FBREIIN SERVICE APRIL 1970 • SIXTY CENTS

INJHIIR THIS ISSUE: The Quiet Battles

A Modern Tale of Two Cities Requiem for Sir Harold take Salem out of the country but.

: *, Islipl ■ - sHOS^5

Super King Size

azis 6ui'>j jedns

uiep3 jo *no AjjunoD ei|t a>pi 44UDD noA

R- J Reynolds Tobacco Company; Winston-Salem, N. C. FOREIGN SERVICEjniimgl

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION CONTENTS: APRIL 1970, Volume 47, Number 4 THEODORE L. ELIOT, JR., President JOHN E. REINHARDT, First Vice President C. WILLIAM KONTOS, Second Vice President 17 The Quiet Battles BOARD OF DIRECTORS Craig Eisendrath CHARLES W. BRAY, III, Chairman RICHARD T. DAVIES, Vice Chairman 20 Living Poor WILLIAM G. BRADFORD, Secretary-Treasurer BARBARA GOOD, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer Moritz Thomsen ALAN CARTER DONALD EASUM WILLIAM HARROP 25 A Modern Tale of Two Cities ERLAND HEGINBOTHAM GEORGE B. LAMBRAKIS Frederick Cable Oechsner PRINCETON LYMAN ROBERT NEVITT 38 Requiem for Sir Harold and the New Diplomacy STAFF Theodore S. Wilkinson THOMAS S. ESTES, Executive Director MARGARET S. TURKEL, Executive Secretary CLARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant 41 Saigon 1819 LOUISE H. FEISSNER, Personal Purchases George G. Wynne MARGARET B. CATON, Membership Secretary

JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD 47 You Can Beat Jet Lag DAVID T. SCHNEIDER, Chairman Fitzhugh Green ARCHIE BOLSTER, Vice Chairman CHARLES A. KENNEDY AMBLER MOSS OTHER FEATURES: The Department of State Keeps Faith, page 2. VICTOR B. OLASON CLINT E. SMITH

DEPARTMENTS JOURNAL SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor 4 Washington Letter DONALD DRESDEN, Editorial Consultant DAVID R. CROCKETT, Editorial Assistant Ted Olson MCIVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction 12 Communication Re: The Art of Communicating ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES James D. Phillips SASMOR AND GUCK, 295 Madison Ave., New York, 27 AFSA News N.Y. 10017 (212) 532-6230 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, 44 Special Book Essay: The Limits of Intervention Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 45 The Bookshelf JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 5 Winsley Street, London W.l. 01-580 6594/8. International Representatives. 56 Letters to the Editor ©American Foreign Service Association, 1970. The Foreign Service Journal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service Association, PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS: Margaret Cornelius, batik 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20037. collage, cover; Floward Simpson, cartoon, page 14; Moritz Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Thomsen, illustration, page 23; USIS, photograph, page 43; S. I. Printed by Monumental Printing Co., Baltimore. Nadler, “Life and Love in the Foreign Service,” page 58. THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE KEEPS FAITH December 20, 1924 (From the Department's Archives) My dear Mr. President: December 18, 1924 You may be interested in giving a glance at the enclosed letter written by the Chief of the Division of Publications in Julius Herbert Tuttle, Esquire, the Department of State and containing appropriate apolo¬ Librarian, Massachusetts Historical Society, gies to the Massachusetts Historical Society. We have all 1154 Boylston Street, learned to have faith in Massachusetts but it is important Boston, Massachusetts. that Massachusetts should have faith in the United States. Sir: This acknowledgment may aid her in this effort. It is said of Republics that they are ungrateful. It has Faithfully yours, likewise been rumored of them that their official processes CHARLES E. HUGHES are mysterious and long drawn out. But that they are not in the end unworthy of the high hopes entertained of them, let this communication bear modest witness. December 23, 1924 A few days ago it befell the undersigned, as Editor of the My dear Mr. Secretary: Department of State and custodian of an important section Your note of December 20th and accompanying papers of its archives, to make certain investigations in a little- bring me a reminder of that splendid fidelity for which our frequented vault of the building which houses the premier Department of State has always been so distinguished. It is, Department of this Government. During the course of these however, even more impressive in its suggestion of the investigations a certain dusty case was opened, which proved promptness and despatch with which the official duties of to contain a collection of objects too miscellaneous to be your eminent branch of the Government are so uniformly catalogued here. Among these objects, however, were dis¬ discharged. covered two maps antedating the Revolution. One was “a In view of the record achieved by the State Department New Map of the Province of Quebec, according to the in returning these maps, after a lapse of only ninety-six Royal Proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, from the years, I am moved to make a special appeal to you, as one French Surveys connected with those made after the War, obviously expert in the facilitation of public business, for by Captain Garver, and other Officers, in his MAJESTY’S suggestions in regard to another matter. You will recall that Service” (London, 1776). The other was “a Map of the in the Annual Message to Congress, I ventured the sugges¬ British Empire in North America, by Samuel Dunn, Mathe¬ tion that the French Spoliation Claims might properly matician” (London, 1774). And on the back of each was receive the attention of the Congress. These claims have found the following inscription: been awaiting final settlement of now considerably more “This map is the property of the Massachusetts Historical than a century, and the recent acceleration of performance Society and is loaned to the United States on the express which your Department has so impressively achieved, leads condition of being safely returned. me to the hope that you may be able to suggest some “Boston, Nov. 1 1, 1828—J.N. (?) Davis, Presd. M. H. S. procedure by which, within say the next two or three James Bowdoin, Committee.” centuries, it might be possible to secure a final adjustment of Sir, the United States cannot but regret that the members them. of the Massachusetts Historical Society have for ninety-six Most sincerely yours, years been deprived of the study of these interesting and valuable specimens of the cartographer’s art. Yet scarcely CALVIN COOLIDGE can the humble servant of the United States who now pens these lines find it in him to regret that it should remain for December 26, 1924 the day of Calvin Coolidge, of Massachusetts, to honor the My dear Mr. President: terms of a loan made in that of John Quincy Adams of I am greatly pleased to receive your note of the twenty- Massachusetts. I therefore hasten—if a word be not denied third and to have your strong commendation of the work of me which to the ear of the zealous curator might have the Department of State in clearing up its arrears and in perhaps a ring of irony—I hasten, Sir, to return to you being able after a lapse of only ninety-six years to effect the under separate cover, and through you to their rightful return of the maps to which I referred in my previous letter. owner, the Massachusetts Historical Society, with the com¬ In the case of the French Spoliation Claims, in which the pliments, with the apologies, and with the hearty thanks of Department of State is deeply interested, it is compelled to the Department of State of the United States of America, await the cooperation of Congress, and I fear that it may be these two somewhat time-worn testimonials of a faith which necessary to allow, as you suggest, two or three centuries for after all has not been betrayed. their final adjustment. Possibly they could be taken up after Your obedient servant, the Isle of Pines Treaty has been approved. For the Secretary of State: (signed) HARRISON GRISWOLD DWIGHT Faithfully yours, Chief, Division of Publications CHARLES E. HUGHES

THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, pub¬ lished monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State ,the United States Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Membership in the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is open to the profes¬ sionals in foreign affairs serving overseas or in Washington, as well as to persons hav¬ ing an active interest in, or close association with, foreign affairs. Dues are $30 annually for members earning over $15,000; for those earning less, dues are $15.00 For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for overseas postage.

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 Mustang Boss 302

Continental Mark III. Mustang Boss 302. A pair that says uncle to no one. From the bold, decisively individual style and lavish interior standards of the Mark III, to the wind-splitting Boss 302 SportsRoof, born on the Trans-Am circuit, nothing comes close to the Better Ideas on all American-made Ford Motor Company cars. Ideas available to you as a member of the U.S. Foreign Service at exceptional savings. Take advantage of your diplomatic privilege. Use your special discount to arrange a great deal now on the model of your choice and pay no U.S. excise tax when it is shipped abroad. For full information: In the Washington area, contact Diplomatic Sales, Ford Motor Company, 9th Floor, 815 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, phone—298-7419. In the New York area, contact Diplomatic Sales, Overseas Automotive Operations, Ford Motor Company, 153 Halsey Street, Newark, N.J. 07102, phone—Ml 3-1900. From New York, phone—WO 4-7883.

FORD .TORINO •THUNDERBIRD • MUSTANG. MAVERICK. MERCURY. COUGAR. CONTINENTAL MAnK III

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 3 From Ted Olson Washington Letter

There’s no month of the twelve when you won’t see people poking their cameras through the fence to snap the north face of the White House, or bunched at downtown intersections studying maps. But the big tourist influx starts in April. For two reasons mainly: Easter vacations, and the Cherry Blossom Festival. The festival sometimes is as big a disappointment as the Senators used to be in the pre-Ted Williams era. Either the blossoms come out too early or too late, or else the proverbial April showers soak the 50 princesses—one from each state—and the tourists gathered to see them. Well, we can only hope. There may be an added attraction this year. The various anti-war organizations are planning a “spring offensive” April 13-18. No details yet. But there have already been preliminary skirmishes, one of them focused on Watergate, which is pretty close to lese majeste nowadays. It’s usually safe to take off your snow tires on April 1, and wise to check the air-conditioning system. Eleven years ago we boarded a plane at Keflavik, Iceland, on April 9, all bundled up against the seasonable temperature of 42 de¬ grees, and stepped off in Washington a few hours later in 90-degree heat.

New Look at the Old Smithsonian A good many years ago somebody described the Smith¬ sonian Institution as “the nation’s attic.” The epithet stuck; it still turns up occasionally. But if it ever was a valid characterization it certainly isn’t now. FROM WASHINGTOH TO KABOUl, though more than Our interest aroused by frequent newspaper references to 200 offices in over 80 countries, All) offers you superior service new Smithsonian enterprises, we took a trip down there —with nearly 50 years’ international insurance experience to recently to see for ourselves what was going on. We came back it up. away with a sheaf of notes, a head spinning with facts and figures, and the conviction that the proper word for it was AIU PERSONAL INSURANCE OVERSEAS the one you keep meeting in the financial pages: conglomer¬ includes — ate. The Smithsonian has become a cultural conglomerate. If you look up the Smithsonian in the telephone directory Automobile liability protection and coverage of damage to your (it’s in the United States Government section), you’ll find own car... in policies that satisfy all local legal requirements. five inches of listings. Some of them are familiar; a good Accident and sickness coverages ... from a single-day trip policy many are not. You know, of course, that the Smithsonian to an annual policy covering 24 hours every day. has overall responsibility for the National Gallery, the Property insurance of almost any kind you can think of...on National Museums of Natural History and History and your personal effects and household effects. ..on jewelry, furs, Technology, the Freer Gallery of Art—all those imposing fine arts... or even your overseas residence. edifices along the Mall—and the relatively new National Collection of Fine Arts and National Portrait Gallery, between F and G and 7th and 9th. You may have known— we confess we had forgotten—that its jurisdiction extends also to the Zoo (the National Zoological Park, to be AIU PERSONAL INSURANCE OVERSEAS accurate.) The Kennedy Center is a Smithsonian responsibil¬ may be obtained through brokers arid agents, or any AIU office. ity, although like the National Gallery, it will be administra¬ In Washington, call (Area 202) 737-6855 tively autonomous, with its own board of trustees. Other projects are in various stages of construction or planning: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden at 7th and Independence—opening date two or more years off; the Renwick Gallery, next door to Blair House— yt/fj AMERICAN 102 MAIDEN LANE reconstruction completed, opening sometime in 1971; a \C\ 111/ INTERNATIONAL NEW YORK National Air and Space Museum, on the Mall across from nIU® UNDERWRITERS 10005 the National Gallery—authorization and preliminary funds voted, but construction awaiting the end of the Vietnam war. There are still more in the draft stage or on the Offices, Agents, and Representatives throughout the world. drawing-boards. CHICAGO • CORAL GABLES • DALLAS • HOUSTON • LOS ANGELES • NEW And did you know about the Anacostia Neighborhood ORLEANS • NEW YORK • PORTLAND • SAN FRANCISCO • SEATTLE • TULSA Museum, the first of what the Institution hopes will be a WASHINGTON. 0. C. number of excursions into the ghetto? It seems to be doing

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 In Antwerp —the right bank in the right place According to legend, a giant once lived in this castle. Today, Antwerp itself has reached giant proportions—as a leading world port and center of Western European commerce. And that calls for the kind of international banking service Citibank provides through branches here and in Brussels and Liege—through fully-staffed branches, subsidiaries and affiliates in 80 countries. Wherever your interests lie, Citibank is the right bank in the right place to serve you. FIRST NATIONAL CITY BANK The Leader in Worldwide Banking

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 5 fine. Or about the Woodrow Wilson International Centre, which will bring scholars-in-residence, in various fields, from At home or at your post various countries, beginning next fall? Or the foreign study tours for small, carefully selected groups? The Smithsonian bank at thinks big and far; mainland China is one of the areas under consideration. The Division of Performing Arts brought to Washington the drama-lecture on drug addiction, “The Concept,” written and performed by former addicts, and has other ambitious projects brewing. Incidentally, the collection of exotic musi¬ cal instruments isn't just to look at; they get played. That’s in tune with the philosophy of Secretary S. Dillon Ripley. He believes that exhibits should do something, not just stand there. That old locomotive you can see through the window when you drive down Constitution Avenue huffs and puffs and toots. The huge elephant in the rotunda of the Natural History Museum makes elephant noises, and the blue whale makes whale noises. It doesn’t spout, though. This month the Institution begins publishing its own monthly magazine, SMITHSONIAN. Its announced field: “Man—his environment, sciences, arts, adventures, follies, fortunes.” That leaves the editors plenty of elbow room. You will note the word “environment” gets top priority. The editor, Edward K. Thompson, is an 18-year veteran of LIFE. Assistant Editor Grayce P. Northcross is an alumna of USIA’s AMERIKA and TOPIC. We asked the Smithsonian spokesman what existing magazine the new one would most resemble. He reflected, and came up with four: NATIONAL Diplomatic Lobby, U.S. State Department GEOGRAPHIC, NATURAL HISTORY, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and AMERICAN HERITAGE. It will have name writers, authoritative American Security’s text, lots of good pictures. There have been suggestions in the press that the Smith¬ sonian may be spreading itself a little thin. The magazine, State Department Office for instance: an awful lot of magazines are being published, and with revenue being drained off by television the mortali¬ ty is high. Our informant conceded this, but expressed hope American Security’s State Department Office is a that the prestige of the Smithsonian name would put it over. bank designed with you in mind. Its services are As for all those galleries, Mr. Ripley and the regents are adapted for the diverse requirements of the Foreign confident there is enough creativity here and abroad to keep Service. American Security will transfer monies any¬ them busy. where in the world . . . pay any regularly recurring Though the Smithsonian is a private institution, about 60 payment from your account . . . systematically per cent of its income is derived from taxes, the rest from transfer funds monthly from your checking account non-governmental sources. James Smithson, the English to your savings account. . . purchase and sell foreign chemist whose bequest in 1826 provided the original nest- currency . . . provide travelers cheques . . . purchase egg, would blink if he could see what it had hatched. But or sell securities for customers or work in conjunc¬ his statement of purpose was broad enough to encompass everything the Smithsonian conglomerate is doing or will tion with your broker. And we offer the many services undertake in the future: “to promote the increase and of our Trust Department such as investment manage¬ diffusion of knowledge among men.” ment accounts . . . custodian accounts . . . trustee under agreement . . . executor and trustee under The Dear Dead Days Beyond Recall your will. Bank at American Security’s State Depart¬ It’s a little early to pin a label on our decade. That’s ment Office-the bank designed with you in mind. usually left to some future social historian—“The Mauve Decade,” “The Aspirin Age.” But wouldn’t the survivors be surprised if this should turn out to be remembered as the Age of Nostalgia? It sounds wildly implausible, but there are portents. A fellow named Max Morath turned up at Ford’s Theatre a couple of months ago in a one-man show called “At the Turn of the Century.” Mr. Morath (born in 1926) special¬ izes in American life between 1890 and 1920. His major AMERICAN emphasis is on ragtime music, but he supplements that with appropriate comment. To quote the POST, he “gives us a SECURITY look at the 30-year period that spanned the time of AND TRUST COMPANY McGuffv’s Reader [come, come, POST copydesk! You mean McGuffey’s], woman’s suffrage, the grizzly bear dance, Main Office: 15th St. and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. prohibition, legal marijuana and Teddy Roosevelt and the Washington, D. C. 20013 Tel. 783-6000 strenuous life.” Member: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Legal marijuana? There’s a “Magazine of Happy Memories,” GOOD OLD

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 COME VISIT PAUL MASSON VINEYARDS, SARATOGA, CALIFORNIA © 1970

PaulMasson is the only American wine sold in Germany. Other American vintners think the Germans are discriminating. We think so, too. DAYS. And a Nostalgia Book Club, which baits its coupon- Generation? Edwardian jackets and muttonchop whiskers, trap with teasing reminders of zoot suits, BALLYHOO, Bank or fringed buckskin shirts and '49-er beards. Night, yo-yos, rumble seats and Major Bowes. “The Satur¬ What does it all mean? Maybe Margaret Mead will tell day Evening Post Treasury” and “The Liberty Years, us. 1924-1950,” recently published, excavate an impressive quantity of nuggets from two extinct magazines. (How Is the Post Office Tower Coming Down? many FSJ readers remember the works of Clarence Buding- The demolitionists are casting covetous looks at another ton Kelland?) Cabell Phillips’s “From the Crash to the Blitz Washington landmark. But the old Post Office tower at 12th 1929-1939” picks up where Mark Sullivan’s “Our Times” and Pennsylvania, which dates from 1899, has defenders, left off. He plans to bring the story right up to the present. resolute and articulate. The Pennsylvania Avenue Commis¬ Housewives coming home from the supermarket with sion is sticking stoutly by its 1967 proposal, which would $39.97 worth of groceries must have had mixed feelings keep the tower while replacing the rest of the building. The when they opened a Christmas package and found a facsim¬ commission’s chairman, architect Nathaniel M. Owings, says ile reproduction of the 1908 Sears Roebuck catalog, offering . . we’re supposed to bring life back to the avenue. To do a 56-piece Rose Garland Genuine Bavarian China Dinner that, we must break up the cold, white, deadly marble halls Set for $12.45, an “elegant broadcloth coat,” not quite of bureaucratic Washington.” The Fine Arts Commission, maxi-length, for $12.00, and a surrey with a fringe on top though, considers the tower “an incongruity,” and wants to for $51.95. pull it down. The television industry discovered long ago that a good The National Capital Planning Commission hadn’t made old movie would outdraw the most elaborate special produc¬ up its mind at this writing. Its architectural historian, Nancy tions. How many times a year does “It Happened One C. Taylor, agrees with Mr. Owings. She says the clock tower Night” turn up in the program listings? Now Washington has “has received particular acclaim as an element of great an American Film Institute Theater, which offers its sub¬ vitality in the otherwise rather sterile skyline of the Federal scribers such classics as “Stagecoach,” “Wings,” “Destry Triangle.” Rides Again,” even William S. Hart’s “Tumbleweeds.” At the rate the Pennsylvania Avenue project is moving And what were the plays that packed New York theaters there may be plenty of time for changes of mind. last season, and touched off any number of rueful columns wondering why contemporary dramatists, though they could Things to See and Hear shock, horrify and nauseate, and were sizzling with social National Symphony: April 4—Rotterdam Philharmonic, significance, somehow weren’t very entertaining? “You Can’t Jean Fournet conducting, Daniel Wayenberg, pianist. April Take It With You,” “Private Lives,” “Our Town,” “Three 28-29—Harvard Glee Club and Radcliffe Choral Society, Men on a Horse,” “Harvey,” “The Front Page.” Howard Mitchell conducting; Schuman, Shostakovich, and It really does look like a trend. Could this be the Senior Walton’s “Belshazzar’s Feast.” Citizens’ revolt against the NOW Generation? Huh-uh; there Performing Arts Society: April 5—Maureen Forrester. just aren’t enough of us. And what about that NOW April 25—Music From Marlboro (at Natural History Muse-

.o'-"**, P tfi -? COLUMBIA X, COLUMBIA

DIPLOMATIC CEREMONIAL AND PROTOCOL John R. Wood and Jean Serres Two former career diplomats present an exhaustive and clearly written survey of such matters as the na¬ ture of diplomacy and the role of forms, the rules of courtesy, the conduct of correspondence and conferences, and the special extensions of the rules to international organizations. The rules of practice of four typical coun¬ tries—Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union—are given in great detail before the authors go on to offer a wealth of sound, practical advice concerning every activity involved in the diplomat’s professional life. “Their compendium contains a treasure of important and useful information not easily accessible elsewhere. The work fills a gap of long standing; it is bound to become an indispensable addition to the personal reference library of anyone involved in foreign affairs.”-—James J. Byrnes, Foreign Service Institute, Department of State. 384 pages ~ SBN 231-03138-6 $25.00 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 440 West 110th Street, New York, N.Y. 10025 Address for orders: 136 South Broadway, Irvington, N.Y. 10533

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 The Foreign serviceo service.

We’re not repeating ourselves. General Motors automotive distributors and dealers actually do offer a special service for Foreign Service personnel on the move. Because it begins with a franchised GM new car dealer or distributor where you are, you enjoy the advantages of dealing directly and locally: selecting the make* model and accessories you require at a firm price. Then you take delivery on your new GM car at your new location, from another franchised dealer or distributor: the car you ordered, equipped as you ordered it and at the price you agreed to pay. Simple ? Service where you are and service where you’re going, plus the same reliable maintenance service and parts for any GM car—anywhere in the world. That’s service on new cars for Foreign Service personnel. GM originated it. See your GM distributor or dealer soon. General Motors Overseas Distributors Corporation 767 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022, U.S.A. Chevrolet • Pontiac • Oldsmobile • Buick • Cadillac

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 um); April 28—Paul Taylor Dance Company. May 2— London Philharmonic. May 7—New York Philharmonic, Important Lorin Maazel conducting. Theater Chamber Players: April 20—“Mr. and Mrs. and timely Discobbolos,” a chamber opera by Westergaard. (At Wash¬ ington Theater Club, 23rd and L Streets, N.W.) National Theatre: Through April 11—“Canterbury Tales.” Beginning May 4—“Dylan.” (Intervening three weeks as yet unscheduled.) Arena: Through April 5—“The Chemmy Circle,” by NATION Georges Feydeau. April 7-12—“The Party” and “The En¬ chanted Evening,” by Slawomic Mrozak. April 16-May BUILDING 24—Strindberg’s “Dance of Death.” Ford’s Theatre: Through April 26—“The Fantasticks,” by Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones. IN Washington Theater Club: Through April 26— “Serenading Louis,” by Lanford Wilson. May 6-26— AFRICA “Continental Divide,” by Oliver Hailey. National Gallery: Through May 3—“The Reality of Problems and Appearance: the Trompe-l’Oeil Tradition in American Paint¬ ing.” Prospects Corcoran: Through April 15—Paolo Soleri. April 19-May 31—Paintings and sculpture of Alexander Liber¬ man. by ARNOLD RIVKIN Oddments • Lowdermilk’s bookstore at 715—12th Street, N.W., a Edited by John H. Morrow Washington institution for just short of a century, has closed—one of the first casualties of subway construction. Policy-maker and scholar, the late Arnold Rivkin set Its entire stock-—something like 150,000 books, plus paint¬ forth his conclusions—often troubling, sometimes con¬ ings and prints—was sold at auction. • The National Gallery has acquired three new works of troversial, always realistic—about the politics, prob¬ which it is justly proud: Max Weber’s “Rush Hour, New lems, and prospects for successful nation-building in York”: John Sloan’s “The City From Greenwich Village”; the recently emerged African states. He viewed the and an early drawing by Andrew Wyeth, called “Lobster- problem as more complex than most Americans believe man’s Ledge.” it to be, and his book is a reasoned and informed • O. Roy Chalk’s weekly newspaper, the WASHINGTON exploration, nation-by-nation of the relation between EXAMINER, which you got every Thursday as a sort of bonus political stability and the capacity for peaceful change when you dropped your bus token in the fare box, has and economic growth. A major volume in the area of folded. It started out with high aspirations, hoping to work African political dynamisms. 312 pages, maps, tables, up to daily publication, but never made the grade. appendixes, notes, index $10.00 • The government is doing all right by Reston, after all. The Defense Communication Agency is moving its engineer¬ ing facilities out there next year, as soon as a new building is ready for it. • Sorry about that: We erroneously listed “Jimmy FIRST AMERICAN Durante Presents the Lennon Sisters” among the TV pro¬ grams dropped at mid-term. They’re still there—Channel 7 AMBASSADOR at 9:30 p.m. Saturdays. Bad Times in Bilboa TO GUINEA The vice consul at Bilboa has had to borrow money to by John H. Morrow send his wife and child home to live with her people while he lives in a cheap furnished room. He is an excellent man. “Captures the atmosphere of Guinea, its problems and Several of the consuls have had to put up their cars. Our aspirations, and the outlook of its leaders.”—Current Commercial Attache has had to move into cheaper quarters, have his telephone removed, store his car, and drop his History membership in clubs that are important in his work. Some . . literate and absorbing. . . . For the African girl clerks’ salaries, reduced to pesetas, bring them wages specialist the account of the relationship between below those permitted by the law here for such work on the Ambassador Morrow and President Toure of Guinea ground that it is below the Spanish standard of living. Everyone who comes here—Krock of the TIMES, Call who will be of special interest because he will get an excel¬ represented us at the International Parliamentary Union, is lent understanding of one of Africa’s foremost leaders, shocked and has reported the conditions to the State Depart¬ and the men around him.”-—Library Journal, 320 ment. Of course it is an impossible situation and must be pages, 22 photographs, index $10.00 corrected in some way as soon as possible. The Associated Press and the representatives of private businesses here have had salary readjustments to meet the conditions.—Letter RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS from Claude G. Bowers, Ambassador to Spain, to President New Brunswick, New' Jersey 08903 Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 13, 1933, from “Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs,” Vol. I, edited by Edgar B. Nixon, Harvard University Press.

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 Why the Foreign Service likes our foreign service: “You’d think I was buying an Imperial instead of a Dart.”

As far as we’re concerned, anybody who rates a diplomatic discount rates diplomatic treatment. So whether you’re ordering a Chrysler-built car for overseas delivery or you want it waiting when you get home, here’s what you’ll get: A good price (less U.S. excise tax). The Chrysler Corporation car you want, equipped the way you want it. Delivery where and when we promise it, barring a calamity. (Of course barring one is your job.) And finally, we’ll check back after you have the car to make sure everything is OK. We want to be all the help we can, and we’ll start when we get the coupon. all, next time maybe you will want Imperial.

1 Chrysler Export Division 1 1 P.O. Box 1688, Detroit, Michigan 48231 1 | 1 | Please send information on these cars: I □ Imperial □ Chrysler □ Dodge □ Dart! ■ □ Plymouth □ Valiant □ Barracuda | □ Charger □ Challenger □ All of them. j 1 1 1 1

1 1 City 1 1 EXPORT DIVISION CHRYSLER j CORPORATION 1 IFS L J auto accident in COMMUNICATION BRASILIA clothing lost between RE: LOINI DON and LAGOS The Art of Communicating furniture lowered into JAMES D. PHILLIPS

sea at RANGOON T HANKS are due the JOURNAL for devoting space to cross- cultural communication and, specifically, to the concerns of USLA. The dual purpose of this letter is to express apprecia¬ Whatever the inconveniences of long distance or frequent travel, tion for this forum and to point out that we seem still far de Sibour protection can make things a little bit easier. Over from “an end to anarchy.” Indeed, the “case for dialogue” as 40 years of service to the Foreign Service has tuned de Sibour a strategy for communicating with foreign audiences seems in to your unique needs for world-wide coverage and immediate the more visionary when we are hardly carrying on thus service . . . protecting your life, your personal property, your amongst ourselves. To wit: automobile—in-transit and once you’ve gotten there. (1) Alan Carter’s article is perhaps the best-conceived, And low-cost group accident insurance exclusively for Depart¬ best-reasoned, and best-argued statement of the Agency’s proper concerns that has appeared—at least in the pages of ment of State personnel can provide up to $100,000 protection your magazine. He discusses the nature of the bureaucratic on all your travels, business or pleasure, at home or abroad. beast, “supermarket programing,” three types of audiences, three types of Agency objectives, four “levels of communi¬ Phone or write for information on cations effectiveness,” and the need for intellectual attrac¬ “world-wide” insurance and Group Accident Policies tiveness and quality rather than quantity. His conclusion is that “package programing” built around the information center facility is the key to continuity (which, in turn, is the J. Blaise de Sibour & Co. sine qua non of success). 1666 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (2) Eleven months later Sanford Marlowe states that Tel.: (202) 483-4700 “almost everything we do in USIA depends for its success on the calibre and training of our personnel” (which assertion, he admits, could just be one of our “endless cliches”). He goes on, then, to advocate lateral recruitment of experts (as opposed to “recruitment from the bottom” via the examina¬ tion process), professional as against language training, and Calvert “reading, talking, and thinking” in place of generating the gushes of paperwork sought, in its state of Pavlovian conditioning, by Washington. The School that (3) Then, in the same issue as Mr. Marlowe, Sigmund Cohen covers a wide variety of communication factors. His comes to your child characterizations of the Agency’s three most typical objec¬ tives, although he prefers to call them “messages,” agree Our classroom is anywhere with those of Carter (i.e., the American democratic experi¬ in the world. ence, support for economic development, and explanation of Your living room becomes your child's Learning Lab when his educa¬ US positions on foreign policy issues). Beyond this point, tion comes by mail from Calvert School. He's a class by himself— working at his own speed without pressure. You become his teacher however, there is considerable divergence: Mr. Carter’s four with the help of clear step-by-step instructions developed in Calvert's communications levels are listed, for example, as (1) Laboratory Day School by certified teachers. You participate in the excitement of your child's intellectual growth. Give him a sound awareness, (2) understanding, (3) acceptance, and (4) American education wherever you live or travel. Or the gift of en¬ action, while Mr. Cohen’s are (a) awareness, (b) under¬ richment if his present school curriculum leaves his potential un¬ challenged. 125,000 children have used Calvert's kindergarten- standing and acceptance, (c) belief, and (d) action. Carter through-8th grade Home Study Courses at home and abroad over the past 65 years. Children may start any time, transfer to other schools. calls for more Agency “doctrine,” Cohen for each officer’s Non-profit. Phone 301—243-6030 or write for catalog: “own America.” Carter emphasizes the planning and orches¬ trating of programs, while Cohen talks of “talent searches— based in part on sound anthropological findings.” // My wish is not to criticize one article over another or to Calvert {{ jJ School state yet another approach. It is merely to point out that the publication of writings over time does not necessarily indi¬ cate either that the knowledge is cumulative or, indeed, that the authors have read or digested what their colleagues have Box 4F, Tuscany Rd., Baltimore, Md. 21210 had to say. Thus, on the subject of linguistic preparation, James McHale’s vivid account of his debate in Indonesian Parent’s name would seem to some extent to answer Marlowe’s denigration Address of such training. Likewise, Cohen’s apt reference to McLuhan’s “medium-is-the-message” aphorism suggests that City State Zip the capacity actually to transact “business” in the host Child’s Age Grade country tongue may be secondary to the symbolic value of having made an effort to learn it.

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 More than the emblem of a nation .

! / :- ■?; ./yjt m ,0 To a baby eagle, she’s food, warmth and a big nest. She’s survival.

In a similar manner, you’re food, iXfP' clothing and a home to your #yin family. And just as the eagle depends on her superior natural skills to find food for her eaglets, MB you depend on your earning power to provide your loved ones with the necessities in life—as well as some of the nicer things you enjoy.

An eaglet couldn’t survive without fc mm the parent eagle. What about your family? Could they make it if you w were suddenly disabled and couldn't Wil work? Could they pay their everyday living expenses in addition to the med¬ ical bills?

i fi }-v Why not check into your Association's m Income Protection Plan? NOW, UP TO $600.00 A MONTH! We think your family desires this extra security. Don’t you?

Contact: Joseph E. Jones, Administrator 1666 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C. 20009 Phone: 483-3100

UNDERWRITTEN BY Mutual! s^Omaha. The Company) that pays yf Life Insurance Affiliate: United of Omaha 'I \ \

Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company 1 1666 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20009

/es, / d like to learn more about the extra security available through the American Foreign Service Association. “W • - " ^Mj&'*** Name Age i 'Aavi-.c—- ’S>? . \ Address

City Slate ZIP

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 13 The limited complementarity of these articles is well illustrated in the case of the dialogue concept (I should say, concepts). Carter alleges that “there must be room within USIA’s programs for an honest dialogue.” He does not, however, explain what “an honest dialogue” is in the context of propaganda (or, if you prefer “informational”) activi¬ ties. Is “an honest dialogue” something like McHale’s “de¬ bate,” in which he “trapped two young, powerful, youth front leaders . . . into a rational examination of their own, deep-felt political convictions” and saw “a house of sand” collapse before his eyes? Or is a dialogue Cohen’s “any combination of symbols, words and deeds which can pro¬ duce in the receiver’s mind some excitement, some participa¬ tion?” Whatever a dialogue may be, it is not at all clear that even the Americans (presumably on the same side—yes?) are talking about the same thing. Webster’s New World Dictionary defines it simply as “a talking together.” The existentialists (whose thoughts on communication are useful¬ ly collected in Matson & Montagu’s “The Human Dial¬ ogue)” contrast “dialogical” communication with both “mass communication” and the cyberneticists’ view of com¬ munication as control. The latter, they say, are manipulative and unauthentic; the former, “transmissive” and “intimate.” I fail to see how a true conversation can be held at anything other than the person-to-person level. On the other hand, can it truly be termed dialogue if the purpose is “winning” or “persuading” rather than “growing together?” This question raises us, of course, from considering means to considering ends. The answers will depend on the extent to which our government’s official policies are compatible with peaceful and persistent international integration. If there is, as Mr. Cohen put it, “greatness” in the USIA, it must be in the future—or else there must not, in fact, be the “anarchy” of which Mr. Carter spoke. H Worldwide Ill-Risk Insurance Coverage For Government Employees Special rates for American Foreign Service Association members

The annual Government Service Policy was The premium is the same throughout the world. designed more than 40 years ago especially to meet the Yearly premium computed as follows: first $1,000, 2%; personal property insurance needs of all employees of next $4,000, \lA%\ and 1% for any value thereover. the United States Government. It covers all household Thus, for $10,000 valuation, you pay only $130 yearly. and personal effects — including, as declared, furs, Lower rates available to AFSA members. jewelry, silverware, paintings, antiques, cameras, liquor The policy may be extended to cover goods in —against fire, theft, mysterious disappearance, wind¬ transit—premium charge dependent upon origin and storms, floods, breakage and general average—at any destination—always one-half or more off the normal location in the world including accompanying luggage. transit rate.

AUTOMOBILE TRANSIT COVERAGE: Security also writes an albrisk automobile transit policy with a $50.00 deductible to any destination in the world. Contact us for rates.

For more information, without obligation, call frturita froragf <|ompanfl or write today ... of OJaBhincjton Tei. (202) 234-5600 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20009 Cable: STORAGE

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, AprH, 1970 1 World favorite Old Grand-Dad Bourbon whiskey is the world’s most popular prestige whiskey. It’s a distinctive American whiskey, with smooth character, non¬ smoky taste and dry, delicious flavor.

86 86 PROOF PROOF

mwmfsmm

. BiSTitU© BY ■ :W m G84M0 0AD DISTfLtERY C0«?JS>

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 15 New design! New chassis! More bands! More features built in! Finer performance than ever before! all-new Zenith TRANS-OCEANIC Royal 7000

Receives Standard Broadcast, FM, European Longwave ... Marine, Weather, Ship-to-Ship and Ship-to-Shore, Time Signals, FAA Weather-Navigation...Amateur, CW and SSB signals...plus the new VHF crystal-controlled Weather Band. Bandspread tuning on the most popular 31, 25, 19, 16 and 13 meter International Shortwave Bands. r

Now, in one masterful stroke, Zenith AC power supply built-in permits opera¬ Level Indicator. New 24-Hour obsoletes would-be imitations with the most tion on either 115V or 230V with batteries World-Map Time Zone Indicator. ingenious integration of power, sensitivity, automatically disconnected. Log Book. On-Off Dial Light. and tuning versatility ever designed into its Plug-in earphone for private listening is Tilt-Out Chart Light. New rugged world-famous Trans-Oceanic multi-band standard equipment. cabinet of diecast zinc in Ebony color, high impact Cycolac® with portable radio. Adjustable hair-line for most accurate padded vinyl sides. 9%" high, 13%" wide, Beat Frequency Oscillator control re¬ indexing of logging scale. 6%" deep. ceives CW and SSB transmissions intelligibly. Rotary Slide-Rule Dial with large, easy- Write now for more information on the “Norm-Sharp” IF Switch on front panel to-read numerals for quick, easy band and new Zenith Royal 7000 Trans-Oceanic helps eliminate adjacent channel interfer¬ station selection. multi-band portable radio! ence on SSB signals as well as AM and CW. Tuning Meter lets operator tune re¬ Manual Gain Control permits naviga¬ ceiver visually as well as audibly. Aids in tional direction finding; adjustable to insure determining a null for direction finding. maximum sensitivity for SSB and CW. Func¬ Azimuth bearing indicator built into slide- T£MiTH tions automatically in “Normal” setting. in door panel for aid in radio navigation. Tuner output jack feeds tape recorder Up to 300 hours operation on “D” flash¬ The Quality Goes In or external amplifier speaker system. light batteries available anywhere. Battery Before The Name Goes On®

Zenith Radio Corporation, International Division, Chicago, 60639, U.S.A. The Royalty of television, stereophonic high fidelity instruments, phonographs, and radios. A Pilgrim’s Progress for the Foreign Service, from the Slough of Despond, through the Valley of Humiliation, to the Delectable Mountains.

The Quiet Battles D I %ECENTLY, in a course on CRAIG R. EISENDRATH which eventually went into an an¬ American society, I tried to convey nual publication called “Interna¬ to my students some impression of “The Quiet Battiest’ were waged by tional Conferences in which the what it was like being a bureau¬ our author as a Foreign Service of¬ United States Participated.” The ficer from 1958 to 1965. He has crat, in my case, a Foreign Service job was stultifying. Of course, I officer. For many of them, a bureau¬ taught at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ admitted intellectually that the Or¬ crat was a member of the Establish¬ nology. He is presently writing a ganization had work to do, but I ment, a sell-out, something worse novel on a diplomatic subject. Mr. felt I would be of so much greater than useless, in fact, evil. And be¬ Eisendrath dedicates this article to service if I were brought along more Professor David Riesman. yond their moral censure, I sensed quickly. The Organization could a deep fear, that the bureaucratic Copyright © 1969 Craig R. Eisen¬ forego some of my services at the life would somehow corrupt them, drath. routine level for the far greater serv¬ and sap their spontaneity and initia¬ ice I would perform later in a more tive. The questions they raised were executive capacity. too complicated to be given yes or most of what it had to do was more Almost blinded with boredom, I no answers. All I could do was tell or less dull and routine. Social life, came close to resigning. (In retro¬ them my own experience, and ask Whitehead says, is founded on spect, I seem here to have been so them to judge for themselves. routine. How much “imagination” childish. I say to myself now, as if At twenty-two, when I entered or “creativity” is required to go living through it again, “Well, of the Foreign Service, one of the first through a group of telegrams and course, of course. Everyone has to. things I learned was that the Orga¬ report to your chief that seventeen . . .”) Fortunately, I was able to nization was not simply an exten¬ countries take one position and work a transfer to a more political¬ sion of my personal development. thirteen the other; how much new ly substantive office, although my It had work to be done, and this thinking goes into the issuance of immediate work continued unin¬ perforce took priority over the the normal immigrant visa; or is spiring for some time. work’s interest or usefulness to me. required to insert into the weekly I was learning. I had entertained College (and high school, gram¬ economic report that a new cement the ultimate bureaucratic option, mar school, and parental tutelage plant has opened in the provincial resignation; and although I had not behind them) was over, and this capital? used it, I had explored its possibili¬ realization was almost as profound The more junior the position, the ty. More importantly, I had tested a shock to me as the tragic end of less likely the chance for imagina¬ for the first time the freedom to infantile solipsism. When you are tive work. Junior officers were gen¬ maneuver and had found it in a five or six you learn that the sun erally there to do the routine jobs; system in which officially, at least, does not stop and start when you they were—theoretically, at least— there is no freedom at all. Finally, do; when you are twenty-two you being “trained,” or “put on ice,” I had begun, within the limits of learn that the Foreign Service is depending on how one looked at it. this still unknown freedom, my not primarily interested in advanc¬ (The current restlessness in the wait for the “good” job. ing your education, that your stul¬ Foreign Service among the junior Indeed, as I sat in the State tification for greater or lesser peri¬ officers is precisely their quarrel Department cafeteria with my col¬ ods is an evil which the Organiza¬ with this bland assumption by their leagues, I learned how most bu¬ tion is quite willing to commit for superiors.) reaucrats, at least the ones with the sake of doing its job. In my case, I began my active time for coffee at the cafeteria, live What was more sobering was service by compiling reports for the on hope. Few do the kind of work that I could not blame it, because Office of International Conferences they want ultimately to do. So

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 17 much of it seems routine, below problems. Your chief will write unimportant for my “success” as a their capabilities, short of the your efficiency report; so it is vital¬ consular officer. Kindness or con¬ renaissance promise of college. But ly important that he like you—but sideration to visa applicants, or they stick it out. Sooner or later, does he? It is precisely here that even wide contacts in the Italian they feel, they will get a crack at the prevailing affability makes one social community would net me lit¬ something better, that their abilities so anxious. tle; and, in fact, to the extent it will be recognized, and that they The signs are so subtle, particu¬ might cause me to neglect my will start on a train of assignments larly as an officer moves up the American co-workers, it might do of greater and greater interest, that bureaucracy. The higher the eche¬ me harm. Here was a situation they will be groomed for the top lon, the more power is cloaked in where I might have to pay a price jobs. Meanwhile, they do their affability—the more its naked as¬ for doing a good job. work, and grumble about “Person¬ sertion becomes rare. The officer So much depended on my rela¬ nel.” wishes people would say what they tions with my American bosses. If Another end of solipsism came mean, what they think of him, al¬ my chief liked me, my mistakes for me when I learned that all though he is afraid if they did he could become inadvertent, occa¬ relations in the Service are more or might not like it. One thinks of that sional, insignificant aspects of a less social. Before being hired, my overbred girl in Kensington Gar¬ good job; if he didn’t, they could work-ethic was that of a Weberian dens of whom Pound writes: “She be singled out as glaring errors, capitalist: the harder you work, the would like someone to speak to embarrassing to the Service, and so better you do. Sociability was an her, and is almost afraid that I will on. If he liked me, a little bit of adjunct of work, not something in¬ commit that indiscretion.” As it is, political reporting on the side might trinsic to it. Like many young men an officer can only guess how much appear on my efficiency report as in my college generation I had read threat or purpose or censure is car¬ commendable initiative; if he didn’t, “The Organization Man” and “The ried by overtly innocuous language. it could appear as being frequently Lonely Crowd,” but 1 had simply Thus one of the real burdens of away from my desk, dissatisfaction not believed them. bureaucratic life is maintaining the with my job, or neglect of my pri¬ strained attention needed to catch mary duties. All directions pointed But they proved right, for all increasingly subtle signs of inten¬ to making myself liked, and in those dealings in the Service illustrated tion and favor. cases where principled opposition what William Whyte called the So¬ The prevailing affability troubled cial Ethic and were drenched in was necessary, to being able to play some of my colleagues for other that affability described so sensi¬ out a long line of social credit. reasons. They were people brought tively by David Riesman. For in¬ It all came to mean for me the up to feel that one should mean stance, in getting people to produce continual application of tact, a con¬ what one says, that pleasant words position papers for United Nations stant awareness of other people’s should proceed from pleasant feel¬ attitudes and egos. The adjustment meetings, I would some days be on ings, that words should have pre¬ the phone eight and nine hours—it to the Foreign Service was almost cis* meanings constant for all situa¬ as difficult as the first months of was like having tea all day with tions in life. People who felt this one’s mother-in-law. With that married life, when I realized that 1 way, or who lacked the finesse to was no longer living alone, that 1 adaptiveness which enables chil¬ pick up the signals, often chose to dren to become part of any society, had to think continually about an¬ refuse to try, glorying in their hon¬ other person’s sensibilities. The Zulu or Eskimo, I soon learned the esty, bluntness, willingness to call a manners of my new group. danger, of course, in the Foreign spade a spade, or call them as they Service is that one loses autonomy And in time I learned to love saw them. I had the lugubrious and merely resonates to the expec¬ this Big Brother of affability. It was experience of watching such people tation of others. Autonomy, as Ries¬ so useful. An officer who might take the path to bureaucratic man says, can only be achieved by drag out his position paper days suicide, that slow death with its keeping your purposes in mind while past the deadline would get it in to ultimate denial of power, particular¬ using the entire battery of “other me on time for the simple reason ly bitter as those who suffer it feel directed” techniques for all it is that he liked me, that he wanted to they are being martyred for their worth. make my life easier. virtues. Of course he had to write it. The prevailing affability is, in Every officer approaches the But our flirtation on the phone any case, simply a clue to the more problem of getting along in the masked the ugliness of my power basic fact: that bureaucracy is a social context in a different way. (through my superiors) to compel social setting. The important thing There are some who have an al¬ him to write it. Few people want to for the diplomat in getting ahead is most unconscious knack for it, something in their family life or be reminded of such subordination. getting along with the people he And, indeed, commands are good works with. The quality of his training which makes it all seem for getting soldiers to charge ma¬ “work” is simply one factor among natural to them. But what is sur¬ chine-gun nests; but they are far many which determines how well prising (and reassuring, in a way) less effective in inducing touchy he gets along. For example, when I is how many must force themselves officers to write position papers. arrived in Italy, I learned, with no to sociability through self-imposed But affability, as Riesman and little indignation, that my relations rules of behavior. They may adopt Whyte also say, is not without its with Italians would be basically socially useful mannerisms with the

18 FOREIGN SERVICB JOURNAL, April, 1970 same self-conscious determination in part, to build one. opposite of omnipotence, thus em¬ that Ben Franklin showed two hun¬ Still another retreat from solip¬ phasizing an almost total depend¬ dred years ago. More formally, they sism lay in what is called the ence on the power and goodwill of may use such devices as keeping “clearance process.” In the Foreign others. file cards on people they meet, Service, this means that any tele¬ In a bureaucracy, one has usual¬ noting on their guest lists little com¬ gram, staff study or letter has to be ly only the smallest piece of the ments on each invitee (the wife’s cleared with all interested offices. action. In the Foreign Service, an name, how many kids, the last as¬ One reason is that these offices, officer may work several years on signment) : they may impose on such as the Far East bureau, Con¬ controlling the flow of tin, on ex¬ themselves schedules of entertain¬ gressional Affairs, or International cluding Chinese Communist dele¬ ment and learn the entertainment Commodities, may have access to gates from international confer¬ business, with its arrangements and sources of information which the ences, or on our relations with Up¬ protocols, as well or better than drafting office lacks. Another is per Volta. In the context of our they learn their “jobs.” In the For¬ that the policies for which they foreign policy, these are all incredi¬ eign Service, as in much corporate have primary responsibility may be bly fragmentary; their relevance to life, the entertainment requirements different from that of the drafting the main purpose—whatever that go up as one advances. An officer office. Thus, something which may be—is usually difficult to con¬ who worked with Ambassador Stev¬ might sound fine on the floor of the ceive. But this seems directly op¬ enson in New York in his last UN General Assembly might look posed to becoming a full human months told me how appallingly awful on Capitol Hill. Another rea¬ being, to finding a main purpose in weary Stevenson was—how his so¬ son for clearance, though not an life, an integrated outlook. And so cial commitments, a vital part of his official one, is that people like to be it seems particularly painful when job, had completely worn him out.) in on things; they like to be invited, one is twenty-two, and still unsure There are less obvious aspects to consulted, included in the group. of oneself. Thus, an officer makes the rounds the sociability of bureaucratic life It is as if the job were asking one of offices and meetings paying with which had never occurred to me to do the very thing that one can his time and patience, partly to before I entered the Service. One least afford: to suspend the process fulfill the social desires of all “con¬ was image-building. Bureaucrats— in which one integrates one’s work cerned.” The ultimate aim is the perhaps all people—require some with one’s character. Is it not here spelling out in detail of an integrat¬ definite image of themselves which that the more lonely trades of artist, ed, global policy. This is achieved, they can accept, and which other of radical, of college professor have although only partially, by the vari¬ people can also accept and admire. their appeal, and that of bureau¬ A stable image seems an essential ous offices all fitting their conflict¬ ing demands into the dominant crat seems so threatening, especial¬ ballast in the anxious life they choose ly to the young? to live. One thinks of General de policies of the Administration and Here the central problem of or¬ Gaulle whose self consciously con¬ the rigors of the budget. The proc¬ ganizational life must be con¬ structed image, with all its mystique ess is this curious social affair fronted. How does one achieve an of omniscience and power, has been called “clearance.” integrated purpose in life when one for him such a successful strategy Thus “clearance” becomes al¬ is given fragmentary things to do for life. most a metaphor for putting one’s contribution into a social context. whose general purpose is defined But there are moral problems in Clearance is a metaphor for “be- by others? constructing images. For example, I ing-in-the-world,” that is, the world 1. How much is the bureaucrat once watched a deputy director, of bureaucracy. It represents the responsible for his own acts? At upon his promotion, transform him¬ one point, for example, I had to self into a “director.” Previously, deny an immigrant visa to a mon- he had always taken part in staff golian idiot child while issuing visas discussions, inserting his ideas to the rest of the family. This throughout. Now that he was a meant that the child had to remain director, he chose to remain silent, in Italy permanently separated and only after everyone else had from her family. I had to do this committed himself did he sum up the because it was written into the im¬ discussion with a knowing irony. He migration law that “feebleminded” was fulfilling his image of a director, people could not receive visas. I but failing to make his usual contri¬ thus committed what in my eyes is bution. It is the sublest of processes a direct evil. Was I responsible? If to construct an image of oneself, the not, was Eichmann, that banal, bu¬ deepest levels of value must be reaucratic, massively evil man, re¬ sounded. The image must serve as sponsible? But admitting I was re¬ a ballast against temptation, but, at sponsible, should I have resigned? the same time, allow for responsive¬ And if I should have resigned, un¬ ness to demands of situations. “Who willing to commit evil, wouldn’t this am I?” asks the bureaucrat. He has have made my resignation inevi- not only to search his character, but, (Continued on page 50) IION SERVICE JOUIWAI,, April, ie70 19 Vignettes from one man’s life in the Peace Corps, chickens, people, soccer, people—and poverty.

Finally the first one hundred Hei¬ MORITZ THOMSEN down with cholera and most of fer—Peace Corps chickens were them were dead. Nobody was wor¬ ready to sell to the farmers. I rying about the gringo chickens charged only for the feed and the These excerpts from the book, catching cholera because “they vaccine that I had used raising “Living Poor,” subtitled "A Peace were vaccinated chickens.” When I Corps Chronicle,” tell more about them up to six weeks—about twen¬ explained that they were vaccinated the author than a biography would. only against Newcastle and not ty-seven cents each. The mag¬ From the book “Living Poor: A nificent squawkers weighed well Peace Corps Chronicle,” by Moritz cholera, there was no reaction. over a pound, and after living in Thomsen. Copyright © 1969, Uni¬ Nothing could happen to those versity of Washington Press, $6.95. great-footed, magnificent creatures. the same room with me they were extremely lovable creatures, al¬ Everything was fine for a couple though sort of domineering. I had of weeks, and then Ramon rushed enjoyed the close relationship, but I into town one morning to tell me was glad to see them go. A few of that one of his chickens was picking them had seemed determined to all the tail feathers out of the oth¬ peck my eyes out and had perched to Miguel, my favorite, who built a ers. He was very worried. Some of on the edge of my bed in the early special chicken house for him on a the chickens had bloody rear ends. mornings waiting for me to wake high bluff overlooking the ocean. “You’ll have to separate the chick¬ up. Wise to their tricks, I would lie I had browbeaten Ramon into en right away,” I told him. He there, eyes tightly shut, and think building a house for twelve chick¬ went home and put the outlaw about Alfred Hitchcock. ens, but he was a little nervous chicken in the house, tied by a Over a period of about three starting out so big. I got a terrific piece of vine to the leg of a stool. days the farmers arrived with bas¬ pleasure out of working with The next morning he was back; kets, and we loaded them up, each Ramon because he was so en¬ another chicken in the group was farmer picking out particular birds chanted with the things we built. madly pecking out tail feathers. that he wanted in his flock. Finally, His chicken house looked the same “Don’t panic,” I said. “You’ll except for about six hundred as everyone else’s, but he never have to separate this one too.” Within five days he had separated pounds of chicken shit in my bed¬ tired of talking about how beautiful room, nicely mixed with balsa it was, how much prettier than the five chickens; they were tied in the kitchen, outside under palm trees, shavings from the mill upstream, others. I visited him three days everything turned tranquil and plac¬ after he had taken the chickens under the steps. Ramon had a har¬ id around the house. I had kept home and found that he had made ried look, and he came in one day utterly defeated; all the chickens the bottom chicken in the pecking little balsa-wood shades for the order, a scrawny bird named Con¬ feed and water. He and his wife were pecking each other’s tail dor, and he continued to live in the Ester spent their free time petting feathers. “Oh, my God,” he said, “I house with me. He was the the chickens and lifting each one don’t want my chickens to die.” sweetest chicken I ever knew, a up to exclaim over its great weight. I read up on debeaking. We true friend who would wail and cry I visited the other chicken proj¬ went out and used a red-hot wood whenever I left him alone, and rush ects, and there seemed to be no chisel to cut and burn a piece of into my arms when called, moaning problems. This was a relief, be¬ beak from the neurotic creatures. with ecstasy. Every kid in town cause a week before the distribu¬ All through the operation Ram6n wanted Condor, and finally the tion the local chickens running free was distraught. I was killing his pressure was too great; I gave him and wild in the town had all come chickens; I was cutting off too

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, much; 1 was making them suffer. conference at the chicken house; “He doesn’t believe me; he thinks I They looked sort of stupid with we doubled the Terramycin, changed ruined his chickens.” their beaks cut off, and I made the the waterers, ground up new corn “But it’s not the beaks that’s mistake of laughing at their ap¬ with new concentrate. I pointed out wrong; the birds had cholera.” pearance. Ramon was furious with a crack in the roof to be fixed. “Tell Ramon in Spanish,” I said. me. “You’re really enjoying your¬ “They have to sleep dry,” I told him “Tell him in your beautiful, clear self, aren’t you?” he would ask me sternly. “I think they have cholera.” Spanish so that he understands per¬ after each hen had gone through “Vaccinated chickens with chol¬ fectly.” her ordeal, giving me the cold era,” Ramon said. “No, my poor Eduardo took the last of the sick glance of total rejection. When we babies are starving to death.” had debeaked ten of the twelve he chickens back to Quito and sent me The next night, after all the told me that that was all, meaning, the results of the lab report— farmers had left the house, Ram6n I found out later, that that was all cholera. Passing Ramon’s house a came to talk; the fourth chicken few days later I stopped a minute he could stand for one day. had just died. “Before you came,” to talk to Ester. Ramon’s seven Before that Ramon used to come he said, “well, you know how poor chickens were eating and dancing by the house almost every evening, I was; I had nothing. But I was around. “Ramon just left,” she told along with other of my friends, and happy; I lived without worries. But me. “He was cutting off the beaks visit for a few minutes, but he now. My God, I am half crazy with of a couple of chickens that you didn’t show up for several days. He worry.” His voice broke and great missed before.” sat in the doorway of his salon tears swam in his eyes. “Oh, my That night Ramon came by the across the street, tilted against the poor chickens,” he said. “Oh, I wall, staring at the palm trees. On house and apologized for the long don’t want them to die.” doubts he had had about me. “I some days he probably didn’t sell I had talked to him before about more than half a dozen cigarettes want to get started right away on how little by little he could increase the new chicken house,” he said. and a Siete Oop—which means his flock; I had told him that I Seven Up, just in case your Castili¬ “I’d like to buy forty-three of the hoped one day he would have one new chickens to make an even an is a little rusty. I would stop by hundred chickens. Now, he said, to ask him about the chickens, but fifty, and then after the corn is this plan was terrifying. “I think it planted, build another chicken he was in a depression, a sort of is God’s will that I not have chick¬ shock, and he would begin his house. By June, God willing, I will ens,” he told me. “It may even be have one hundred chickens. You sentences with expressions like, “If God’s will that I always live poorly, know what I’m going to buy when I it is God’s will.” The chickens but now I think I will just raise the weren’t eating, he told me. How am rich?” he said, beginning to pair of pigs that you have promised laugh with delight at the idea. “A could they, poor creatures? “And to bring me and not have chick¬ you’re right, they are sort of ugly.” pair of shoes. Oh, my God. My ens.” God.” “But almost every chicken in the “You can’t let four lousy chick¬ United States is debeaked,” I said. ens wreck your life,” I told him. “I “Just keep more feed in the bam¬ don’t think God is involved in this LIVING poor is like being sen¬ boo.” business; you have to consider this tenced to exist in a stormy sea in a “All they eat is corn, the poor experience as a valuable lesson and battered canoe, requiring all your little ones; they can’t eat the con¬ keep trying.” strength simply to keep afloat; centrate, it’s too fine.” “No one else has sick chickens,” there is never any question of “You’ll have to grind the corn Ramon said. “Only this ignorant, reaching a destination. True pover¬ finer, is all.” brute zambo has sick chickens.” ty is a state of perpetual crisis, and “Yes, I’ll grind it finer; perhaps, I had to go to Quito for seeds one wave just a little bigger or God willing, they will learn to eat.” and chicken concentrate, and I coming from an unexpected direc¬ The next day Ramon arrived at talked to my boss, Eduardo Soto- tion can and usually does wreck the house very early in the morning mayor, about the problem. Eduar¬ things. Some benevolent ignorance to tell me that the chickens were do decided to take me back to Rio denies a poor man the ability to see very nervous and that some of Verde and look things over. As we the squalid sequence of his life, ex¬ them were going, “Squawk, walked up the beach with Ramon cept very rarely; he views it rather squawk,” and turning around in to look at the chickens, I asked as a disconnected string of unfortu¬ circles. We went out and watched Eduardo to give a good inspiration¬ nate sadnesses. Never having pad- the chickens. They seemed perfectly al talk in Spanish about “if at first died on a calm sea, he is unable to normal, but some of them were you don’t succeed,” etc. Eduardo imagine one. I think if he could very thin. was magnificent, and Ramon lis¬ connect the chronic hunger, the “I think it’s your imagination,” I tened intently, impaled on elo¬ sickness, the death of his children, told him. “In a few days they’ll quence. the almost unrelieved physical and learn how to eat better.” “Did I cut off too much beak?” I emotional tension into the pattern “If God wishes,” Ram6n said, asked Eduardo at the chicken that his life inevitably takes he sadly. house. would kill himself. That afternoon the first of the “You could have cut off even In South America the poor man chickens died and the next day more,” Eduardo said. is an ignorant man, unaware of the two more died. We had a long “Tell Ramon in Spanish,” I said. forces that shape his destiny. The

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 21 shattering truth—that he is kept sshowed in his mother’s face for the about. I didn’t know what their poor and ignorant as the principal \voracious horde of naked kids. project was, but I was delighted and unspoken component of na¬ The picture summed up his whole that they were planning something tional policy—escapes him. He 1life, a symbolic rendering of his by themselves and without me. cries for land reform, a system of past{ and future. The people would Now, Ramon came to confer farm loans that will carry him look1 at it and gasp. “Oh, my God, about a matter of the utmost im¬ along between crops, unaware that jpoor Wai.” Perhaps for just a mo¬ portance. We were arriving, he the national economy in almost ev- iment they saw themselves. Wai, of said, at a momentous period in the ery country sustained by a one-crop ccourse, was the poorest, but not by co-op’s history, with great success export commodity depends for its tmuch. You could measure degrees just around the corner. Even success on an unlimited supply of (of poverty in Rio Verde with one the nonmembers were beginning to cheap labor. Ecuador needs poor ]pot or one woven mat or a dollar’s realize what the co-op could do to men to compete in the world banana 'worth of fishhooks. improve the life of the whole town; market; Brazil needs poverty to sell , there was much less antagonism its coffee; Chile, its tin; Colombia, w E were in a time of relative toward the co-op. There had never its cacao and coffee, and so on. The tranquility. Most of the co-op mem¬ been so much union, so much en¬ way United States pressures shape bers were showing up on Mondays thusiasm, among the socios. the policies of the South Amercan ;and Friday to clear jungle; no one “Why?” I asked. “It will still be governments can make a Peace was suffering from hurt feelings or many months before all the bills Corps Volunteer who is involved ithreatening to resign; the chickens are paid and the hog pens built? and saddened by the poverty in his were laying eggs, and everyone And what about Goya? He says he village tremble to his very roots. with a few exceptions was grinding wants to join the co-op.” Death, of course, is the great his share of the corn for them. Baby “Yes,” Ramon said. “Goya is release. I lay in my house one night had nine pigs one night, and Cara crazy to join. Well, I’ll tell you. We trying to sleep, while up the hill a de Angel, our other Berk gilt, was have a new project. We’ve been fiesta went on until dawn—drums coming into heat with terrifying talking about forming a cooperativa in an endless and monotonous regularity; it was almost time to futbol team with uniforms, a cap¬ rhythm connecting a series of in¬ breed her. Our plans for building tain, and a madrina—everything creasingly complicated songs, some up to a herd of ten sows looked well organized, everything pretty chanted by women, some by men, bright. With the egg money we and nice. You know.” some by mixed voices. It gradually were paying cash for feed, lumber, “That’s great,” I said. became beautiful and moving, but and repairs to the tractor; we were “Yes,” Ramon said. “It will I was puzzled because the celebra¬ even paying off a few old bills. It draw us all closer together, and the tion was just a week before the was a time so tranquil and hopeful socios will have more interest in the great Semcma Santa, Holy Easter, a that even I knew it couldn’t last. organization. There’s only one fiesta that everyone saves up for problem, naturally—money.” and that leaves everyone broke and SOMETHING strange and secret be¬ This was the beginning of a exhausted. gan to happen in La Cooperativa series of conferences and meetings “Why were they bombiendo all de Rfo Verde in those days just which lasted all week. We met ev¬ night on the hill?” I asked some¬ before we established the co-op ery night, and something happened one. grocery store. At night lying in bed that had never happened before- “They were celebrating the I could hear the socios underneath all the members showed up. It was death of Crispin’s first-born,” I was my window sitting around endlessly decided finally that the co-op would told. “He was born dead, an angeli- discussing a new co-op project until buy the football, the uniforms, and to.” There wasn’t a bit of sadness ten or eleven o’clock. Their voices a pair of football shoes for Wai, in the town; it was a real celebra¬ were full of a new excitement, and who had been elected captain (it tion. Crispin’s son had struck it there was much laughter. would all come to around thirty lucky; he was one of God’s angels After about the fourth such meet¬ dollars); that a formal challenge to without all of that intervening crap. ing, eighteen-year-old Goya came play would be sent up the river to The incapacity of the poor to see to the house and said that he the San Vicente team; that Vicenta’s the pattern of their lives is occa¬ wanted to be a socio, too. Goya? A daughter, eighteen-year-old Bolivia, sionally breached. I took a color socio? He was about the most lan¬ would be the madrina, the god¬ photograph of Wai and his family guorous kid I had ever met; he mother; that we would buy a vara standing in front of their house, could sleep any place. There was of satin ribbon upon which would and when the people of the town hardly a moment in the day when be painted “La Cooperativa de Rio saw it, it had the curious power to you couldn’t stumble over him Verde” to be pinned across Bolivia’s make them weep. It was just a gracefully covering the steps of one breast; etc., etc. picture of a man, like any other in of the town’s stores, conserving him¬ Wai, the captain of the team, the town, with his eight children self under a palm, or half hanging went through a complete character formally lined up in ascending or¬ out of a window. Goya? Something change. He had never had much der, his pregnant wife, and his was surely in the air. It seemed that interest in the co-op, having confid¬ mother. But there was something the co-op was beginning to catch on, ed to one of his friends after a few awful in Wai’s rags, in the tilt of his and that the socios were beginning drinks that he had joined only be¬ head, in the foolish pride that to understand what it was all cause I wanted him to and he

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 hadn’t wanted to hurt my feelings. said. “They don’t even have uni¬ soup. The whole town was restless; But now the idea of owning a pair forms.” Montuvio means something a crowd of people waited on the of football shoes subverted all of his like hick or country bumpkin. dock to receive the visiting team— cautious antisocial instincts. Wai, Another meeting was called; the notably obvious: Wai, dressed in a who was the town’s strongest and visiting team had to be bedded heavily starched and sparkling most spectacular player, had never down and fed. They must find white shirt. Five o’clock came, but played football with shoes. With his enough woven mats. Each socio no team. Six o’clock. The sun set, great, square, calloused toe he pledged twenty-five cents to buy and it grew dark. Ramon, who had could kick a football unbelievable fish and rice, and the co-op would visualized the drama of meeting the distances; no one seemed to mind supply two dozen eggs for break¬ team at the dock and formally es¬ that his aim was a little shaky. fast. Vicenta would prepare the corting them to Vicenta’s house for Pow! Wai kicked; the ball would go meals. It was decided to impress the chicken dinner, was furious. “Those sailing across the field high above visiting team by making a bucket¬ damned farmers,” he said. “They the tops of the trees and disappear ful of lemonade to give them dur¬ have no sense of priority. We’ll in the jungle. Fantastico! Viva ing the half period—with ice. wait until seven, then to hell with Wai! “Why don’t you really impress them; we’ll eat the chicken our¬ Walter Pata, the town baker and them?” I asked. “The co-op could selves.” our newest socio, wrote out a contribute a couple chickens that But at seven o’clock, in pitch formal invitation to San Vicente aren’t laying, and you could serve darkness, two canoes loaded with and brought it to me to be copied them chicken soup for their dinner futbolistas pulled up to the deserted on the typewriter. Wai, Ramon, on Saturday.” dock, and a crowd of small boys and Walter signed it, putting in all “Oh, no!” several socios cried. running through the street an¬ the curves, slashes, loops, and curli¬ “They live far enough up the river nounced their arrival. Ramon re¬ cues which surround a formal sig¬ so that sea fish will be a special fused to greet them. He sent Wai nature and almost blot it out. treat.” Chicken was going too far; down to the dock, and we heard Ramon and I went to Esmeraldas it was food for the rich or for a very later that after everyone had eaten and bought twelve uniforms—red solemn occasion. But Ramon didn’t Wai slicked up all the food that was and yellow striped shirts, white cot¬ agree. He got up and gave a talk left. No one drank much that night; ton trunks, red and yellow striped about the dignity of the co-op and everyone wanted to be clear-eyed socks, a red and yellow referee’s about the necessity of showing ev¬ and coordinated for the big contest. whistle. We bought the biggest foot¬ eryone that we were a rich and At 2:00 P.M. on Sunday the ball shoes in town for Wai’s great important organization. cooperative had its finest moment. feet. Mondays and Fridays Goya “The idea is a good one,” he Dressed in their red and yellow would show up with his machete at said. “We’ll do it; we’ll give them uniforms, the socios gathered out¬ the co-op farm, where you could chicken on Saturday and then side the store and lined up to almost invariably find him leaning they’ll know who we are.” march to the football field, an area against a tree while the other socios Ramon was president; there hacked out of pigweed behind the cleaned out brush. were no dissenting voices. school. Bolivia with her satin rib¬ “You know,” I told Orestes one Saturday noon a block of ice bon and a bouquet of flowers led day, “I think the only reason Goya arrived on the truck from Esmer¬ the parade; at her side was Wai, wants to be in the co-op is for the aldas, and Vicenta and her daugh¬ who carried his football shoes still football uniform.” ters began cooking pots of chicken packed in their box. Next Ramon “But of course,” Orestes said. “What else? But it is a great thing, the uniforms. It’s the first time in history that Rio Verde has had a football team with uniforms, and they’re talking about it all up and down the river, all up and down the beach. Now, finally they know we have a cooperativa; now they know.” A messenger in a canoe arrived from San Vicente, accepting the Rio Verde challenge and announc¬ ing that the team would arrive on a Saturday afternoon about five in anticipation of a Sunday contest. The Rio Verde team smiled indul¬ gently at this informal way of ac¬ cepting, cynically amused that it was not nicely done with a formal letter. “Oh well, what can you ex¬ pect from montuvios?” Ramon

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 23 and Orestes, the president and the scored again and broke San Vicen¬ in a monumental lethargy. The vice-president, and behind them in te’s will to fight. Italian priests who dominated the the degree of their importance the After the half period and the iced religious life of the province of other socios; at the tail end but lemonade, the game went on, but it Esmeraldas sent a fresh, plump walking like a king, Goya, all black was all anticlimax—hot sun, ex¬ brother out to take charge of the skin and white teeth and red and hausted players, red and yellow mission in Palestina. He had little yellow stripes. They were so hap¬ shirts coated with dust. Wai had money and to a large degree de¬ py, so splendid, so proud and dig¬ discarded his shoes and loped pended on the goodness of his par¬ nified that I could hardly stand to around with easy grace, but his ish; he lasted about four months, look at them. heroics were no longer needed. and when he was recalled he had They marched around the field “Well, Martin, how did you like lost about forty pounds and a good two times, very serious in their the game?” one of the socios asked deal of his vocational calling. It splendor, and the people of Rio me later back at the co-op. wasn’t that the people didn’t want Verde were absolutely dazed. “If you all worked as hard as Senora Florinda, who gives penicillin you play,” I told him, “you’d be to feed him; it was simply that shots to everyone who has anything millionaires.” there was nothing to share, and wrong with them (science’s answer “They’re mad at us now,” many of the people were filled with to the witch doctor), a woman who Ramon said. “They say the referees shame and humiliation when the had never had much use for the were bribed, that the lunch was no brother, vacant-eyed and ribs jut¬ cooperative, was carried away. good, just fish and rice, and that the ting, left the town. “Viva la cooperative.” she cried. lemonade didn’t have enough sug¬ It was the bananas that saved Everyone joined in. Now the visit¬ ar. They say the cooperative is a my life. When it was possible to ing team paraded, but they were crummy outfit.” buy them, I could generally man¬ abashed and self-conscious; there “Graceful losers,” I said. age to move around, but it meant “Montuvios,” Ramon said weren’t four football uniforms in eating bananas all day. (And I the bunch. The teams met in the “What can you expect?” thought Ricardo was gassy!) Trying middle of the field; each team gave Each team proceeded to cel¬ to set an example, I was clearing three great shouts; the rules were ebrate with a few glasses of land on a daily schedule, and it discussed and the referees chosen. aguardiente, but in different became a fascinating problem in Wai put on his football shoes, and salones, and at five o’clock, ig¬ internal combustion to stuff bananas the game began. nored, the visiting team climbed into myself and see how far I could into their canoes and paddled back Of course, with Rio Verde go. Two bananas would get me up up the river. The moment of glory referees, one using a red and yel¬ the hill to the farm; five bananas passed, but I still remember with low whistle, there was never much would fuel me up for forty or emotion that parade of beautiful doubt about which side would win. fifty minutes of low-keyed work; socios as they marched around the But for the the first few minutes I one banana would get me down the football field that day—united and held my breath, because a horrify¬ hill again to the Pepsi Colas and cooperating at last. ing thing happened. The great, the animal crackers. When I went A week later everything was splendid graceful Wai was moving to work mornings, I had bananas back to normal. Goya resigned around like a crippled idiot. He stuffed into every pocket, pants and from the cooperative; we paid him stumbled when he ran; he picked shirt, the precise number counted ten cents an hour for his work, his feet up high in the air when he out beforehand. Sixteen bananas the usual wage, deducting the cost tried to walk, as though he were would carry me through to noon if of his football uniform. The out¬ just learning or as though he were I didn’t work too fast or if the board motor flew to pieces one day walking through high grass. He hordes of sons and grandsons of as we went up the river looking for kicked at the ball, but missed com¬ Sebastian Bagui didn’t shatter all bananas for the pigs; the chickens pletely. He did get in a couple of my plans with their hungry cries as got diarrhea and stopped laying; spectacular punts, but they were I passed the last house on the the socios weren’t coming to work. meaningless demonstrations of .sheer street. power; they impressed the crowd Yes, everything was back to nor¬ but slowed up the game since the mal, but they still talk in the town But being hungry wasn’t simply kids had to beat the jungle looking about the time that Rio Verde losing my energy and reaching a for the ball. showed San Vicente how things moment about eleven o’clock in the Rio Verde scored the first goal, should be done, and about how morning when I ran out of energy and San Vicente the second, but it beautiful the team looked that day. and had to sit down every five was disallowed by our friendly “And the chickens,” Vicenta says. minutes to plan the next move, like referee. A drunken spectator, a “One hundred sucres worth of a mountain climber at eighteen traitor because he was from Rio chickens; dios mio, chicken for thousand feet. There was also a Verde, got punched in the face by twelve men. Have you ever heard growing mental depression, a gray Ramon for insisting that the second of anything to match that?” fog of hopelessness that grew in my goal was good, and there was a head each day; I could feel myself short, inconclusive scuffle at the far getting stupider. Things became in¬ comprehensible and irritating. I goal post. Bad feeling developed; THERE was hardly anything to eat both teams were furious. Rio Verde in the town, and we were caught up (Continued on page 50)

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 “It was the worst of times”—but a triumph for the human spirit with the aid of a tame cockroach and a third language collaborator.

A Modem Tale of Two Cities

l F there ever was a convenient FREDERICK Agency; Joseph W. Grigg, now time as Central European Manager CABLE OECHSNER Chief European Correspondent for of the United Press to have a mem¬ Mr. Oechsner was Central Euro¬ United Press International; Paul ber of your staff arrested and held pean Manager of the United Press Kecskemeti, now a distinguished incommunicado for three months from 1933-1942, with headquar¬ social scientist with the RAND ters in Berlin; was interned in Ger¬ without further action it was not in Corporation; Dana Adams Schmidt, Berlin in the Spring of 1941. Ar¬ many upon the outbreak of war. Upon repatriation, he joined OSS Chief Middle-East Correspondent rest was no novelty among United as a Special Assistant to General for the NEW YORK TIMES; George Press or other American correspon¬ Donovan and served in Washing¬ Kidd, officer in the United States dents then covering Hitler. But ton, North Africa, Sicily, Egypt, Naval Intelligence Command since when the Gestapo picked up Rich¬ England, France, Belgium and early World War II; Clinton B. ard C. Hottelet of the Berlin Germany. He took the Foreign Service exam as a lateral entrant Conger, a mainstay on CIA’s execu¬ United Press staff for “serious sus¬ in 1951 and was commissioned tive staff in Washington; Alex Drei- picion of espionage,” after a crude FSO in 1952. Mr. Oechsner served er, analyst and commentator for raid on the office, it was surprising, as Acting Director, FSI, Counselor Mutual Broadcasting in Chicago; annoying and offensive. of Embassy and DCM in Warsaw and Consul General at Monterrey. Edward W. Beattie, now retired after It was surprising because the He was Public Affairs Advisor, a full career as reporter, author and Nazis, say what you like about Bureau of Economic Affairs at the Voice of America executive; Harold their big bloopers (such as losing time of his retirement. Peters, a stalwart for years with Ra¬ the war), did not do egregiously The article is reprinted with per¬ mission from the INTERNATIONAL dio Free Europe; Jack M. Fleischer, stupid things in the usual course of LAWYER, Vol. 4, No. 1. Foreign Service officer, now with business with foreigners. It was an¬ the United Nations Food and Agri¬ noying because Hottelet was a val¬ culture Organization in Rome; and ued and greatly-needed member of which they held over us. For real Glen M. Stadler, now a university a staff already much too small to cause, as they saw it, they could professor and member of the Ore¬ cover a war already much too always, of course, expel an offend¬ gon State Legislature. large. And finally it was offensive ing correspondent. It was easy to Were these men of a stripe to because it simply was not the way construe reporting as espionage, if commit stupid indiscretions under the game was played under the they wanted to. the cloak of journalism? The United curious ground rules which the Na¬ But Dick Hottelet was an experi¬ Press hardly thought so. It would zis imposed and which, in general, enced, skillful, responsible member have been poor judgment, however, they also respected. These were of an exceptional staff of “young to allow indignation at Hottelet’s ar¬ that each side had its job to do; veterans,” in the United Press’s rest to damage the chances for his there was no censorship; correspond¬ happy phrase, who had built up a release. The Nazis might have had ents were entitled and expected to tradition of cool efficiency as jour¬ no case against him, but they had report fully on developments in the nalists in covering Berlin during him; and he was in real jeopardy. war, with an honorable observance the Hitler years. Give a thought to The very fact that Hitler’s people of the requirement to be accurate these names: Hottelet himself, now had gone to the lengths they had in and objective insofar as possible. CBS United Nations correspon¬ the Hottelet arrest meant that they Given our private feelings, these dent; Howard K. Smith, analyst were after something of importance were difficult restraints enough, but and commentator for ABC, whose to themselves. The more obvious up to that point the Hitler govern¬ book “Last Train from Berlin” things were to give a fresh warning ment had recognized and respected gives one of the most lucid accounts to correspondents and all other our integrity and also recognized of Hottelet’s arrest and the preced¬ Americans in Germany that they the difficulty of working without ing raid; Richard M. Helms, now were walking a razor’s edge; or triggering the sword of Damocles Director of Central Intelligence simply to flex Nazi muscles and

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 25 deliver a slap at American prestige for our chances of finding out what Hottelet for Zapp and Tonn would in the propaganda war. Most prob¬ evidence, if any at all, the Nazis be a sensible way to settle things, 1 ably, however, we thought the ar¬ were going to muster to support the was, of course, not at all able to say rest had been pure retaliation for arrest. We selected the name of that the State Department or Presi¬ the arrest somewhat earlier in the an Obersturmbannfiihrer in the SS dent Roosevelt would agree to this, United States of two Nazi newsmen, Hauptamt (General Staff), who was but the idea was nurtured. Thomsen Manfred Zapp and Gunther Tonn. still practicing law outside his offi¬ was careful not to express any in¬ One of these was the son of a close cial duties and who would be able terest in it. I told him that I was friend of Von Ribbentrop, the Nazi to rush in where angels feared to going down to New Orleans for a Foreign Minister. It stood to reason tread, although not for the usual visit with my family, and that I that Von Ribbentrop would like to reasons. I visited this Jekyll-and- would be available for any further get him back. Hyde character and told him, as I discussions which events might in¬ Whatever the motivation might had told Schambacher, that there dicate. (I wonder whether, in retro¬ have been, Dick’s jailers were tel¬ could not be a shred of real evi¬ spect, this had any prophetic mean¬ ling him that neither the United dence against Hottelet and that, ing for him.) Press nor anyone else was making using a flimsy interpretation of Lyle Wilson, Washington Man¬ any attempt to get him out, and he journalistic activity as espionage, it ager of the United Press, thought was telling himself that the pros¬ was retaliation for what happened that I should see the Attorney- pect of spending the rest of the war to Zapp and Tonn. The lawyer General, Robert H. Jackson, before behind bars was not exactly what being not only a lawyer but a Naz. I left town, and he set up an ap¬ he would choose if he had a choice. and an SS man, could hardly agree pointment. This sage individual lis¬ It certainly was not true that no with me, but he did agree to look tened to my presentation of events, one was trying to spring the prison¬ into the case immediately; to ap¬ my insistence that the Nazis had er, but it was true that we were ply, under German law for access nothing valid against Hottelet, my rapidly not getting very far. to the prosecution’s evidence as earnest fear that the swift uncoiling soon as the case was prepared; and In our effort to secure an early of events might trap Dick in Ger¬ to keep the United Press informed. release, the first thing to do was many for years of his young life, plainly to find out what the Nazis There was nothing more to be and the plea that the Attorney- thought they really had against achieved in Berlin. Leaving Joe General consider what might be Dick, if anything, that would justify Grigg in charge, and to cover what done. Mr. Jackson listened, quietly a formal trial. A call upon Herr was to be the Nazi attack on Yugo¬ “hm-m-m-med,” rubbed his chin, tilted back in his chair, looked out Schambacher, who was handling slavia, I proceeded to New York. the case for the Political Section of There Hugh Baillie, United Press’s the window and, like a good Attor¬ ney-General, said no more than the Criminal Police, yielded no in¬ President, and Earl J. Johnson, Ex¬ had Atherton, Thomsen, Scham¬ formation, but did yield the oppor¬ ecutive Vice-President, confirmed that the United Press had wisely bacher or our SS lawyer, to commit tunity, as far as the United Press him to any course of action. But he was concerned, vehemently to re¬ done nothing in its domestic hand¬ ling of the Hottelet arrest to raise loved a scrap and (I may be ject the empty charge of espionage, the issue of Nazi prestige (always wrong) it seemed to me that his and to substitute a charge of our the best way to slam the door to eyes twinkled. own: that the arrest was a crude negotiation) or to excite American reprisal for our arrest of Zapp and New Orleans in April and May resentment; and they agreed that Tonn. Schambacher did not seem is, of course, a pleasant place in inquiries in Washington were a which just to sit and read the pa¬ impressed by this. good next step. pers and eat the good food. The Next, to the American Embassy In the capital, Ray Atherton, only thing to make it better was to to assure them most earnestly that Chief of the Division of European read what I did one day with the charges against Hottelet were Affairs at the Department of State, quickened interest: the whole crew ridiculous, and to consult on the could offer no light in the darkness, of a Nazi cargo ship had been chances for an early release. The nor, of course, any assurance of a detained in Baltimore for some Embassy (“our poor, overworked deal that would give us Hottelet for offense so grievous that I cannot Embassy” in George Kennan’s Zapp and Tonn. remember it today. Others read it phrase) already had its hands des¬ A visit to the German Embassy too. The German Embassy, for ex¬ perately full with the United States where Hans Thomsen, a suave, ample. and Germany all but at war; with able and practiced regular in the The Nazis had Hottelet, and wc British interests (including their pris¬ German Diplomatic Service was in now had not only Zapp and Tonn. oners-of-war) to protect; and prepar¬ charge, brought not much more than but the crew of a ship presumably ing for the departure of the Ameri¬ renewing an acquaintanceship with loaded with goodies for the Ger¬ can Consuls in Germany with the Thomsen that went back for more man war machine. (This was rest¬ denunciation of the Consular Treaty. than a decade. We spoke very free¬ ing for the moment after a brilliant The Embassy felt, in any event, ly, I more so than he, for I was not victory in the West, and soon to be that we should retain a lawyer for an official of my Government and used against Stalin in the mightiest Dick, and we agreed that the high¬ he was. In no position to do more thrust in history.) er up he was, the better it would be than suggest that an exchange of (Continued on page 35)

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 AFSA’s Proposal for D.C. Driving AFSA Hails Presidential Task Force Review Permits Wins Approval of Foreign Assistance In response to a suggestion from a In a letter dated February 11, speech by Deputy Under Secretary member, AFSA proposed that the De¬ 1970, to Rudolph A. Peterson, Chair¬ Macomber for implementation of partment ask that a District of man of the President’s Task Force on some of the major reforms which Columbia driving permit, temporary International Development, the Board AFSA has espoused, with a new em¬ or otherwise, be granted to civilian of Directors of the Association wel¬ phasis on specialization, strengthening foreign affairs community personnel comed : of professional management capacity who arrive home on leave with an “the fresh look at the foreign assist¬ and standard personnel systems expired permit. ance program which the President’s among State, AID and USIA. Howev¬ The Deputy Under Secretary for Task Force is undertaking under er, it was added, AFSA goes beyond Administration, William B. Macom- your guidance.” this and: ber, Jr., wrote a letter to Mayor The Chairman of the Board, Mr. “hopes to see further reform, espe¬ Washington on behalf of all agencies Charles Bray, who signed the letter, cially the development of a unified having civilians serving abroad, and explained the nature of the Associa¬ civilian foreign service that draws we are happy to report that Mayor tion and its objectives, and stated that its leaders from the ranks of several Washington has agreed. Personnel will the experience of our membership in different specialties and which can be required to take the usual test the major foreign affairs agencies provide to the President and the taken by all D.C. applicants, but the leads us to believe firmly: Secretary of State a corps of widely residence requirement will be waived “that United States foreign policy in experienced, more highly profession¬ (the agency headquarters will serve as the 1970 must respond to the ma¬ al, and more management-oriented the residence). jor concern in the poorer two-thirds experts in foreign affairs.” AFSA is most grateful to Ambassa¬ of the world—development. We The Association said it was espe¬ dor Macomber and to Mayor Wash¬ hope your report will lead to a cially anxious to see proposals that ington for this helpful and imaginative strengthening of the capacity of the would “promote a much stronger pro¬ measure of benefit to all Government foreign affairs structure to direct fessional civilian leadership in the for¬ civilians abroad. US assistance to the development eign affairs area through a unified process and will ensure that such Foreign Service.” assistance remains an integral part Mr. Bray concluded the letter by AFSA President Theodore L. Eliot, of our foreign policy.” offering to be of assistance to the Jr. speaks at the Association luncheon The letter went on to say that there President’s Task Force and said we on January 29. Officers and members has been a substantial change of atti¬ would welcome an opportunity to dis¬ of the Board of Directors are seated tude within the personnel of the for¬ cuss our views with Mr. Peterson. at the head table. eign service: “toward a much fuller recognition and appreciation of the integral im¬ portance of development assistance to the global foreign policy interests of the United States. This change is reflected in the tremendous interest of our mid-career State Depart¬ ment Foreign Service officers who continuously oversubscribe the For¬ eign Service Institute’s courses of¬ fered in economics, in the growing preference of younger officers for service in developing countries, and in the increasing interest in assign¬ ment of senior State officers who are qualified and experienced by previous assignments to high-level positions in AID.” Mention was made of the recent Car Insurance Suggestions from the Elections Committee Some members have enountered difficulty in obtaining short-term car A letter from the Elections Com¬ insurance when on home leave. AFSA mittee, John H. Stutesman, Jr., Chair¬ has approached a number of well- man, Joan Clark, Arthur Bardos, known companies which provide cov¬ William Parks, Frank Ready, made erage of one kind or another for the following observations on AFSA’s Foreign Service personnel and others 1969 elections. serving abroad, with a view to solving The committee recommended that: the problem. Measures be taken to control the ballot to make sure that only active Again, AFSA is pleased to report members voted. To this end the Com¬ that one insurance brokerage firm mittee suggested a method to ensure which has been providing insurance secret balloting. for Foreign Service personnel since The candidates seek ways to 1953 has agreed to assist in solving the present their programs to the elector¬ problem. Generally, the firm is ate and that the Association not be prepared to offer a package policy expected to call a meeting of the which would include full coverage for membership for that purpose. Dr. Peter F. Krogh, a leading foreign an automobile while on home leave, in The Association not display any transit back to the post of assignment, affairs educator, has been named Dean semblance of supporting one particu¬ and coverage abroad—except for of Georgetown University's Edmund lar slate or candidate by its mailings. third party liability where local laws A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, The ballot contain only names of require this portion of insurance be effective June 15. The appointment candidates, with platform statements placed with an insurance company of was announced by the Rev. R. J. to be handled separately. that country. If the proposal is imple¬ Henle, S.J., Georgetown President. The Chairman of the Board of Di¬ mented as proposed, details will be Dr. Krogh served as assistant dean at rectors, Charles W. Bray, III, re¬ provided to the field by the company. the Fletcher School of Law and Di¬ sponded to the letter with apprecia¬ plomacy from 1962-67, then left for In the meantime, another broker has tion and remarked that the Board had approached the Association and one a year to come to Washington as a made careful note of the points raised company has replied that it already White House Fellow. He returned to by the Elections Committee for the Fletcher as associate dean in 1968. covers Foreign Service officers under 1971 election. certain circumstances (it insures mili¬ tary personnel primarily). Club Members AFSA Committees AFSA hopes that the concession on Missing any checks? The following Committee Chairmen driving permits will prove to be The Riggs National Bank wrote us have been appointed. beneficial to all foreign affairs person¬ in February transmitting a Club ac¬ Francis X. Ready—Awards and Sab¬ nel, especially when purchasing a new count envelope (Box 2001) with a baticals automobile through AFSA discount check from a member dated and Margaret J. Tibbetts—Career Princi¬ arrangements, and that adequate in¬ mailed October 23, 1969! The Post ples surance coverage for everyone will be Office expressed its regrets for “mis- Albert E. Fairchild—Chapters readily available shortly, regardless of routing” the letter. For once the com¬ John M. Thomas—Foreign Service where a new automobile is purchased. puter was innocent. Club John A. Ulinski, Jr.—Community Ac¬ tion Anthony Quainton—Congressional Li¬ Senator Fulbright Drops Plan to Study Foreign Service aison David T. Schneider—Editorial Board In October of last year Senator asked Mr. Macomber to work closely Franklin J. Crawford—Education Fulbright reintroduced a Joint Resolu¬ with appropriate committees in the William G. Bradford—Finance tion tabled earlier calling for the ap¬ House and the Senate. Fulbright’s John W. McDonald—Hospital Visit¬ pointment of a blue-ribbon Presiden¬ statement placing the text of his letter ing tial Commission on Organizational in the Congressional Record said an Richard C. Hagan—Legal Peter Spicer—Luncheon Reforms in the Department of State, additional reason for not pursuing the John G. Bacon—Members Interests the Agency for International Develop¬ commission plan was the lack of any Thomas S. Estes—Memorial Park ment, and the US Information Agen¬ indication of support for it from Erland Heginbotham—Openness cy. In a letter dated February 3 sent AFSA. AFSA Board Chairman Charles Kenneth Youel—Public Members to Deputy Undersecretary for Admin¬ Hon. W. T. M. Beale—Retired Mem¬ istration Macomber, Senator Ful¬ Bray wrote to Senator Fulbright on February 17 to express pride in bers bright said he had decided not to AFSA’s activities on behalf of change Barbara J. Good—Staff Corps Ad¬ pursue the idea for the moment. He and its hopes for bringing about re¬ visory cited Macomber’s opposition to the forms. “We also believe,” wrote Bray, commission idea and wished him suc¬ “that reform from within will have a cess in promoting reform from within. better chance of success if the process Found In concluding, Senator Fulbright is supported from the outside. We At the February 26 AFSA lunch¬ said “I am frankly sceptical that you would be grateful for the opportunity eon, square gold button approximately will, during your time in office, be to discuss this aspect of the problem one inch square. Owner may reclaim successful in solving the manifold with you, and I will call your office it at the next luncheon or from Miss problems confronting you,” and he for an appointment to this end.” Evelyn Blue at AFSA headquarters. urging for two years, and some of us Bray Says AFSA to Play Aggressive Role for almost four now. I think there will The following interview with speech on modernizing the personnel be a major continuing role for AFSA Charles W. Bray III, newly elected system that many of AFSA’s stated to play in poking and prodding both Chairman of the Board of Directors objectives are being realized. Where the Administration and the Task For¬ of the American Foreign Service As¬ does the new Board go from here? ces that Mr. Macomber has estab¬ sociation (AFSA), was conducted by What new goals will be set and in lished to flesh out his “Program for Charles (Pat) Kennedy of the JOUR¬ which direction, or directions, does the ’70s.” NAL editorial board, February 11, this Board wish to lead AFSA? Secondly, I think it’s going to be 1970. Bray: Let me give you four an¬ important for the Association to play Kennedy: I welcome this opportu¬ swers to that question. It is certainly a very aggressive role in correcting nity to ask you some questions about true that one of AFSA’s major goals, some of the pocketbook inequities your views, the directions of the new that of reform, seems to be in a fair from which we in foreign service, Board and what it sees in the future way to resolution. The Association is regardless of agency, still suffer. I for AFSA. tremendously encouraged by the obvi¬ have, for example, in mind the ques¬ First, I’d like to lead off with a ous commitment on the part of the tion of a transfer allowance which was broad question. It may appear to Nixon Administration to undertake part of this Board’s election platform some that with AFSA’s past accom¬ the kinds of self-examination and self¬ commitment. It makes no sense to me plishment and Mr. Macomber’s renewal that the Association has been at all, indeed it’s disgraceful, that were I a civil servant and were I trans¬ ferred tomorrow, my transfer al¬ Memorial to Ambasador Hoyt Unveiled lowance would be substantially in ex¬ cess of $4,000. As a foreign service officer, however, my transfer al¬ lowance of $175 would barely keep my family in mittens if we went to Iceland. It’s particularly shocking when you consider that the Foreign Service Act already provides legisla¬ tive authority to pay an adequate transfer allowance. We also have very much in mind the establishment of an AFSA Provi¬ dent Fund which would provide ei¬ ther “no-interest” loans or outright grants to foreign service employees in serious need following catastrophic illness or other personal disasters. We are exploring the possibility of funding this at the moment and hope to have at least initial commitments of money within the next month or so. We need also, I think, to continue our efforts to include our colleagues in AID under the Foreign Service Re¬ tirement System. That is a very seri¬ ous inequity in my view. By way of reporting some progress, I think the Association can take great pride in the fact that the Department of State, AID, and USIA-—acting on an AFSA initiative—have each estab¬ lished an ombudsman. This is a major step forward in employee relations on the part of the Nixon Administration The many friends of Ambassador international cooperation. The statue and we hope that all of those who Henry A. Hoyt were shocked and selected was El Chasque, by Jose Bel- have problems, which they cannot saddened to hear of his death on loni. The son of the sculptor, Stelio resolve within the existing organiza¬ December 16, 1968 while serving as Belloni, loaned the original molds, and tion, will not hesitate to take those Ambassador to Uruguay. Soon the casting was done in Uruguay. The problems to their ombudsman. thereafter, many of them supported copper used in the casting, however, Thirdly, the Association will have the idea of a memorial in his honor. came from Jerome, Arizona, Ambas¬ to continue to play a catalytic role in Subsequently, it was decided to have sador Hoyt’s birthplace, as a gift of what we have called “openness.” We an exact copy made of one of his the local historical society. have been, as I have said on previous favorite Latin American sculptures Shown in the picture are Ambassa¬ occasions, much too hermetic, much and to place it in the new Chancery at dor Charles W. Adair, Jr., Mrs. Hoyt, too closed-in in our relationships with Montevideo. Our Ambassador to Uru¬ and John L. Topping, Deputy Chief of American society over the last several guay, Hon. Charles W. Adair, was one Mission, and a long-time friend of the decades. It’s time for us to open our of the staunchest supporters of this Hoyts. They are admiring the new shutters, to strike new relationships project. statue following its unveiling in the with World Affairs Councils, with uni- The rest of the story is one of new Chancery on December 2, 1969. (Continued on page 6) Next, members will be able to pay annual dues on a monthly installment plan if they choose to do so. Subject to final agreement with the erratic computer, the plan to go into effect July 1 will be: $70—$6.50 per month—$8 Service FOREIBN SERVICE Charge (per year) $35—$3.50 per month—$7 Service Charge (per year) $15—$1.75 per month—$6 Service Charge (per year) Members may wish to pay in a lump sum, and save the service charge. This Y0UR CLUB nual association membership dates. will help us, too. Next, we invite prospective mem¬ Also, a break for bachelors and New—Trial memberships—No Cost bers to come and use the Club at no married couples, too. We’ve set up New—Dues payable monthly cost for membership for one month. three basic-plan cocktail parties tai¬ New—Reduced party prices Scrip can be purchased to pay for lored for differing requirements at “break even” prices—for us and, we New—A “new look” meals and beverages (or even a cock¬ tail party—see below!). If the trial hope, for our members. There is also Members of the Club, present and convinces these guests that the Club our interesting buffet deal, a MAKE-IT- prospective, will be interested to learn offers what they want, then all they YOURSELF Sandwich and Beer Bar, new that AFSA and the Club management have to do is sign up with the Recep¬ menus and—with a little luck—lower have completed plans for several tionist, Miss Blue, second floor. luncheon and dinner prices, maybe changes of benefit to the members. Give the Club a chance to convince not much lower, but a little. Who First, present Club memberships you. What can you lose? Invite a knows, we may establish a trend to¬ are extended to coincide with the an¬ friend to try it too. ward lower food prices like the two small banks tried to do for interest rates! For samplers: Effective April 1; Cocktail Parties: 25 persons, two hours. No charge for use of the Li¬ brary or Lounge; no charge for pea¬ nuts and potato chips; gratuities in¬ cluded, 5% tax extra. Plan A—Bachelor’s Delight—750 a drink . . . period. Plan B—Housewife’s Treat— Open Bar—$3.00 per person, plus $15 for Bartender—he saves you money! Plan C—The Works—Open Bar— hot hors d’oeuvres, variety of canapes, peanuts potato chips. $4.95 per per¬ son. $15.00 for Bartender. $10.00 for Waitress. Members can add any food special¬ ty they desire, at a cost to be agreed on in advance. When reservations are desired, the Club Manager, Mr. Bran- dli (Telephone 338-5730) will de¬ scribe in detail what will be provided. He and the member will sign a memo of agreement on cost to preclude any later misunderstanding. Remember, any organization or group can have a party at the Club, provided a member sponsors it and charges the cost to his account. Evening Buffet? The noon buffet is now available in the evening for $3.25 —no limit on servings. Drinks at reg¬ ular prices or special “OPEN BAR” arrangements can be made. Task Forces or other early evening working groups? We’ll set up a MAKE- IT-YOURSELF Sandwich and Beer Bar, plus soft drinks and coffee, for $2.25 a person (minimum of 12). How about a Champagne and Can- dlelight dinner? We haven’t arranged when he seats you, or whoever serves or just about anything related to our one yet (we think we will), but we do you, and they’ll give you priority occupation, let us know. have excellent dinners at competitive service, especially if you order the We have some ideas for new table prices for theater, symphony or other new 990 Executive Special—Soup, arrangements, including a Singles Ta¬ group activities (something working Sandwich and Beverage. Eat and Run. ble—where singles can meet other here, too). singles, rather than eat alone. But, if We’ve signed a deal with WMAL If you want to check on the NEW you “Want to be Alone”—fine, you’ll Musicast to provide background music LOOK, come to lunch and observe have your own table. our Blue Belles—smiling and pleasant for your listening pleasure: 10,000 All of the above—long as it is—is Cynthia, Anita, Aileen and Doris, who selections piped in by wire; music for by way of announcing that the new will do their best to give you courte¬ the season and mood. management and the new Club Com¬ ous, efficient service, as well as Man¬ Plans are underway to provide mittee want to continue to improve uel, Jack and Said. They won’t hurry some Foreign Service oriented art and the Club for your benefit because, you, but if you have a meeting to decorations. If you have an African after all, it must be make, tell the Manager, Mr. Brandli, spear, Ming vase, a historical print, YOUR CLUB BRAY continued from page 3 versities, with business, from which both sides can profit. Finally, not many members know that AFSA is now a $1 million oper¬ ation. We have assets in excess of $1 million and our revenues annually are close to $250,000. It’s going to be important that this Board leave be¬ hind it an Association that is profes¬ sional in operation and administra¬ tion, as well as active in issues of concern to the membership. Kennedy: I would, as a matter of fact, like to take up your first point right away. Specifically, what do you see as AFSA’s role regarding the vari¬ ous Task Forces set up to study the changes outlined by Mr. Macomber? Will AFSA actively seek to participate or simply watch? Bray: Pat, we’ve been in there slug¬ ging from the very beginning. As you know, we have reconstituted the Career Principles Committee and asked Ambassador Margaret Tibbetts to chair it. We have agreed with the Depart¬ ment and the Chairmen of Mr. Ma- comber’s Task Forces that members Mrs. James K. Penfield. President, AAFSW, center, presents a check for $12,000 of Ambassador Tibbetts’ committee to Theodore L. Eliot, Jr.. Presidnt of AFSA. The check represents the proceeds can participate in the work of those of AAFSW's annual Book Fair and last year’s Chairman, Mrs. Edward P. Dobyns, Task Forces. We hope also to have is shown at the left. Mr. Eliot congratulated the AAFSW on the outstandingly occasion to testify as a Board before successful Book Fair and remarked on the hard work which produced the much all of the Task Forces in an attempt appreciated results. to put the Association’s position squarely in front of the Task Force second point that you brought out in often been addressed as you have—as members. your initial remarks and that is what an opening of the Department to the We have also asked the Tibbetts’ does AFSA plan to do about the views of those outside. Also it has committee to prepare for the Board Administration’s proposal to defer a been interpreted as an effort to open of Directors a final appraisal of the pay raise for federal employees from the Association to a broader member¬ results of the Task Forces on the basis July 1, 1970, to January 1, 1971, as ship. Perhaps you would like to re¬ of which the Association can take a part of the fight against inflation? mark on this aspect. position. Bray: The Board was deeply dis¬ Bray: Well, I think I’ll stand on Since in this context the Association turbed that this Administration, which what I said earlier about the openness is an outsider, we have taken a very has refused so steadfastly to “jaw¬ of the Department and other agencies strong position, both publicly and pri¬ bone” in the private sector in the and their services to outside ideas, vately, that it will be important to the interests of combating inflation, techniques, insights and assistance. success of reform that outsiders with would at the same time have been Since 1962, the Association has experience of interest to our internal willing to deal in such summary fash¬ been an association of all foreign serv¬ problems participate in the process of ion with the interests of employees in ice employees regardless of agency. reform. There are simply too many government. We see a real inconsist¬ The previous Board, as you recall, profitable experiences on which we ency here and have drawn it to the strongly supported opening active can draw in other institutions in this attention, not only of the President in membership in the Association to civil country and too many pitfalls that we a letter which I wrote him several servants in State, AID, and USIA. ought to avoid not to profit by the weeks ago and which was reported The proposal was defeated by a vote wisdom and experience of those on in the March issue of the JOURNAL, of the membership. I think what was the outside. but also letters to the Chairman of the remarkable was that 56 percent of I was very encouraged that Mr. Civil Service Commission and to the those voting thought that this was a Macomber took the unusual step of Chairman of the two Congressional pretty good idea. The new Board has inviting employees, civil service and committees most directly concerned. not yet addressed itself to this subject foreign service, to participate in this This is, incidentally, the first time that but I’m sure it will. process of reform. I think this is an the Association has ever addressed a Kennedy: On the former point, in important step in the direction of letter of this type to the President. opening up the role of the foreign gaining widespread acceptance of the Kennedy: Next I would like to service to the public, does AFSA have reforms that may be proposed and it follow up on your remarks about some liaison mechanisms with other is a political step that previous admin¬ “openness.” I think perhaps there may areas in the department which are istrations have ignored. be some confusion among the AFSA also working on this. I am thinking of Kennedy: I would also like to go to membership in that “openness” may the Open Forum Panel and the Bu¬ an immediate problem regarding the be a two-way subject. Openness has reau of Public Affairs. Bray: Yes, indeed, we do. We’ve members and the Board can be made Births worked very closely with the Open more effective. Forum Panel, with the office of the Related to the whole problem of BUCHANAN. A son, Stanton Thomas, born to FSO and Mrs. Thomas Rich¬ Under Secretary, and have had very communication, of course, is the fact good relations with the Office of Ex¬ that the Association can only function ard Buchanan, on February 15, in ternal Research and the Bureau of successfully in matters of substantial Athens. The maternal grandparents Public Affairs. In fact, several mem¬ interest if it has the broadest possible are Mr. and Mrs. John A. Webb, AID bers of the Board and I had lunch last participation of its members and par¬ retired. An aunt, FSS Donna J. Bu¬ week with Michael Collins, the new ticularly those members who are in chanan, serves in Tokyo. Assistant Secretary, to talk about both Washington. In the final analysis, I the Department’s public relations as suspect that the most effective form of Deaths such and its broader relationships with communication between the members CAMPBELL. Walter Lowrie Campbell, the American public from whom we and the Board will come from the FSR-retired, died on March 1, in Be- should derive much more support and willingness of individuals who are in thesda. Mr. Campbell joined the State strength than we do at present. Washington, and members of chap¬ Department in 1955 and served at Kennedy: I want ito pick up a point ters overseas to participate directly in Ankara, Calcutta and New Delhi. He related to the problem of the confu¬ the Association’s activities. is survived by his wife of 5020 Wyan¬ sion in the term “openness.” Some Kennedy: Finally, Charlie, I'd like dot Court, Bethesda, four sons and members of AFSA have expressed to ask you a question drawn from three daughters. disappointment over the lack of op¬ various proposals that have been CLARK. Professor Clyde L. Clark, portunity to meet and discuss issues made in the Department. What are FSO-retired, died on January 12, in with candidates for the Board prior to AFSA’s views regarding the proposals Indianapolis. Professor Clark entered this latest election. Does the new to expand in-house and outside train¬ the Foreign Service in 1947 and served Board plan to improve this condition ing for members of the foreign serv¬ at Madrid Zurich, Bangkok, San Sal¬ for future elections? Perhaps you ices? vador and was detailed to USIA be¬ would like to approach this question Bray: Oh, I think the Association fore retiring in 1962. He is survived in the broader context of improving has very strong views on this subject, by his wife of 4605 Hinesley Avenue, communications between the board Pat. I am continually appalled that, in Apt. A-l, Indianapolis, Ind. and the membership. an organization of professional and HILTON. Mary Kendall Hilton, wife Bray: Yes, I’ve heard that criticism semi-professional people such as we of FSO-retired Ralph Hilton, died on of the elections and I think you should have in the three main foreign affairs March 2, on Hilton Head Island. Mrs. know that the new Board has already agencies, so small a proportion of our Hilton, a widely known writer and asked the Elections Committee which budget should be devoted to upgrad¬ columnist, had completed a book “Old conducted the elections last fall to ing existing skills and developing new Homes and Churches of Beaufort submit a report with recommenda¬ ones. It’s a disgrace, in my view, that County” which is scheduled for publi¬ tions for the conduct of the next the military services should be able to cation later this year. She is survived election. We will publish the essentials keep 10 percent of their employees in by her husband of Laughing Gull of that report for the membership and long term training at any one time Road, Sea Pines Plantation, Hilton I hope that in two years’ time it will while the percentage in the Depart¬ Head Island, S.C., a daughter and form the basis for the manner in ment of State is, for example, under three grandchildren. which our elections are conducted. three percent, excluding short term O'GRADY. James M. E. O'Grady, FSO- On the broader question of commu¬ language training. That makes no retired, died on March 3, at George nication with the membership, we find sense at all. Washington University Hospital. Mr. it’s a very tough proposition. We have Kennedy: Fine. Thank you very O’Grady entered the Foreign Service members in Washington and at every much, Charlie, for taking the time to in 1948 and served at Bremen, Basle, post around the world. Our principal answer these questions. New Delhi and Malta before retire¬ forum for communication has been ment in 1966. He is survived by his the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. We wife of 1711 Surrey Lane, N.W. and have also engaged in special mailings New Careers a sister. In lieu of flowers contribu¬ on subjects of unusual interest. None tions may be made to the American of these seem entirely satisfactory and Battle Comsat V. P. Foreign Service Association Scholar¬ they are, of course, one-way commu¬ ship Fund, 2101 E Street, N.W., Wash¬ nication from the Board to the mem¬ AFSA’s former President Lucius ington D.C., 20037. bers. We’re taking, at the moment, a D. Battle was elected a Vice President PAUL. Roland C. Paul, FSS-retired, very close look at the problem of of the Communications Satellite Cor¬ died recently in Athens. He is sur¬ communication from the members to poration (COMSAT) with responsi¬ vived by his wife, c/o American Em¬ the Board. bility and authority for coordinating bassy, APO New York 09223. Rob Nevitt, a member of the and directing corporate relations with SEDGLEY. Harry E. Sedgley, FSIO, Board, and A1 Fairchild, who has the Congress and Executive Branch in died on February 15 at his home in been Chairman of the Chapters Com¬ accordance with the company’s spe¬ Alexandria. Mr. Sedgley joined the mittee for the last year, are investigat¬ cial obligations under the Communi¬ State Department in 1949 and served ing ways in which we could establish cations Satellite Act of 1962. at Tel Aviv, Budapest, Bombay, Tokyo more satisfactory two-way relation¬ Mr. Battle joined the Foreign Serv¬ and Seoul. He was made director of ships with chapters where they exist ice in 1946, resigning in 1956 to the USIA Center, Darmstadt in 1964 and how we can expand the network become Vice President of Colonial and served at Rome, then in Washing¬ of chapters to additional posts in the Williamsburg and Williamsburg Res¬ ton. At the time of his death he was coming two years. toration, Inc. He returned to the State assistant liaison officer for the US We are also going to be setting up a Department in 1961, served as Am¬ pavilion at the Japanese World Expo¬ Task Force with the specific aim of bassador to the United Arab Republic sition in Osaka. He is survived by his recommending to the Board ways in and then Assistant Secretary for Near wife of 7517 Cornith Drive, Alex¬ which communication between the Eastern and South Asian Affairs. andria, and four children. Volunteers Needed New Activities of AFSA Members The Metropolitan Washington Ur¬ ban Coalition has requested AFSA’s Willis C. Armstrong has been accept it. assistance in recruiting volunteer named President of the United States “Dumbarton Oaks has a resident workers for District Government serv¬ Council of the International Chamber faculty and visiting scholars and fel¬ ice. The Office of Community Serv¬ of Commerce. For the past two years lows in Byzantine studies, as well as ices is looking for top-caliber “dollar- Mr. Armstrong had been Associate fellowships in other fields. a-year men” to fill such tasks as Pub¬ Dean of the School of International “In our world today, this opportuni¬ lic Information Officer, Executive Affairs at Columbia University. Be¬ ty to serve the cause of the Humani¬ Management Officer, Congressional fore that he served for 28 years in the ties has a special appeal to me.” Liaison Aide, Director of the Public United States Government, largely in FSO-retired and Mrs. Richard F. Safety Crusade. There is also need the field of international economic Boyce are in the process of preparing for full-time and part-time volunteers policy. At the time he retired from the first and only bibliography of for hospital, mental and neighborhood the Department of State in 1967, he Foreign Service authors, past and clinic help, hobbyists in arts and was Economic Minister at the Embas¬ present, going back to Benjamin crafts, assistant social workers, cleri¬ sy in London. Franklin and including wives. The cal aides, clerks, typists, etc. The need As President of the Council, Mr. Boyces would appreciate receiving in¬ formation about any books written by is critical—and almost any available Armstrong will work with leading foreign service personnel. This data talent can be put to some type of use American businessmen concerned should include: titles, where and by at almost any time the volunteer can with international trade and invest¬ ment and monetary affairs. whom published, year of publication, provide it. number of pages, brief description of Anyone wishing to volunteer serv¬ William R. Tyler became Director subject if title is not self-explanatory. ices is urged to fill out the form be¬ of Dumbarton Oaks in 1969 on the There is a September deadline on the low and send it to Mr. G. Paul Carr, retirement of John S. Thacher. Am¬ publication. Material should be sent to Office of Community Services, Room bassador Tyler writes: “Having been the Boyces at 1790 East Las Olas 214 District Building, 14th and E rolling stones for most of our lives, we Blvd., Apt. 32, Fort Lauderdale, Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004. had always hoped, though without Florida 33301. Mr. Carr may be reached at 629-3823 much expectation, that we might find if you wish additional information. something at home in the academic Alternatively, Mr. John Ulinski, new field, in which I had started, before I A Welcome to F.S. Artists chairman of the AFSA Community was too old to be of use to anyone. The Foreign Service Club would Action Committee, will be happy to The offer was as irresistible as it was welcome the opportunity to exhibit provide information. He can be unexpected, and I retired from the the work of Foreign Service artists on reached on (63) x-25844. Foreign Service in 1969 in order to a rotating basis in the library and dining room. Plans for this are not firm, but the Club Committee would VOLUNTEER INFORMATION appreciate suggestions and informa¬ (D. C. Government and Community Organization) tion from artists who are interested. Those wishing to exhibit for a two Name _ Home Phone week period should include informa¬ (Last) (First) (Middle) tion on number of paintings, and whether or not the paintings are for Address .. Office Phone sale. Current Employment and Position Georgetown Garden Tour The 42nd annual Georgetown Gar¬ den Tour will take place April 17 and Comments: 18 from 12:30 P.M. to 5:30 P.M. The tour is for the benefit of the Georgetown Children’s House, a day¬ Education: care center for 80 children from low- income families. Major field of study Graduate Studies Twenty different Georgetown gar¬ Work Experience — dens will be shown during these two days, ten each day. The Saturday tour will also feature the unique gardens of Types of volunteer work which interest you Dumbarton Oaks. Among the gardens to be shown are those of Mr. and Mrs. Burke Wilkinson, The Honorable and Mrs. Adrian S. Fisher, Brig. Gen. Time Available for Volunteer Work and Mrs. William Ross Bond and Mr. Date Available and Mrs. Donald R. McClelland. Approximate No. of Hours per Week Tickets, available at a number of shops and at each garden gate are Volunteer Schedule Desired $5.00 each and include tea at the Georgetown Children’s House. Group tickets at reduced rates are available in advance from the Georgetown Date —■ (Signature) Children’s House. TWO CITIES went out to the Okecie airport to Field. Just as being identified as (Continued from 26) take a plane for Prague, enroute to Noel’s brother was officially enough join his English wife and their two to cost him his freedom and almost The next time I saw Mr. Jackson sons in London for the trip back to his life, so was he identified to was five years later when, as Jus¬ the United States. He simply disap¬ many people simply as the younger tice Jackson, he prosecuted at peared from sight at the airport and brother of the tall, brilliant, awk¬ Nuremberg after the German sur¬ for five years remained, to both the ward Bostonian who had worked render; but the next time I saw American and British Govern¬ for the League of Nations in Gen¬ Hans Thomsen was when he tele¬ ments, and to an anguished family, eva in its early years, and for the phoned me in New Orleans sugges¬ a lost soul without trace on earth. Department of State before that. ting vaguely that there had been Representations to both Warsaw In the chaotic years which developments in the Hottelet case, and Moscow secured only deadpan spawned World War II after Hit¬ and that we might continue our denials of any knowledge of Field’s ler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia, talks. whereabouts, or even of confirma¬ Hermann Field had served at The last time I saw him was a tion whether he was alive or dead. Cracow, Poland, with the Layton year later when, in Lisbon, he was Hermann Field was the broth¬ Trust; the British Government had being repatriated to Germany and 1 er of Noel Field. Not only was Her¬ given it $16,000,000 to help refu¬ to the United States, each of us mann more relaxed, less wound-up gees from Hitler’s wrath flee, having been interned in the other’s about causes, less gangly, more among other places, to England. At country. Enemies by then, we did worldly, than his famous brother, Cracow, Hermann had thus as¬ not talk. If we had done so, he but he was no fuzzy-minded ideal¬ sisted many who later became would never have admitted any ist up to his neck (and over his prominent in the Communist re¬ more than he ever did that there head) in the operations of interna¬ gimes of Eastern Europe. This, as was any connection between the tional Communism. Hermann was, Flora Lewis points out, was not events in Berlin and in Washing¬ indeed, no brand of Communist unnatural, since Communists were ton. whatever; even if he had been, that among the prime targets of the No matter. In late July, Dick was no ground for the Polish Secret Nazi invaders. But the very associ¬ Hottelet, having had a pet cock¬ Police to have whisked him off ation with persons who later fell roach as his only companion for from the airport in a small black into Stalin’s bad graces served to three months, was released to staff car; or, having very soon make Hermann Field, like his George Kennan who took him to found that he was innocent of any brother, a pawn in Stalin’s deadly his home, gave him a good meal offense, to have cast him into prison game. and a ticket to return with the for the next five years of his life. In Warsaw in 1954, we were American consuls. Zapp and Tonn But, as Flora Lewis makes clear aware at the Embassy that the made it back in time to witness the in “Red Pawn,” her scrupulously- UBEA, or Polish Secret Police, was remainder of Hitler’s triumphant detailed study of the Noel Field infiltrated down to the lowest desk years. We paid the SS lawyer, whose case, 1949 in Warsaw was not a level by its big brothers, the Soviet efforts manifestly had brought things time when anything mattered ex¬ Secret Police. Being diplomatic per¬ to a successful conclusion, and I lived cept what Stalin wanted to matter; sonnel we had nothing to fear—the to tell herewith, for the first time and what Stalin wanted was fuel placement of microphones in our ever, some of the minor sidelights in for the propaganda trials, which in homes and such things as the deliv¬ this interesting case of coincidence, six Eastern European countries ery of the contents of our wastebas¬ and a practical application of inter¬ doomed hundreds of persons in kets to the Secret Police by our national comity. purges for conspiracy and espion¬ servants—these, and incessant age. It was only with Stalin’s death trailing by the UBEA on our every- in March of 1953 that the jails and emergence from home, were more I HE second of my illustrations in¬ graveyards of Eastern Europe re¬ nuisances than anything elese, but volving coincidence in the protec¬ gurgitated these victims as mostly to the Poles and very much to tion of American citizens abroad, is innocent men. Hermann Field, the UBEA was just now turning the twentieth an¬ In Hungary, the axe fell on something to be feared. niversary of its commencement and Rajk; in Bulgaria on Petkov; in Especially a Col. Josef Swiatlo, the fifteenth of its ending. The five Czechoslovakia on Slansky; and in Deputy Director of the Tenth De years in the middle might be called Poland it was poised above the partment handling important politi¬ the “longest wait between planes on head of Wladislaw Gomulka, until cal matters. Tough, hulking, nick¬ record,” for reasons that will Stalin’s death cleared the way in¬ named “The Butcher,” it was he emerge; and also one of the most stead for Gomulka to become the who had arrested Field at the air¬ harrowing experiences of an Amer¬ big wheel in the Polish state that he port, who had put him through ican in the whole period of Stalin’s is today. the first brutal, fruitless interroga¬ tyranny over Eastern Europe. At the American Embassy in tions; and it was he whom Field In August of 1949, Hermann Warsaw in 1954, where I was serv¬ hated with a passion forever after. Haviland Field, Harvard-educated ing as Counselor and Deputy Chief Yet, curiously, it was he also whom American architect, son of a dis¬ of Mission, we knew a lot about Field had to thank for ever getting tinguished scientist father, having Gomulka, but most of us knew out of prison and out of Poland. visited architect friends in Warsaw, relatively little about Hermann Swiatlo’s behavior and Stalin’s FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 35 death, two merciful coincidences in bassador would see in the normal more impatient. It now seems likely the case. course. In point of fact, I had that, having transferred Field from This is what happened, and known Deputy Foreign Minister his prison cell to a villa at Otwock, again 1 am indebted to Flora Le¬ Winiewicz when he was publisher north of Warsaw, the Poles wanted wis’s extraordinary account for the of a Poznan newspaper back in my to restore him to at least a sem¬ facts which did not come directly United Press days, and had dealt blance of health before the Ambas¬ within my own experience: amicably, if not effectively (be¬ sador saw him. God knows, he On December 5, 1953, Swiatlo, cause of a difference in bookkeep¬ needed rehabilitation. who had also interrogated Noel ing methods), on the question of Warsaw is already cool by Octo¬ Field in Budapest, visited East Ber¬ surplus-property-credits with the ber (it had been 40° below zero in lin with his chief, a Colonel Anatol head of the American section, February of that year), and the Feygin. Purposely losing his com¬ Bogdan Lewandowski, later Po¬ October evening when Ambassador panion in a department store, land’s Ambassador to the United Flack and I were finally taken to Swiatlo ducked to West Berlin and Nations. In this instance, however, see Field was very crisp. I remem¬ presented himself to the Allied au¬ I did not have access to either of ber the long, dark drive out to thorities as a defector. He had these officials. Lewandowski at Otwock. We were guided over the doubtless seen the denouement of least, was absent, which must have rough country roads by a small the whole hideous tragicomedy af¬ been a relief to him since the Poles UBEA car. Neither the Ambassa¬ ter Stalin’s death, and thought it had been caught red-handed in one dor not I had the slightest idea wise, as men will, to save his skin. of the crassest, most transparent what to expect; we were bringing a In West Berlin, the United States abuses of international comity that few food supplies, some American agreed to give him asylum. For could be imagined, tool of the Rus¬ newspapers, a bottle of whiskey many months he was interrogated. sians though they may have been. and minds full of anxious concern Among other things, he revealed Repeated calls to a Mr. Sieradzki, for the poor wretch we were about that Hermann Field, far from being the official in charge of the British to meet. Would his mind, after five dead or in Russia, had been im¬ section who was assigned the Field years, wander like the Ancient prisoned not a hundred yards from case, got us nowhere in terms of Mariner’s? Would he be an embit¬ the small club where the Western seeing our man. The Police tem¬ tered, cynical, vengeful, wasted diplomats played tennis. On Sep¬ porized for days while we grew man? Would he be frightened and tember 28, 1954, Swiatlo was sur¬ faced in Washington. A few hours after announcing his defection, the United States Government pre¬ sented him at a press conference, where he explained his disillusion¬ ment with Communism and his de¬ sire to join its opponents. He stated unequivocally that the case against Hermann Field was groundless— falsified from beginning to end. The State Department sent off immediate notes to Warsaw and (concerning Noel Field) to Buda¬ pest, setting forth that “the United States Government requests imme¬ diate access to these American citi¬ zens, and the conclusion of arrange¬ ments for their repatriation at the earliest possible date.” At the Embassy, we received a copy of the note to the Polish Gov¬ ernment, with instructions to see to its implementation. That meant getting access to Field, and getting him out of the country without delay. Ambassador Joseph Flack called me in, discussed the mes¬ sages we had received and told me to proceed with carrying out the instructions. As Number Two, I would be dealing with officials in the Foreign Office at my own level, below that of Foreign Minister or Deputy Minister, whom the Am-

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 withdrawn? I think I almost dread¬ ered, a fake confession in order to of living in a small cell without ed the encounter. But human secure freedom. He thought of knowing what had happened in the beings are remarkable creatures; suicide, but his captors wanted him outside world in all that time. and some more remarkable than alive, and that gave him a lever. Above everything, he said, he did others. Whence come the resources He went on intermittent hunger not wish his experiences to heighten for meeting stress, for remaining strikes to force improvements, to international tensions; he wanted to balanced under torture, we do not get an extra blanket; but he was be cushioned in some way against know; from men’s genes, from their permitted no exercise or any escape endless questioning about his ex¬ endocrine systems, from their cul¬ from the bright electric globe that periences; and he wanted peace ture, their society, their parents? shone on him day and night. His and quiet with his wife and two From all, indeed, Hermann Field eyes were so inflamed when we sons, preferably in Switzerland had inherited richly: there was no first saw him that he looked as if he where he had spent his honey¬ reason to be anxious about him, to had been racked by a terrible ill¬ moon. A visit to the Swiss Minister, feel awkward or sorry or to com¬ ness. Dr. Werner Fuchs, facilitated cour¬ miserate. He was simply an emaci¬ For the next four years, nothing tesies which finally enabled Field to ated, gravely courteous, rational happened except privation and sus¬ realize this desire. and intelligent man, who received pense; the one relief was that he But all was not over yet. Though us with composure as if he had was finally given a cellmate, a Pol¬ the Poles had released Field, they been in his own living room, asked ish agronomist whose only offense were not prepared to meet all of us to be seated, apologized with a appeared to be that he had been in the demands which, with incredible smile that he had no hospitality to the Polish anti-Nazi underground, determination, he insisted be met offer us, and proceeded to tell us but who, in some obscure way was before he left Poland; and, al¬ what had happened to him. Not all also to serve Stalin’s weird design. though they agreed to give him at once, for he was too weak for The first evening that Ambassa¬ $50,000 as indemnity, they wanted protracted talk, but on the occa¬ dor Flack and I visited Field, we most of all to have him remain sions, almost daily, when we saw noticed a flat steamer trunk in the voluntarily in Poland. They exerted him in the next three weeks. corner bulging with papers. He an¬ every effort to this end, offered to What he did not tell us, Flora swered our question about it with a bring his family from London, to Lewis does, as she had it from him wry grin, “That,” he said “was educate his children, to give him a years later. what kept us sane.” He went on to home in which to live. This would Upon his arrest on that August explain that these papers were the have been a very bright feather in day in 1949, Hermann Field had manuscript of a novel which he and their cap, and one which Noel and 'been taken back to Warsaw and his Polish cellmate had written and Herta Field, upon their release in held for two weeks in Secret Police into which, carefully masked, they Hungary, had accepted. But Her¬ Headquarters. Intermittently he had poured all of their emotions, mann was having none of this. At was questioned by Swiatlo, but was their anger and hatred—a perfect one point, upon my visiting the neither beaten nor tortured. He was catharsis. They had secured a daily Foreign Office on some detail of not told why he had been arrested, supply of fresh paper, handed com¬ Field’s repatriation, Sieradzki read nor was that clear from the ques¬ pleted to the guard each night, only me a prim little reproof in which tions he was asked. He kept telling by means of a threatened hunger the Poles protested that “the United himself that there had been some strike, but this had been effective. States Government was exercising preposterous mistake. All requests The book “Angry Harvest” was pressure upon Field to get him to to get in touch with his family, later published in the United leave Poland.” This was so ludi¬ friends or American officials were States, and on its jacket Hermann crous that I could not refrain from refused. Although he did not know Field explains that he and his co¬ replying that Hermann Field, as it then, all of his Polish friends had author conducted “an intellectual well as the Poles, knew where the been arrested when he was. After a collaboration which is one of the real pressures were, and that no fortnight, he was blindfolded and most extraordinary in literature.” one need be under any illusion driven at night outside Warsaw to They exchanged knowledge, they whatever as to whether Hermann be placed in a deep basement cell. produced fantasies, each taught the Field was going to leave Poland or He was interrogated steadily for other all that he knew about their not. three months, always at night, and respective professions of agronomy And leave he did. On November he was not permitted to sleep in the and architecture. Finally they be¬ 19th, three weeks after the Embas¬ daytime. It then became clear to gan a book. In part, it originated in sy had first contacted him and five him that he was to affirm that he Polish in the mind of one prisoner: years after his arrest, Hermann was an American spy who had in part in English in the mind of Field, American citizen, decent, subverted leading Poles and estab¬ the other, and then it took form unoffending husband and father, lished a widespread spy-ring, be¬ slowly as a whispered account in insisted on going absolutely alone ginning with the Layton Trust German. to the Qkecie airport and boarding days. Over and over he was told to Once freed by the Poles, and in the selfsame plane for Prague that write his life story, listing all the touch with his own Government, he was to have taken half a decade people he knew. These versions Hermann Field needed guidance. earlier in his life. It had been “a were checked for minor discrepan¬ His re-entry into the world was long wait 'between planes,” as I cies. He considered, but reconsid¬ going to be difficult after five years said at the beginning of this tale. |

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 37 The dilemma of popular participation vs. expert judgment in relations among states is far from being a new problem

Requiem for Sir Harold And the “New Diplomacy”

(although one of the less frivolous c RITICS would probably charge THEODORE S. WILKINSON passages in “Public Faces” clair- hyperbole if I suggested that Sir Mr. Wilkinson is an FSO who has Harold Nicolson was a renaissance served in Caracas and Stockholm, voyantly describes a nuclear now assigned to ACDA. On as¬ bomb). Even if these developments man, but few twentieth century signment to the US delegation to Englishmen other than the late are taken into account, however, the UN General Assembly as an there is a strong basis for Sir Winston Churchill can lay claim to advisor, Mr. Wilkinson referred to such a span of accomplishments. Sir Harold’s works for advice on Harold’s case that the era after World War I was marked by the His writing alone covers a remark¬ how to behave at a conference. Intrigued by Nicholson’s counsel most radical departures in relations able spectrum. He managed to to "expert” advisors—always look among states. He catalogues the sud- combine it with an auspicious early up rather than down when you den advent in Germany and career in the Foreign Office and a don’t know the answer to a ques¬ later phase (of uneven success) in tion—he decided to read further Eastern Europe of popular sover¬ in Sir Harold's extensive literary eignty, which together with the a host of other public pursuits. In legacy, and he reports on his read¬ heady infusion of Wilsonian ideal¬ the midst of other activities, he ings here. frequently turned his hand with ism had revolutionary effects on diplomatic method. The collapse of equal skill to landscape architec¬ three years, but began again in the “international of monarchs” ture. (Together with his novelist earnest in 1929. and the decline of the elite exposed wife V. Sackville-West, he devel¬ Despite his versatility, what Sir an entirely new class to internation¬ oped the gardens at their derelict Harold produced in the early al responsibilities. A host of new Sissinghurst Castle into one of the 1930s, particularly his studies of institutions took root, among them landmarks of Kent.) contemporary diplomatic history, is “diplomacy by conference” and clearly his best work. He was a Sir Harold died two years ago in such democratic procedures as regis¬ good enough critic of his own nov¬ May. There seem to be no biogra¬ tration of treaties, ratification, par¬ phies on the bookstands yet, but els to know that they seemed frivo¬ liamentary committee inquiry, daily lous. Unfortunately, the acclaim they are scarcely necessary. His briefings for the press, etc. On the diary and letters, all published re¬ that greeted him almost immediate¬ other hand, many of the benefits of cently, reveal a great deal in them¬ ly on his return to London soon traditional diplomatic practice were tempted him to abandon research selves, and the forthright narrative lost—the shrouded atmosphere that for journalism and lecturing, and bridges, inserted editorially by his enabled the diplomats to disdain by the end of that decade of disillu¬ son Nigel, cover much of what Sir popular hysteria and concentrate, sionment his historical output was, Harold left untold. hopefully, on the greater good, the except for “The Congress of Vien¬ Reflecting on Sir Harold’s pro¬ eclipse of many of the professional na” (published in 1946) and “King duction in six postwar years in diplomats themselves, who were George V” (1953), complete. conditioned to deal with vexatious London (biographies of Verlaine, For those of us who are accus¬ problems such as the Eastern Ques¬ Tennyson, Byron, and Swinburne— tomed to thinking of “the new di¬ tion, and to follow the dictates of plus a novel), one is forced to plomacy” as the product of World their own intelligence rather than wonder whether the Foreign Office War n, Sir Harold’s analysis of the whims of the electorate. held enough for him to keep his earlier diplomatic practice gives attention. Temporarily kept busy grounds to review assumptions. Sir Sir Harold’s examination of the subsequently by assignments as Harold could scarcely have been changes wrought by the World War Counselor in Tehran and Minister expected to foretell in the early ’30s spans three loosely linked studies (later Charge) in Berlin, he pub¬ the advent of the Cold War and (“Portrait of a Diplomatist; Ar¬ lished nothing during the ensuing development assistance programs thur Nicolson, Lord Camock”;

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 “Peacemaking 1919”; and “Curzon: steeped at Rugby or elsewhere in “Aman with a great silken standard the Last Phase, 1919-1925”), that “truth, honor, patriotism, and virili¬ [who] rides in front of me, and 1 are too disparate to be called a ty .. . God, the British Empire, and have a special escort of 12 who nev¬ trilogy. Some of the thoughts first the immortality of the soul” and er leave me—rather a bore!” On expressed in the three studies ap¬ after “the furrows of Victorian hab¬ arrival, he presented credentials pear in refined form in his later it drilled deep grooves across the before 8,000 horsemen arrayed in book “Diplomacy.” Of the three brain.” Sir Harold was not so full panoply, to the Sultan, “a puffy, earlier studies, “Curzon” is proba¬ disloyal as to inquire further how overfed youth with bright eyes.” bly the best, which is surprising, much of their success as diplomats The latter was intrigued with Car- since Sir Harold had the advantage was due to adroitness and how nock’s gift of a Maxim gun, and the of personal experience to combine much to the fact that they rep¬ two spent the next day firing at with his source material in writing resented the British Queen. Car- bottles. Carnock commented after the other two. The subjective ac¬ nock’s reaction to a contretemps in the visit: “I have been in most counts in “Peacemaking” suffer Athens hardly suggests the former. Oriental countries, but never have from the necessarily truncated Roughed up by a gendarme after I seen such darkness as reigns viewpoint of a junior official at a dropping a cigarette butt on Lyca- here.” large conference. And his biogra¬ bettos, Sir Harold’s father, then Sir Harold’s biography of his fa¬ phy of his father Carnock, although Charge, was induced by a colleague ther abounds with examples of for¬ admirably clinical in the style of his to demand that the guard be dis¬ gotten protocol. As Ambassador in own son’s editing of his papers, missed on charges read to the morn¬ Spain, Carnock drove to the pal¬ describes in detail such events as ing muster of the guards. When this ace in a coach of crystal and gold the confusion surrounding the in¬ was not carried out to his satisfac¬ surrounded by horse guards and trusion of a burglar in the Embassy tion, he insisted, to the anguish of halberdiers. When entertaining in in St. Petersburg, which are of the Greek cabinet, that the ritual St. Petersburg, which he was called more sentimental value to Sir be repeated in front of the national upon to do almost nightly, he Harold than they are historically palace, with ths band playing “God would have his porter in gold-laced instructive. Save the Queen” and in the uniform stomp with a golden mace Indeed the question whether Sir presence of the British Consul. Sir on the arrival of guests, who would Harold’s work really can be called Harold cites other instances that il¬ make their entrance through a dou¬ historical scholarship is not an un¬ lustrate the status of HM represent¬ ble row of powdered footmen in fair one. His list of sources for his atives as virtual potentates outside livery. As envoy in Iran, he was review of Curzon’s tenure as For¬ of developed Europe, the most note¬ allowed by Salisbury to accept a eign Minister is remarkably unpre¬ worthy example being Camock’s diamond-studded box containing tentious. It consists of one other visit from his post in Tangiers to the the Shah’s portrait after he had biography, some parliamentary pa¬ Moorish court at Marrakesh. On assisted the government in laying pers and blue books, papers his way he was accompanied by an hands on a fugitive Indian insurrec- provided by Lady Curzon, unspec¬ ified information (the disclosure of precise sources being impolitic) from Curzon’s friends and collabo¬ rators, and his own memory. He admits to having done no original Nobody who has not actually watched statesmen dealing with each research in writing the “Congress of other can have any real idea of the immense part played in human Vienna.” Accepting such candor as affairs by . . . lassitude, affability, personal affection or dislike, misunderstanding, deafness or incomplete command of a foreign an appropriate complement to a language, vanity, social engagements, interruptions and momentary vivid style, one would nevertheless states of health. (Congress of Vienna, p. 17) have to admit that Sir Harold was Amateur diplomatists . . . are prone to prove unreliable. It is not as much literary romantic as merely that their lack of knowledge and experience may be of dis¬ scholar. advantage to their governments, it is that the amateur diplomatist Despite his literary modesty, Sir is apt out of vanity and owing to the shortness of his tenure to Harold Nicolson was, to put it po¬ seek for rapid successes; that he tends, owing to diffidence, to be litely, inescapably conscious of over-suspicious; that he is inclined to be far too zealous and to being a member of the Establish¬ have bright ideas; that he has not acquired the humane and ment, and this consciousness must tolerant disbelief which is the product of a long diplomatic career have made him all the more sensi¬ and is often assailed by convictions, sympathies, even impulses; tive to the changes in diplomatic that he may arrive with a righteous contempt for the formalities of diplomacy and with some impatience of its conventions; that he method at the end of the Great may cause offense when he wishes only to inspire geniality, and War. One can perceive Sir Harold’s that in his reports and dispatches he may seek rather to display sensitivities even as he traces the his own acumen and literary brilliance than to provide his govern¬ career of Lord Carnock. ment with a careful and sensible balance sheet of facts. (Diplo¬ One wonders along with Sir macy, pp. 76-7) Harold how his father and contem¬ poraries developed any diplomatic resilience at all after they were

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 39 tionary. Somehow, these extrava¬ thought nothing of keeping secret describing their effects in “Peace¬ gances sound exclusively nineteenth certain clauses of the 1904 entente making 1919”—to this unim¬ century, but Nicolson either fails to with France. Perhaps to balance peachable concept.) note, chooses to ignore, or does not the ledger, he calls attention to the At least the first half of the Wil¬ admit any deglamorization of diplo¬ fact that the alliance between sonian rule has held in effect with macy with the advent of more dem¬ France and Russia and the Triple very few exceptions of significance ocratic procedures after World War I. Alliance were not published to the (perhaps only Rapallo and the Hit- What the new procedures did nationals involved even when they ler-Stalin Pact of 1939) since it entail, Nicolson stresses, was not a led to war; but Britain was far from was pronounced. Not only was the revolution in philosophy, but rather unblemished. It was involved in League of Nations requirement that in method. Even in the previous deep double-dealing in 1898 on the treaties be registered reincorporat¬ century, he maintains, nations had occasion of its secret treaty with ed into the United Nations Charter, been governed by the “general Germany for the partition of Portu¬ but the idea of parliamentary advice trend of national opinion.” British guese colonies, and there were later and consent, which had been a rare diplomacy, in particular, although wartime secret treaties with and purely formal gesture except in it was not immediately responsive France, Russia, and Italy. the United States before 1919, soon to public opinion, “assumed that In the post-war period, Nicolson gained such currency that Sir public opinion would, if force be¬ sees the seeds of change not just in Harold Nicolson considered it came necessary, support it by the the American ideas in the Fourteen “natural” when he later wrote “Di¬ willing provision of force.” Points, but in a general desire to plomacy.” His acknowledgement of Whatever the government’s ulti¬ avoid repeating the “errors” of the the custom, interestingly, did not mate sensitivity to opinion was, the Congress of Vienna. Perhaps the even then connote approval. “Thus,” diplomats had great latitude. Nicol- principle of “open covenants, open¬ he writes, “while the new practice son’s father had virtual carte ly arrived at” was the most impor¬ represents an immense gain in the blanche to workout 'an agreement on tant single Wilsonian idea in terms direction of ‘open covenants,’ it is a spheres of influence and outstand¬ of effect on the practice of diploma¬ terrible liability in respect of nego¬ ing quarrels with the Russians after cy. (National self-determination tiation.” the political decision had been might have proven equally revolu¬ Sir Harold reserves his strongest reached in London in 1907 that a tionary, if territorial compensation criticism, however, for the second rapprochement was desirable. In the had really been abandoned and the half of the Wilsonian precept, short run, at any rate, HM Govern¬ plebiscite principle established for “openly arrived at,” the manifesta¬ ment was under no pressure to territorial disputes, but expediency tion of which is “diplomacy by con¬ publicize or explain its dealings. dealt a series of blows—and Sir ference.” Ideally, he theorizes, such Lansdowne, Nicolson notes, Harold is particularly trenchant in an approach is unsound. Policy should indeed be set by the public or its surrogate, but the negotiation to pursue the policy should be pri¬ vate; only afterwards should the re¬ sult be subjected to public scru¬ [For peacemaking] elder statesmen will need foresight, planning, rigid programmes, time, obduracy, independence, method, and a tiny. The enemy of effective diplo¬ faculty for insisting on the most inconvenient precisions. ... Ex¬ macy is imprecision, but open ne¬ pert assistants . . . should possess . . . health, rapidity of under¬ gotiation leads to just that, since no standing, patience, comparative sanity, great physical endurance, negotiator can commit himself to a charm, no class-prejudice either up or down, immense curiosity, a precise position in advance of a neat manner with maps and papers, industry, accuracy, the power final agreement. While these pitfalls to ask inconvenient questions at the wrong moment, no very out¬ seem almost too obvious to have to standing physical disadvantages, intimacy with the private secre¬ note here, Nicolson goes on to sug¬ taries of their own plenipotentiaries, the good taste to disguise that gest principles on which successful intimacy, some acquaintance with the more obscure press corre¬ spondents, the habit of looking upwards and not downwards “diplomacy by conference” may be when they don’t know the answer, courtesy, being able to type based; namely that the negotiators and affix carbon papers, a slight but not obtrusive acquaintance themselves must also be framers of with economics, cleanliness, sobriety on all fitting occasions, cheer¬ policy, discussions must be limited fulness, statistics derived from sources even more recondite and to general, essential points, and anonymous than those possessed by their foreign colleagues, some there must be adequate prepara¬ proficiency in the literature or architecture of at least one very tion. On this basis, the early post¬ oppressed nationality, a capacity for enduring long dinner parties, honesty, a faculty of speaking rapidly and well such languages as war conferences in Washington and their foreign colleagues do not speak rapidly or well, no consum¬ Brussels, and the London Confer¬ mate belief in the immediate wisdom of the People or the Press, ence that produced the Dawes Plan a good memory, truthfulness, and above all, a complete sterilisa¬ proved successful and so too tion of all human vanity. (Peacemaking, pp 138-9) had Lausanne (1923). (For Lau¬ sanne, however, Nicolson should probably have added an additional (Continued on page 52)

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 Two Yankee traders at the Viceroy’s court find a warm welcome and a forced feast.

A Saigon river scene in 1819, as sketched by John White, Saigon, 1819 the first American to set foot in Vietnam.

*A * HUNDRED fifty years ago the first American set foot in Vietnam and the first American died in Vietnam. Both were intrepid Yankee captains, the masters of GEORGE G. WYNNE trading ships, bent on opening trade routes to the South In his latest historical article George Wynne takes us back China Sea. to the Saigon of 1819. Trinkets long passed from memory The one who survived—John White of Salem, Mass.— in Vietnam are preserved in the archives of a New Eng¬ left us his “History of a Voyage to the China Sea,” a land whaling town, thanks to the captain of a Yankee clipper. Of the two sea captains who sailed up the Dong chronicle that breathes life into people and events as Nai to Saigon, only one returned to Salem. Mr. Wynne legendary to present-day South Vietnamese as the ex¬ is Public Affairs Advisor with the US Mission to Interna¬ ploits of early colonists are to Americans of today. tional Organizations in Geneva. John White was a sensitive observer and his descrip¬ tion of his frequent encounters with the fabulous Le Van Duyet, Vietnam’s great soldier-statesman whom find some person who would accompany us to Saigon, Saigonese consider their patron saint before whose tomb for that was still the place to which our wishes pointed.” they burn votive papers on the lunar New Year, are not While White was unable to find anyone in Manila only unique historical documents. They have an eyewit¬ familiar with what he called the language of Onam* ness quality that helps reassess the relationship between and all his researches yielded “but three persons who Le Van Duyet, Viceroy for the Southern Provinces and could give any account of that country though situate Gia Long his supposedly enlightened sovereign, who not two hundred leagues from their own doors” the ruled what is now Vietnam from the imperial citadel at arrival in Manila of the good ship Marmion of Boston Hue. changed his luck. By a remarkable coincidence the Nothing was known of these personages abroad and Marmion had arrived at Vung Tau only a few days the country was a mystery to all but a handful of after White set sail for Manila. Oliver Blanchard, the western missionaries when the brig Franklin, command¬ Marmion’s Captain, became the first American to visit ed by John White, a former lieutenant in the United Saigon because the government, informed of a large States Navy, dropped anchor at Cap St. Jacques (Vung foreign ship anchored off Vung Tau, sent an official who Tau) on June 7, 1819. The square-rigged twomaster spoke some Portuguese. Blanchard obtained permis¬ had left Salem, Massachusetts on January 2nd of the sion to go up to Saigon by river boat to lay his trading same year bound on a trading expedition to the South intentions before the authorities. He was favorably China Sea, but White’s quest for the sugar and spice of received, but the gold doubloons he carried to exchange Indochina received a temporary setback when the local for a cargo of sugar were unknown and not desired mandarins refused to let the Franklin proceed up the except at a very great discount from the actual value, Dong Nai river to Saigon. local traders being used to the Spanish dollar. After a week of fruitless negotiations, White decided With these impediments to trade, the skipper decided to ask permission from the more powerful mandarins at to try Manila instead but he was felled by a fever before Turon (Danang) near the royal court of Hue. But the he left Saigon, his condition worsened and he died three mandarins who boarded the Franklin at Danang aboard the Marmion right after the ship had left Vung with an empty bottle of Emperor Gia Long’s favorite Tau. English mustard which they sought to replenish for their The Marmion’s first officer, John Brown, took com¬ sovereign, could communicate only in written Latin with mand and when the two captains met in Manila, they their American visitors. They got the point across that decided to join forces for mutual protection, return to the Emperor whose permission would have to be se¬ Vung Tau and demand to go up the river together. cured for the Franklin to proceed to Saigon was away Accordingly, both skippers provided themselves with on a military expedition and the time of his return Spanish dollars and on September 6, 1819 the two uncertain. “Under these discouraging circumstances” vessels lifted anchor and sailed out of Manila Bay for White wrote, “we determined to weigh anchor and proceed to Manilla with the hope that we might there *Probably phonetic rendition of Annam.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 41 their passage across the China Sea. They arrived at Vung Tau on the 27th but further temporizing by the mandarins delayed their arrival in Saigon until October 9th. Weeks of bargaining with the sugar merchants now ensued with considerable haggling on both sides. Elabo¬ rate presents for local officials were demanded of the ships plus anchorage fees and dues that amounted to more than $2,000 for the Franklin alone. The acting governor dabbled in the sugar trade himself, and though he treated the visitors cordially and inveighed with them Marshal Le Van Duyet, against the venality of the sugar traders, he conspired in whose likeness appears a war of nerves that drove up prices incessantly and on the red hundred prevented the ships from taking on their desired cargo. piaster notes When more than a month had passed with no prog¬ ress in sight—the enforced idleness permitted White to Marshal Le Van Duyet was Gia Long’s top general obtain and record his vivid impressions of Saigon life— and viceroy for the southern provinces which he adminis¬ the trader captains were forced to pin their remaining tered from Saigon from 1813 until his death in 1832. hopes on the anticipated return of the Viceroy. White He kept the southern provinces unified and secure tells us that the acting governor was in charge because against the incursions and insurrections that even then the Viceroy had been called to Hue to defend himself plagued the country. After the Marshal’s death, Le Van against accusations of misconduct. But instead of pun¬ Khoi, his adopted son, led an unsuccessful revolt against ishment and degradation, which his enemies anticipated the repressive policies of Gia Long’s son Minh Mang would be the result, Gia Long’s envoy in the Southern who had succeeded his father on the throne at Hue. In provinces won the renewed favor of the sovereign, punishment for the actions of his son, the Marshal’s received one of the Emperor’s nieces in marriage, and tomb was lashed and ordered razed by Minh Mang, was sent back to Saigon, loaded with honors and only to be rebuilt as a place of worship 20 years later attentions. under the reign of Emperor Tu Due. The Viceroy was represented to the two captains by their local friends, the missionaries and interpreters, as a All these events were far in the future when White very different man from the acting governor. He was and his companions presented their respects to the described as enlightened and attentive to Europeans, Viceroy. whose company he enjoyed and whom he was always “The platforms on each side were crowded with ready to assist or protect. mandarins of all ranks, while a constant succession of Nowhere in White’s account is this personage iden¬ others occurred, prostrating themselves before the tified by name as Marshal Le Van Duyet, but the throne while their gifts were borne by servants and circumstances, dates and descriptions remove all doubts retainers. as to his identity. When on the 6th of December the “His Excellency was highly gratified with our return of the Viceroy was announced by the discharge presents, all of which he inspected very closely.” But of cannon, their muzzles pointing vertically at the sky, one of the presents of which the visitors were particular¬ and the display of flags at the citadel, the Yankee ly proud produced a totally unexpected effect. White seafarers were overjoyed and requested the earliest reports that their richly ornamented kaleidoscope, being opportunity to pay their respects. White reported: “Our of superior workmanship, was especially admired by the reception was most frank and cordial; the appearance viceroy. “I directed the linguists to inform his Excellen¬ and manners of the Viceroy were military and dignified, cy, that this was a new invention that had excited much and he had the air of an experienced courtier, blended admiration in Europe and I then proceded to explain its with the frankness of a soldier. He was a man of mind, uses and mode of application. No sooner however had and is no doubt destined in the event of future wars or he looked through it, than he took it from his eye and domestic commotion to fill an important page in the addressed a few words to the linguist who repeated to history of his country.” me that the instrument might be new in Europe, but was Who was this Le Van Duyet, Marshal, Viceroy, and by no means rare with them. He then directed a few today spirit protector of Saigon and the delta provinces words to an officer in attendance who returned in a few whose likeness is carried on the red hundred piaster minutes with several kaleidoscopes covered with red notes and is considered so lucky that the notes tend to embossed paper. They were, it is true, of inferior work¬ disappear from circulation? manship, but in principle did not differ in the least As a young man of humble origin, Le Van Duyet degree from our own. We were greatly surprised that an (1763-1832) joined forces with Nguyen Phuoc Anh invention of such recent origin in Europe should be who unified the faction-ridden country, overthrew the found in this secluded part of the world especially as Tay Son, who themselves had usurped the throne some those we saw were evidently of Chinese manufacture.” decades earlier, and had himself proclaimed King- After this official first presentation, the two Yankee Emperor in 1802. Under the dynastic name of Gia skippers called frequently on the Marshal whom they Long, Nguyen Phuoc Anh became the founder of the found to be open-minded, extremely friendly and a Nguyen dynasty which ended officially with the abdica¬ pleasure to talk to after their daily vexations of trying to tion of absentee Emperor Bao Dai in 1945. do business with the venal sugar brokers. After conclud-

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 mg one of these early visits one of the interpreters services his manual powers, and he proceeded with his suggested that they might be able to augment their fingers to cram our mouths with a heterogeneous assem¬ ships’ provisions with fresh game and fowl from the blage of fish, fowl, rice, pilaw, curry, pork, potatoes, Viceroy’s larders overflowing with the offerings of the sugar plums, etc. without any regard to order or mandarins. On their way the little group passed a precedency, till our eyes began to start from their pavilion parallel to the palace and surrounded by veran¬ sockets, while big tears coursed in rapid succession over das. These were the apartments of the Viceroy’s wives, our distended cheeks. it was explained to visitors, and the ladies could be seen “The Chinese cooks here perambulate the streets with from afar in multicolored gowns, bedecked with jewel¬ an elastic strip of bamboo across their shoulders from ry: “On our approach they flocked to the verandas and each end of which is suspended by cords a square gazed at us with eager curiosity through the screens and board, resembling a wooden scale on which they carry lattices behind which they were partially shrouded. various dishes, ready cooked for the table; among these They were in high glee and frequently called to us, and viands a very common object is a baked hog covered as the linguists said, invited us to approach, that they with a coat of varnish made principally of sugar or might examine our dresses, skins, etc. But when we molasses. One of these itinerant purveyors for the were proceeding to gratify the ladies by a nearer stomach had been called in and his board was laid approach, two stout fellows who were their guards, upon the floor of the hall on which he cut up the meat drove them into the interior of the dwelling and posted and replenished our table from it with his naked hands; themselves at the door as sentinels.” The ladies’ curiosi¬ this was however no time to be fastidious and we ty was natural even without the boredom and isolation labored to do honor to our entertainment, and to gratify of their married life, for White and his companions were our benevolent host who in his anxiety to render our the first Westerners they had ever laid eyes on. visit pleasant to us had condescended not only to The high point of cordiality in the Americans’ rela¬ superintend the ceremony of our table, but with his own tions with the Viceroy was reached in the course of a viceroyal hands to convey the food into our very lavish evening entertainment tendered by Le Van mouths. Duyet in honor of the ships’ officers. On that occasion “The Viceroy did not partake with us in either solids wrote White, the exalted personage purposely excluded or fluids, but derived great apparent satisfaction from all local visitors to achieve complete informality and was our exertions to please him by doing ample honour to attended only by his servants, the officers of his own his feast though at the expense of aching heads and household and the four government interpreters, who nauseated stomachs from promiscuous repletion.” were indigenous Christians. White reports that after the repast had ended, “we Here, is a slightly condensed version of what hap¬ pened that memorable evening: related to the Viceroy the various arts that had been put into operation by the merchants and others to deceive “His Excellency throwing aside pomp, pride and and cheat us, and the roguery at the custom house, and circumstances of his exalted station conversed very requested him to exert his influence to promote a spirit freely with us. War, politics, religion and the customs of honorable intercourse. He expressed much concern at and manners of European nations were the topics on the recital of our complaints, and assured us that which he dwelt with great interest, and the judicious although he was a military man and had no concern in remarks which he made convinced us of the strength of commercial pursuits, and that he had no right to dictate his powers and the extent of his acquirements. to his Majesty’s subjects the mode of transacting their “About two hours had passed in this pleasurable business yet he would use his influence in persuading the intercourse when he told us that some refreshment had holders of merchandise to bring and sell it to us at a fair been prepared for us in the European style under the and reasonable rate.” direction of Antonio the linguist who had been at The party lasted until late into the night and when Macao. A small table was prepared in the center of the the visitors finally took their leave of the generous host, hall on which were heaped, one above the other, a they were invited to call on him whenever their inclina¬ profusion of dishes and bowls containing a great variety tion or convenience should lead them to the palace, of boiled fowls, ducks, rice, yams, sweet potatoes, without any ceremony whatsoever. Le Van Duyet pro¬ roasted pork, fish, confectionary and fish pickle.* We ceeded to give orders to his entourage that the Ameri¬ were much amused at the ‘European style’ of this cans be admitted to his presence at all times. entertainment; the table being high and the chairs being low, our chins, when we were seated, were on a line The strangers from Olan*, as they were called, took with the former; so finding that we could not manage in frequent advantage of this offer and developed a genu¬ this posture, we were obliged to relinquish this item of ine esteem, a feeling of affection even, for this unusual European fashion and stand around the table. man. Again and again White remarks on the tragedy of this enlightened soldier statesman who ranked head and “At the commencement of our repast, the Viceroy shoulder above his conniving contemporaries and yet attended us, with a bottle of the liquor we had presented seemed condemned by fate to appease a suspicious and him, in one hand, and a glass in the other, with which intolerant sovereign instead of being able to devote his he plied us with but little intermission till we begged for great talents to improving the lot of his countrymen. quarter. Soon anxiety that we should reap the full (Continued on page 49) fruition of the pleasures before us, again pressed into its

*The first Westerners who reached Saigon had probably been *The ubiquitous “nuoc mam” which still accompanies all Viet¬ Dutch and the phonetic term Olan (Holland) was applied to all namese meals. foreigners from beyond the seas. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 43 President was a fairly narrow one— it and suitable annotation should cred¬ how to give Westmoreland what he it the Townsend Hoopses and Dean said he needed, with acceptable do¬ Achesons with their own courageous mestic consequences.” Clark Clifford contributions to the education of was named chairman of the Task Clifford. Force and when, two days later, he If, as is now asserted in some quar¬ was sworn in as Defense Secretary, he ters, Secretary Rusk was the first to not only accelerated the Force’s pace propose to the President a bombing but “moved immediately to broaden halt, it is not claimed (so far) that the inquiry’s frame of reference by he had in mind the fundamental re¬ stating that, to him, the basic question versal of policy pressed by Clifford was whether the US should continue and his colleagues. Nor was the Presi¬ to follow the same course in Viet¬ dent to be easily persuaded as to nam.” He made this move on the either course and the evidence to date The Limits of Intervention urging of a lower echelon of officials, supports Mr. Hoopes’ thesis that the by Townsend Hoopes including Mr. Hoopes, which had not Secretary of State and his associates willingly left that herculean effort to Reviewed by been able to penetrate the upper crust Smith Simpson of DOD. The urging was supported by the Secretary of Defense and his col¬ Dean Acheson who, with the Pres¬ laborators. X wo weeks before Clark Clifford be¬ ident’s permission, tapped that lower But there is more to this crackling came Secretary of Defense, the Under echelon and reported to the President account of “candor and clarity” than Secretary of Air, one Townsend that “the Joint Chiefs don’t know Vietnam and Clark Clifford. If one Hoopes, sent him a “Dear Clark” what they are talking about.” Against thing detonates from its pages it is the letter which began: “I have concluded what happened to be the congealed demonstration that our top officials that it would be useful, before you convictions of Rusk, Rostow and the who were designing our Vietnam poli¬ take office, to put before you a certain President himself, Clifford carried off cy were too little tutored in Asia, perspective on aspects of the Vietnam his move and it is this enthralling dem¬ too uninformed on Vietnam culture problem. I do so in the belief that onstration of conscience, courage, tact and social patterns, and insufficiently these aspects involve critical nuances and ingenuity that Mr. Hoopes relates. instructed in oriental psychology. unlikely to come through clearly in Until assuming the responsibility Whatever their motives, and in at formal briefings or even in supplemen¬ of directing our military establish¬ least two instances these were of the tary talks. I put them to you with ment, Mr. Clifford had gone along noblest, they endeavored to impress more candor than discretion, believing with the President on Vietnam. Only upon an inchoate nation the mold of you would prefer this, but believing in he can explain this and Mr. Hoopes Munich, upon oriental minds the mold any event that candor and clarity are but suggests that he was given his of Western, upon a village-and-hamlet needed at this juncture of our affairs.” general bearings by President Eisen¬ oriented people the mold of a United Indeed so, and the same “candor and hower when, during the transition Nations Charter which presumes the clarity” characterize Mr. Hoopes’s period betwen the Eisenhower and existence of States, national con¬ now-published account of our Viet¬ Kennedy Administrations, the White sciousness and frontiers, representa¬ nam involvement, what was wrong House incumbent “sought to impress tive governments and a certain level about it and how the Johnson-Rostow- upon the President-elect his belief that of self-determination among the popu¬ Rusk policy of escalation was re¬ the United States had a vital interest lation to be free and self-governing on versed. It is by far the most detailed of in assuring that Southeast Asia re¬ a national scale. I saw this terrible the two authoritative accounts avail¬ mained free of ‘Communist domina¬ error in the making when participat¬ able of that reversal, and it throws in¬ tion.’ ” The briefing concentrated on ing modestly in the process of de¬ teresting illumination upon James Laos. “As Kennedy later complained, veloping the UN Charter and I eager¬ Thomson’s brilliant generalizations in Eisenhower hardly mentioned Viet¬ ly embraced an opportunity of disen¬ his ATLANTIC article of April 1968 on nam, and thus failed to provide any tangling myself from it and applying “How Could Vietnam Happen?”, as special warning of the difficulties to myself to the more realistic and con¬ well as Clark Clifford’s FOREIGN AF¬ come.” But Kennedy had ample ad¬ structive processes of diplomacy. So I FAIRS article of July 1969. visers of his own, of course, once he have no illusions as to how all this The succession of events in Viet¬ assumed office and so did his suc¬ intellectual error got started in our nam, in the United States and within cessor. What transpired from 1961 on foreign policy and the extent to which the inner circle of our government can hardly be attributed to Eisen¬ the statements of Secretary Rusk on from 1965 to 1968 relating to our hower. our Vietnam policy reinforce every¬ Southeast Asian war is presented with Once in the saddle at the Pentagon, thing that Mr. Hoopes has to say in deft conciseness. Then is analyzed the Clifford, prodded and tutored by his his book. rapid crystallization of views which lower echelon, learned very fast and it Another troubling question generat¬ occurred after the shattering impact is a tribute to the elegance of his ed by “The Limits of Intervention” is: of the Tet offensive and General character and mind that he was how did it happen that our policy of Westmoreland’s request for over 200,- willing to listen, seize hold of the escalation was effectively challenged 000 more troops. On the day that prickly burr and stick with it in all his in the military rather than in the Robert McNamara (whose disen¬ meetings with Rusk, Rostow and the diplomatic establishment? That chal¬ chantment with the war had reached military and then with the President, lenge was by civilians in the Pentagon. an advanced state) left the Defense insisting on getting all the facts, exam¬ Why not by civilians in the State Department for the World Bank, the ining all the assumptions and question¬ Department? It was by political ap¬ President named an Ad Hoc Task ing all the evaluations of alleged in¬ pointees in the Pentagon. Why not by Force to examine the military’s re¬ formation which had evolved over the careerists in State, who are supposed quest and its domestic implications. years of expanding war. If ever John to know so much more and so much Mr. Hoopes says: “As the principals Kennedy’s “Profiles in Courage” is better than anyone else about foreign understood it, the assignment from the expanded, Clark Clifford should be in affairs? Where was the seething skep-

44, FOREIGN SERVICE JOTTRNAI,, April, 1970 Cuba: The New Man and the New Economy

CUTTING sugar cane under the Carib¬ bean sun is one of the more unpleas¬ ant endeavors known to man. The spectacle of American youngsters chopping away to make their ideologi¬ cal point reminds us that Fidel Castro ticism in State which Mr. Hoopes planning” in the State Department is not without his admirers in this describes as existent in the Pentagon? during the Eisenhower, Kennedy and country. More than just the politics of Why did no one in State’s inner circle Johnson years, “the President’s uncer¬ domestic protest is involved. These ever question whether we had the tainty and sense of insecurity in han¬ two books help to explain in particular diplomatic resources to carry off such dling foreign policy” and “a prevailing what the revisionists and new-school an adventure? Who cautioned that for¬ set of assumptions among his close Social Scientists find so attractive in eign policy and foreign commitments advisers that reinforced his own ten¬ the Cuban revolution. must be weighed in terms of diplomat¬ dency to think about the external According to Stanford’s Professor ic resources? Why did no one in State world in simplistic terms of appease¬ Fagen, Castro is “moved by the urge at the very least recognize the glaring ment versus military resolve,” thereby to create” and what he would create inadequacy in the education and train¬ leaving untouched the whole question is no less than the “new man” in ing of Foreign Service officers, for a of diplomacy and diplomatic resour¬ Cuba: “revolutionary man,” free of counter-insurgency and a nation¬ ces. He concluded that analysis of the the old Latin American vice of indi¬ building diplomacy in advance of the Vietnam problem in the National Se¬ vidualism—selfless, industrious and, of Vietnam war? Why did—and does— curity Council—the very mechanism course, obedient. Mass mobilization State leave so much of nation-building which President Truman used so and participation in the enterprises of diplomacy to CIA? Who in State is effectively—was inadequate. He feels the revolution are the means to re¬ even now asking: “What accounted “the stirring, if ambiguous, banner of make the Cuban people in their lead¬ for this mistaken policy and resource¬ counterinsurgency” raised by Robert er’s vision. Professor Fagen attempts less diplomacy? How can a repeti¬ Kennedy, Maxwell Taylor, Walt Ros- to show us this process in action tion be avoided? What is missing in tow, Richard Bissell and Roger Hils- through three lengthy case studies of the preparation of diplomatic officers man in 1961-62 was never really experiments in Cuban revolutionary that they found themselves unable or hoisted in Vietnam and hence the transformation: the 1961 literacy cam¬ unwilling to render better service to current policy of “Vietnamization” is paign, the Schools of Revolutionary their nation with respect to Vietnam? doomed to failure. Instruction, and the notorious Com¬ And how does this missing element A lot of hard thinking and action mittees for the Defense of the Revolu¬ affect everything they do across the needs to be addressed to the deficien¬ tion. The techniques and the goal of whole spectrum of foreign affairs?” cies of the diplomatic establishment— “forming and reforming men—to Mr. Hoopes touches upon some of its motivations, mental attitudes and forge a new social order” come these questions obliquely. He speaks values included. As we teeter on the through clearly enough; but the book of the difficulty he experienced, on edge of Laos and Thailand, the Mid¬ is not very satisfactory on what leads returning to the Pentagon in 1965, of dle East and just about everywhere, finding out “what was going on in the author to find the Cuban approach this book warns us we had better get distinctive and particularly promising foreign policy,” of the lack of any to more than the edge of factors which “central guiding philosophy in foreign of success as compared, say, with the deter and handicap every effort we “Soviet man” example. policy,” of “slackness in coordinat¬ make with respect to foreign affairs. ing,” “excessive concentration on “Reform of the State Department,” Professor Fagen recognizes a criti¬ problems of the moment,” inadequate Townsend Hoopes says to us, is more cal condition: “if the economic effort “organizational linkages” between the than a cry of Young Turks: it is a fails, the vision is doomed.” The sec¬ State Department and the military political necessity. ond of these books deals with the establishment, “erosion of comprehen¬ background and the early years THE LIMITS OF INTERVENTION, by Towns¬ sive, integrated, longer-term policy end Hoopes. David McKay, $5.95. (1959-64) of that effort. It is Profes¬ sor O’Connor’s thesis that pre-revolu¬ The Liberators tionary Cuba’s economy suffered from a permanent crisis of “high-level stag¬ T HE LIBERATORS, a study of the undigested quotations from source ma¬ nation” brought on by a “regressive movements which brought independ¬ terials. The book also tends to treat kind of monopoly capitalism.” The ence to Spanish America, fails to meet the wars for independence as a dispute ills and distortions of the political the requirements either of a serious over political abstractions and pays economy ran so deep as to render a historical work or of an introduction little attention to the economic and “liberal-reform ideology bankrupt.” to the subject for the lay reader. As social contexts of the struggle. Never¬ “Socialism” was thus “inevitable,” giv¬ history it suffers from a weakness for theless, in its treatment of the leaders en the developmental goals of the sweeping generalities and dubious of the independence movement, the revolution. This argument is followed judgments. (A sample from the sec¬ volume provides some interesting by an examination of the steps Castro tion on the aftermath of independ¬ summaries of the political philosophies and his colleagues took to impose ence: “In Montevideo in 1933 Cor¬ of Bolivar, San Martin, Francisco de socialism on the agriculture and in¬ dell Hull’s exposition of Roosevelt’s Miranda and other figures. dustry of Cuba. Unfortunately, the ‘good-neighbor policy’ was soon iden¬ —VICTOR B. OLASON book does not extend to a hard look tified in Latin American minds with at the performance of the post-1964 the ‘big stick.’ ”) The lay reader may THE LIBERATORS. A Study of the Inde¬ pendence Movements in Spanish Amer¬ Cuban economy, the only objective lose his way in thickets of detail and ica, by Irene Nicholson. Praeger, $8.95. measure by which Professor O’Con- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 45 nor’s highly debatable thesis can be

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 Is your circadian rhythm out of whack? Did your last long flight leave you with Jet Bokey?

You Can Beat JET LAG

THE Foreign Service has a Red FITZHUGH GREEN eat, work, play and sleep in Badge of Courage known as Jet The author was a World War 11 the time zone where you are. Lag. Pre WWII FSOs arrived at Naval officer who served in the Pa¬ Don’t have a big snack at 3 post rested and refreshed by a cific Theatre. Later he was a New AM just because it happens long, luxurious sea voyage. Our York executive with two interna¬ tionally active firms, Vick Chemi¬ to be the dinner hour where British colleagues even invented the cal Co. and Time Inc. A veteran you were three days ago. In word “posh” for the proper location FSIO, he is deputy head of USIA's short, brainwash yourself of an officer’s stateroom to, and operations in East Asia and the with all your willpower to from India—Port Out, Starboard Pacific. With this experience it’s attune to the new time zone. Home. not surprising that he had made friends with the pain of travel. Hard work and exercise But you modern travelers jet help. If you tire your body jump across thousands of miles and enough, the need to rest numerous time zones in a day or seems to erase its memory of so. You arrive in a state of physiol¬ Nearly every long distance voy¬ ager by air suffers this distress and yesterday’s rhythms 10,000 ogical confusion that pales your temporary erosion of efficiency. miles away. pleasures and sours working abili¬ “Jet Bokey” the Japanese call it, Here’s how a trip to Japan may ties. Getting there isn’t any fun at meaning “jet slovenliness.” One be laid on—the rules apply to any all. Jet Lag has you in thrall. trans-time zone voyage: First, avoid This is because your body’s in¬ wonders whether the seven-league boots of jet flight are really worth working twelve hours on your last ternal, involuntary functions, which while. day in Washington and then doctors label “Circadian rhythms” Are we powerless against Jet jumping on a night plane. Instead, are still operating on home time. Lag? The answer is no. Not if work if you must but also squeeze These rhythms are finely tuned in an hour or two of exercise; gar¬ you’re willing to fight back. I have habits which can’t automatically be dening, athletics of any kind or fought back and discovered a way set forward or back like your perhaps just a long walk—long watch. So when you’ve been hurled to beat Jet Lag. From Washington I have to visit regularly fifteen enough to fill you with fresh air (if to Bangkok or Berlin in a few you can find it) and mildly fatigue hours, your inside self is still ticking countries in the Orient. This re¬ gime has given me plenty of oppor¬ you. Then get a good night’s sleep away on its Washington schedule. and leave in the morning. Take a As a result you may wake up tunity to test my program—it in¬ cludes a vigorous, two-pronged day off before departure if you sharply at two in the morning, and can. Always go on a daytime flight drop off to sleep at some vital 11 counter-attack—physical and psy¬ chological. if possible. Your body’s mechan¬ AM meeting. You’re ready for a isms get less discombobulated if The physical tactics: turkey dinner at 5 AM but feel you don’t start out at night. 1. Hard exercise at least every stuffed when the local meal hour Once on the plane to Tokyo, other day. arrives. As one young lady remarked immediately marry yourself to the 2. Sleep—normal span (for with a giggle, “I feel hungry when I jolly, if confining, life laid out for you?) for me eight hours. go to bed, but sexy when I sit down you. Consume every meal offered. 3. Eat and drink in controlled to lunch!” Your food elimination Drink whatever your own alcohol fashion. system is off too. Nothing works tolerance will bear without falling 4. Fly by day if possible. right. You’re a slave to another life. asleep—or all over your tourist- You’re a newly landed Martian, The psychological tactics: class neighbor in the next seat. out of step with the Earthlings 1. Change your watch promptly Do get off and walk around at around you. You can’t enjoy or to the time of wherever you the fuel stops. This burns up some compete properly in your new envi¬ are-—don’t complain “Gee, of the calorie intake and con¬ ronment. it’s 2 AM Washington time; I tributes to your total needed exer¬ If you’re average, you may need should be asleep.” cise. as long as a week or ten days to 2. Live fully the schedule of When drowsy, take dog naps. adjust satisfactorily. your present location; that is, They stave off the purely nervous

Pomtiou SERVICE .TOURVAI,, April, 1970 47 fatigue which exacerbates the drinking or dozing. Fidgeting gives much. You’ve only survived. But sleepless aspects of Jet Lag. This you time to turn negative {that is survival is your goal—to win it you may be difficult if you are a curious when Jet Lag seeps in). You be¬ must focus fully on your sole traveler who cannot stop watching come reflective, and this leads to greeter and his humming city; what is going on around him. For thinking backward to your dear de¬ where, by the way, it is now only example, will the six month-old ba¬ parted time zone. When your mind 5:40 PM local time. You’ve been by’s crawl practice reach the pas¬ fails to concentrate on the present, awake for 18 hours, and it’s what sageway just as the stewardess goes your body follows suit and the o’clock in Washington? NEVER by with a stack of steaming-hot physical rhythms you should be MIND! trays? Or how is that instant- forgetting become insistent. So Have supper, even if it is your romance progressing between the breathe deeply, keep setting your eighth successive meal since you decorated Marine from Vietnam watch ahead, and think NOW. last got out of bed. Retire at 11 PM and the diplomat’s daughter travel¬ On the final lap from Anchorage Tokyo time; or whenever you usual¬ ing to Tokyo? Or can the restive to Tokyo, if you go all the way ly go to bed. from Washington in one hop, your girl across the aisle with the micro¬ Under this system, it is permis¬ mini skirt face the problem of climb¬ self-discipline can relax. In fact, sible though not always necessary ing over the fat man between her you’d better just give up. Your ex¬ to take a mild sedative the first haustion by now is strong enough to and a clear path to the ladies room night after a multi-time zone flight. or will she suffer silently for the preclude any back-sliding results The trip has tired you and you remaining 300 minutes to Anchor¬ from fidgeting or other weak-kneed must rest. Next day don’t try to age? If you are a self-appointed behavior. Besides, you are too work as hard as the President. He, tab-keeper on these mundane dra¬ numb to react to the stimulation of after all travels on Air Force 1 mas, buy yourself a sleeping mask— any time zone. where they check Jet Lag with the on first class they are provided Then comes splash down, and baggage. free. you must pry yourself from your Don’t worry about sleeping too own private module of near col¬ The system works. A medical ad¬ much on the plane. The mere ex¬ lapse. The man from the embassy visor of astronauts assured me it perience of flying will deliver you meets you on the carrier deck-like has validity. Try it. If you follow fagged. expanse of the air terminal. Only every step and it fails you, then By all means keep busy during you feel no exaltation. You have probably you’re in the wrong occu¬ the slack periods between dining, not dared greatly and achieved pation. ■

WASHINGTON, D.C. LAND INVEST IN THE FUTURE Joint ventures formed with the Anola Investment Co., Inc., to purchase farm or wood land in Fairfax, Prince William, and Loudon Counties, Va. Enjoy long term appreciation and beat the inflation spiral by in¬ vesting in land. Small amount ($1000) required with monthly payments for 5 years ($85-$90 per month). Build a secure future for you and your children. ANOLA INVESTMENT CO.. INC. 4600 Eisenhower Avenue Alexandria, Virginia 22304 PHONE: 703/751-0190

Please help.

To insure that the Journal, AFSA News and member¬ ship material and information reach you, we must have your current address. Keep AFSA up-to-date; send change of address on handy coupon below.

Name —

NEW address —

OLD address

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 SAIGON from page 43 ♦ When the two skippers finally obtained their sugar cargoes at the end of January, 1820, after nearly four months of hard bargaining, they were not sorry to turn their prows homeward. But they regretted leaving the SPECTACULAR Viceroy, Father Joseph, an Italian missionary who would rather risk persecution and martyrdom with his flock than leave his post of duty, and their faithful PROMOTIONS interpreter “Polonio” who had been a servant of the late Bishop of Adran. A final ceremony took place prior to their departure. U. S. A. Captain White, accompanied by two officers, the inter¬ preter, the chief of the customs service and two other mandarins, entered the somber and deserted royal pal¬ ace built for Gia Long who had never come to Saigon. STERLING FLATWARE They called to have affixed the required royal seal to their departure documents: “We entered a lofty and spacious antechamber, floored with polished planks. The SAVINGS OF UP TO 50% walls on three sides were hung with matting screens, the fourth was a partition of stuccoed brick which separated GORHAM-INTERNATIONAL—TOWLE—ONEIDA it from a salon of large proportions, into which we took LUNT—REED & BARTON—WALLACE-ALVIN the liberty to peep. We could perceive nothing remark¬ able about it, with the exception of a massive and SILVERPLATED FLATWARE by INTERNATIONAL ponderous cabinet of rosewood. From it was taken a and REED & BARTON handsomely ornamented ebony box containing the great seals which were affixed to our documents in the 25% DISCOUNT on LENOX CHINA & presence of three or four soldiers who were slowly and CRYSTAL-ROYAL D0ULT0N-F0ST0RIA silently pacing about in the dim twilight of the solitary & SYRACUSE china apartments.” the whole year round. The leavetaking from the Marshal was emotional. PROMOTIONS EXPIRE JUNE 30, 1970 The account notes that His Excellency bid adieu with Please ask for detailed special folders sent to you gratis. much feeling and interest, expressing great regret that we had encountered anything of a disagreeable nature We offer the largest selection of SILVERWARE from the in his country. leading American Silversmiths GORHAM—INTERNATIONAL- While making their way aboard to cast off for the REED & BARTON—WALLACE-ALVIN-TOWLE-LUNT—KIRK long return voyage to Salem, White pondered on the and LENOX CHINA at considerable discounts. Also SILVER¬ injustice of fate and in so doing gives us a glimpse of WARE—CHINA—CRYSTAL from the leading manufacturers how Gia Long, enlightened monarch of the history in Europe. books, was viewed by some contemporaries: “The reflections which occurred after taking leave of this great man were of a nature to call forth feelings of Orders shipped to any part of the world, including U.S.A. deep regret that fortuitous circumstances had not placed the sceptre of this fine peninsula in his hands, who Our INVESTMENT CLUB PLAN gives you the opportunity to would have known so much better how to sway it for his purchase by installments valuable things you need NOW. glory and happiness of the nation, than the present tyrant whose selfish heart beats only responsive to a cold and fallible head.” You can buy at the VISITORS' PAVILLON with confidence. The following morning the two vessels weighed an¬ THE VISITORS’ PAVILLON, A. Kazantzis K. G., chor and sailed downstream. It was January 30, 1820. The return voyage to Salem took exactly seven months 103 Grtineburgweg, Frankfurt/Main, Germany and on August 31 the Franklin, battered by hurri¬ Telephone: 720221 canes, under makeshift rigging, her hold filled with the sugar of Saigon, returned to her berth in Salem port after an absence of two years and eight months. The Suppliers to members of the Diplomatic & fate of the Marmion is not reported but the Peabody Consular Corps since 1952 Museum in Salem to this date holds books, trinkets and articles of daily use brought back from Saigon by ♦ — Captain White, together with the manuscript of his book which was published in Boston in 1823. H

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 49 QUIET BATTLES from page 19 can decide on his own to study a established “line,” looks like ob¬ communal marketing arrangement structionism. He can only accom¬ table from the start? How much because he feels it might offer a plish so much, particularly at the officially required evil does one promising model for our AID lower levels. Can he accomplish have to commit before one should effort; a senior economic officer enough? If not enough, or not resign? There is no clear solution may draw up a list of priorities for enough for his taste, there is always here, but perhaps only some kind our entire economic assistance the option of resigning. But the of calculus of more or less, some effort in his country of assignment. decision is never clearcut because estimate of the overall purposes of Of course he operates within con¬ he never knows whether in some the Government, and, if one stays straints, our political relations with subsequent assignment his opportu¬ on, some determination whether the host government, the budget, nities might not be greater. one can accomplish some satisfying and so on; but Within these limits 3. This raises yet another ques¬ margin of good over evil. Such there is considerable room for initi¬ tion, the question that finally comes judgments are, needless to say, terri¬ ative and maneuver. to haunt one in the Service, almost bly difficult. Another basis for initiative is from the beginning: By the time an 2. The question of responsibility that human beings are lazy. If an officer has the opportunity to exer¬ raises that of initiative and autono¬ officer comes up with something it cise a satisfying amount of initiative my. How much sway does a diplo¬ may just be adopted because it is will he still be able to? How much mat have in advancing and imple¬ after all some policy and no one will the “system” get to him, mak¬ menting his own ideas? When 1 else has proposed a staffed-through ing him merely affable and compli¬ found myself in policy jobs, even at alternative. And here again, all his ant, unimaginative, time-serving, or the lowest levels, I was surprised social and argumentative skills are voyeuristic? This, I believe, de¬ how much I had. And this for needed to persuade his chiefs and pends on him, on his quiet day-to- several reasons. First, the main pol¬ colleagues from other offices to go day battles with himself, on his icy is frequently not clear, and, in along with him. ability to live fully into his experi¬ any case, its application to one’s His subordination in the “com¬ ences, to retain effectiveness with¬ particular problems is not clear. mand structure” is then not total, out losing purpose, to retain pur¬ Further, in many ways, one can nor inevitable. But clearly there are pose while implementing other peo¬ define the problems to be worked limits. Too much attention to initia¬ ple’s ideas. It may thus mean being on. Thus a junior economic officer tive, as opposed to following the able to hold two ideas in his head

WHERE DIPLOMATS DINE

THE FOUR GEORGES RESTAURANTS—Four distinctively designed dining rooms, each created in a mood and motif re¬ flective of its culinary achievements. Located in the famous Georgetown Inn in the heart of Georgetown—luxurious accom¬ modations. 1310 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Free Parking, 333-8900. * *

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 at once, the official one, the one he ends up living off intellectual capital frequently faEs. However, anoth¬ may disagree with but implements, gained in college or the first few er possibility is that the widest and his own, the one he hopes to years thereafter, updated by the cur¬ knowledge, the deepest thought, the introduce, quietly and effectively, rent intelligence take and the daily fullest experience will issue into perhaps years hence at the proper rush from the in-box. His policy firm purposes, those guiding aims time. He must maintain by any may be containment toward the which make a life of sustained method that works (one thinks of “communist bloc,” when neither his commitment possible. This is the Dag Hammarskjold’s inner commu¬ strategy nor his characterization of hope, realized only in some. nions) those reserves of morality communist countries any longer A bureaucratic life, in any case, and energy which can be tapped makes sense. He must then get in means the end of solipsism and either for patience or for action. the time somewhere to do the read¬ innocence. This explains perhaps For at the top, if one does finally ing he needs, at the office, cross¬ the emotional fervor behind youth’s arrive, there is the vista of immense ing the Atlantic, an hour before hostEity to it. But unless solipsism power, of opportunities to effect the work; and keep up and make con¬ and innocence are transcended, ma¬ lives of millions of people for good tacts outside the round of diplomatic ture political action necessary to the or ill, although all along the way life—somehow getting what he life of civEized communities is sim¬ there are chances of lesser magni¬ needs to know so he can break away ply not possible. The idealism of tude. mentally from the “line,” so he can youth, if it is to be more than an And what must be done spiritu¬ judge it and offer up valid, workable excuse for non-performance, cannot ally in preparation must be comple¬ alternatives; and also so he can write off government service. It is mented intellectually. For as he avoid that strange sense of smug a responsibility which youth, when moves up in the Organization, the isolation, which can be at the base it is ready, must assume. diplomat has less time and peace of the most sordid evils, that feel¬ A bureaucratic career does pose for updating his thinking and ing, that so easily falls over corpo¬ moral dangers. It can be thought of deepening his understanding. One rate people, that they live in a world as a series of battles, some of which of the difficulties with American apart, and are thus beyond reach, will be lost. They are quiet battles foreign policy is that the Secretary and so, finally, beyond responsiii- and often lack the glamour of sit-ins of State and his ranking advisors bility. and picket lines, but they are no less, haven’t this time and peace. The Thus, the bureaucratic life is and perhaps are more decisive for danger is that the policy-maker a long test of will, which the will the future of society. ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 51 REQUIEM FOR SIR HAROLD clear mandate in the results of the rance of foreign sensitivities cause “khaki election” of 1919 to exact a needless damage or misunderstand¬ from page 40 tribute from Germany in the peace ing. Dialectics, as opposed to dis¬ criterion for success, namely that cussion, may emerge as the princi¬ there would have to be at least one pal theme of the conference, there¬ negotiator with a fine enough sense by sharpening rather than soothing of tactics and a strong enough will national animosities, particularly if to dominate the meeting. Nicolson’s the press is present in force and ea¬ examination of the course of events ger to capitalize on gaffes and irri¬ at Lausanne—from preconference tations. Moreover, “hurried his¬ skirmishes between Barrere, the trionics” and overwork on the part the chief of the French delegation, of delegates are likely to produce and the new Italian dictator Musso¬ hasty, and thus counterproductive, lini to the climactic showdown be¬ solutions to the problems which gen¬ tween the Allies and Turkey—re¬ settlement, and his inclination as a erated the conference. veal a series of masterful strokes politician was to respond to the One can understand Nicolson’s cleverly conceived by Curzon, with¬ public will. Democratic opinion has concern about conferences. Few if out which the conference would have a built-in “time lag,” however, Ni- any conferences between 1928 and had inconclusive, if less one-sided, colson maintains, and the results of the time his first studies were pub¬ results.) the peace conference might have lished had achieved anything, and Even when the essential prelimi¬ been more felicitous if Lloyd the ratio of those with beneficial nary criteria for a successful con¬ George could have foreseen and results to the total before that time ference could be met, additional acted upon prescience that the elec¬ would be low, especially when one problems were likely to arise. If the torate would be come more mag¬ considers how many there were (23 negotiators were to speak for their nanimous within a year or two. The major ones in the years 1920-22 nations’ actual mood, they would very political leaders (again like alone). One finds less concern with have to subordinate long-term in¬ Lloyd George) who are best at¬ the perils of the conference in “Di¬ terests to momentary ones. Lloyd tuned to the moods of their own plomacy,” which was written at the George, for instance, was given a nation may very well by their igno¬ end of the ’30s after conference

3or alt your read estate needs, calf DESTINATION WASHINGTON? HICKS Realty, Inc. Our PICTURE GALLERY OF FINE HOMES and DESTINA¬ TION WASHINGTON with complete information on financing, taxes, insurance, schools, etc., plus the do's 3706 Mt. Vernon Ave. and don'ts of buying or renting, sent free for the asking. Our 75 full-time associates can provide real service to your family. Offices in Alexandria, Arling¬ Alexandria, Virginia ton, Fairfax and McLean. King 8-3111

2160 N. GLEBE Rd. Serviny beautiful Idortliern \Jiryinia since 1946 Arlington, Va. 22207 Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax County etc. Sales, Rentals, Financing Picture book of homes FREE on request

MR. ENVOY IN LONDON: FSOs: JOIN DACOR Associate membership $10.00 annually. Bulletin. Group insur¬ ance. Placement aid for officers near retirement. May stay Mr. Envoy is in London town DACOR HOUSE while on leave or consultation. but moving did not get him down May join DACOR HOUSE club for additional fee: Resident for all the things he prized initiation $50.00; annual dues $35.00; non-resident $10.00. Ex¬ cellent meals, reasonable prices. Air conditioned throughout. were shipped Containerised❖ Rooms: Single $8.00; double $12.00. Club rooms for entertain¬ and arrived there safely and sound. ing. DACOR, Inc. ❖ With District’s Custom Containerized 1718 H Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20006 method, everything is carefully packed In Please send further information and application form to: specially constructed containers and remains untouched until un¬ packed at final destination—across the nation or around the globe. NAME DISTRICT MOVING & STORAGE, INC. ADDRESS 3800 Kenilworth Avenue, Bladensburg, Md. 20710 (301) 779-4900

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 diplomacy had declined in vogue. that agreements were no better for inet, he recalls, had not been in¬ Sir Harold also notes a distress¬ them from having been openly ar¬ formed when the Prime Minister ing concomitant trend toward rived at, were quick enough to re¬ (Lord Grey) set in motion between amateurism in diplomacy after vert to some of the tradition¬ the British and French general World War I. Recalling the clumsy al forms, e.g., forsaking the revolu¬ staffs the conversations that laid the and abortive efforts of William II tionary title of Polprep and return¬ basis for military cooperation in and Nicholas to reconcile their ing to using Ambassadors. By the World War I. countries at Bjorko in 1905, and time of Rapallo, the Soviets’ “first Without making light of Sir Har¬ the former’s frequent and unfortu¬ fine careless rapture” had waned. old’s lament (as one is tempted to nate diplomatic initiatives, one Presumably we Americans too did do by the flashes of superb wit he must note that there was a certain not remain “so determined not to so often displays), one must note amount of amateur diplomacy at the be duped by the diabolical cunning that the dilemma of popular partic¬ highest levels even before World of the Old Diplomacy that they ipation vs. expert judgment in re¬ War I. But it was the eclipse of the suspected tricks where no tricks had lations among states is far from pre-war professional diplomats that been intended,” although Nicolson being a new problem; even Plato troubled Sir Harold. His father’s nowhere credits us fully with having was probably not the first to exam¬ experienced contemporaries had yielded our virtue. ine it at some depth. On the other known their opposites in other I should not want to leave the im¬ hand, one must note that truly countries so well that they served pression that Sir Harold found no democratic governments were in as repositories of “expert estimation disadvantages in traditional diplo¬ office for a brief period after World of character,” and their successors macy by professionals. When, he War I in many more countries than lacked this background. Although submits, “we attack the unctuous had ever been the case previously Sir Harold’s concern appears inertia, the floodlit self-righteous¬ and perhaps subsequently, at least greatest about the effect on the ness, the timid imprecisions, ap¬ until after World War II. In this British Foreign Office of the de¬ palling amateurishness of democratic regard, at any rate, Sir Harold’s cline in expertise, he is equally diplomacy,” the tragic results of contention that the character of di¬ mordant about post-war American diplomacy by cabal only a few dec¬ plomacy had changed radically and Soviet diplomacy. The Soviets, ades earlier needed to be constantly with the end of World War I must having learned at Brest-Litovsk remembered. Even the British cab¬ be recognized as valid. ■

RENTAL HOUSES Chevy Chase-Bethesda

Massachusetts Avenue Extended A. C. Houghton & Son, Inc. An Accredited Management Organization 1418 H Street, N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Dl 7-9057 Washington Real Estate Since 1907

FRANCIS SCOTT KEY HOTEL PERSONALIZED SERVICE The Nicest Small Hotel in Washington FOR OVERSEAS CUSTOMERS 600 - 20th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 628-5425 Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the Francis Scott Key Hotel Washington’s Oldest Bank (1) It is only two blocks from the State Department (2) It offers family accommodations Organized 1809 (3) One room, kitchen, dinette and bath, completely furnished efficiency suites (4) Completely air-conditioned THE NATIONAL BANK (5) Restaurant with excellent food at moderate prices ROOMS oj V^YSIIIX GTON One Person $9.00—Two Persons $11.00 Efficiency Suites—Double Beds or Twin Beds International Banking Department One Person $10.00 & Up—Two Persons $12.00 & Up 1337 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Additional persons $1.50 each. Washington, D. C. 20036 10% discount for weekly occupancy. Member Federal Reserve System Rowena F. Ward, Mgr.—Gladys L. Warner, Asst. Mgr. Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 53 LIVING POOR from page 24 tion. Slowly 1 came to realize that houses up and down the river the author was writing about us in through those long afternoons, were snapped at the socios when they Rio Verde when he said that a manifestations of laziness. No, they did dumb things, even though I majority of all the farmers in the were manifestations of exhaustion, knew they were as hungry as I was world—perhaps 90 per cent of the in the case of Wilfrido—an old and that they were frantically comb¬ self-employed farmers in Africa, man fading and aging before our ing the beach for something to Asia, and South America—their eyes—a moral exhaustion so con¬ give their children. caloric intake limited to a bare suming that he had to fight the I began to get furious letters subsistence level, worked no more impulse to kill himself. 1 was mak¬ from my friends and family asking than three or four hours a day. ing a hundred dollars a month. My what was wrong, why didn’t I keep There is only so much energy in a hunger was in varying degrees ex¬ in touch? I would sit down, write dish of rice and a piece of fish. perimental and masochistic, and re¬ “Dear Father,” stare at the paper There are just so many miles to a sulted from laziness, bad planning, for fifteen minutes, and then say, gallon of bananas—not one foot and affectation. I was like a six- “Ah, to hell with it,” and go take a more. year-old kid playing doctor; I just nap. It wasn’t only that I couldn’t I don’t know why reading this in wanted to see what it was like. think of anything to say; writing a a book gave me such satisfaction, But projecting my own lethargy, letter also involved finding the en¬ seeing it all spelled out in graphs exhaustion, and mental depression velope, steaming it open, address¬ and statistics, but if came to me as onto my friends, who weren’t play¬ ing it, stamping it, getting it into the a revelation, this terrible truth ing and who went through this sea¬ mailbox. The whole thing was im¬ that I had known since arriving in sonal hunger every year of their possibly complicated. Rio Verde. And seeing it written lives, I began to see in them such Afternoons I usually stayed in down wiped away my last lingering qualities of heroism and endur- the house and either slept or just feelings that Ramon and his two- rance, such a wild and savage sat on a stool staring out the win¬ hour naps after lunch, or Wilfrido strength, that it about broke my dow at the ocean. I lay on the bed sitting on a box all day in the heart with pride for them. and between naps read a book shadow of his house without mov¬ Poverty isn’t just hunger; it is called “The Economics of Subsist¬ ing, or all those hundreds of men many interlocking things — ignor¬ ence Agriculture” in five-minute whose faces I had seen looking out ance and exhaustion, under-produc¬ periods of comparative concentra¬ the windows of little bamboo farm¬ tion, disease, and fear. It is glutted

FRANKS. PHILLIPS, INC. since 1933 Realtors • Builders Insurers

Coming Home? To Stay? Or mark time? Write us your needs. Finest residential listings in Northwest Washington • Bethes- da, Chevy Chase and Potomac in Maryland.

5185 MacArthur Blvd., N.W. Washington, D. C. 20016 Telephone: 966-9311

Welcome to Washington REAL ESTATE Sc Specialists in tEfje $arfe Central ®otel newly decorated TOWN HOUSES ROOMS — EFFICIENCIES — SUITES reasonable rates CAPITOL HILL • GEORGETOWN DAILY MONTHLY FOGGY BOTTOM most convenient to: 202-546-2676 USIA STATE DEPT. Airconditioned Television Laundry Facilities RHEA RADIN.Inc. 705 18th St., N.W. Ex 3-4700 220 SEVENTH ST., S.E.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 export markets, sharp, unscrupulous causes of the disease that ravage Christmas, and a house full of middlemen, a lack of knowledge his body; an understanding of agri¬ food for the Easter Semana Santa; about the fundamental aspects of culture and a respect for new farm¬ he wanted ten sucres from time to agriculture. It is the witchcraft of ing techniques, new seeds, new time so that he could drink and your grandfather spreading its val¬ ways to plant, new fertilizers, new dance and feel cleansed of life. ues on your life. It is a dozen irra¬ crops. Ramon with his composition roof tional Latin qualities, like your fear Craziest and most interesting is was ego'isto, the maverick; roofing a of making more of your life than the problem of incentive. Many of house with Eternit that would col¬ your neighbor and thereby gaining the people in Rio Verde, for in¬ lect rain water, in this town of his contempt for being overly am¬ stance, aside from wanting more thatched roofs, had separated bitious. food, prettier clothes, and the mon¬ Ramon from the people. Ramon There is no single way to smash ey for doctors when they needed it, wanted a million things—a re¬ out and be freed. A man has to couldn’t think of any good reason frigerator, a larger house, a store- break out in a dozen places at for not being poor. They didn’t bought bed for the son he expect¬ once. Most important, perhaps, he want anything. Perhaps a radio, ed, and, not least, the respect of the should start breaking out before he perhaps a horse. To talk to a man middle-class storekeepers in Esmer- is six years old, for by then a about tripling his income to three aldas with whom he had done busi¬ typical child of poverty in a tropi¬ hundred dollars a year was to fill ness all his life as just an undiffer¬ cal nation is probably crippled by him with confusion; he got nervous; entiated shadow in the doorway, protein starvation, his brain dulled he started to laugh; he wanted to another beach zambo. and his insides eaten up by worms go get drunk. The poor man from Ramon didn’t want to be poor and amoebas. No, more brutally the moment of his birth was so any more, and he was riding for a true: if he is a typical child, an inundated with problems, so de¬ fall. The people had a growing average child, by six he is dead. prived, that to end up wanting contempt for his ambition and his To work harder a man has to eat things was a form of insanity. What aggressiveness, and he, a growing better; to eat better he has to pro¬ he wanted was to stay alive another contempt for their lack of drive, duce more; to produce more he has day to tell jokes and visit with his their acceptance of the old ways. to work harder. And all of this is friends in the sweet night air; he The time will come when he will predicated on a growing knowledge wanted new pants for the fifth of have to find a middle-class envi¬ of nutrition, basic hygiene, and the August fiesta, another pair at ronment where he can be at ease. ■

STUART & MAURY, Ine. OLGA VAN OYEN, INC. REALTORS REALTOR Associates: Sales • Rentals • Insurance Mrs. Jose Dumoulin Mr. M. Marshall Marston Specializing in Residential Properties Mrs. Robert L. Gordon Mr. Stuart B. Warwick Northwest Washington • Bethesda, Mrs. Vera Clay Higgins Mrs. James McS. Wimsatt .Chevy Chase and Potomac in Maryland Mr. Kenneth M. Hoeffel Mrs. Mary C. Woodville

Member: Multiple Listing Service Complete service for sales, rental and full management. 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. & Maryland Washington, D. C. 20016 5122 MacArthur Boulevard, N.W. Telephone: 537-1366 Washington, D. C. 20016 362-8766 Let 11s Know You Smc Our Ad In The Journal

ASSIGNMENT WASHINGTON “SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL" TOWN OR COUNTRY: Top Virginia locations for / “AN ICE CREAM SODA” is one of the few items we city, suburban or rural properties. “TOWN & COUN¬ cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries mailed TRY” has an excellent selection of available homes in Wffjr daily to every country In the world, beautiful Northern Virginia. FHA In-Service, G.I., and mlIn We Maintain Conventional Financing. Six offices to serve you. W "Permanent Family Prescription Records" A complete property management and rental service. "SEND NO MONEY" Write for our free brochure Pay only AFTER satisfactory receipt of order. TOWN & COUNTRY PROPERTIES, INC. REALTORS 3807 Mt. Vernon Ave., Alexandria TE 6-8915 < C 4701 Old Dominion Dr., Arlington, Va. 525-6900 (s ( ( 1661 IMII Sheet. 32. W. 4205 Evergreen La., Annandale, Va. CL 6-9100 1384 Chain Bridge Road, McLean EL 6-1323 C 6556 Backlick Road, Springfield 451-0111 Washington, 2). C. 20007 9637 Lee Highway, Fairfax 591-7000

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 55 would assume the postage cost. Also well as speedily. necessary and lacking, AFSA should Allow me to cite from one personal sponsor several open meetings so the experience, in Vietnam. There indeed, Washington membership will have a as Mr. Michaud correctly points out, chance to hear the candidates and “hordes of reporters, cameramen, consider their platforms (because the journalists, social scientists, and pros¬ year-end rush and vacations are a pective authors” are present. Never¬ problem, elections should be moved theless, Embassy Saigon for years has from the last six weeks of the year to found it necessary painstakingly to the six weeks following October 1). monitor television and radio speeches The election ballot should have all the of GVN principals as they are deliv¬ candidates on the front page, followed ered, laboriously transmitting enor¬ by the platforms. No candidate should mous volumes of telegraphic text to be a second page citizen. Washington by high priority message. Between elections, AFSA should This is not done, assuredly, either encourage debate of issues by holding from love of midnight labor or from regular meetings, perhaps monthly. rote adherence to FAM requirements. Board of Directors deserves a salute The first meeting could entertain the It is done because the wire services do as the introduction of the democratic above electoral reform suggestions. not render a reasonably accurate ac¬ process into the profession that rep¬ Regular meetings will help the new count of what is said in policy state¬ resents American democracy abroad. board poll the membership on various ments by high officials of a govern¬ While the event is still fresh, 1 would points in the Macomber speech and ment with which we are associated in like to suggest some guidelines for on other issues, so that it can back up war. The wire services rely on hasty and unchecked summaries whipped future elections. Elections are an im¬ its representations with a consensus of out by a local employee who all too portant part of the openness we all its membership. often knows (a) that his agency boss want to see in AFSA and in the For¬ I hope the AFSA Board will call a expects a sensational account and (b) eign Affairs Community. general meeting soon. I also hope it If AFSA is to represent their inter¬ that his boss will not or most probably will open a dialogue with the Wash¬ cannot check the text. (American re¬ ests and if it is to earn the recognition ington membership at noon meetings that comes only when an organization porters in Vietnam rarely speak or that are not burdened by a guest read Vietnamese.) Radio and TV Net¬ reflects the views of its membership, speaker and a four dollar tab. its elections must be open, democratic work reporters either rely on the wire ROBERT F. PFEIFFER services or on their own local employ¬ and focused on issues. Only three out Arlington of eight eligible AFSA members voted ees, with the same miserable results. in the last election; this suggests that I agree with Mr. Michaud that the Mass Media Criticized many were not moved by the issues technical means available to the For¬ and the platforms. In order to in¬ eign Service to get its reports compar¬ I refer to Mr. Michaud’s article in the crease participating voters, the elec¬ able attention along with the “Today” October IOURNAL in which he pro¬ tion committee should give candidates show and the NY TIMES are obsolete. poses sharp reduction in what he Here his suggestions for technical im¬ and their platforms as much exposure rather disdainfully terms “traditional” to the membership as possible. AFSA provement are well taken. Foreign Service reporting. Although I In short, in this uncertain age when also should encourage both individuals take issue with Mr. Michaud on a and slates to run on clear-cut plat¬ we are buried under masses of misin¬ number of points, I should like here to formation by the mass media, report¬ forms. comment only on his thesis that th' ing is simply too important to be left Slates of candidates running on a information explosion and resulting to reporters. common platform are a good way of saturation coverage of world events THOMAS P. H. DUNLOP getting issues before the membership, by the mass media make much For¬ Zagreb but they cannot and should not re¬ eign Service reporting unnecessary. In place all individual candidacies. Often, my opinion, this is not the case. The National Egocentrism slates water down and lose issues in mass media are not doing a decent job devising a common platform (and a of reporting events, still less in inter¬ I could not believe my eyes when I slate representative of agencies, ranks, preting them. The Foreign Service’s began to read Barry Zorthian’s article sex, etc.). Individual candidates and voice may be only a still, small one, in the February IOURNAL. Surely Tal- partial slates can dramatize issues and but it is indispensable, and not only in lyrand’s phrase “Us n’ont rien appris, stir up badly needed debate in AFSA. the policy sense but also precisely in ni rien oublie,” applies more fully, and AFSA should limit the number of that area which Mr. Michaud dismiss¬ far more tragically, to Mr. Zorthian candidates. Under present practice, al¬ es so casually—the meticulous chron¬ and his fellow “counterinsurgents” most anyone can run and a board icling and interpretation of develop¬ than to the hapless Bourbons. It is elected by a minority is virtually as¬ ments for decision makers. precisely this form of colossal national sured. Sixty-six candidates ran in the I agree with those who say that the egocentrism, which presumes to see last election with varying degrees of inexperience and immaturity of many the United States, and not local gov¬ seriousness. This number could be cut news media representatives in the ernments and conditions, as “the considerably if twenty-five nominating field, plus bias of some (and of their prime target for dissidents of the signatures and a platform were re¬ editors) has created this regrettable world” which led to our involvement, quired of every candidate. situation. The question of inexperience now fully twenty years old, in what AFSA can encourage candidates to or bias aside, my contention is that the began as a colonial liberation struggle focus on issues by paying for a one- mass media—and especially the wire in Vietnam. The “Guam Doctrine” page campaign letter and addressed services and TV—-are simply profes¬ offers the hope that we have aban¬ envelope for each slate and for the sionally not even up to the job of doned this attitude. But, if ever again individual candidates; the candidates reporting what goes on accurately as we are tempted to act upon the pre-

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 GosnpAete line a^ Qe+tesicU £lecisUc appAicutcel jpJi ouesuie&l

MAJOR AVAILABLE FOR APPLIANCES 220 VOLTS AND ALSO FOR 50 OR 60 CYCLE IMMEDIATE DELIVERY OPERATION

$ : DELUXE AUTOMATIC \ 17 • Large bouffant with convenient reach-in top fits easily over BLENDER the largest rollers • Convenient '‘spot curl" attachment for quick touch-up curling MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! • Beige color dryer operates in or out of its richly designed carry and storage case milks to party drinks • Waist or shoulder strap allows 90 $2400 $39 $13 35 \ 3E-—^ CANISTER DELUXE SPRAY, CLEANER m PORTABLE STEAM, AND DRY MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! MIXER AUTOMATIC MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! M19-F TRAVEL IRON™ Features highly acclaimed double action cleaning tool — MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOG! TOASTER for rugs and bare floors MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! • Has extra high toast lift Weighs only 3 lbs.—but mixes $1180 —no more burned fingers

$1290 T102F

NEW! DELUXE AUTOMATIC 2 IMMERSIBLE |$16 5 AUTOMATIC CAN POLISHER COFFEEMAKER OPENER/KNIFE P-15D ■TS,! SHARPENER r MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! It’s completely immersible — percolator gets cleaner, AUTOMATIC coffee tastes better TOOTHBRUSH 5II8G 00 MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! $16

• Proved to provide cleaner teeth MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! CUSTOM ELECTRIC than ordinary hand brushing • Four personal snap-in brushes • Cordless, contoured power SLICING KNIFE handle with convenient V DELUXE 45 push button switch $34 MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! • Convenient charger base— I ALL-PURPOSE Electric slicing does better job on meats, poultry, vegetables, fish, breads, etc — slices thick MIXER M35-F or thin — all you do is guide it! $1450 t l MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! as a portable or a stand er, depending on your time STEAM AND 80 $26 DRY IRON , MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO!

$1195 HARDTOP HAIR DRYER- CUSTOM AUTOMATIC DELUXE MODEL HD-51C, HD-51G This semi-professional Hair DOUBLE NON-STICK Dryer is attractively styled in TOAST-R-OVEN tawny beige and off-white AUTOMATIC COATED SKILLET! with a silver color trim. The C-126TD lightweight, compact design GRILL & TEFLON COATED allows for true portability. 230 Volt, 50/60 Cycles, Non-sticking and non-scouring— WAFFLE BAKER lets you clean skillet in seconds It grills cheese and tomato —makes cooking fun MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! 33F 50 $2150 $2150 $28 $1890 MAKES A GREAT GIFT, TOO! GENERAL ELECTRONICS, INC ;4ut6

4513 WISCONSIN AVENUE, N.W. (OPPOSITE SEARS), WASHINGTON, D.C.

Orders for APO & FPO ■ Add $2.00 per item for Parcel Post, Insurance and Handling Charges

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 57 mise that revolt of a people—• as scholar, patron of the arts—and as objective by such politically regardless of who supplies them or the especially of the Virginia Museum of disparate reviews as the NEW YORK flag they fly—against its own govern¬ Fine Arts—businessman, too. Above REVIEW OF BOOKS, the ARMED FORCES ment “represents a real threat [to us] all, however, we recognized in him the JOURNAL, and the Copley Newspapers which requires assistance beyond local qualities associated with the finest tra¬ (from New Left to Old Right). Mr. resources,” this FSO, for one, will be ditions of his native Virginia. He nev¬ McKnight is certainly entitled to ac¬ found on the barricades. er departed from those standards of cuse me of bias—as a journalist, how¬ REYNOLD A. RIEMER character and conduct and thus it was ever, I object to his putting words into Washington his quality as a human being which my typewriter. will remain as a cherished memory JOSEPH C. GOULDEN In Memory of a Dauntless Man through the years. Of him it could in Arlington truth be said, as of few men, that he Tempered Gratitude NEWS of the death of Walter Robert¬ was in all things dauntless. son on January 18 must have come J. GRAHAM PARSONS, FSO-CM I am most grateful for the publication with poignant force to all his many (Deputy Assistant Secretary for Far of such an extensive review of my friends and associates as it did to me. Eastern Affairs, 1958-1959) book “An Anatomy of Error” in the Few men were endowed with a more Washington March issue of the FOREIGN SERVICE vivid personality, warmer human at¬ A Precept JOURNAL and for the obvious expertise tributes or stauncher fidelity to princi¬ the reviewer, Charles Maechling, Jr., ple. His convictions were equally firm MAY 1 suggest as a possible precept was able to apply to it. Nevertheless just as his advocacy was tireless and for writers of efficiency reports and there are one or two of his criticisms persuasive. For six years he domi¬ others-set-in-judgment-over us this which puzzle me for they can only be nated the Department’s conduct of kindly advice: based either on superficial reading of Far Eastern Affairs and did so with “Each one of us is a mixture of my book or maybe some blind spots in ease and charm. Others headed Bu¬ good qualities and some not-so-good his own recollections. reaus as Assistant Secretaries of State; qualities. In considering our fellow- For instance, he concluded from he was Walter Robertson, larger than man, we should remember his good reading my book that I confined my a title, deriving authority not from qualities and realize that his faults interviewing to the “highest levels of position but from the qualities within only prove that he is, after all, a officialdom” and he mentions several him. human being. We should refrain from names which, he assumes, 1 did not Obituaries in the press made much making harsh judgment on a person try to “smoke out.” It is reasonably of his support for the Republic of just because he happens to be a dirty, obvious from my book that 1 did China, for Generalissimo Chiang Kai- rotten, no-good son-of-a-bitch.” “smoke out” Mr. Michael Forrestal shek. True, he was a formidable de¬ ROBERT W. RINDEN whom he mentions as one “who fender of our China policy in the Denver knows better than anyone living what 1950s, his convictions rooted in the Non-Polemic President Kennedy would have done tragic and convulsive events there of had he lived.” My conjectures about which he had been an eye witness. It J OHN P. MCKNIGHT’S review of my President Kennedy’s inclinations are was a policy which served us well. “Truth Is The First Casualty” contains largely based on Mr. Forrestal’s East Asia would be quite different a rather serious misstatement of fact. views. 1 also talked extensively to Mr. today had not he and others held the Mr. McKnight writes, “It is, admitted¬ Benjamin Read, whom he also in¬ shield firm. Its beneficiaries survive ly, a polemical book . . .” It is no such cluded in his list of ignored experts, around the periphery of China and off thing. Further, I know of no other and to two others I won’t identify shore as friends, many also allies, of book on Vietnam that has been cited because I am not certain whether they the United States. This was his larger contribution and one which helped Life and Lyve in the Foreign Service By S. 1. Nadler make possible the evolution today of new policies and new relationships suited to these times. Foreign Service officers particularly should remember him for another and unique contribution, also at times the subject of controversy. Originally by no means a partisan of the Foreign Service, Walter Robertson came through experience to the view that United States interests were best served by maximum resort to profes¬ sionals. By 1959 when he left office, every chief of mission in his area was a Foreign Service officer, a situation which lasted until 1961 and is unpar¬ alleled in the conduct of American foreign relations. Those of us who had the privilege of working closely with Walter were invariably drawn to him and felt recip¬ rocally a loyalty which approached his own. He fought as hard for his friends as he did against his adver¬ “I didn’t bring my knife. 1 didn’t know our negotiation had passed the procedural saries. We learned also to respect him level."

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 GROUP LIFE INSURANCE

The Association announces with pleasure that our members are keeping up their record longevity and therefore the Reversionary rate for the year March 1, 1970-February 28, 1971 will continue at 30%.

This is added coverage without additional premium for our members and for this insurance year a basic $17,500 policy will pay $22,750, a $5,000 policy $6,500 and others in proportion.

The Reversionary does not apply to AD&D, Additional $10,000 or Family Coverage.

For details of this remarkable policy available, with some limitations, to FSO’s, FSIO’s, FSR’s and FSS’s of State, USIA and AID, write or telephone for information.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

1908 G Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20006 Telephone: NAtional 8-4104

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 59 are not still in government service. Kennedy’s ideas on fighting local in¬ how and why did it become associated Furthermore I have talked to several surgencies and limited wars. with such folly? officials well below the level indicated In contrast to Mr. Maechling I tend Let us hope that when the records by Mr. Maechling, but I would prefer to think that ‘bland detachment’ is are open and a full and accurate ac¬ not to mention their names. less likely to get “in the way of the count of our Vietnam involvement be¬ Mr. Maechling then criticizes me truth” than emotional involvement, comes a part of history, the role of for not alluding to either the and that is why I chose analytical those officers—both civilian and mili¬ Kennedys’ limited interest in Vietnam reporting which I find is more becom¬ tary—who did question at the time or their civilized attitude, totally de¬ ing for a foreign observer and perhaps the official version of the Vietnamese void of the obsessiveness that charac¬ more useful at a time of such a surfeit conflict and hence the relevance of our terized President Johnson, or their of emotional involvement. courses of action, will be recognized. fascination with counter-insurgency. HENRY BRANDON These officers reflect credit on the At the bottom of page 27 I wrote, Washington judgment of the professional rooted in “One reason why I think he would not history and experience as against that have followed, as stubbornly and Raising the Curtain of the “outsider,” who although bril¬ steadfastly, the same course as Mr. liant in intellect and imbued with aca¬ Johnson is that he was a more temper¬ 0 HARLES MAECHLING’S review of demic excellence seems so often sub¬ ate, more pragmatic man, neither as Henry Brandon’s “Anatomy of Error” ject to intellectual arrogance, to in¬ dogged and unyielding as Johnson nor is an encouraging sign that Vietnam flexible adherence to dogma, and to a as prestige conscious. He would also has at last been recognized within the certain fascination with new interna¬ have been more impatient with the foreign affairs establishment as the tional fads such as “wars of libera¬ political instability of the Saigon re¬ massive policy failure many informed tion” and “counter-insurgency.” gime; he might well have decided that Americans and friendly allies have Perhaps Mr. Maechling himself will since the American objective was to long considered it. help to raise the curtain over Vietnam help the South Vietnamese to help For one familiar with the official and provide more than just a glimpse themselves, and since they were in¬ records and with the views not only of the truth of that unhappy affair. capable of doing so, he might justifia¬ of the “key participants,” but also of From my own knowledge of a small bly disengage from the war. It was the “working level” during the critical piece of the action, the career Foreign never clearly stated that the US would years in Vietnam (1963-64), Mr. Service will come out very well in¬ pull out if it became evident that the Maechling’s frank—and in my view— deed. political structure was so weak that accurate portrayal of our actions as DAVID G. NES nothing more could be done to bolster being based so largely on a “distorted FSO-1 Retired it, but it was implicit in the terms of and falsified view of the situation,” Minister & DCM, his commitment.” provides a point of departure for the Saigon, 1963-64 Then on page 30 I am refering to Department as a whole to ask itself Owings Mills, Md.

Application to James W. Barrett Company, Inc. tor TRAVEL-PAK—Personal Effects and Liability Insurance underwritten by Lloyds of London Mall application to: James W. Barrett Company, Inc., 1140 Connecticut Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036 Make checks payable to James W. Barrett Co., Inc. U.S. dollars only. Telephone: 2021296-6440

Mrs. Miss Name Mr. . -Occupation U.S. Address —— employer —— Foreign Address Country To which of the above addresses should we address correspondence □ U.S. □ Foreign. Number of insured persons (family members) — —— Coverage to begin on (datel Period of coverage □ One year Q Two years Q Three years PREMIUM PAYMENT □ I have calculated my premium and determine it to be $ My check in this amount is enclosed. OR □ I am enclosing the basic minimum annual Travel-Pak premium of $43.00 and I understand that you will bill me for any increased premiums or refund any premium credits.

Please credit my initial premium for existing insurance: TOTAL PERSONAL EFFECTS Present company , Present broker TOTAL A $. Policy number Amount $ Inception date Expiration date -— TOTAL B $. Policy will be dated at 12:01 a.m. on the date following the postmark on the envelope containing this applica¬ tion and the initial premium or on the date reauested above. TOTAL C $. TOTAL D $ Signed at (place) (date) Signature TOTAL E $ TOTAL F $ (G) GRAND TOTAL $ DECLARATION OF PERSONAL EFFECTS Of the Grand Total (G) above what (A) FURNITURE: (C) ELECTRICAL & APPLIANCES: (D) MISCELLANEOUS, cont’d. amount of personal effects are in stor¬ Furniture $ Radios $ Musical instruments age in the U.S. $ Mirrors, pictures, Televisions Pianos paintings Refrigerators and/or LIABILITY INSURANCE APPLIED FOR Bric-a-brac freezer _ Books Rugs & carpets Hi-fi Luggage —- □ 50,000 @ $5.00 TOTAL (A) $. Typewriter Bicycles □ 75,000 @ $6.50 Washer and/or dryer □ 100,000 @ $7.50 Sewing machine Tools Tape recorder Sports equip. □ No Increase from Other $25,000 in Basic Travel-Pak TOTAL (C) $ (B) HOUSEWARES: The Travel-Pak policy will be pre¬ TOTAL (D) $- pared with Personal effects insurance Silverware $_ (E) TOTAL CLOTHING $_ written to the nearest $100 of the Glassware _ (D) MISCELLANEOUS: Linen (bed & table) _ Grand total (G) above and with the Kitchen utensils _ Medical supplies $. amount of liability insurance selected Chinaware _ Photographic (F) TOTAL IEWELRY TOTAL (B) $_ equipment & FURS I above.

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, April, 1970 TRAVEL-PAK Your Best Foreign Insurance Buy A modern package policy tailor-made for U. S. Government employees overseas which insures against the following:

“ALL RISK" PERSONAL EFFECTS Q COMPREHENSIVE INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE OC PERSONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE

• Breakage • Shipping losses (marine, air, rail, etc.) • Bodily injury liability • General average and salvage contributions • Property damage liability • War risks (while in transit) • Employer's liability (servants, etc.) • Marring, denting, chipping and scratching • Tenants' liability • Theft • Fire • Typhoon • Sports liability • Pilferage • Lightning • Explosion • Fire legal liability (liability to landlords) • Vandalism • Windstorm • Flood • Pets' liability • Disappearance • Hurricane • Earthquake

Check these advantages:

© COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE. Broad "All Risk" Personal ef¬ The only property i exclusions are losses of or from moth and fects coverage . . . with a $50.00 deductible and the insur¬ vermin, gradual deterioration, cash, currency, bank notes, and ance to value requirement assures you of the maximum benefit. war risks. . . . Plus a special international comprehensive per¬ sonal liability insurance (excluding automobile liability) from $25,000. to $100,000. ... all in one convenient package. SPECIAL RATES FOR GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES CIVILIAN AND MILITARY, WORLDWIDE © SAVINGS. Special rates for those in Government Service plus the economies of the package insurance concept make TRAVEL- fC) t F) Annual TOTAL VALUE TOTAL VALUE Annual PAK your best foreign insurance buy. COMPARE! Annual rate Travel-Pak PERSONAL JEWELRY AND/ Premium on personal effects is 1.4%. Premium discounts reduce the Premium EFFECTS z OR FURS effective rate to 1.225% for two-year policies and 1.167% for three-year policies. . . . Renewal premium credits for years in C Inch $ 2,500 S 43.00 $ 300 which there are no marine shipments produces still greater S 2,700 $ 45.80 < $ 500 $ 1.00 S 2,900 S 48,60 $ 700 $ 2.00 savings. Your maximum discount from the standard premium rate $ 3,100 S 51.40 S 900 $ 3.00 can be as much as 39% I S 3,300 $ 54.20 u $1,100 $ 4.00 $ 3,500 S 57.00 X 51,300 $ 5.00 $ 3.700 S 59.80 $1,500 S 6.00 © ALLOWANCE FOR YOUR PRESENT INSURANCE. There is no S 3,900 $ 62.60 $1,700 $ 7.00 need for you to wait for your present insurance to expire to apply z S 4 ,100 S 65.40 $1,900 S 8.00 for this broader coverage. Well give you a premium credit for S 4.300 S 68.20 UJ $2,100 $ 9.00 S 4,500 $ 71.00 D 52.300 $10.00 any personal effects insurance you already have. $ 4,700 $ 73.80 UJ $2,500 $11.00 5 4.900 $ 76.60 < $2,700 $12.00 © CONFIDENCE. Your policy will be underwritten by Lloyd's S 79.40 2: $13.00 S 5,100 $2,900 London Underwriters—world renowned for security. $ 5,300 $82.20 S3,100 514.00 5 5,500 $ 85.00 £ $3,300 S15.00 $ 5.700 $ 87.80 Ss $3,500 $16.00 © BREAKAGE INCLUDED. Your valuable articles are insured $ 5,900 $ 90.60 53,700 $17.00 against breakage in transit provided they have been profession¬ $ 6,100 $ 93.40 $3,900 $18.00 $ 6,300 $ 96.20 54,100 $19.00 ally packed. S 6.500 $ 99.00 $4,300 $20.00 S 6,700 $101.80 $4,500 $21.00 © WORLD-WIDE CLAIMS SERVICE. We offer the promptest pos¬ S 6,900 $104.60 O $4,700 $22.00 sible payment of claims, for TRAVEL-PAK operates through the $ 7,100 $107.40: ; $4,900 $23.00 $ 7,300 $110.20 $5,000 $23.50 world's largest personal insurance claims network with claims 5 7,500 $113.00 z contact points in over 200 cities throughout the world . . . $ 7,700 5115.80. including Eastern Europe. $ 7,900 $118.60 © CONVENIENCE. S 8.300 $124.20 (!) TRAVEL-PAK is just one easy-to-understand S 8.500 $127.00 . INCREASED AMOUNTS OF policy that covers your property and liability needs. You deal $ 8,700 $129.80 *- LIABILITY 5 8,900 $132.60 XT, with just one experienced firm. % 9,100 $135.40 < $ 9,300 $138.20 o ® NON-CANCELLABLE PROTECTION. The Underwriters cannot S 9,500 $141.00 E— ZA cancel your coverage during the normal term of the policy except S 9,700 $143.80 $ 50,000 S5.00 $ 9.900 $146.60 c in the case of fraudulent declaration or claim or for non-payment $10,000 $148.00 S 75,000 $6.50 of premium. “ $100,000 $7.50 We also have excellent facilities for your Life, Accident, Health, Each additional $100 value, add 51,40. Home, Auto, and Marine insurance requirements—at home or abroad.

A James W. Barrett Co., Inc. Use application opposite 1140 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 202/296-6440 CANADIAN WHISKY—A BLEND OF SELECTED WHISKIES. SIX YEARS OLD. 86.8 PROOF. SEAGRAM DISTILLERS CO.. N.Y.C.

Seagram’s v ; Canadian. Known by the company it keeps

**

At just about any party you can name, somebody’s hoping to see the Smooth Canadian. It’s so smooth and so light that more people prefer Seagram’s V.O. than any other brand of imported whisky (including scotch). Which means that if a host hopes to have a successful party, he really ought to have successful whisky, too.