DOCSLIB.ORG

Allopolyploidy, Diversification, and the Miocene Grassland Expansion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Allopolyploidy, Diversification, and the Miocene Grassland Expansion Allopolyploidy, diversification, and the Miocene grassland expansion Matt C. Estepa,b,1, Michael R. McKaina,c,1, Dilys Vela Diaza,d,1, Jinshun Zhonga,e,1, John G. Hodgea,c, Trevor R. Hodkinsonf, Daniel J. Laytona,c, Simon T. Malcomberg, Rémy Pasqueth,i,j, and Elizabeth A. Kellogga,c,2 aDepartment of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121; bDepartment of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608; cDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132; dDepartment of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130; eDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; fDepartment of Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; gDivision of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230; hInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; iUnité de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 072, Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes et Spéciation, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and jUniversité Paris-Sud 11, 91400 Orsay, France Edited* by John F. Doebley, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, and approved July 29, 2014 (received for review March 4, 2014) The role of polyploidy, particularly allopolyploidy, in plant di- inference of polyploidization events from chromosome numbers. versification is a subject of debate. Whole-genome duplications Although unavoidable, inferences from chromosome numbers precede the origins of many major clades (e.g., angiosperms, require assumptions about which numbers represent polyploids Brassicaceae, Poaceae), suggesting that polyploidy drives diversi- and when the polyploids arose. fication. However, theoretical arguments and empirical studies Phylogenetic trees of nuclear genes can reliably identify allo- suggest that polyploid lineages may actually have lower specia- polyploidization events (17–21) because they produce charac- tion rates and higher extinction rates than diploid lineages. We teristic double-labeled tree topologies in which the polyploid focus here on the grass tribe Andropogoneae, an economically and species appears twice (Fig. S1). In such trees, allopolyploids are readily identified and can be discovered even when no chromo- ecologically important group of C4 species with a high frequency of polyploids. A phylogeny was constructed for ca. 10% of the some counts are available (e.g., ref. 22). This tree-based method species of the clade, based on sequences of four concatenated will recover genetic allopolyploids; following the terminology low-copy nuclear loci. Genetic allopolyploidy was documented us- of Doyle and Egan (23), these polyploids may be descendants ing the characteristic pattern of double-labeled gene trees. At least of two species (taxonomic allopolyploids) or one (taxonomic EVOLUTION 32% of the species sampled are the result of genetic allopolyploidy autopolyploids). The gene-tree approach thus provides un- and result from 28 distinct tetraploidy events plus an additional six ambiguous evidence of allopolyploidization and provides an es- hexaploidy events. This number is a minimum, and the actual fre- timate of relative timing that does not require calibration of a tree. The approach does require identification of all or most quency could be considerably higher. The parental genomes of paralogues, which can be accomplished by investigating genes in most Andropogoneae polyploids diverged in the Late Miocene categories that tend to be retained after whole-genome dupli- coincident with the expansion of the major C grasslands that 4 cation, such as transcription factors. dominate the earth today. The well-documented whole-genome The grass family is a powerful system in which to study allopoly- duplication in Zea mays ssp. mays occurred after the divergence of ploidization. About 80% of its species are polyploid (24), and Zea and Sorghum. We find no evidence that polyploidization is Hunziker and Stebbins (25) have noted that the grasses are the “only followed by an increase in net diversification rate; nonetheless, large family in which high frequency of polyploids prevails through- allopolyploidy itself is a major mode of speciation. out the family.” The polyploids that Stebbins refers to and that we olyploidy (whole-genome duplication) is often linked with Significance Pthe acquisition of new traits and subsequent species di- versification, particularly in plants (1, 2). Ancient polyploidy Duplication of genomes following hybridization (allopoly- correlates with major land-plant radiations (3) and the origins of – ploidy) is common among flowering plants, particularly in the orders, large families, and major clades (4 7) although, in many grasses that cover vast areas of the world and provide food cases, sharp changes in diversification rates are delayed for mil- and fuel. Here, we find that genome duplication has occurred lions of years after the polyploidization event (1). This phyloge- at a remarkable rate, accounting for at least a third of all netic pattern has led to the hypothesis that polyploidy causes or speciation events in a group of about 1,200 species. Much of promotes diversification. Good mechanistic reasons support such this genome duplication occurred during the expansion of the a hypothesis. Studies of naturally occurring and synthetic poly- C4 grasslands in the Late Miocene. We find no evidence that ploids find changes in gene expression, gene loss, release of allopolyploidy leads directly to a change in the net rate of di- transposons, and changes in morphology and physiology imme- versification or correlates with the origin of novel morpho- diately after polyploidy (4, 8–12). This pattern is particularly true logical characters. However, as a mode of speciation, the for allopolyploids, which originate from a cross between geneti- frequency of allopolyploidization is surprisingly high. cally distinct parents often representing different species; in such cases, the biological changes seen after polyploidization may not Author contributions: M.C.E., R.P., and E.A.K. designed research; M.C.E., M.R.M., D.V.D., reflect the effects of genome doubling per se, but rather the effect J.Z., J.G.H., D.J.L., and E.A.K. performed research; J.Z., J.G.H., T.R.H., D.J.L., S.T.M., R.P., of hybridization between distantly related progenitors (4). and E.A.K. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.R.M., D.V.D., J.Z., and E.A.K. analyzed data; and E.A.K. wrote the paper. Despite the appeal of the hypothesis that polyploidy causes diversification, there is evidence to the contrary. As noted by The authors declare no conflict of interest. Stebbins (13), “polyploidy has been important in the diver- *This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor. sification of species and genera within families, but not in the Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. origin of the families and orders themselves,” implying that Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the Gen- polyploidy is only a minor force in diversification (see also ref. Bank database. For a list of accession numbers, see Table S1. 14). Surveys of angiosperms and ferns have found no evidence 1M.C.E., M.R.M., D.V.D., and J.Z. contributed equally to this paper. for increased speciation after polyploidization (15, 16), sup- 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. ’ porting Stebbins s hypothesis. However, because of the large This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. scale of the analyses, these studies necessarily had to rely on 1073/pnas.1404177111/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1404177111 PNAS Early Edition | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 discuss in this paper all formed after the well-documented whole- genome duplication at the origin of the family (26, 27); the grass 1 Chrysopogon WGD (rho) occurred about 80–90 million years ago (Mya) (28, 29). Here, we focus on the tribe Andropogoneae (subfamily 2 Zea/Tripsacum Panicoideae), a group of about 1,200 species in 90 genera. The tribe is morphologically diverse and contains some of our most eco- nomically important crop plants [maize (Zea mays), sorghum, and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)]. In addition, members of the 3 Apocopis tribe are ecologically dominant species of temperate and tropical 4 Miscanthus grasslands (e.g., Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, 5 Miscanthus/Saccharum and Sorghastrum nutans of the North American tall grass prairie; Themeda triandra of East African and Australian grasslands), some 6 Polytrias of the most troublesome agricultural weeds (Imperata cylindrica, 7 Ischaemum Sorghum halepense, Ischaemum spp.), many important forage crops 8 Dimeria (Dichanthium spp., Bothriochloa spp., Andropogon spp.), and some burgeoning biofuels (Miscanthus and Saccharum). In short, the Andropogoneae feed, and increasingly fuel, the planet. 9 Hyparrhenia Of the species listed in the preceding paragraph, all but sorghum 10 Hyparrhenia are allopolyploid. We therefore sought to test whether each allo- 11 Hyparrhenia A polyploidy event leads only to one or a few species (the Stebbins A’ hypothesis), in which case, the allopolyploids should appear in 12 Hyparrhenia B the phylogeny as the result of numerous independent polyploidy 13 Schizachyrium 14 Schizachyrium events. Alternatively, allopolyploidy could correlate with di- C versification of a major clade or eventheentiretribe(thedi- 15 Andropogon “core versification hypothesis),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Synopsis of Thai Apocopis Nees (Poaceae, Panicoideae)
    THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 38: 150–159. 2010. A synopsis of Thai Apocopis Nees (Poaceae, Panicoideae) ATCHARA TEERAWATANANON1, SARAWOOD SUNGKAEW2*, VEERAYA BOONTIA3 & TREVOR R. HODKINSON4 ABSTRACT. A synopsis of the genus Apocopis occurring in Thailand is presented, including a key to the species, correct nomencla- ture, descriptions and illustrations. Six species are recognised, of which four species are lectotypifi ed. KEY WORDS: Panicoideae, Apocopis, Thailand. INTRODUCTION 222. 1900; E.G.Camus & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, The genus Apocopis Nees (Poaceae, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 291. 1922; Bor, Kew Bull. 1: Panicoideae) consists of about 15 species, chiefl y 102. 1952; Schmid, Fl. Agrostologique de distributed in India, China, Southeast Asia to l’Indochine 13(1): 179. 1958; Bor, Grasses Burma, Polynesia (Clayton and Renvoize, 1986; Watson Ceyl., Ind. & Pakist.: 94. 1960; Roberty, Monogr. and Dallwitz, 1992; Clayton et al., 2006). Apocopis Syst. Andropog. du Globe. (Theses Fac. Sci. was originally described by Nees von Esenbeck Toulouse): 324. 1960; Lazarides, The Tropical (1841) to include A. royleanus (now Apocopis Grasses of Southeast Asia: 19. 1980; Clayton & paleacea (Trin.) Hochr.), using the specimen of Dr Renvoize, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 13: 316. 1986; J. F. Royle, from India. It is characterised by an Gould in Dassanayake, Fosberg and Clayton, Rev. infl orescence which is composed of spike-like Handb. Fl. Ceylon 8: 37. 1994; S.L.Chen & racemes consisting of a fragile rhachis that bears S.M.Phillips, Fl. China 22: 598. 2006.— the imbricate fertile sessile spikelets with broadly Amblyachyrum Hochst., Flora 39: 25. 1856. truncate lower glumes and pedicelled spikelets Annual or perennial, tufted or shortly rhi- which are normally suppressed (Bor, 1952, Clayton zomatous.
    [Show full text]
  • CATALOGUE of the GRASSES of CUBA by A. S. Hitchcock
    CATALOGUE OF THE GRASSES OF CUBA By A. S. Hitchcock. INTRODUCTION. The following list of Cuban grasses is based primarily upon the collections at the Estaci6n Central Agron6mica de Cuba, situated at Santiago de las Vegas, a suburb of Habana. The herbarium includes the collections made by the members of the staff, particularly Mr. C. F. Baker, formerly head of the department of botany, and also the Sauvalle Herbarium deposited by the Habana Academy of Sciences, These specimens were examined by the writer during a short stay upon the island in the spring of 1906, and were later kindly loaned by the station authorities for a more critical study at Washington. The Sauvalle Herbarium contains a fairly complete set of the grasses col- lected by Charles Wright, the most important collection thus far obtained from Cuba. In addition to the collections at the Cuba Experiment Station, the National Herbarium furnished important material for study, including collections made by A. H. Curtiss, W. Palmer and J. H. Riley, A. Taylor (from the Isle of Pines), S. M. Tracy, Brother Leon (De la Salle College, Habana), and the writer. The earlier collections of Wright were sent to Grisebach for study. These were reported upon by Grisebach in his work entitled "Cata- logus Plant arum Cubensium," published in 1866, though preliminary reports appeared earlier in the two parts of Plantae Wrightianae. * During the spring of 1907 I had the opportunity of examining the grasses in the herbarium of Grisebach in Gottingen.6 In the present article I have, with few exceptions, accounted for the grasses listed by Grisebach in his catalogue of Cuban plants, and have appended a list of these with references to the pages in the body of this article upon which the species are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Grass Genera in Townsville
    Grass Genera in Townsville Nanette B. Hooker Photographs by Chris Gardiner SCHOOL OF MARINE and TROPICAL BIOLOGY JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY TOWNSVILLE QUEENSLAND James Cook University 2012 GRASSES OF THE TOWNSVILLE AREA Welcome to the grasses of the Townsville area. The genera covered in this treatment are those found in the lowland areas around Townsville as far north as Bluewater, south to Alligator Creek and west to the base of Hervey’s Range. Most of these genera will also be found in neighbouring areas although some genera not included may occur in specific habitats. The aim of this book is to provide a description of the grass genera as well as a list of species. The grasses belong to a very widespread and large family called the Poaceae. The original family name Gramineae is used in some publications, in Australia the preferred family name is Poaceae. It is one of the largest flowering plant families of the world, comprising more than 700 genera, and more than 10,000 species. In Australia there are over 1300 species including non-native grasses. In the Townsville area there are more than 220 grass species. The grasses have highly modified flowers arranged in a variety of ways. Because they are highly modified and specialized, there are also many new terms used to describe the various features. Hence there is a lot of terminology that chiefly applies to grasses, but some terms are used also in the sedge family. The basic unit of the grass inflorescence (The flowering part) is the spikelet. The spikelet consists of 1-2 basal glumes (bracts at the base) that subtend 1-many florets or flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • Arundinelleae; Panicoideae; Poaceae)
    Bothalia 19, 1:45-52(1989) Kranz distinctive cells in the culm of ArundineUa (Arundinelleae; Panicoideae; Poaceae) EVANGELINA SANCHEZ*, MIRTA O. ARRIAGA* and ROGER P. ELLIS** Keywords: anatomy, Arundinella, C4, culm, distinctive cells, double bundle sheath, NADP-me ABSTRACT The transectional anatomy of photosynthetic flowering culms of Arundinella berteroniana (Schult.) Hitchc. & Chase and A. hispida (Willd.) Kuntze from South America and A. nepalensis Trin. from Africa is described and illustrated. The vascular bundles are arranged in three distinct rings, the outermost being external to a continuous sclerenchymatous band. Each of these peripheral bundles is surrounded by two bundle sheaths, a complete mestome sheath and an incomplete, outer, parenchymatous Kranz sheath, the cells of which contain large, specialized chloroplasts. Kranz bundle sheath extensions are also present. The chlorenchyma tissue is also located in this narrow peripheral zone and is interrupted by the vascular bundles and their associated sclerenchyma. Dispersed throughout the chlorenchyma are small groups of Kranz distinctive cells, identical in structure to the outer bundle sheath cells. No chlorenchyma cell is. therefore, more than two cells distant from a Kranz cell. The structure of the chlorenchyma and bundle sheaths indicates that the C4 photosynthetic pathway is operative in these culms. This study clearly demonstrates the presence of the peculiar distinctive cells in the culms as well as in the leaves of Arundinella. Also of interest is the presence of an inner bundle sheath in the vascular bundles of the culm whereas the bundles of the leaves possess only a single sheath. It has already been shown that Arundinella is a NADP-me C4 type and the anatomical predictor of a single Kranz sheath for NADP-me species, therefore, either does not hold in the culms of this genus or the culms are not NADP-me.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) Author(S): Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P
    Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) Author(s): Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 88, No. 3 (Summer, 2001), pp. 373-457 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3298585 Accessed: 06/10/2008 11:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mobot. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Using the Checklist
    Guidelines for using the checklist Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy N 9900720 Synonyms: Andropogon excavatus Hochst. 47 Common names: Breëblaarterpentyngras A; Broad-leaved turpentine grass E; Breitblättriges Pfeffergras G; dukwa, heng’ge, kamakama (-si) J Life form: perennial Abundance: uncommon to locally common Habitat: various Distribution: southern Africa Notes: said to smell of turpentine hence common name E2 Uses: used as a thatching grass E3 Cited specimen: Giess 3152 Reference: 37; 47 Botanical Name: The grasses are arranged in alphabetical or- Rukwangali R der according to the currently accepted botanical names. This Shishambyu Sh publication updates the list in Craven (1999). Silozi L Thimbukushu T Status: The following icons indicate the present known status of the grass in Namibia: Life form: This indicates if the plant is generally an annual or G Endemic—occurs only within the political boundaries of perennial and in certain cases whether the plant occurs in water Namibia. as a hydrophyte. = Near endemic—occurs in Namibia and immediate sur- rounding areas in neighbouring countries. Abundance: The frequency of occurrence according to her- N Endemic to southern Africa—occurs more widely within barium holdings of specimens at WIND and PRE is indicated political boundaries of southern Africa. here. 7 Naturalised—not indigenous, but growing naturally. < Cultivated. Habitat: The general environment in which the grasses are % Escapee—a grass that is not indigenous to Namibia and found, is indicated here according to Namibian records. This grows naturally under favourable conditions, but there are should be considered preliminary information because much usually only a few isolated individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Grasses for Kentucky Landscapes Lenore J
    HO-79 Ornamental Grasses for Kentucky Landscapes Lenore J. Nash, Mary L. Witt, Linda Tapp, and A. J. Powell Jr. any ornamental grasses are available for use in resi- Grasses can be purchased in containers or bare-root Mdential and commercial landscapes and gardens. This (without soil). If you purchase plants from a mail-order publication will help you select grasses that fit different nursery, they will be shipped bare-root. Some plants may landscape needs and grasses that are hardy in Kentucky not bloom until the second season, so buying a larger plant (USDA Zone 6). Grasses are selected for their attractive foli- with an established root system is a good idea if you want age, distinctive form, and/or showy flowers and seedheads. landscape value the first year. If you order from a mail- All but one of the grasses mentioned in this publication are order nursery, plants will be shipped in spring with limited perennial types (see Glossary). shipping in summer and fall. Grasses can be used as ground covers, specimen plants, in or near water, perennial borders, rock gardens, or natu- Planting ralized areas. Annual grasses and many perennial grasses When: The best time to plant grasses is spring, so they have attractive flowers and seedheads and are suitable for will be established by the time hot summer months arrive. fresh and dried arrangements. Container-grown grasses can be planted during the sum- mer as long as adequate moisture is supplied. Cool-season Selecting and Buying grasses can be planted in early fall, but plenty of mulch Select a grass that is right for your climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for Natural Selection Acting on Genes Affecting Lignin and Cellulose Biosynthesis in Eucalyptus Globulus
    Evidence for Natural Selection acting on Genes Affecting Lignin and Cellulose Biosynthesis in Eucalyptus globulus Sara Hadjigol (BSc) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania July 2011 i Declaration This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Sara Hadjigol July 2011 ii ABSTRACT Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) is a forest tree species that is native to South-eastern Australia, including the island of Tasmania. It is the main eucalypt species grown in pulpwood plantations in temperate regions of the world and is being domesticated in many breeding programs. The improvement of its wood properties is a major objective of these breeding programs. As many wood properties are expensive to assess, there is increasing interest in the application of molecular breeding approaches targeting candidate genes, particularly those in the lignin and cellulose biosynthesis pathways. To assist in the identification of genes and allelic variants likely to have important phenotypic effects, this study aimed to determine whether there was a signature in the genome indicating that natural selection had caused differentiation amongst the races of E.
    [Show full text]
  • A List of Grasses and Grasslike Plants of the Oak Openings, Lucas County
    A LIST OF THE GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS OF THE OAK OPENINGS, LUCAS COUNTY, OHIO1 NATHAN WILLIAM EASTERLY Department of Biology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 4-3403 ABSTRACT This report is the second of a series of articles to be prepared as a second "Flora of the Oak Openings." The study represents a comprehensive survey of members of the Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Juncaceae, Sparganiaceae, and Xyridaceae in the Oak Openings region. Of the 202 species listed in this study, 34 species reported by Moseley in 1928 were not found during the present investigation. Fifty-seven species found by the present investi- gator were not observed or reported by Moseley. Many of these species or varieties are rare and do not represent a stable part of the flora. Changes in species present or in fre- quency of occurrence of species collected by both Moseley and Easterly may be explained mainly by the alteration of habitats as the Oak Openings region becomes increasingly urbanized or suburbanized. Some species have increased in frequency on the floodplain of Swan Creek, in wet ditches and on the banks of the Norfolk and Western Railroad right-of-way, along newly constructed roadsides, or on dry sandy sites. INTRODUCTION The grass family ranks third among the large plant families of the world. The family ranks number one as far as total numbers of plants that cover fields, mead- ows, or roadsides are concerned. No other family is used as extensively to pro- vide food or shelter or to create a beautiful landscape. The sedge family does not fare as well in terms of commercial importance, but the sedges do make avail- able forage and food for wild fowl and they do contribute plant cover in wet areas where other plants would not be as well adapted.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide for Managing Yellow and Caucasian (Old World) Bluestems in the Southwest
    USDA United States Department of Agriculture - Field Guide for Managing Yellow and Caucasian (Old World) Bluestems in the Southwest Forest Southwestern Service Region TP-R3-16-36 October 2018 Cover Photos Top left — Yellow bluestem; courtesy photo by Max Licher, SEINet Top right — Yellow bluestem panicle; courtesy photo by Billy Warrick; Soil, Crop and More Information Lower left — Caucasian bluestem panicle; courtesy photo by Max Licher, SEINet Lower right — Caucasian bluestem; courtesy photo by Max Licher, SEINet Authors Karen R. Hickman — Professor, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK Keith Harmoney — Range Scientist, KSU Ag Research Center, Hays KS Allen White — Region 3 Pesticides/Invasive Species Coord., Forest Service, Albuquerque NM Citation: USDA Forest Service. 2018. Field Guide for Managing Yellow and Caucasian (Old World) Bluestems in the Southwest. Southwestern Region TP-R3-16-36, Albuquerque, NM. In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Revision of Germainia (Andropogoneae: Poaceae) in Thailand
    Blumea 57, 2013: 221–228 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651913X663442 A taxonomic revision of Germainia (Andropogoneae: Poaceae) in Thailand A. Teerawatananon1,3, S. Sungkaew2,3*, V. Boontia4, T.R. Hodkinson5 Key words Abstract A taxonomic revision of the genus Germainia (Andropogoneae, Poaceae) in Thailand is presented based on herbarium and field studies, including evidence from morphology, habitats and geographical distribu- Andropogoneae tion. Six of the nine recognized Germainia species are found in Thailand. We include a key to the taxa that are Germainia currently known from Thailand or may be expected, lists of species synonymies, species descriptions and lists of Poaceae representative specimens. Thailand Published on 17 January 2013 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Germainia Balansa & Poitr. is a small genus in the tribe Andro­ There were two main sources of specimens used in this study: pogoneae (Poaceae) comprising nine species and distributed specimens collected from fieldwork in Thailand and herbarium in E India (Assam), S Myanmar (Tenasserim), Indo-China specimens, also from other areas, obtained from the following (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, S Vietnam), S China (Guangdong herbaria: AAU, ABD, BK, BKF, BM, C, E, GH, K, KKU, L, NY, (Canton), Yunnan), Indonesia (Aru Isl., Indonesian Papua), SING, TCD, US and the Herbarium of Natural History Museum, Papua New Guinea (Central, Sandaun (W Sepik), Western National Science Museum, Technopolis, Pathum Thani, Thai- Prov.), and Australia (Northern Territory, N Queensland) (Chai- land. Four field trips, totalling a period of five months were made Anan 1972, Chen & Phillips 2006, Chen et al. 2007).
    [Show full text]