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Oplismenus Hirtellus S S P Oplismenus John Peter Thompson Upper Marlboro August 2011 S pecial thanks to Kerrie Kyde for comments, edits contributions and guidance Oplismenus hirtellus s s p. undulatifolius (A r d.) U. S cholz Kerrie L. Kyde, Maryland Department of Natural R esources, Bugwood.org Wavyleaf Basketgrass Invades M a ryla nd http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/WLBG/index.asp 1996 Ed Uebel discovered WLBG in Patapsco Valley State Park and at Liberty Reservoir in Maryland Peterson PM, Terrell EE , Uebel EC, Davis CA, S cholz H, S oreng R J. 1999 Oplismenus hirtellus subspecies undulatifolius, a new record for North America. Castanea 64. (2): 201-202 (1999) - En Keys. Geog=3 S ystematics: ANGIOS PE R MAE (GR AMINEAE : OPLIS ME NUS ) US A, (199902902). Hernwood landfill property has been treated By permission Kerrie Kyde All rights reserved MAEDN Areas of Invasion of WLBG in the Mid Atlantic http://upload.wikimedia.o rg/wikipedia/commons/th umb/6/63/Oplismenus_u ndulatifolius_tizimizasa0 1.jpg/250px- Oplismenus_undulatifoliu s_tizimizasa01.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/thumb/6/63 /Oplismenus_undulatifolius_ti zimizasa01.jpg/250px- Oplismenus_undulatifolius_tiz imizasa01.jpg Monograph of the g enus Oplismenus (Gramineae) By URSULA SCHOLZ http://herbarium.usu.edu/translate/opli smenusscholz.html Oplismenus P. B ea uv. s ec t. S cabriseta S chlecht., Linnaea 31: 301 (1861-62). O. affinis S c hult. --O. affinis S chult. var. affinis --O. affinis va r. humboldtianus U. S c holz O. baronii C a m us O. burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. --O. burmannii (Retz.) P. B eauv. var. burmannii --O. burmannii va r. lanatus (Buse) Backer --O. burmannii va r. multisetus (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) U. S cholz O. flavicomus M ez O. gracillimus M ez O. humbertianus C a m us s ec t. Oplismenus O. aemulus --O. aemulus (R. Br. ) Roem. & S chult. var. aemulus --O. aemulus va r. flaccidus (R. Br. ) Domin --O. aemulus va r. densiflorus U. S c holz O. compositus (L..) P. B ea uv. --O. compositus (L..) P. B ea uv. va r. compositus --O. compositus va r. rariflorus (Presl) U. Scholz --O. compositus va r. sylvaticus (Lam.) U. Scholz O. hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. --O. hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. hirtellus --O. hirtellus subsp. acuminatus (Nees) U. S cholz --O. hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. capensis (Hochst.) Mez ex U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. fasciculatus U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. imbecillis (R . Br.) U. S cholz ----O. hirtellus f. imbecillis ----O. hirtellus f. lanceolatus U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. japonicus (S teud.) U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. microphyllus (Honda) U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. psilostachys (Honda) U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex E kman --O. hirtellus subsp. tsushimensis (Honda) U. S cholz --O. hirtellus subsp. undulatifolius (Ard.) U. S cholz Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot Baron de Beauvois Essai d'une nouvelle Agrostographie: avec figures (de Beauvois, 1812) Gen... Xlv. OPLISMENUS Nos. , Oplismène. PL xi, fig. m. De Όπλίμενοσ, Armatus. Oplismenus FI. Ow.; Orthopogonis spec. Rob. Brow. ; Panici spec. Lin. , etc. Axis spicatus : Spica composite : Spiculæ alterna; : Locustæ subunilaterales, sessiles.—Glumæ inæquales, setigeræ- — Flosc. Infer. neut., 2-paIeaceus : Palea infer. sub apice ferè emarginato setigera : super, duplô minor, intégra. — Flosc. Super, hermaphrod. : Paleae coriaceo - induralæ :' infer. sub apice emarginato mucronata. — Squamæ ovatæ, oblusæ , spatulœformes. — Ovarium simplex : Stylus 2-partitus : Stigmata aspergilliformia. — Semen obtusum, liberuni, ferè sulcatum. The home florist: a treatise on the cultivation, management and adaptability of flowering and ornamental plants, designed for the use of amateur florists (Long, 1874) http://otvetin.ru/uploads/posts/2010-04/1270671471_oplimenushirtellusvariegatus0404.jpg (Long, 1874) Panicum variegatum (35, 30 to 60, 90°).— A very attractive grass, of trailing or creeping habit, excellent for hanging baskets or pot culture in the greenhouse or window. The leaves are willow shaped, and distinctly variegated with white, rose and green. The plant requires a warm place, and rather delights in shade ; propagates from cuttings. The Gardeners' Chronicle: A Weekly Illustrated Journal Of Horticulture And Allied Subjects (The Chronicle, 1885) [1] Cyrtodeira fulgida.—This is a pretty plant for a warm greenhouse or stove; the soft velvety foliage and bright scarlet tubular flowers making it an admirable plant to grow in a pan, or in a basket, to be suspended. It will form a pleasing contrast to the rather monotonous edgings of Panicum variegatum and Isolepis gracilis that is so often found bordering beds and benches in warm houses http://aquiya.skr.jp/zukan/Oplismenus_hirtellus.jpg The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects (Vol. V 3rd series) (The Chronicle, 1889) OPLISMENUS BURMANNI VARIEGATUS. This is the correct name of what we have long been accustomed to call Panicum variegatum. … They thrive best in a moderately high temperature (about 60°) ; where with a little shade, they take on a beautiful rosy-tint. If much shaded they are apt to turn green. The florists' manual; A Reference Book for Commercial Florists Wm. Scott 1899 PANICUM VAR IE GATUM.A very pretty free growing, creeping plant with white and pink striped conservatory basket plant, or for planting in borders among palms and ferns in a permanent border under glass, it has no special value to the florist. There are several other species of Panicum, ornamental, and useful to the private gardener A manual of the grasses of New South Wales (M aiden, 1898) Oplismenus compositus, B ea uv Value as a fodder.— Affords a bite for stock, but it is so closely appressed to the ground that they do not often touch it; it may also not be palatable. Other uses.— It forms a dense turf under trees, possessing a considerable value for such a purpose in cases where it can get sufficient moisture. It is a common weed in bush-houses. Habitat and range.— Victoria to Queensland, in the moister parts. In our Colony, confined to the Coast districts. Found also in Asia and the Pacific Islands, and New Zealand. Notes on genera of Paniceae: I- IV, Parts 1-4. Biological S ociety of Washington. Page 152, 153, 154 Chase, A. (1906). Introduction In the secondary literature, Oplismenus is frequently ignored. Estimates of the number of species fluctuate between 10 and 40. Earlier, morphologic-systematic research of the genus was usually geographically restricted; they focused on specific areas of circulation. (E.g.. Hitchcock & Chase: America; Honda: Japan). Mez began a monographic study of the genus in the 1920s. However this study was never finished. It remained unpublished and is found as an unfinished manuscript in the Botanical Museum of Berlin-Dahlem. Monographie der Gattung Oplismenus (Scholz, 1981) Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. varigatus OHV All the subspecies differed in the length and density of trichomes on the leaf surfaces. Trichomes are hair cells or leaf hairs derived from specialized epidermal cells on leaf or stem surfaces. Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. varigatus OHV OHV did not produce any inflorescences, OHU produced inflorescences with white stigmas, OHS produced reddish-purple stigmas Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. varigatus OHV “There was some question whether OHU was a reverted phenotype from the cultivar OHV, but we found no evidence to support this.” Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. varigatus OHV OHV often reverts to an all green form, this phenotype does not resemble OHU, lacks leaf trichomes, has not produced seeds or inflorescences. Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. varigatus OHV OHU has sticky awns, which adhere to fur & clothing, leading to seed dispersal over long distances. OHS also has sticky awns and Seems to produce inflorescences later than OHU. Early flowering is associated with plant invasiveness (Pyšek and Richardson, 2007). Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. varigatus OHV Seed germination trials show that OHU seeds can hold dormancy due to an impermeable membrane that must be scarified. Experimentally assessing the invasive potential of plants (Talley & Ramsey, 2009) Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius OHU Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius OHS Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. Varigatus OHV OHU seeds are somewhat freeze tolerant and may be viable in the soil seed bank f or at least a couple of years or more. PVSP Wavyleaf Basketgrass Herbicide Comparison Test 2008 11/6/08 Trade Name Common Name Assessment Rep.Mea Preliminary results Application 9/10/08 Blk A Blk
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