GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY THE GOVERNOR'S ASIAN STUDIES ACADEMY

1989 I I I I I

I ��� I I uJ- I I I I I I I ill I I I Contents page REPUBLIC OF National Flag 1 Map •.••••••••• 3 Geography and Demography. 4 History Historical Summary•. 5 Po 1 i t ica 1 System .•• 6 Economic System..••• 6 Educational System •• ...... 7 Religion and Philosophy•• 8 Language••••••••••• 9 Family and Culture ••• 9 I Birth .•..•.....•. 12 The Hundredth Day .. 12 First Birthday ••••• 12 II Sixtieth Birthday. 13 A Summary of . 14 Guidelines for the Romanization of Korean. 19 Vowels and Consonants ...... 20 How to write ( Korean Orthography) 21 Language Lesson 1: What"s This? 30 Lesson 2: Greetings•• 32 Conversation.. 35 I Family Words. 40 Body Parts .. 41 Color Words. 42 Number Words. 43 I Reading A Fan ..... 44 I Word Search 45 Cultural Activities Four Gentlemen (Brush Painting). 46 I Yute Korean Dice 47 I Bah-Dook (Territory Game). 48 I Korean Food •••••■ ••••••••••••••••••••■ •••••••••••••••••••••• 52 Korean Songs Arirang ••• 54 I Half Hoon. 55 Hy Hat is Triangular. 56 I HcCUNE-REISCHAUER ROHAI\IIZATION 57 I I I - 1 I

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The Korean flag symbqlizes much of the thought and rhi lo sopy of the Orient. The symbo l, am scaetimes the fla g itself, is called Tae Kuk.

ilepicted on the flag is a circle divided equally and lo cked in perfect balance. The red section repreaenu the Yang (plus) am the blue section the 'Ja Cminue), an ancient symbol of the laliverse origirwting in Chin.a. These two opposite• expreu the dualism of the cosmos: fire am water, day and night, dark and light, cons truction and deatruction, muculine am fmainine, actiYe and passive, hea t am co ld, plus am mi.nus, ard so on.

The central tho ught in the Tae Kuk indicates that whil e there is co nstant movement within the sphere of infinity, bala nce and harmooy are dso present.

Three bars at each corner also carry the idea of opposition aod balance. The three �broken bars star¥! for heaven; the opposite three broken bars represent the ear th; the two bars with a broken bar between thaa symbolize fire; the opposite figure is the symbol of wa ter. ,

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I kilometers 50 109 200 I: miles 1011 I NOR I KORE ·; -.:-...� .,J,z. , ·:� ·,, .. "' . -a.. :· I .�.-.; tF

r I' t I I SOUTH I KOREA sea ye l l o.w.���.. . . ;�'::>��'£ ' � I ..,:, Se· a. -�r; .. Taegu. I I I. .. 4- REPUBLIC OF. KOREA

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CEOGIAPBY AND DEMOGRAPHY

Korea, the "land of the morning calm," is located northeast of China on a peninsula which juts almost 500 miles into the surrounding seas. To its west is China's Shantung Province, which lies about 119 miles across the Yellow Sea. In the opposite direction the East Sea, known also as the Sea of Japan, separates Korea from Japan. The nearest Japanese island is located about 163 miles from Korea. To the north the border with China is formed by the Paektu Mou�tains and by two rivers, the Amnokgang and the Tumangang. (These rivers often are identified by their Chinese names, the Yalu and the Tumen.) A ten­ mile strip along the northern boundary touches the Soviet Union.

Approximately the size of New York, Korea is divided into two parts by a 487-square-mile demil;tarized zone. The Republic of Korea is south of the dP.militarized zone. Its capital is Seoul. The northern part, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,.contains about· 55 percent of the peninsula's total land area. Its capital is situated at Pyongyang. Nearly 70 percent of the I peninsula's terrain is mountainous. Most of the mountains are found in the north and on the eastern coast. Along the coasts are many e�cellent harbors, I such as Wonsan, Pusan, and Inchon. The climate of Korea has been compared with that of Boston or London, warm in the suII111er and cold in the winter. Spring and fall last three months I each. The rainy season, which extends from June through September, brings about 70 percent of the annual rainfall.

Census figures from 1979 show approximately 17,500,000 people i� the I People's Republic of Korea. In 1980, the Republic of Korea had about 37,550,000 inhabitants; this population is less rural than in the pa3t. About 42.8 percent of the people lived in the country, another 2 percent dwelled I along the sea, and the rest were ur ban. The four large metropolitan areas are I Seoul, the capital city, Pusan, Taegu, and Inchon. I The material in this overview has been prepared by the English as a Second I Language Program, Fairfax County Public Schools. c County School Board of Fairfax County, Virginia 1984 I 5

I BISTOJlY Historical SU11111ary

2333 B.C. Tangun, a legendary figure, is credited as the founder of Korean civi lization. In time Korea became known as "Chosun-the land I of the morning calm." 668 A.D. The Silla kings joined three warring tribes into one united I kingdom which covered the entire peninsula. 936 The Koryu kingdom began to rule Korea.

I 1392 The Yi dynasty was established.

1592 The Japanese invaded Korea for the first time. After six y£ars I of warfare, combined Korean and Chi ne�e forces expelled them.

1876 Korea opened its ports to outside trade, ending JOO years of I isolation. During those JOO years it had become known as the "Hermit Kingdom." I 1882 Relations between Korea and the United Sta tes were established. I 1910 Korea was formally annexed by Japan and the Yi dynasty ended. 1946 At the.conclusion of World War II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union exercised influence over the north I and the United States over the south. 1950 The North Korean army invaded the south, resulting in a three­ I year war. 1953 A cease-fire was declared at the 38th parallel. Syngman Rhee I was chosen President by the National Assembly. 1960 President Rhee resigned, and Yun Bo Suk became President.

I 1961 General Park Chung Hee seized power. I 1962 Park Chung Hee was elected President. 1983 General Chun Do Hwan was elected President.

I 1986 The Asian Olympiad will be held in Seoul. I 1988 Seoul will host the 1988 Summer Olympic Games. I I 6

POLinCAL SYSTEM Until the twentieth century, Korea's government was based on Confucian socio-political doctrine. Its role was to assure a proper relationship between the elite ruling classes and the populace in an authoritarian, hierarchical social order. This traditional system of government was abolished by the Japanese when they annexed Korea in 1910. At first the Japanese established a military dictatorship. Eventually, they granted moderate control of the government although they continued to administer and to exploit Korea for their own benefit. After World War II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two administrative divisions. The I Soviet Union exercised political influence over the north, and in the south the United States sponsored the pro-Western democratic government of the I Republic of Korea. The current Constitution of the Republic of Korea provides for· a parliamentary system of government with executive, legislative, and judicial I branches. The chief official of the executive branch is the President, who is elected to a single seven-year term by the electoral college. The electoral college, in turn, is composed of at least 5,000 electors, who are ·popularly I elected by secret ballot. The legislative branch comprises the unicameral National Assembly. Its 276 members are chosen by popular vote for four-year terms. The National Assembly has authority to make laws, direct foreign I poli�y, declare war, control the administrative agencies that implement the laws of the country, and impeach. Judicial power is vested in the court system, which includes the Supreme Court, appellate courts, and district I courts. I ECONOMIC SYSTEM For generations, the mainstay of the Korean economy has been agri­ I culture. Since mo.st of the land is mountainous, farmers have concentrated on increasing the yield of their limited arable land. About two-thirds of the farmland in the .Republic of Korea is used for rice, and growing enough rice to feed the nation has been a heavily emphasized goal. Other foods raised in I significant quantities by farmers in the south are barley, wheat, soybeans, corn, millet, fruits, and potatoes. Many of these foods are processed as I canned goods. During the 1960s the Republic of Korea's urban economy started to bloom. In the countryside, on the other hand, it remained stagnant. To help I the rural population, the New Community Movement ("Saemaul Undong") was begun in 1971. Through this program villages have been modernized, modern methods of farming have been introduced, and the rural way of life has been I revitalized. To harness the energy of the rivers, the People's Republic has built many I hydroelectric plants in the mountainous north. There, most of Korea's iron ore is mined. Important deposits of tungsten and graphite are located in the I south. I 7

I Because Korea's natural resources are not abundant, trade is becoming its { economic life line. The manufacture of cotton textiles is one of the oldest and largest industries in Korea. Major export items produced by the Republic I of Korea are steel, nonferrous metals, industrial �achinery, electronic products such as television sets and computers' <'Ott'on - and silk textiles' footwear, clothing, automobiles, and plastic products. In the north, the principal trading partners are the Soviet Union and China; in the south, the I United States, Japan, and Europe. Other areas to which the Republic of Korea exports goods include Africa, the Middle East, Hong Kong; and Canada.

I The economy of the Republic of Korea averaged an astounding annual growth of nearly ten percent between 1961 and 1981. The average income in 1981 was $1,503. Agriculture accounted for 34.2 percent of the total employment in I 1981, industry for 21.3 percent, and services for 44.5 percent. In comparison, the 1963 figures were 63.1 percent for agriculture, 8.7 percent for industry, and 28.2 percent for services. Unemployment decreased from 8.2 I percent in 1963 to 4.5 rercent in 1981. !DUCAnOHAL SYSTEM

The educational system in the Republic of Korea is organized in roughly the same pattern as that of the United States. All children between the ages of six and eleven or twelve are required to attend six years of elementary school. Elementary school classes typically have 60 to 70 students each. Subs.idized by the government, elementary school is free. Three years of I compulsory middle school are followed by three years of high school. Most high school graduates attend a university for four years. Families aust pay tuition for high school and university.

Some kindergarten classes are provided for five- and six-year-old children. In 1981 about eight percent of the eligible children were enrolled in kindergarten, and the government plans to open kindergartens for many more students. At the secondary level, vocational schools are available for students who want to receive job training. Some junior colleges offer two­ I year programs in vocational and technical fields and in elementary education. In the past, after the six years of compulsory elementary school, students took examinations which determined whether they could enter middle I school. Now these exams have been abolished, and students who finish elementary school are assigned to middle schools in their neighborhoods.

To qualify for high school and again for college or university, students must pass highly comp.etitive examinations. Families who can afford tutors hire them when their children reach high scr.ool. The students go to school I six or seven hours a day five days a week and about half as long on Saturdays. The tutors work with the students before and after school every I day for many more hours. The importance of education to Korean society is reflected in the literacy rate. In the early 1960s, the literacy rate in the Republic of Korea I had risen to 80 percent; by 1983 approximately 100 percent of the population was literate. I

IELIGIOH ARD PBILOSOPRY

The earliest was an1.m1stic. Legends which surround it tell about Tangun, who is honor.ed as the founder of Korean civilization.

Buddhism, the Religion o� Enlightenment, was introduced to the northern part of Korea in 372 A.O. Over the years, the message taught in the sixth I century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama changed as it traveled from country to country. Proclaimed The Buddha� or The Enlightened One, Siddhartha showed his disciples how to follow the Middle Way, eschewing both luxury and extreme I self-denial. He asked them to discipline themselves through the Noble Eightfold Path: right beliefs, right purposes, right speech, right behavior, right employment, right effort, right thinking, and right meditation. I Suffering, Buddha said, was a part of life, but suffering would end when individuals extinguished their desires. The person who wanted nothing would find escape from suffering, and the Eightfold Noble Path would lead the I faithful to this goal. Generally, Koreans who practice Siddhartha's teachings believe in the life-reincarnation cycle, a precept derived from Hinduism. Like Buddhists I throughout the world, they try to achieve perfect�on in their lifetime, and suffering is an integral part of their quest. When their souls are purified, they feel they have achieved Nirvana, the state of blessedness. Suffering is vanquished, and they are forced no longer to endure the cycle of rebirth.

Within one hundred yearsI of Buddhism's introduction to Korea, it had spread from one end of the peninsula to the other. The religion with the largest following in Korea, Buddhism had about 11,000,000 followers in 1981. Almost every Buddhist temple compound, however, has a side chapel with a I shrine honoring a deity from the ancient animistic religion--a union of Korea's two strong religious forces. I The second most popular religion in Korea is Christianity, which had about nine million believers in 1981. There are approximately six times as many Protestants as Roman Catholics. Presbyterians and Methodists are the I largest denominations. The Catholics began mission work in Korea in the early seventeenth century; the Protestants, in contrast, arrived in the 1890s. I Islam was brought to Korea by Turkish troops who came in 1950 to fight in the Korean War. In 1981 there were approximately 20,000 Moslems and three mosques in Korea. I In addition to the major religions, more than 240 "new religions" have · developed in recent years. These movements are indigenous to Korea. I Altogether, they have about 1,600,000 members. I I I I For centuries, Confucianism has been the most widely followed set of beliefs in Korea. It is a philosophy, not a religion, a way of life outlined by the great Chinese teacher Confucius. It sets forth the duties that people I have;� �ne_another; the son, for example, is subordinate to the father, the younger to the elder brother, the wife to the husband, the subject to the ruler. -Confucian teachings stress loyalty of children to parents, progeny to I anceators, and friends to each other. If the system of relationships is followed_, peace and harmony are promoted. The precepts of Confucianism are not adhered to as strictly in modem Korea as they have been in the past. I Their e·ffect on attitudes even today cannot be denied, and no matter which religion Koreans follow, most believe in at least some of the teachings of I Confucius. LANGUAGE

I Korea's spoken language is more than 4,000 years old. It is closer to the Ural-Altaic tongues, such as Turkish, Finnish, and Hungarian, than to the· romance languages or other Asian languages. For centuries, the Koreans used I Chinese characters for writing. The symbols were difficult to learn, however, and only wealthy men who could afford tutors were able to master them. The I common people were not literate. In the fifteen th century, King Sae-Jong developed "Han-Gul," Korea's present system of writing. Concerned because so many of his subjects could I. not read and write, he wanted to devise an accurate written language easy enough for all Koreans to learn regardless of their social status or wealth. He was opposed by many court officials and learned scholars. They believed I his project would degrade the language, lowering it to the "level of the dust." In spite of their objections, King Sae-Jong persevered for three years. In 1443 he and the linguists who helped him presented to the public I the simple alphabet now known as "Han-Gul." "Han-Gul," the "script for the people," is a completely phonetic I system. Its 24 letters consist of 14 consonants and 10 vowels; they are combined to form syllables, just as letters are in English. Syllables have a minimum of two letters and a maximum of four. (For additional information I about "Hc:.n-Gul," please see the selection "The Ko-rean Language" in the Cultures Resource Files for Korea.)

I FAMILY AND CULTURE

Korean society revolves around the home. A person's first loyalty is to the family, and family interests are more important than those of the individual. The family's structure is Confucian. It is based primarily on the rela:ionship between father and son, not between husband and wife. Women I traditionally have held a lower position than men, although Korean women are nevertheless among the most respected in the Orient. Because of the wife's lesser status, she feels compelled to serve her mother-in-law or sister-in-law I as part of her obligation to her husband. I I o

The large extended family is common. Many generations li ve under the I same roof, and all are expected to obey the oldest male without question. { Close family ties are maintained. Relatives probably mean more in Korea than in many other countries. Thus, any person with the same family name who I traces ancestors to the same place of origin is considered a relative. A Korean has only a first and a last name; however, the first name has I two parts. One part is a common name that denotes the same siblings in a generation and the other is the personal name. As an example, the generation name Jong has been given to the three brothers listed below: I .:!25_-Woo Lee �-Boon Lee .:!2!!!5.-Sun Lee I The generation name and personal name are used together, and they frequently are joined with a hyphen. In the United States, the second part of the first name often is mistaken for a middle name, and all three brothers may be called Jong Lee. In Korea the last name is written first and the first name last, I another practice confusing to Americans. Lee (faaily name) (generation name)

Age demands and receives special courtesy. An older person's name is not used, for example. To show respect, a title such as "aunt," "uncle," ''brother," or "sister" is substituted. A teacher is called "Teacher" or i "Honorable," but is not called by his or her name. Because the does not have the titles "Mrs." or •�r.," immigrants who hear themselves addressed with these titles feel some culture shock. In Korea a woman retains her maiden name after marriage even though the children use the father's last name. A woman is addressed as "Professor Lee's Wife" or "Jong-Woo's Mother" unless she has achieved her own standing in society. Then she is called "Professor Chung" or "Dr. Chung."

Korean manners dictate reserve in displaying emotions. Anger might be i expressed by staring, not by shouting and gesturing. To ask forgiveness, an apology could be a smile. I Greeting strangers is not customary. When two acquaintances meet, the younger person greets the older one first. Long ago, an inferior saluted a superior indoors by kneeling, bending at the waist, then standing and remaining standing until told to sit.. Outdoors, the procedure was reduced to I. a bow. Most Koreans observe �his elaborate custom only on special occasions like the Lunar New Year, birthdays, and reunions. Some conservative families I practice it daily, however. When a person hands an object to an elder or is given something in return, two hands are used or the right hand is supported by the left. A list I of bad manners includes sitting too close to an elder, remaining seated when an elder enters or stands, or standing above and looking down on an elder. Certainly one would not touch older people on the head, tap them, place a hand I on the shoulder, or offer to shake hands. Other practices frowned on, more so in the past than now, are winking, eating in the street or during a walk, embracing, and kissing. A man and woman who walk together or hold an intimate I . conversation in public are considered impolite. I

I For a long time, the association of the sexes in Korea followed strict codes. Practices which originated to protect women led over the years to stern taboos governing the relationships between men and women. A man would not go into the inner courtyard of even his closest relatives, much less the I' living room, and an adult daughter would not visit the room of her father or brother alone. Rigid customs such as these are fading, but vestiges still I remain in male-oriented Korean society. Traditionally, the location of a village or house was determined by divination. The ideal site has a hill behind it and a stream in the front. I Although many types of houses have been built in Korea, the common thatched­ roof dwelling is shaped like an "L" and is surrounded by a high fence. It has a living room, perhaps a dining room, and one or two bedrooms. In the living I room wooden cabinets inlaid with mother-of-pearl are built into the wall. Beautifully embroidered silk mats used for sleeping are stored in the glass­ covered cabinets. Screens and hand-painted scrolls decorate the room as I well. At the end of the living room adjacent to the kitchen, family members gather on a large cushion, which functions as a "conversation pit." i Many houses have "ohndohl" floors, which provide a unique heating system. Little tunnels are constructed under the floors, and heat fr om the kitchen is channeled through them. Living rooms with "ohndohl" floors are i connected to the kitchen. The charcoal fire used for cooking warms the floors at the same time. In the summer meals are prepared on a different stove, which is freestanding. Not part of the "ohndohl" system, it does not conduct I. heat, and the floors stay cool. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. It consists of soup, I rice, and side dishes of meat and vegetables. Koreans believe they need a substantial breakfast in order to work hard during the day. In the evening, they prefer a light supper. When Koreans entertain favorite guests, they serve special dishes such as "bool-ko-gi" (marinated fire steak), "kalbi" I (ribs), "chap-chae" (sweet noodles with vegetables), and shrimp. "," a pickled and very spicy cabbage, is relished by most Koreans.

I Only a few Koreans own private cars. Most of them depend on public transportation. Even school children either walk to and from school or ride public buses. In rural areas, many people use tractors to carry their I goods. River boats are another means of transportation. Although the major cities are connected by rail and highway, Korea has spent many years I rebuilding the bridges, roads, and tracks destroyed during the Korean War. The most -popular sport in Korea is soccer. Other favorites are baseball, basketbail, tennis, and ping pong. Korean folk wrestling and Tae-Kwon-Do, or I karate, are widely enjoyed as well. During the holidays, Koreans play many traditional games, such as cookie-bobbing, seesawing, shuttlecock, and swinging. (For additional information about these games, see the selection I "Korean Games" in the Cultures Resource Files for Korea.) I I /2

The traditional dress worn by Korean women is the "han bohk." It consists of a short blouse, the "chogori," and a flowing silk skirt, the "chima." Men wear a shirt, vest, and trousers. Most modern Koreans prefer Western clothing, however, and the elegant, centuries-old c�stume seldom is worn on ordinary occasions except by elderly people. On holidays, though, the entire family dons brightly colored traditional attire, indicating tacitly the continuing importance of tradition to contemporary Koreans. Koreans celebrate birthdays, but unlike people in the United States they do not add another year to their ages at each birthday. At birth a baby is considered one year old. When the New Year arrives, the child becomes two years old. At each subsequent New Year, not at each birthday, a person grows another year older. Four birthdays--birth, the hundredth day, the first birthday, and the sixtieth-are regarded as extremely special. They are celebrated with great splendor. o Birth To protect a baby from evil after its birth, a straw rope is hung across the gate to the house. Twisted to the left in a spiral, it is intertwined with pine branches and red peppers if the child is a boy. For a girl, pine branches and charcoal are woven into the rope. tf the parents hope to have more children, they burn the rope under the eaves of the house after 21 days. If they want no more children, they burn the garland or bury it �t some distance from the house, usually in a clean, sunny place on a mountain. I o The Hundredth Day ("Paekil") "Paekil," the hundredth day after a child's birth, is celebrated by the I immediate family, relatives, and close friends because the child has survived a difficult period. Rice cakes, wine, and delicacies such as red and black bean cakes sweetened with sugar or honey are served at a I small feast. The parents give rice cakes to as many people as possible to help share the happiness of the occasion. I o First Birthdav ("Tol") The celebration for the first birthday is similar to "Paekil," but the I highlight occurs when the child symbolically predicts his or her future. For the party, the child is dressed in new, traditional Korean clothes. A boy wears the headgear of an unmarried youth, and a girl is I adorned with cosmetics. The child is seated before a table of foods and various objects: thread, books, notebooks, brushes, ink, and money, all given by friends and relatives. The object the baby picks up is said to foretell the future. If it is a WTiting brush or book, I the child will become a scholar; money and rice signify wealth; cake or other food, a government official; a sword or bow, a great military commander; and thread, a long life. At this time, guests often present I gifts of money, clothing, or gold. At the end of the gathering, departing guests are given packages of rice cake and other foods. Especially welcome are the rice cakes, which are thought to bring long life and happiness. 13

After "Tol," the birthday of any member of the family is observed with food and wine, but festivities are limited. Toe sixtieth and seventieth birthdays are considered especially important, however, because without the benefit of modem health care, few Koreans reached these birthdays in the past.

• Sixtieth Birthday ( "Hwan-Gap")

A person completes the zodiacal cycle on "Hwan-Gwap," the sixtieth birthday, whi ch is a time for great celebration. The children invite all the family friends to an elaborate feast in honor of their parents. With much merrymaking, the parents are seated at the main table, and sons and daughters, in order by age, bow to them and offer them wine. Toe father's younger brothers and their sons and daughters then pay their respects in the same manner. When the ritual is over, adults and children join in dancing an d singing. They also present poetry and songs written e�pecially for their parents. After the sixtieth birthday, every year is celebrated, but not so spendidly as "Hwan-Gap." I

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� - A SUMMARY OF THE EXHIBIT "5000 YEARS OF KOREAN ART This summary will review the various ages of Korean I development presented by the film entitled "5000 Years of Korean I Art" and how the ideas of these times influenced the art forms. Korean art reaches back to find its beginnings in the 1- Neolithic Age (5000BC-6008C), Bronze (600BC-3008C), Iron age (400BC-300BC), and Nangnang (108BC-313AD). Many of the items found 1 during these times were utensils used in daily 1 ife, such as a I clay pot, or in the tombs of royalty. The emergence of the Three Kingdoms occurred between the first I century BC and seventh sentury AD and they were called Koguryo, PaeKche and Silla. Each Kingdom was greatly affected by its I geographical location. Koguryo was found in the north and was Known for its warl iKe tendencies. This area served as a "gateway"

I to Chinese ideas especially in its beliefs of Buddhism that spread I through the rest of Korea. Evidence of distant thought was apparent in the soldering technique found in Korea. It can be I traced to the Mediterranean Region and dated between 206BC and 220AD. PaeKche was in the fertile southeast and was noted for its I skilled artisans. The ceramic works emphasize flat bottoms and a I gentle practical style . This region transmitted ideas from the mainland to Japan. In the southwest was Silla. This area was the I wealthiest and most conservative of the Three Kingdoms. The ceramic Kilns were especially famous, however, due to the

I composition of the clay the resulting product had a coarse I texture. I: IS

Much of the art from this age was retrieved from various tombs discovered in the twentieth century. Some of the most important finds were the Golden Grown Tomb and Heavenly Horse. Due to the

I lavish burial practices of this culture, a large amount of gold, I silver, and bronze interns were buried with the deceased. (Many of the objects were never designed for actual use.) Most of the I crowns and ornaments were constructed of gold spangles and comma-shaped jewels, commonly of jade. Through these ancient

I treasures it can be seen how the people of these times may have I shaped their life-styles. An example of this is the miniature buildings uncovered. I Between 668 and 918AD the Three Kingdoms merged into a prosperous and stable Unified Silla. By the nineth century Korea I control led maritime comerce between Eastern China, Korea and I Japan. It had even established trading communities along the South China coast. With this international contact came the profound ✓ I impact of Buddhism from the T ang Chinese upon the Korean culture. The Three Kingdoms accepted this faith partially due to the belief I that the nobles and state would be protected. Monastaries were ornately constructed to house the spreading belief. One example I can be seen in the rooftiles that adorned these structures. They I reflected Unified Silla workmanship with deep carving of elaborate and elegant hooks and scrolls. However, as powerful as Buddhist I thought was, the once-separate kingdoms each retained a bit of its I own individual style. Buddhist images began to reflect the aggressiveness of Koguryo, naturalism of Paekche and a fusion of I styles from Silla. I I Even though cremation was a common Buddhist practice, the I aristocracy continued to construct royal burial tombs. (However, multiple burials in towerlike tombs replaced the single I structures.) One of the most famous burial places of this time was ✓ I that of Prime Minister Kim Taesung built upon Mt. T oham in Kyongju (715AD>. This displayed the mixture of old rich burial I practices of the royalty and Buddhist prominence. The tomb was carved of figures from the pantheon of Mahayana Buddism.

I In 918 Wang Kum toppled the deteriorating central government I of Unified Silla and established the Koryo Dynasty which flourished unti 1 1392. During this time moveable type was I introduced, a Chinese style civil service used and education for the nonaristocratic male arose. Buddhism was at its height and j this was apparent in the main forms of Korean art. Metalwork i sholAJed an extravagant us.e of inlaid designs such as. bronze or· mother of pearl with silver. This was found in many worKs gracing i temples. A significant contribution from the Koryo Period was the - development of celadon glaze. Korean artisans experimented with I this green glaze in combination with inlay designs. This resulted in extremely intricate worK. This technique is dated through ✓ I simple celadon ceramics found in King Injong s tomb in 1146. This celadon glaze became increasingly complex with the close of the I century. I The Koryo Dynasty faced its downfall however with harsh attacks from the Monguls. A religious effort was made by the I Korean people to repel these invaders by carving the Buddhist I I l'T I texts in 81,258 woodblocks. This occurred between 1236 and 1251 I and they are the oldest complete set of the Buddhist canon Kr,own as the Tripitaka Koreana. I Out of this turmoil emerged the Yi Dynasty founded by General I Yi Song-gye. (Early Yi dates from the fifteenth to sixteenth century and the Late Yi from the last half of the seventeenth to I early twentieth century.) With this new rule came the influence of Confucianism and suppression of Buddhism. Local developments were

I emphasized as Korea focused its sights inward and attention I shifted from the upper class to the people. The delicate celadon ceramics were being replaced with a stolid shape of white I porcelain. (A blue underglaze was used however for the gentry.) ✓ The creation of the Korean alphabet was sponsored by King Sejong s I reign in 1419 through 1450. Up to this time the Chinese language I was dominant. In an effort to revert back to older Chinese ways of Confucianism was emphasized. During the rule of Yongjo (1725-1776) I and Chongjo (1777-1800) Confucian scholalrs helped to foster a "rebirth" of Korean culture. New students of practical learning I spurred awakening interest in the real world, such as the silhak. Painters began to depeict actual Korean scenery and people. In the I Late Yi period, motifs life the "Four Gentlemen" and "Ten I Longivities" emerged as distinctly Korean trademarks. These motifs had sumbolic purpose. I Throughout this redi �-covery of Korean culture, however, there was domestic unrest, natural disaster and invasion. Christianity

I and Western thought crept into Korea via China as early as the I sixteenth century with noticeable evidence by the eighteenth. Painting adopted European shadings. The introduction of foreign

thought had a lasting impact on Korean 1 ife. The tone and style of

the Korean nationality was not lost, however, and remained present in the Late Yi artworks. As the West impressed the East, the East also impressed the West. B.C 1,000 900 800 700 600 E 500 ASTERN ANCIENT PUYO MAHAN CHINHAN BOWMEN CHOSON zQC 400 (BARBARIAN) I z)> 300 200 100 I .,. 0 AD LLA 100 PAEKCHE I KOGURYO B.C. C. 200 2nd CENTURY B.C. 1st CENTURY NTURY I I I A.O.. 300 668 AD. 660 AD. 400 500 I 600 700 I 800 PARHAE (669-928) . 900 I 1000 1100 I 1200 1300 I 140 1500 1600 CHOSON (YI DYNASTY) 170 (1392-1910) I 1800 1900 19

fil.Guidel ines for the Romanization of Korean

I 1. Basic Principles for Transcription

(1) Roman iza tion i■ baaed on I tandard Korean pronunciation.

I (2) No ■ymbol■ except Roman letter■ are u■ed,10 far a■ po■■ible.

(3) Romanization follow■ the principle of 'one letter (or set of letter■) per I phoneme.'

I Z. Swnmary of the Transcription System (1) Vowel■ are tran■cribed a■ follow■:

I ■imp le vowel■ a 6 o u i1 i ae e oe

I diphthong■ :ya 76 yo yu yae ye iii wa wo wae we wi

I fNoteJLong vowel■ are not marked in tran■cription. (2) Con■onant■ are tran■cribed a■ follow■: 7 "Tl plo1ive■(1top1) I k,r kk k' C c::: I! I t,d tt t' t:11:1 ll I p,b pp p' ;:r. affricate■ � ch,j tch ch' I A >,A ,,. fricative■ 1,1h II h

C '- na■ah I n q I liquid■ r,l I I 2.,0

I I Siroplo Vowels: W BJ�[i] E] [I]G] [ill 0J 0] 6 0 u ae e ue *

I Diphthongs:

1. y+vowel I 2. w+vowel

i ui(wi) wa w..ie wo _we

(Lnx)

kg-k' n t-d-t' r-1 m P:b-p' s-sh ng ch-j-t' kiyok niun tikut riul m,um p1i1p siot ii'111g chii1t I

I ch'-t' k' t'-t' p'-p' h ch'ii1t k'i11k t'iut p'ii1p hii:1t

I Giottalized: (Tense) I kk-k' tt pp SS·t' cc ssang- ssang- ssang- ss ssang- kiyuk tiki",t piup s�ang- chiut I s,ot * The vowel ->-1 oe is pronounced in a fashion coming close to the o in the German word ol. The vowel ,.:i ue is pronunced more or less like the ii in the word I suss. However for many speakers both vowels do not exist or ari in free variation with the sounds we for the vowtl ->-1 and wi for the vowel ,.:i. , • ** The mark behind consonants stands for "unreleased." I I I Bow to write han'gul. I All symbols .of han'gul are written from top to bottom and from left to right. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. Strokes are never interrupted, not even when they I change direction half way.

1 1 I 2 3 -l 5 -2 3 4 5 I w 7 7 0] _.,. i cg L w L i @ - L [JI] l � I -· \ -·. ► � 7 L u i I @] i' 7 _,_ I OJ -> - -► I [ill i l- I l] I i !. -:;,,. I [2;J I \ rn ! t I [Q] 0 i [ill ! -> - ! I - I \ - l � rn I -> / - l � I \ .. GD I 22.

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 :l 4 -- _,. - -'> rn - ! 0] J t - - ' ' GI] l ! I 7�1 I J '' ! - - ! � ! 0] l ' ->- 0:] - i - [j] ) i - - - l>H I t ! l G t -- t _,,_ i I 0] BJ •, Gill ! ! -- [TI ! I - ' I [I] ! I Formation of some vowels r.ntl ilinhthongs. li = . � + l (ae) -11 = J.. -{- l (we)(oe) I ll . . � . + l (yae) J..� = _]_ + } (wa) I ➔l = . ➔ ; + l (e) J.ll = J_ + tl (wae) �l = . � . + l (ye) j:-l = T + i (wo) := - . + · l (ui) T + �) ( we) -l ' l I .;q1 = • ,· l (wi)(ue) I n := 'T '+ . I --!! 01•·----

I I ., Q yo. (6 I v • o• ' yo u yu UI I 1 I I :II, � :a. . " I -- ·- 1.. Ji-:-- - , .. _l.!.. 1� l Z 'l=� J � ;;TTf I � � '�· � 1� K,� ·� I I f \]_ •-+"T,o i �J: .,_. "� j J�E

I t tip,1 I DJ� P,e I I • 1:]�,lo

$ ,I _,, :a. I � • ng - ro_, c�,., i, '7_A�l,

ll1 � c I :I¼� ,, I I �=-1QI( )

fj 'T' :IE � I. -� �I ,�.-,, It ...- I " �'<.9� i .l The last consonant of. a syllable is called patclfun ("J-'tl). Some of I these consonants actually sound the same when the syllable is pronounced I, separately.

I They are:

(1) ,, =J, 11, �-·····represented by ',' I example : .zt, cq:, �, 'A, �, �. ft.

1 I (2) ,_, \:ls', �,' represented by 'L-' I example : 0J, f:i, ti, � •0 l3) t:, A, ;:-:., �. E, .M••····represented by •c' I �xample : oJ., ¾, �, ½, 11J-, �.

i '·U i!, u., �-·····represented by '2.' examp I le : ,t, 11', it.

I (5) a, a?••····represented by ''C' I �pie: ir, V• I (6) 1:1, lI., �-·····represented by 'l:I' I 0 aample: J, ,l, �. I I· I I, I OJ� ___ �6

shoes � . .: • 00y. , L ttl butterfly . I L - � 1:1 I

0 tC:, ..,

. I .: • I I , :c I I a 1:\-el bridge - i------song . I 0 0 • C c:: Cl 2.. !r. CH

-'· .� ',,J'-•" .. -

I Cl II�;t) pant s . i 0 - HI I=! t1 A 2 . 0 1-a- Z? milk

epoon 0 .....•··:) ; :a

-�� 0 i A A 'o 0 0 0 I I Al I 0 T

purse I I � -- tooth-paste � I ' 0 I A A ' O-,f rabbit I,'t knife 1! I 1· · 7 - 71 -1 c I £ 71 I�

- O 1,.,..4 i J� ----�3 ii I -

D sun i t11 grape �-- I -� I Kl ., 01 0 tH :?_ I I L------;=±==���== I ruler \."l you ��

I I ii or o-f L: I II��- ---1 I: I tongue medicine af I cl: ot= 0 t= -1-_Jo ..LJ I_ 0 7 Ci =, o1 0 I � ------..:::.2-r

cow i!" eyes 0 L I -LL

rh\ ·■■-- � I Q orange .I. i' I JT 0 :i -::1. I l -II I ,rI l � I I I oJ teeth gold I I . � I 0 -::1. -i� D 01 o I o I 30

Lesson 1: What's This?

� ,(J- desk � ,(J- 0 l oil ..a. is a desk 0l 111 this thing 1. 01711 � ,(J- 0l o11..a.. This is a desk. . "1l book 0 is a book � l oil..a. .:i?J. as to that thing 2. .:z_?J. j.Jl O l oil JL That's a book. cl- language �� Korea

D �� J- Korean language 3. �� cJ- j.Jl ol o:i1.a.. It's a Korean language book.

�,r-1= � window ;;i.J-¾0 l oil ...a. is a window �?J. as to that thing yonder That over there is a window. 4. .,;,?J. %¾ 0 l o11.a.. �� blackboard � 3l-.J:'0 l oil...a. is a blackboard 5. � 7J. 3l-.J: � 0l oil.a.. That over there is a bla.::kboard. o}-l--1oi l ..a. is not (something or somebody) � �l-(71-) chair � �l-7l- 0l-"1oi l ..a. is not a chair 0 as to this thing 1 zj_ 6. ol?J. ��l-7} o}l--lo!l..8... This is not a chair. 3J

Port I

Al.£. map Al£0il.8.. is a map 7. � ?J. Al £Oil.a. . That over there is a map. .::z..i (ol) drawing, picture s. .:i. �o 1 o l-1-1Oil ..a.. it's not a picture.

Questions-and-Answers

� ?11 that thing there 1. � 711 Al .£.oilA ? Is that over there a map? �1 Yes �1. .:i.?J. ;..1.£.eil.a.. Yes, tbat'1 a map.

o] 2. ?J. ;;l:l.£. Oil .a.? ls this a map? .:i. �0 l Oil.a. is a picture Al .£.71- o}-1--]Oil A is not a map o}.h. No 0 l-.h. • .::z..?J. A1 .£.7 l- 0 l-1-1o:i l _e_ • No, that'snot a map. It's a picture. .:i. �0 l Oil .a..

3. 0 l .7J. ;;1:J.£.Oil .a. , .::z..0 � 1 Oil.a. ? Is this a map or (is it) a picture? Al.£. Oil .a.. lt"s a map.

-v-1 some thing, what thing -v-1Oil .a. is what 4. o 1 111 � oil.a. ? What is this? � 0 1 Oil .a.. It's a book. 's. � .7J. -v-1o11 .a. ? What's that over there? door ¾ 0 1 Oil.a.. It's a door. 0J �11 ·�l.>1} �} Le 550n L: G,ee..-+i� s TEXT I th� first

lesson

greeting

Mr., Mrs., Miss, teacher, doctor

peace, good health, well-being

7.1 1l �J How are you?

o] PJ_

2. o1] >•V 1� �}�11 £..? / Fine (thank y0u), and you?

\t�l the weather ;;,.J very �o}-£.. (i�;,;j -) 1s (arc, am) good

o.J_ z11l �J: Very fine weather, isn't it?

o o] .5i J_ Yes, it's very nice!

ti ;z. ..2.. Jl.- p these days, nowadays

interest, enjoyment

how is? how are? :fi.J: How are you getting along these days?

just

am (is, are) so so

PJ_ o] � o V 6 • .:i� .:i � ;,;j_a_,/��.'\, (Just) so so. (I can't complain.) 2 ;·-1 .:_:,,(j'_ 33

..

exclamation indicating sudden re­ membrance -.5:. also

7J QJ_. � V ov 7. ;;iJ fil .,(J. -

7J_·;;;�J L(;,J_�-i-Al -) conveys, transmits, passes

7-l"' QJ_ � 0 V 0 0 0 !). ::i.1l-f{} . 1:1J <21·\!- aj_ tH "f�AJ]Jl.,r. Picase give him my best_ regards. oJ � oJ 0 0 10. o!] , r.✓.J-81] E. t!-];;(] Jl., r. I certainly will. .:I.� well, then

.3:. again

.Y.j o-J..O... (.YJ;<)- ) meets (honorific)

7-ln QJ_ � Well, I'll see you again.

oJ � oJ. 12. oJ]. r.'ll-� �1 7}--'i]..8... � Good-bye!

III o-1� where goes

� How do you do, Mr. No_. (Lit: Where are you going, Mr. No?) (for) a long time elapsed since

V Oh! Mr. Chon! Its a long time since w� met. lately, nowadays lives, spends, gets along � How have you been lately? extremely is busy.

X. � ;i:J_ o V 16, 0�"'r tl��}Ji..r. I've been very busy.

aj_ � Why? Korea word, language Korean (langur.ge) studies

X. � ;i:J_ o 18, fil�";[V �-¥--li}-.=.t!-}.:i!...S...,o o r. Because I am studying Korean. � Jf (Conversation),

? • '1 l,J�r -

G 1� �J-1J 9r?� Fine, thank you. �1 How are you? - -�,nve annyon�hasimnikka?------1-/4�11 z:J-_ c .i1.v+11 r.rJ Thank you. II �amsahamnida.(komapsumnida.) I )711�� &.}-_ I'm sorry. I --mi anhamnida.

�i l7� oi] -P}M._.,J J _i:l (� 'O1- 0 ) You' re we lco�e. � � � �-, I. � '- -�1I �.. • W � v II ___chonmane malsswnimnida. __.-- (chonNneyo. ) I I II I I Good-bye. 1 � �1 (s,,;�,, ,, fl, ��-•s �l. any�ngi kasipsio. y.

tct..sip:Si'o

-,--j.� � !?} ? What's your name? erumt. moo u t ,·l'Y' n; r 'l.

My name is Yi Yong Ja.

chon�n &i Yong J a/imnida. &1J if (Conversation)

How much is this?

( :z.{J) 500 ;cr � z:.J-.� They are 500 won. t1 v . . d �uion obaek won 1mn1 a.

Where are you going?

Odie kasimnikka?

I'm going downtown.

11naee kamnida •

�'-l(ail)�1 �r11��r ? Where do you live? odieso sasimnikka?

���,(1 1£'1i:.r. I live in sinchon. ti nc-hon suinida � , 1� .1=-�1�vi.} �r ? What will you have? ir.uol tusigessuruakka'?

Please give me s ome pulgogi. �_a71 � 11 AJ .2_ • f,. pulJOgi chom chusipsio.

How is the taste?

� o l � _2.{p-J.r} l t' S d� 1 i Ci OU S. 111,ai i sswnnida. (It doesn't taste good) - *ol �Vl-f.z:J-.) I (�1si 0,lumnida,) I � �;(J.1... I- I I -r,-0 0 I �,... -jJ-ll I (Conversation�

Do you need a chair? ii '\4fJ.A, • 11 ,- 1·,�hasimr1ikka ,- . • I I �,. � 42- �"fi:.f. Yes, I want to rest. ,J �e., ,r1 I jo t:Ji;o sipsumnida. I Do you like Kimchi? I K� ...d;.;f ehoahasimnikka. I Yes, I like it. ye, t�uuai.nikka.

I 0 ,{if / -f--g-��} � I s Se ou 1 n ce?i Stoul I �hD•uanikka. I I Yes, It• s very nice. I I I __ Fami[v Uiirds 40 -- / >oj 0/- Ir/ A/ �J-li1&J

� '5l v-J 11 (JA�4rndl� ) I I I •I I I 11· >o�

C bro+he-r) .. 8tJd Parfs J AL �1 Z-1 (lr ) ot '[

) 01 °r (�

llti c�uLJ

0 J . ( -,,u-,Lri..)

( ( i.LL-L ) j_G-- oJ f (hf )

lfA/»l ) 1[ r l ))� (r) i, c+ ii { 1Lt J !, __;J.- 2 J- (f-1.Lv ) ...--c. ' 1 � (1,u.Li: )

>ii ( UA. ) . ))it1 t {AdJ

( d/ri, r ) 5-- iJ- � • :rrf iJ; (�,ill) �} • f_ {_Jr ;J--i 7

>o-� oJ ( tvldt._J

-;,JJ- oJ (�)

J!_. if (-rF)

\JJ "tj (�) ) {h.-4�,L/ �� §J-0

(�' »�� .1- il �n (J�) -�---- - 1-..3 l/um_ber Wdnls /0 1 2 3 Lj- 5 6 7 t Cf ��n , ,,, o:l1� o4 � of} "i ' l c oJJ ,,,1, /, {�;J � �,, ""- � aJ, hOfl- r� da.sLlt dj t" M 'I hA. n(. dul Sal "'lltl yusut '1 lt'R d,r, ',.J,i� - -I r'-. ------rrf] 3L / ' -t:.. 1L t 0 I\� 0 � 1 ;( � --1- ' I Jf� � oj t:J 1 �C- q- LL � 54.J, oft_ k Ktr0 i f(fll. e),i,l. f,.u S !f

-% i- 0i (d,,iJtt_J ;

£_ _ft_ oJ_ (:..!� _i l ol _fl_ o tJ� ) C- 2 - I •I

l::J -, ��

4r t! ,;,il:f ·» oJl •:!7J- } .g- �� cu�.a.. 4r t! ,;,il:f ·» oJI .x.cJ- } .g- �� il �.a.. 4r t! ,;,il:f ·» oJI 3}c,t } 'it �� cu�.a.. I •� 7J- t!} .g- i» t!} .g- '5"} � t!}.g-o].:.c..8.. .x.cJ- t!} .g- ¥ t!} .g- � t!}"J-o].:.c..8.. A Fan I 3}c,f t!} .g- e'O t!l- .g- t!}-c} t!}.g- 0 l �1 .a.. There is a red wind in the fan 4r . ,;,i'd ·» oJI '5"} � o l �� cu�.a.. There is a yellow wind in the fan. 4r There is a blue wind in the fan. I ,;,il:f ·» oJI �t:J o] �� cu�.a.. t! The red wind is a sun wind, the wind from the sky ,;,il:f ·» 4roJI }tj-7} �� il�.8... . The yellow wind is a flower wind, the wind from the ear1 I The blue wind is a water wind, the wind from the sea ...... - .. -�.... - There is a sky in the fan. There is an earth in the fan. There is an ocean in the fan. I 2 /- °A� c.c.J-1} t),� ,{�Jo{� 1/ � �,-:r i> 4,, b b �0 y t Jil �19 LJ_ 0 &::_l] - 2� �7\ 111 �.: 0 e'> t =ri� Si 0 t i� Sa Kun Ja

4. Put a sheet of blanket under your rice-paper and sl™IY rotate your wrist. If you are holding your brush correctly, the paint should follow the center of the leaf and lt4Vt the paper at the end of the leaf. 5. Control the ink stick color--darkest, dark, and light. Method: Now dip the brush in the water and then move your brush across the top I of the jar to remove sane of water. Dip the brush in dark ink until it becomes well filled with nedium dark, then put just the tip of the brush point in the darkest color, I The •four gentlemen" are four flowers/plants, each of which is a symbol of some aspect of character and life. The orchid s)'lnbolizes deep fragrance, a I Mafeetness of spirit that comes from within; the chrysanthemum stands for dignity and chastity and endurance as it withstands frost. The plu� blossom is purity and truth, and the bamboo s)'lnbolizes strength, bravery and honesty. As each of us tries to perfect these characteristics in our lives, we becone I more perfect human beings or "gentlemen,• This strengthening of character: the diligence, perseverance, practice, and patience it takes to discipline I oneself finally becones evident in one's painting. I I I I HOW TO PLAY YUTE .. Korean Dice

Yute, which is similar to parchisi, is one of the most popular games in Korea.

' Enjoyed by young and old alike, it is played by two teams. Players try to distance each other on the yute board, moving from the starting point to home. Four yute

sticks, similar to dice, are thrown m the air, to determine the number of moves.

Directions:

0 Played by two teams of any equal number of players.

0 Played on the floor or on the table if the game is small.

0 Alternate players between the two teams when throwing the yute sticks.

The yute sticks are rounded on one side and flat on the other. If yute sticks

are not available, you can substitute halved walnut shells, dried beans - any

object that are rounded on one side and flattened on the other side.

Materials: yute board and five yute "men"

1. To - one flat-sided man up - move one spot

2. KAE - two flat-s1ded men up - move two spots

3. K UL - three flat-sided men up - move three spots

4. YUTE - four flat-sided men up - move four spots and throw again

5. MO - all rounded-side men up - move five spots and throw again

RuJes:

I. t'f you already have your own •man• on a spot where you want to go, you

I may piggy-bac·k your "men" and move together.

2. If an opposite "man" is on the spot where you need to go, automatically

the opposite "man" is off the game board.

Object of the Game:

To move a1J four "men" around the board as· quickly as possible using the shortest

route. - BAH-DOOK - (Territory Game) I ( 4(•re.a. n )

I This is an ancient game played year round. Often tournaments are held to rank I the players who compete, somewhat like brown belt, green belt, and black belt in Tae Kwan Do. Except for the few who compete, the game is usually played at I home between father and son and lasts for days and days. This game is well known in Japan as the "GO" game. The lower ranked player always plays with black stones

I and starts first. I Materials: I 0 18 X 18 board lined with 1 X 1 inch squares I 0 Black and white smooth flat stones (Usually 180 white and 181 black stones are used for . really serious players; otherwise, you can substitute dark and light I dried beans.)

I Directions: I 0 Place stones one at a time on the spot where the two lines are crossed, not in the square as in the case of chess or checkers. I 0 Try to surround opponent's stones. Remove opponent's stones when they are I totally surrounded and acquire the territory. 0 The game is over when au the territory is taken by the two players. I 0 Count squares of the territory you acquired. The person with the more squares I wins. I I I BAK DOOK - Modified

Object of the Game:

0 To line up 5 stones in a row, either vertically, horzontaUy, or diagonally

before your opponent does. This game is similar to the TIC-TAC-TOE

game.

Materials:

0 Playing board

Black and white .stones (substitute with dark and light dried beans)

Directions:

0 Two players in turn place stones one at a time on the intersection or cross­

section on the board.

0 The first player to have 5 stones in a row either vertically, horizontally, ·

or diagonally wins.

' .. .. -, • .. � � .. .. / . .. , .. , j .. -✓ ..... � , . .. "'r.. ' , ....., so

G•u of �orea

These games are popular with Korean people. Many of them will be familiar to I you. In the games, you will be learning some Korean words.

Kabve, labve, lo - Sciaaora, Stone, Paper

This game may be used to decide who will take the first turn in a game or activity. It can also be played in groups as teams and the one with the most points wins.

Directions:

Each player faces his partner or members of the group and to the chant of "Kahwe-Bahwe-Bo," each player shakes his fist up and down three times. On the third time (on the syllable "Bo"), the players place their hand in one of the positions below:

PAPER ROCK SCISSORS

I Winning positi ons: 1. Stone beats scissors because it dulls scissors.

2. Scissors beats paper because it can cut it.

3. Paper beats st one because it can wrap it.

I If there is a tie, try again until there is a winner. I I I I ltobng-ghee

This game is simil ar to "Jacks." Each player needs five small stones or five Korean bean bags. Lay them on the floor. Pick up one stone and toss it int o the air, pick up another stone from the fl oor and then catch the stone you tossed up before it hits the floor. Lay one stone to the side (or hold one in your palm) and repeat until all four stones have been picked up.

Next, toss one stone in the air and pick up two stones and repeat.

Next, toss one stone in the air and ppick up three stones at once. Pick up the remaining one the same way.

Next, pick up all four stones.

When the player misses the stone in the air or the ones on the floor, the turn is lost and the opponent ta kes over.

When all the steps are completed, the player throws all five stones in the air and catches as many as possible on the back of the hand. Leaving the stones on the back of the hand, the player tosses them .in the air and, with the pa lm still down, tries to catch them in the air.

This is a complete cycle. One point is given for each stone caugh t.

If there were three stones on the back of the hand and the player only catches two, only two points are earned.

Ito, l.o, Ito, Ip (nose) (nose) (nose) (mouth)

This is a "Do as I say, not as I do" game. Sit either in two lines facing each other or in a circle. If you have two lines, each line should select a leader. The leader tries to get the opposite team to do what he does and not what he says.

The leader faces the opposite team and points to his nose and says, Ko, Ko, Ko, when he is ready to sa y Ip, he points to something else. The leader ma y say any other pa rt of his body but doesn't point to it. The players who touch what the leader touches and not what he sa ys are out.

The team tha t outlasts the other team is winner or in a· circle the player who outlasts all others is the winner.

"Ko, Ko, Ko, Ip" means nose, nose, nose, mouth. Su bstitute "nose" with other languages for additional variation or learn more Korean words such as Noon-­ eyes, Kwe--ears, Bahl--foot, Sohn--hand, Dari--leg. (mixed vegetables) 1/2 lb. be-ef, cut into thin strips 3-4 green pepper (long-horn) 1 onion . 1 carrot 4-5 Chinese mushrooms I 1/2 lb. Chinese vermicelli 2 eggs 2 tablespoons vegetable oil 1/2 teaspoon black pepper - Mixture A: 2 tablespoon soy sauce 1 teaspoon minced ginger 1 teaspoon minced garlic I dash of pepper Mixture B: 1 1/2 tablespoons soy sauce 1 tablespoon sugar I 1 tablespoon sesame seeds 2 tablespoon sesame oil Combine meat and Chinese mushrooms with mixture A. Saute in vegetable oil over high heat. I Seedlessed green pepper, onion, carrot: cut into thin strips of uniform sizes. Saute in vegetable oil. Cook Chinese vermicelli, drain and cut into 7-inch lengths. I Separate eggs, make thin omelet, cut into thin strips. Combine all ingredients with mixture B. Egg whites and yold on top. Garnish I dried chili pepper. Serve immediately.

GALBI ( '{ 'dI ) I ( with Ribs) 6 slabs of rib, cut into 3-4 inches square pieces. Score each piece deeply every 1/2 inch. 4 tablespoons sugar I 1 1/2 spoons pepper MixtureA: 4 tablespoons soy sauce 4 tablespoons minced green onion I 1 tablespoons sesame seeds 2 tablespoons sesame oil 2 teaspoons minced garlic I 1 teaspoon minced ginger Prepare rib separately with half amount of mixture A. Add sugar to ribs, sprinkle pepper. Combine ribs with mixture A. Let stand 30 minutes. ' Broil on a charcoal fire. Serve hot. I I I I I Mahn-Doo < oJ- � >

How lo use chupsticks. I a. Pick up lhe chopstick allllost as if you were going to hold a pen, but place it at the base of your thumb with the third and fourth fingers supporting about ½ or the chopstick, leaving your index finger free 10 use as a le\'er. I b. Now place lop chopstick in a parallel position, hl'ld firmly with the 1humb and index finger, practice picki,:g up an imaginary grain of rice. I c. The first chopstick always remains firmly in posi1ion in the crock of your 1humb, and held there hy yom third and forth finger, the lop i:hopstirk is used as a lea\ier and I should IllO\'e freely. You use 1he pair as pin1.:ers lo pick up any food you wish. a I b I I I Al

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