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George Mason University the Governor's Asian Studies Academy GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY THE GOVERNOR'S ASIAN STUDIES ACADEMY 1989 I I I I I I ��� I I uJ- I I I I I I I ill I I I Contents page REPUBLIC OF KOREA National Flag 1 Map •.••••••••• 3 Geography and Demography. 4 History Historical Summary•. 5 Po 1 i ti ca 1 System .•• 6 Economic System..••• 6 Educational System •• . 7 Religion and Philosophy•• 8 Language••••••••••• 9 Family and Culture ••• 9 I Birth .•..•.....•. 12 The Hundredth Day .. 12 First Birthday ••••• 12 II Sixtieth Birthday. 13 A Summary of Korean Art. 14 Guidelines for the Romanization of Korean. 19 Vowels and Consonants ............ 20 How to write Hangul ( Korean Orthography) 21 Language Lesson 1: What"s This? 30 Lesson 2: Greetings•• 32 Conversation.. 35 I Family Words. 40 Body Parts .. 41 Color Words. 42 Number Words. 43 I Reading A Fan ..... 44 I Word Search 45 Cultural Activities Four Gentlemen (Brush Painting). 46 I Yute Korean Dice 47 I Bah-Dook (Territory Game). 48 I Korean Food •••••■ ••••••••••••••••••••■ •••••••••••••••••••••• 52 Korean Songs Arirang ••• 54 I Half Hoon. 55 Hy Hat is Triangular. 56 I HcCUNE-REISCHAUER ROHAI\IIZATION 57 I I I - 1 I I I I I I � I I 0� I � � 0 I ...\' , 1-r-\'U...... \U .....J I 2 I � I I I I I 1 -- ,. - - - - -- - - ·-- .. II, --- --- c� ..... -? J\ The Korean flag symbqlizes much of the thought and rhi lo sopy of the Orient. The symbo l, am scaetimes the fla g itself, is called Tae Kuk. ilepicted on the flag is a circle divided equally and lo cked in perfect balance. The red section repreaenu the Yang (plus) am the blue section the 'Ja Cminue), an ancient symbol of the laliverse origirwting in Chin.a. These two opposite• expreu the dualism of the cosmos: fire am water, day and night, dark and light, cons truction and deatruction, muculine am fmainine, actiYe and passive, hea t am co ld, plus am mi.nus, ard so on. The central tho ught in the Tae Kuk indicates that whil e there is co nstant movement within the sphere of infinity, bala nce and harmooy are dso present. Three bars at each corner also carry the idea of opposition aod balance. The three �broken bars star¥! for heaven; the opposite three broken bars represent the ear th; the two bars with a broken bar between thaa symbolize fire; the opposite figure is the symbol of wa ter. , � I 3 - I I kilometers 50 109 200 I: miles 1011 I NOR I KORE ·; -.:-...� .,J,z. , ·:� ·,, .. "' . -a.. :· I .�.-.; tF r I' t I I SOUTH I KOREA sea ye l l o.w.���.. ;�'::>��'£ ' � I ..,:, Se· a. -�r; .. Taegu. I I I. .. 4- REPUBLIC OF. KOREA 1t0llEA CEOGIAPBY AND DEMOGRAPHY Korea, the "land of the morning calm," is located northeast of China on a peninsula which juts almost 500 miles into the surrounding seas. To its west is China's Shantung Province, which lies about 119 miles across the Yellow Sea. In the opposite direction the East Sea, known also as the Sea of Japan, separates Korea from Japan. The nearest Japanese island is located about 163 miles from Korea. To the north the border with China is formed by the Paektu Mou�tains and by two rivers, the Amnokgang and the Tumangang. (These rivers often are identified by their Chinese names, the Yalu and the Tumen.) A ten­ mile strip along the northern boundary touches the Soviet Union. Approximately the size of New York, Korea is divided into two parts by a 487-square-mile demil;tarized zone. The Republic of Korea is south of the dP.militarized zone. Its capital is Seoul. The northern part, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,.contains about· 55 percent of the peninsula's total land area. Its capital is situated at Pyongyang. Nearly 70 percent of the I peninsula's terrain is mountainous. Most of the mountains are found in the north and on the eastern coast. Along the coasts are many e�cellent harbors, I such as Wonsan, Pusan, and Inchon. The climate of Korea has been compared with that of Boston or London, warm in the suII111er and cold in the winter. Spring and fall last three months I each. The rainy season, which extends from June through September, brings about 70 percent of the annual rainfall. Census figures from 1979 show approximately 17,500,000 people i� the I People's Republic of Korea. In 1980, the Republic of Korea had about 37,550,000 inhabitants; this population is less rural than in the pa3t. About 42.8 percent of the people lived in the country, another 2 percent dwelled I along the sea, and the rest were ur ban. The four large metropolitan areas are I Seoul, the capital city, Pusan, Taegu, and Inchon. I The material in this overview has been prepared by the English as a Second I Language Program, Fairfax County Public Schools. c County School Board of Fairfax County, Virginia 1984 I 5 I BISTOJlY Historical SU11111ary 2333 B.C. Tangun, a legendary figure, is credited as the founder of Korean civi lization. In time Korea became known as "Chosun-the land I of the morning calm." 668 A.D. The Silla kings joined three warring tribes into one united I kingdom which covered the entire peninsula. 936 The Koryu kingdom began to rule Korea. I 1392 The Yi dynasty was established. 1592 The Japanese invaded Korea for the first time. After six y£ars I of warfare, combined Korean and Chi ne�e forces expelled them. 1876 Korea opened its ports to outside trade, ending JOO years of I isolation. During those JOO years it had become known as the "Hermit Kingdom." I 1882 Relations between Korea and the United Sta tes were established. I 1910 Korea was formally annexed by Japan and the Yi dynasty ended. 1946 At the.conclusion of World War II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union exercised influence over the north I and the United States over the south. 1950 The North Korean army invaded the south, resulting in a three­ I year war. 1953 A cease-fire was declared at the 38th parallel. Syngman Rhee I was chosen President by the National Assembly. 1960 President Rhee resigned, and Yun Bo Suk became President. I 1961 General Park Chung Hee seized power. I 1962 Park Chung Hee was elected President. 1983 General Chun Do Hwan was elected President. I 1986 The Asian Olympiad will be held in Seoul. I 1988 Seoul will host the 1988 Summer Olympic Games. I I 6 POLinCAL SYSTEM Until the twentieth century, Korea's government was based on Confucian socio-political doctrine. Its role was to assure a proper relationship between the elite ruling classes and the populace in an authoritarian, hierarchical social order. This traditional system of government was abolished by the Japanese when they annexed Korea in 1910. At first the Japanese established a military dictatorship. Eventually, they granted Koreans moderate control of the government although they continued to administer and to exploit Korea for their own benefit. After World War II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two administrative divisions. The I Soviet Union exercised political influence over the north, and in the south the United States sponsored the pro-Western democratic government of the I Republic of Korea. The current Constitution of the Republic of Korea provides for· a parliamentary system of government with executive, legislative, and judicial I branches. The chief official of the executive branch is the President, who is elected to a single seven-year term by the electoral college. The electoral college, in turn, is composed of at least 5,000 electors, who are ·popularly I elected by secret ballot. The legislative branch comprises the unicameral National Assembly. Its 276 members are chosen by popular vote for four-year terms. The National Assembly has authority to make laws, direct foreign I poli�y, declare war, control the administrative agencies that implement the laws of the country, and impeach. Judicial power is vested in the court system, which includes the Supreme Court, appellate courts, and district I courts. I ECONOMIC SYSTEM For generations, the mainstay of the Korean economy has been agri­ I culture. Since mo.st of the land is mountainous, farmers have concentrated on increasing the yield of their limited arable land. About two-thirds of the farmland in the .Republic of Korea is used for rice, and growing enough rice to feed the nation has been a heavily emphasized goal. Other foods raised in I significant quantities by farmers in the south are barley, wheat, soybeans, corn, millet, fruits, and potatoes. Many of these foods are processed as I canned goods. During the 1960s the Republic of Korea's urban economy started to bloom. In the countryside, on the other hand, it remained stagnant. To help I the rural population, the New Community Movement ("Saemaul Undong") was begun in 1971. Through this program villages have been modernized, modern methods of farming have been introduced, and the rural way of life has been I revitalized. To harness the energy of the rivers, the People's Republic has built many I hydroelectric plants in the mountainous north. There, most of Korea's iron ore is mined. Important deposits of tungsten and graphite are located in the I south. I 7 I Because Korea's natural resources are not abundant, trade is becoming its { economic life line. The manufacture of cotton textiles is one of the oldest and largest industries in Korea. Major export items produced by the Republic I of Korea are steel, nonferrous metals, industrial �achinery, electronic products such as television sets and computers' <'Ott'on - and silk textiles' footwear, clothing, automobiles, and plastic products.
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