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Grass Phylogeny and Classification: Conflict of Morphology and Molecules Bryan K Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 20 2007 Grass Phylogeny and Classification: Conflict of Morphology and Molecules Bryan K. Simon Brisbane Botanical Gardens, Toowong, Queensland, Australia Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Simon, Bryan K. (2007) "Grass Phylogeny and Classification: Conflict of Morphology and Molecules," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 20. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/20 Aliso 23, pp. 259–266 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden GRASS PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION: CONFLICT OF MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULES BRYAN K. SIMON Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanical Gardens, Mt. Coot-tha, Mt. Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The grass family (Poaceae) has been recognized as a unique lineage for more than 200 years, based initially on characters of inflorescence and spikelet morphology and corroborated by anatomical and other features in the latter half of the twentieth century. There have been a number of attempts to derive a phylogeny of sections of the family from structural (morphological and anatomical) characters. However, more recently the Grass Phylogeny Working Group (2001) applied cladistic principles to the whole family using molecular and structural characters. This study produced a single most-parsi- monious tree from six molecular sequence data sets, chloroplast restriction site data, and structural data from a representative set of 62 grasses and four outgroup taxa. However, the cladogram reveals a weak correlation with structural characters. Only three out of 12 subfamilies have unequivocal anatomical synapomorphies and there is no unequivocal morphological synapomorphy in any subfam- ily. Homoplasious character states outnumber synapomorphic states to a large degree. Cladistic anal- yses of grass genera in recent studies, based on both micromorphological, anatomical, and molecular data, have often produced clades that are difficult or impossible to define by readily observable fea- tures. Examples are shown in this paper for some genera of Danthonioideae, the panicoid tribe An- dropogoneae, and the chloridoid tribe Triodieae. A recommendation is made that formal taxonomic and nomenclatural changes should only be applied, particularly at the species level, when the lineages within a phylogeny correlate with marker morphological characters. Key words: Andropogoneae, cladistics, Danthonioideae, Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Poaceae, Triodieae. INTRODUCTION framework was applied mostly in an ad hoc, subjective man- ner. Until relatively recently the classification of grasses, as In the 1970s and 1980s considerable advances were made with most other plant groups, was based on traditional char- in the understanding of the ultrastructure of leaf anatomy of acters and principles that were theory-neutral from a phy- grasses and its relationship to the variations in photosyn- logenetic perspective. Classifications were based entirely on thetic pathway. Early work in this field (Carolin et al. 1973; overall similarity. Early classifications of grasses until the Hattersley and Watson 1975, 1976) was followed by the sig- end of the nineteenth century were based entirely on spikelet nificant investigations of Brown (1977) and Hattersley and and inflorescence characters (Scheuchzer 1708; Linnaeus co-workers (Hattersley 1987; Prendergast and Hattersley 1753; Brown 1810; Palisot de Beauvois 1812; Kunth 1833; 1987; Hattersley and Watson 1992), although the place of Bentham 1881; Hackel 1887). A significant revolution of the photosynthetic subtype as a definitive character in grass grass classification occurred from the end of the nineteenth taxonomy (Chapman 1996) and phylogeny (Kellogg 1999a) century to the mid-twentieth century, with the great advance is far from clear-cut. in the design and power of microscopes in a phase that has The impact of the writings and methods of Hennig (1950, been termed The New Systematics (enumerated in Bor 1966) has resulted in a paradigm shift in the classification 1960). Cryptic characters from cytology, leaf anatomy, and of all biological groups. Grasses have been subjected to embryology were examined in detail for the first time. These more cladistic analyses, using both morphological and mo- characters are well illustrated and discussed in classic papers lecular data, than many other groups. Classical early mor- by Duval-Jouve (1875), Avdulov (1931), Prat (1931, 1936), phological studies for the whole family (Kellogg and Camp- Hubbard (1948), Stebbins (1956), Brown and Emery (1957), bell 1987) and for subfamilies (Kellogg and Watson 1993) Clark Row and Reeder (1957), Reeder (1957), Brown using data collected by Watson and Dallwitz (1992) for ex- (1958), Bor (1960), and Jacques-Fe´lix (1962). Their work emplar genera were followed by a few for smaller groups impacted grass classification in a major way and resulted in using species (Linder and Verboom [1996] for the Australian changes to the constitution of the main subfamilies (Stebbins danthonioids; Snow [1997] for the genus Leptochloa P. 1956; Tateoka 1957; Prat 1960; Jacques-Fe´lix 1962; Rosh- Beauv.). With the refinement of techniques in genomic anal- evitz and Sendulsky 1969; Caro 1982; Clayton and Renvoize yses many cladistic analyses based on molecular data fol- 1986; Tzvelev 1989; Watson and Dallwitz 1992). The clas- lowed in the 1990s. Some of the best known and most fre- sifications were mostly implied to have a phylogenetic basis, quently cited papers are Hamby and Zimmer (1988) using with the exception of the phenetic classification of Watson ribosomal RNA sequences, Doebley et al. (1990) using plas- and Dallwitz (1992), but the application of phylogenetic tid rbcL sequence data, Davis and Soreng (1993) using plas- 260 Simon ALISO tid DNA restriction site variation, Nadot et al. (1994) using (4) Based on the phylogeny, a classification of 11 pre- plastid rps4 sequences, Clark et al. (1995) using plastid ndhF viously published subfamilies and one new one (Dan- sequence data, Duvall and Morton (1996) using plastid rbcL thonioideae) was proposed. sequences, Soreng and Davis (1998) using plastid DNA re- striction site data, Barker et al. (1999) using plastid rpoC2 In my opinion, the GPWG (2001) classification presents sequences, Hilu et al. (1999) using matK sequences, Hsiao a number of problems: et al. (1999) using nuclear ribosomal ITS, Zhang (2000) us- (1) Only 62 grasses were included in the analysis. This ing plastid rpl16 intron sequences, and Mathews et al. (1996, represents 0.56% of all grass species and 8.46% of 2000) using the nuclear phytochrome gene family. genera from a total of 11,024 species and 741 genera The rationale for this paper is to address two important (current totals of grass species and genera in the topics in systematics. The first is the apparent conflict be- Grass World Database maintained at BRI). tween morphology and molecules often seen in phylogenetic (2) There is a rather weak support for structural charac- analyses. The second is the extent to which traditional clas- ters, i.e., there is high homoplasy for morphological sifications should be changed, based on the results of these and anatomical characters. phylogenetic analyses. There is a relatively greater amount (3) Only three of the 12 subfamilies (Panicoideae, Aris- of information for the grass family compared to other plant tidoideae, Danthonioideae) have unequivocal struc- families or groups, so it is a logical choice to examine these tural synapomorphies, all of which are anatomical. questions. The contents have been divided into two sections: (4) Other structural synapomorphies are basal in the clad- the first examining in some depth the phylogeny and sub- ogram, with none linked to a subfamily but only to familial classification of the Grass Phylogeny Working clades. Homoplasious structural character states far Group (GPWG) 2001, and the second looking at three stud- outnumber the synapomorphies. ies of the phylogenies and classifications of particular sub- (5) Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae, Puelioi- families and tribes of grasses, specifically, the subfamily deae, the BEP clade, all subfamilies within the BEP Danthonioideae and tribes Andropogoneae and Triodieae. clade, and three subfamilies within the PACCAD clade have no structural synapomorphies. The PAC- GRASS PHYLOGENY WORKING GROUP CAD clade itself has a synapomorphy of an elongated The Grass Phylogeny Working Group was set up in 1995 embryo mesocotyl internode. to amalgamate multiple data sets on grass phylogeny with (6) Although seven molecular data sets were used, this is the aim of producing a new classification of the family. The a minute fraction of the DNA sequences potentially group consisted of the following 13 people: Nigel P. Barker, available. Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. The premise of basing a classification on a phylogeny de- Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Lin- rived mainly from molecular data appears sound from a the- der, Roberta J. Mason-Gamer, Sarah Y. Mathews, Mark P. oretical perspective. The GPWG (2001) findings appear Simmons, Robert J. Soreng, and Russell E. Spangler. overwhelmingly convincing in that most of the data came The results from a combined analysis of six molecular from six
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