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Norton 1930 Maryland Grasses

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ........................................................................................ :........................................................................ 207 Location of Planting......................................................................................................... :........ ::. 207 Development and Status of the Industry........................... :............................... .: .......................... 209 Production Methods and Statistics of Industry..................................................................... 211 Acreage and Type of Farms.'........................................................................................................... 211 Physical Characteristics .................................................. ·....................................................... 212 Types, Varieties, and Ages................................................................................................... 213 Cultural Practices .................................................................................................................................... 215 First Year Practices.............................................................................................................. :...... 2'16· Rotation and Preparation of the Land......................................................... 21·6· Manures and_ Fertilizers................................................................................................ 21·6 Planting Methods and Training Systems.................................................. 217 Nursery Stock ................................................ ,_. .......................... ~ ........................ ~ .................. 218 Time of Planting.......... :....................................................................................................... 219 Cultivation ....... :................................................... · ............................................................... :...... 219 Pruning ........................................................................................................................... ,........... 220 Intercrops .................................................................................................................................... 220 Annual Practice after the First Year.................................... :.·................................................ :. ........ _220 Cultivation .............................................. ~ ............................................................................... :.............. 220 Manure and Fertilizers..................................................................................... ,......................... 221 Pruning ................................................................................................................................................... 221 Pinching ....................................... ,............................................................................................... 222 The Removal of Old Canes................................................... :................................... 223 Harvesting and Marketing Practices................................................................................... 225 · Harvesting ................................................................................. :.......................................................... 225 ~kc ers .......................................................................................................................................... ~ Duration of- Season..................................... :......................... .'............................................ 227 Marketing .......................................................................... ,.............................. :.................. ~ ......... ,...... 228 Prices Received ................................................................................. :.................................. : 231 Transportation .................................................................................................... _................. 237- Costs of Production, Harvesting, and Marketing...... ;..... :................. :................ :.......... ,: ...... 234 Production Costs ............ ~ ..................................................... :........................................................... · 2-34 First Year Costs or Cost of Bringing Planting into ,Bea.ring .......... 235 Average Annual Costs in Bearing Plantations............................................. 236 Harvesting and M,arketing Costs........................ ;......................................................... ,.... 237 Yield and Net Returns ....................................................................................................................................... 23-8 · ' Average Yields ..........................................: ........................ :................................................... :............ 238 Some Factors Affecting Yields............... ~.: ................ ~ ........................................ 239 Net Returns per Acre.... :.................................................. ,.. :.... :............................................. :...... 240 Discussion .................. :...................................................................... ~ ............... :.......................................................... ·241 Summary and Conclusions.................................................................. :.~............................... .' ........................... 243 - Production Practices and Costs...................... ~ ............. :.............. ~ .... :............ :.................. 248 Harvesting and Marketing Practices and Costs .......................... :.................. 244 1 Yields and Net Returns.......... .'............................................................................................................. 244 ~ Acknowledgments ............. _..................................................................................... :.............. .-........... :.................. ·· 244 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. :.............................................. 24-5 The University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 323 September, 1930 MARYLAND GRASSES By J. B. S. NORTON "GRASS IS THE BASIS OF ALL AGRICULTURE." INTRODUCTION The purpose of this bulletin is to give a list of the true grasses occurring in Maryland, especially the wild species, to record their distribution within the State, and to give notes on their eco­ ·;_ nomic importance, with illustrations, keys and brief descriptions to aid students in identifying them. Investigations on our grasses have been carried on almost since the founding of the Experiment Station. Many botanists, agronomists and others on the Station staff have had a part in this work. The writer has collected grasses throughout the State at various times and places since 1901. P.M. Novik spent a part of the summer of 1908 studying grass distribution in Maryland, and prepared a thesis on that subject. "Plant Life of Mary­ land," published in 1910 as Vol. 3 of the Maryland Weather Ser­ vice, gives a very full account of the occurrence of Maryland plants under different soil and water conditions, and includes many valuable notes on some of the grasses. In 1914, S.D. Gray and the author identified most of the grass collection of the Ex­ periment Station and Mr. Gray prepared a key to the species and a treatise on their distribution. In 1920, J. B. Wentz colle,cted most of the economic data herein included. In recent years G. Eppley has added much to the knowledge of our State grasses. A ·full botanical account of these grass.es is not included, since practically all are well described in the manuals of the flora of this region. Botanists will be chiefly interested in the list of species found within the State, and their distribution. The eco- 251 l 252 THE MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL EXPEHIMEN'l' STATION nomic notes will be of most interest to farmers, as grasses are not only the most important of cultivated plants, but many wild grasses are used extensively in meadow and pasture and other­ wise, while on the other hand the most injurious weeds are also grasses. The illustrations showing the form of flower clusters, and the non-technical descriptions with the common names and places where found will aid those not familiar with the technical characters, to recognize most of the useful species. The keys have been made as simple as can readily be with a group so difficult to classify without resort to unfaml.liar methods. They are for the use of agricultural teachers and. others who do not have access to the more complete grass man-· ~als and who need means of identifying the grasses of their local­ Ity. At the end is a tentative key to aid in finding the names of grasses without flowers. Gray's Manual, Seventh Edition, 1908, covering the flora of the northeastern United States, has been followed for names and descriptions of species except in Panicum, Paspalu,m, Entg·rostis, Elymus and Agrostis where later works have been followed in some cases. Many of the publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture are valuable for descriptions and illustrations of our grasses. One of the most complete and best general
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