. Frost hardy to -40F, USDA zone 3 and said to be deer resistant. $14 Woodsiaceae USDA zone: 4 Aralia cordata 'Sun King' perennial spikenard The foliage is golden, often with red stems, and dazzling on this big and bold perennial, quickly to 3 ft tall and wide, first discovered in a department store in Japan by nurseryman Barry Yinger. Spikes of aralia type white flowers in summer are followed by purple-black berries.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Resource Allocation in Different Habitats of Kalimeris Intergrifolia in Northeast China Z
    Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2011 9(4), 1224-1232 Available online at www.inia.es/sjar ISSN: 1695-971-X doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/20110904-162-11 eISSN: 2171-9292 Patterns of resource allocation in different habitats of Kalimeris intergrifolia in Northeast China Z. N. Yuan1,2, J. M. Lu1*, J. Y. Chen1 and S. Z. Jiang2 1College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University. Changchun 130024. P. R. China 2 Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province; College of life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University. Harbin 150025. P. R. China Abstract Understanding parameters that drive plant resource allocation for reproduction in potentially economically and environ- mentally important species, such as Kalimeris intergrifolia, is essential to maximize production rates. Hence, this study evaluates the characteristics in reproductive resource allocation of two K. intergrifolia communities at a saline-alkali open meadow and at a semi-enclosed secondary broad-leaved forest fringe, in the Songnen plains region of northeast China. Ramets from each habitat type were sampled at three intervals during the ripening stage (June-October). Relative resource distribution was quantified by measuring the dry weight of the above-ground ramet components, including the stem, leaf, corymb and seeds. The results indicated high variability in the distribution of resource allocation for both types, with larger phenotypic plasticity being recorded for the forest fringe than the open meadow. However, the allocation of re- sources into reproductive organs was higher in the open meadow than in the forest fringe, demonstrating that the open community was advantageous to the reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Himalayan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: a Review of Their Ethnopharmacology, Volatile Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities
    medicines Review Himalayan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: A Review of their Ethnopharmacology, Volatile Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities Rakesh K. Joshi 1, Prabodh Satyal 2 and Wiliam N. Setzer 2,* 1 Department of Education, Government of Uttrakhand, Nainital 263001, India; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519; Fax: +1-256-824-6349 Academic Editor: Lutfun Nahar Received: 24 December 2015; Accepted: 3 February 2016; Published: 19 February 2016 Abstract: Aromatic plants have played key roles in the lives of tribal peoples living in the Himalaya by providing products for both food and medicine. This review presents a summary of aromatic medicinal plants from the Indian Himalaya, Nepal, and Bhutan, focusing on plant species for which volatile compositions have been described. The review summarizes 116 aromatic plant species distributed over 26 families. Keywords: Jammu and Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; Uttarakhand; Nepal; Sikkim; Bhutan; essential oils 1. Introduction The Himalya Center of Plant Diversity [1] is a narrow band of biodiversity lying on the southern margin of the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain range with elevations exceeding 8000 m. The plant diversity of this region is defined by the monsoonal rains, up to 10,000 mm rainfall, concentrated in the summer, altitudinal zonation, consisting of tropical lowland rainforests, 100–1200 m asl, up to alpine meadows, 4800–5500 m asl. Hara and co-workers have estimated there to be around 6000 species of higher plants in Nepal, including 303 species endemic to Nepal and 1957 species restricted to the Himalayan range [2–4].
    [Show full text]
  • Cynodonteae Tribe
    POACEAE [GRAMINEAE] – GRASS FAMILY Plant: annuals or perennials Stem: jointed stem is termed a culm – internodial stem most often hollow but always solid at node, mostly round, some with stolons (creeping stem) or rhizomes (underground stem) Root: usually fibrous, often very abundant and dense Leaves: mostly linear, sessile, parallel veins, in 2 ranks (vertical rows), leaf sheath usually open or split and often overlapping, but may be closed Flowers: small in 2 rows forming a spikelet (1 to several flowers), may be 1 to many spikelets with pedicels or sessile to stem; each flower within a spikelet is between an outer limna (bract, with a midrib) and an inner palea (bract, 2-nerved or keeled usually) – these 3 parts together make the floret – the 2 bottom bracts of the spikelet do not have flowers and are termed glumes (may be reduced or absent), the rachilla is the axis that hold the florets; sepals and petals absent; 1-6 but often 3 stamens; 1 pistil, 1-3 but usually 2 styles, ovary superior, 1 ovule – there are exceptions to most everything!! Fruit: seed-like grain (seed usually fused to the pericarp (ovary wall) or not) Other: very large and important family; Monocotyledons Group Genera: 600+ genera; locally many genera 2 slides per species WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive POACEAE [GRAMINEAE] – CYNODONTEAE TRIBE Sideoats Grama; Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. var. curtipendula - Cynodonteae (Tribe) Bermuda Grass; Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Introduced) - Cynodonteae (Tribe) Egyptian Grass [Durban Crowfoot]; Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd (Introduced) [Indian] Goose Grass; Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
    [Show full text]