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UNIT 1 2 MARKS 1. What Is an Embedded System?

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UNIT 1 2 MARKS 1. What Is an Embedded System? UNIT 1 2 MARKS 1. What is an embedded system? An embedded system employs a combination of hardware & software (a “computational engine”) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a “computer”; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. 2. What are the components of the Embedded Systems? An embedded system is basically a computer controlled device designed to perform some specific tasks. In most cases these tasks revolve around real-time control of machines or processes. Embedded systems are more cost effective to implement than systems composed of general purpose computers, such as PCs. The components of ES are, Memory System Clock Peripherals 3. What is the Classification of an embedded system? The Embedded system is classified into following category Small Scale Embedded System Medium Scale Embedded System Sophisticated Embedded System 4. What is Sophisticated Embedded System? The sophisticated embedded system has the following features, Enormous hardware and software Complexity. This may need scalable processor or configurable processor and programming logic arrays. Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units. 5. What are the characteristics of an embedded system? The typical characteristics of the embedded Systems are as follows: 1) Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. 2) Embedded systems are not always separate devices. Most often they are physically built-in to the devices they control. 3) The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory. 6. What are the advantages of embedded system? The advantages of the embedded system are Customization yields lower area, power, cost. 7. What are the disadvantages of embedded system? Higher HW/software development overhead design, compilers, debuggers, ... May result in delayed time to market! 8. What are the various embedded system requirements? Types of requirements imposed by embedded applications: • R1 Functional requirements • R2 Temporal requirements • R3 Dependability requirements 9. What are the functional requirements of embedded system? The functional requirements of the embedded systems are as follows: Data Collection *Sensor requirements *Signal conditioning *Alarm monitoring Direct Digital Control *Actuators Man-Machine Interaction *Informs the operator of the current state of the controlled object *Assists the operator in controlling the system. 10. What are the temporal requirements of the embedded systems? The temporal requirements of the embedded systems: Tasks may have deadlines • Minimal latency jitter • Minimal error detection latency • Timing requirements due to tight software control loops • Human interface requirements. 11. What are dependability requirements of an embedded system? The dependability requirements of an embedded system are as follows Safety critical failure modes certification Maintainability MTTR in terms of repairs per hour Availability A = MTTF / (MTTF + MTTR) Security 12. What is a Microprocessor? A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles. 13. What is a Microcontroller? A microcontroller is a small and low-cost computer built for the purpose of dealing with specific tasks, such as displaying information in a microwave LED or receiving information from a television’s remote control. Microcontrollers are mainly used in products that require a degree of control to be exerted by the user. 14. What are differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller? MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLERS The functional blocks are It includes functional blocks of ALU, registers, timing & microprocessors & in addition control unit. has timer, parallel i/o, RAM, EPROM, and ADC & DAC. Bit handling instruction is Many types of bit handling less, one or two type only. instruction. Rapid movements of code Rapid movements of code and and data between external data within me. memory & MP. It is used for designing They are used for designing general purpose digital application specific dedicated computers system. systems. 15. What are the various embedded system designs? Modeling Refining (or “partitioning”) HW-SW partitioning 16. What are the complicating factors in embedded design? Complicating factors in the design of embedded systems • Many of the subtasks in design are intertwined. • Allocation depends on the partitioning, and scheduling presumes a certain allocation. • Predicting the time for implementing the modules in hardware or software is not very easy, particularly for tasks that have not been performed before. 17. What are the real time requirements of an embedded system? Hard-real time systems: where there is a high penalty for missing a deadline e.g., control systems for aircraft/space probes/nuclear reactors; refresh rates for video, or DRAM. Soft real-time systems: where there is a steadily increasing penalty if a deadline is missed. e.g., laser printer: rated by pages-per-minute, but can take differing times to print a page (depending on the \"complexity\" of the page) without harming the machine or the customer. 18. Explain digital signal processing in embedded system? Continued digitization of signals increasing the role of DSP in ES • Signals are represented digitally as sequence of “samples” • ADC’s are moving closer to signals 19. List the various processors that are present? General Purpose Processor (GPP) *Microprocessor *Microcontroller *Embedded Processor *Digital Signal Processor Application Specific System Processor (ASSP) Multi Processor System using GPPS 20. What is the Embedded Processor? Special microprocessor and microcontrollers often called Embedded Processor. An embedded processor is used when fast processing fast context – switching and atomic ALU operations are needed. Examples: ARM7, INTEL 1960, AMD 29050. 21. Give the reactivity’s in embedded system? Closed systems • Execution indeterminacy confined to one source • Causal relations are easily established. Open systems • Indeterminacy from multiple sources, not controllable or observable by the programmer not possible to infer causal relations 22. What are embedded cores? More and more vendors are selling or giving away their processors and peripherals in a form that is ready to be integrated into a programmable logic-based design. They either recognize the potential for growth in the system-on-a-chip area or want a piece of the royalties or want to promote the use of their particular FPGA or CPLD by providing libraries of ready-to-use building blocks. Either way, you will gain with lower system costs and faster time-to-market. 23. What are hybrid chips? The vendors of hybrid chips are betting that a processor core embedded within a programmable logic device will require far too many gates for typical applications. So they\'ve created hybrid chips that are part fixed logic and part programmable logic. The fixed logic contains a fully functional processor and perhaps even some on-chip memory. This part of the chip also interfaces to dedicated address and data bus pins on the outside of the chip. Application-specific peripherals can be inserted into the programmable logic portion of the chip, either from a library of IP cores or the customer\'s own designs. 24. Give the diversity of embedded computing? Diversity in Embedded Computing ; Pocket remote control RF transmitter ; 100 KIPS, crush-proof, long battery life ; Software optimized for size ; Industrial equipment controller ; 1 MIPS, safety-critical, 1 MB memory ; Software control loops ; Military signal processing ; 1 GFLOPS, 1 GB/sec IO, 32 MB 25. What is a kernel? The kernel is a program that constitutes the central core of a computer operating system. It has complete control over everything that occurs in the system. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell (such as bash, csh or ksh in Unix-like operating systems), which is the outermost part of an operating system and a program that interacts with user commands. The kernel itself does not interact directly with the user, but rather interacts with the shell and other programs as well as with the hardware devices on the system, including the processor (also called the central processing unit or CPU), memory and disk drives. 26. What are the types of Kernel? There are four popular categories or kinds of Kernels namely monolithic kernels, microkernels, hybrid kernels and exokernels. Monolithic kernels are part of Unix-like operating systems like Linux ,FreeBSD etc. These types of kernels consist of the core functions of the operating system and the device drivers with the ability to load modules at runtime. 27. Define Cooperative Multitasking? A type of multitasking in which the process currently controlling the CPU must offer control to other processes. It is called cooperative because
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