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The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean Society : Causes, Context and Consequences

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The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean Society : Causes, Context and Consequences Loughborough University Institutional Repository The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean society : causes, context and consequences This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Additional Information: • Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fullment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12893 Publisher: c Ji Hyun Cho Please cite the published version. This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ ._ Loughborough ., University University Library Author/Filing Title ...............?Jf. .C? .......................... ........................................................................................ { Class Mark .................................................................... Please note that fines are charged on ALL overdue items. · , 1~~I~i~ro I I~lllllllml The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean Society: Causes, context and consequences by JiHyun Cho A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in Partial fulfilment ofthe Requirements for the Award of The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University September 2009 Supervisor: Professor Alan Baimer School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences © Ji Hy"n Cho (2009) .--~....,,-.--.-.--.. ---,,=~,------------ i,~,:·,;.·,,:·,r'(::):)\\, ----- r~~~4 I'~~':~'~l';'"; ~,,;.~~ . ,- .. I 'V) ~~,\ ,.,.,~ ~::J 1 ABSTRACT The overall aim of the research project is to investigate the alms and the consequences of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The Seoul Olympics took place over twenty years ago, and the event has had a significant impact on South Korean society which is best explained by reference to theories of globalization and mega events. The project uses qualitative methods and a variety of data sources to evaluate the domestic impact of the Games in relation to culture, politics, sport, and economics. The analysis is contextualised within an understanding of Korean history with specific reference to Japanese colonialism and relations between North and South Korea. Particular attention is paid to the decision by most of the Communist bloc to participate in the Seoul Olympics, despite a North Korean boycott. The thesis also examines the reasons that lay behind Seoul wiuning the right to host the Games, as well as the post­ Games consequences, both of which are addressed using empirical data drawn from interviews and documentary evidence. Having addressed the evidence within the context of wider sociological debate concerning globalisation, the thesis concludes that South Korea's political, economic, cultural and sporting interests were well served by the Seoul Olympic Games, and that hosting a mega-event of this scale helped to accelerate South Korea's modernisation process and its emergence on the global stage. Keywords: Seoul Olympics, Olympism, globalisation, mega events, Korea, KOC, lOC -- ~- --------------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has felt like a performance involving my entire life. The hosting of the Seoul Olympic Games was a great influence on my ambition to become an elite athlete and enhanced my interest in sport. My thanks go to the SLOOC (Seoul Olympic Organisation Committee) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for making the Seoul Games happens. During the four years of my PhD life (2005 to 2009) in the UK, there are a number of people to whom I must thank. First of all, I would like to say thank you deeply to Professor Alan Bairner, my supervisor. His unique and wise supervision has helped me to have an efficient work ethic and made me confident enough to finish this doctoral thesis. His academic tutelage and excellent guidance, as well as his help through other supervisory duties, have enabled me to write up my PhD thesis. I will never forget his excellent supervision. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor John Evans as my director of research; I thank him for his support and advice. He has superior educational skills and great experience of working with students; he often asked me about my PhD progress and this helped me to develop my doctoral thesis. Thirdly, thank you to all of my Loughborough University colleagues and ISSA (International Sociology of Sport Association) scholars. I would like to say that this has been a really good opportunity to meet and know them all which in turn has proved to be a most important factor in learning to develop my understanding of PhD-level knowledge and an enormous influence on me to become a researcher in a global society. Fourthly, much thanks go to the Korea Olympic Committee (KOC) for providing me with the scholarship necessary to have the opportunity to do a PhD programme. I am so pleased and proud to have been the first ever South Korean elite athlete to receive a PhD scholarship to study in the West. Because of this opportunity and the motivation it gave me, I will try my best to work for South Korea's future sport development in the future. In addition, my thanks go to the Europe-Korea Foundation (EKF) and The United Kingdom Education Office (UKEO) for their support, which helped me to realise my original goal of working towards a PhD degree in a Western country. Deep thanks also go to my interviewees, Or Park She-Jik, Or Lim Burn-Jang, Mr Kim Myung-Gon, Mr Kim Seung-Gone, Mr Park Gun-Man, Mr Beack Ki-Moon, Mr Yoon Kang-Roh, Mr Park Young-Soo, Professor Chung Hee-Jun, Professor Roh Myung-Woo, and Professor Ok Gwang. They gave me a deep understanding of South Korea's history and the background of the Seoul Olympics, providing very useful interview data which enabled me to effectively conduct this project. I would also like to thank the President of the Korea Judo Association (KJA), Kim Jung-Haeng, who always looked after me and encouraged me to become a talented person and to succeed in global society. In addition, my thanks go to Professor Lee Hak-Rea (Han Yang University; International Judo Federation (UF) Honorary Member), a prominent leader in South Korea's physical education and international society, whose influence has had a great impact on me since I was young. Furthermore, thanks to my Masters (MSc) supervisor Dr Kim Sook-Ja (Ewha Women's University), who was also a role model as a successful academic scholar, and always supervised me with a warm heart. I deeply thank all of these people. Lastly, Mum and Dad, thank you very much for your great mental and financial support. I know that Mum and Dad are always concerned about my work and miss me very much. My PhD studies may have been difficult and involved hard times; however, it's time now for me to start to make my parents happy and work for a brighter life in the future!! Table of Contents ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLE iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERl GLOBALISATION, SPORT AND THE GROWTH OF MEGA EVENTS 1-1. Introduction 6 1-2. The Globalisation Phenomenon 7 1-3. Sport and Globalisation 18 1-4. The Concept of Mega Event 24 CHAPTER 2 KOREAN POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 2-1. Introduction 32 2-2. The Chosun Period 33 2-3. The Japanese Colonial Period 38 2-4. The Development of the Korean 43 Peninsula (1945-1987) CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT IN KOREA 3-1. Introduction 53 3-2. Pre-Modem Sport in Korea 53 3-3. The Effect of Japanese Colonisation on Sport 55 3-4. The Sports Republic in South Korea (1960-1988) 58 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY AND METHODS 4-1 Introduction 68 4-2 Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions 69 4-3 Paradigmatic Parameters 72 4-4 Methodological Considerations 82 4-5 Methods/Techniques 85 CHAPTERS THE SEOUL OLYMPIC GAMES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 5-1. Introduction 93 5-2. Towards the Seoul Olympic Games 94 5-3. Seoul versus Nagoya: the Bidding Process Unfolds 100 5-4. Relationship between North and South Korea and the IOC 106 5-5. Build up to Hosting the Seoul Olympic Games 117 CHAPTER 6 INTERVIEW DATA FINDINGS 6-1. Introduction 129 6-2. Political Consequences 129 6-2-1. The Three Political Consequences 129 6-2-2. Democratic Consolidation 134 6-2-3. The Seoul Olympics and Improved International Relationships 138 6-2-4. Two Koreas: The Relationship between North and South 140 6-3. Economic Consequences 14S 6-3-1. From Third World Nation to Olympic Hosts 145 6-3-2. The Urbanisation of Seoul 148 6-3-3. The Economy, the Olympics, and Relations with the USA 150 6-3-4. The Samsung & Hyundai Groups and the TOP Programme 154 6-4. Social and Cultural Consequences 158 6-4-1. Seoul as a Global City 158 6-4-2. Social Changes 159 6-4-3. Tourism 161 6-4-4. South Korea's Cultural Industry 165 6-4-5. Corruption 168 6-5. Sporting Consequences 172 6-5-1. South Korea's Sporting Miracle 172 6-5-2. Elite Sport Development in South Korea 175 6-5-3. Leisure Sport in South Korea 181 6-5-4. Professional Sport Development in South Korea 186 CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSION 7-1. Introduction 191 7-2. Globalisation and South Korea 191 7-2-1. Politics and the Globalisation of South Korea 194 7-2-2. Globalisation: Economic and Socio-Cultural Formation 197 7-2-3. Globalisation and the Seoul Olympic Games 199 7-3. Mega Events and South Korea 203 8. CONCLUSION 8-1. Evaluation of the Research 212 8-2. Limitations of the Research 214 8-3. Future of the Research 215 8-4.
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