DOCSLIB.ORG

The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean Society : Causes, Context and Consequences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Loughborough University Institutional Repository The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean society : causes, context and consequences This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Additional Information: • Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fullment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12893 Publisher: c Ji Hyun Cho Please cite the published version. This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ ._ Loughborough ., University University Library Author/Filing Title ...............?Jf. .C? .......................... ........................................................................................ { Class Mark .................................................................... Please note that fines are charged on ALL overdue items. · , 1~~I~i~ro I I~lllllllml The Seoul Olympic Games and Korean Society: Causes, context and consequences by JiHyun Cho A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in Partial fulfilment ofthe Requirements for the Award of The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University September 2009 Supervisor: Professor Alan Baimer School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences © Ji Hy"n Cho (2009) .--~....,,-.--.-.--.. ---,,=~,------------ i,~,:·,;.·,,:·,r'(::):)\\, ----- r~~~4 I'~~':~'~l';'"; ~,,;.~~ . ,- .. I 'V) ~~,\ ,.,.,~ ~::J 1 ABSTRACT The overall aim of the research project is to investigate the alms and the consequences of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The Seoul Olympics took place over twenty years ago, and the event has had a significant impact on South Korean society which is best explained by reference to theories of globalization and mega events. The project uses qualitative methods and a variety of data sources to evaluate the domestic impact of the Games in relation to culture, politics, sport, and economics. The analysis is contextualised within an understanding of Korean history with specific reference to Japanese colonialism and relations between North and South Korea. Particular attention is paid to the decision by most of the Communist bloc to participate in the Seoul Olympics, despite a North Korean boycott. The thesis also examines the reasons that lay behind Seoul wiuning the right to host the Games, as well as the post­ Games consequences, both of which are addressed using empirical data drawn from interviews and documentary evidence. Having addressed the evidence within the context of wider sociological debate concerning globalisation, the thesis concludes that South Korea's political, economic, cultural and sporting interests were well served by the Seoul Olympic Games, and that hosting a mega-event of this scale helped to accelerate South Korea's modernisation process and its emergence on the global stage. Keywords: Seoul Olympics, Olympism, globalisation, mega events, Korea, KOC, lOC -- ~- --------------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has felt like a performance involving my entire life. The hosting of the Seoul Olympic Games was a great influence on my ambition to become an elite athlete and enhanced my interest in sport. My thanks go to the SLOOC (Seoul Olympic Organisation Committee) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for making the Seoul Games happens. During the four years of my PhD life (2005 to 2009) in the UK, there are a number of people to whom I must thank. First of all, I would like to say thank you deeply to Professor Alan Bairner, my supervisor. His unique and wise supervision has helped me to have an efficient work ethic and made me confident enough to finish this doctoral thesis. His academic tutelage and excellent guidance, as well as his help through other supervisory duties, have enabled me to write up my PhD thesis. I will never forget his excellent supervision. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor John Evans as my director of research; I thank him for his support and advice. He has superior educational skills and great experience of working with students; he often asked me about my PhD progress and this helped me to develop my doctoral thesis. Thirdly, thank you to all of my Loughborough University colleagues and ISSA (International Sociology of Sport Association) scholars. I would like to say that this has been a really good opportunity to meet and know them all which in turn has proved to be a most important factor in learning to develop my understanding of PhD-level knowledge and an enormous influence on me to become a researcher in a global society. Fourthly, much thanks go to the Korea Olympic Committee (KOC) for providing me with the scholarship necessary to have the opportunity to do a PhD programme. I am so pleased and proud to have been the first ever South Korean elite athlete to receive a PhD scholarship to study in the West. Because of this opportunity and the motivation it gave me, I will try my best to work for South Korea's future sport development in the future. In addition, my thanks go to the Europe-Korea Foundation (EKF) and The United Kingdom Education Office (UKEO) for their support, which helped me to realise my original goal of working towards a PhD degree in a Western country. Deep thanks also go to my interviewees, Or Park She-Jik, Or Lim Burn-Jang, Mr Kim Myung-Gon, Mr Kim Seung-Gone, Mr Park Gun-Man, Mr Beack Ki-Moon, Mr Yoon Kang-Roh, Mr Park Young-Soo, Professor Chung Hee-Jun, Professor Roh Myung-Woo, and Professor Ok Gwang. They gave me a deep understanding of South Korea's history and the background of the Seoul Olympics, providing very useful interview data which enabled me to effectively conduct this project. I would also like to thank the President of the Korea Judo Association (KJA), Kim Jung-Haeng, who always looked after me and encouraged me to become a talented person and to succeed in global society. In addition, my thanks go to Professor Lee Hak-Rea (Han Yang University; International Judo Federation (UF) Honorary Member), a prominent leader in South Korea's physical education and international society, whose influence has had a great impact on me since I was young. Furthermore, thanks to my Masters (MSc) supervisor Dr Kim Sook-Ja (Ewha Women's University), who was also a role model as a successful academic scholar, and always supervised me with a warm heart. I deeply thank all of these people. Lastly, Mum and Dad, thank you very much for your great mental and financial support. I know that Mum and Dad are always concerned about my work and miss me very much. My PhD studies may have been difficult and involved hard times; however, it's time now for me to start to make my parents happy and work for a brighter life in the future!! Table of Contents ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLE iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERl GLOBALISATION, SPORT AND THE GROWTH OF MEGA EVENTS 1-1. Introduction 6 1-2. The Globalisation Phenomenon 7 1-3. Sport and Globalisation 18 1-4. The Concept of Mega Event 24 CHAPTER 2 KOREAN POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 2-1. Introduction 32 2-2. The Chosun Period 33 2-3. The Japanese Colonial Period 38 2-4. The Development of the Korean 43 Peninsula (1945-1987) CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT IN KOREA 3-1. Introduction 53 3-2. Pre-Modem Sport in Korea 53 3-3. The Effect of Japanese Colonisation on Sport 55 3-4. The Sports Republic in South Korea (1960-1988) 58 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY AND METHODS 4-1 Introduction 68 4-2 Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions 69 4-3 Paradigmatic Parameters 72 4-4 Methodological Considerations 82 4-5 Methods/Techniques 85 CHAPTERS THE SEOUL OLYMPIC GAMES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 5-1. Introduction 93 5-2. Towards the Seoul Olympic Games 94 5-3. Seoul versus Nagoya: the Bidding Process Unfolds 100 5-4. Relationship between North and South Korea and the IOC 106 5-5. Build up to Hosting the Seoul Olympic Games 117 CHAPTER 6 INTERVIEW DATA FINDINGS 6-1. Introduction 129 6-2. Political Consequences 129 6-2-1. The Three Political Consequences 129 6-2-2. Democratic Consolidation 134 6-2-3. The Seoul Olympics and Improved International Relationships 138 6-2-4. Two Koreas: The Relationship between North and South 140 6-3. Economic Consequences 14S 6-3-1. From Third World Nation to Olympic Hosts 145 6-3-2. The Urbanisation of Seoul 148 6-3-3. The Economy, the Olympics, and Relations with the USA 150 6-3-4. The Samsung & Hyundai Groups and the TOP Programme 154 6-4. Social and Cultural Consequences 158 6-4-1. Seoul as a Global City 158 6-4-2. Social Changes 159 6-4-3. Tourism 161 6-4-4. South Korea's Cultural Industry 165 6-4-5. Corruption 168 6-5. Sporting Consequences 172 6-5-1. South Korea's Sporting Miracle 172 6-5-2. Elite Sport Development in South Korea 175 6-5-3. Leisure Sport in South Korea 181 6-5-4. Professional Sport Development in South Korea 186 CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSION 7-1. Introduction 191 7-2. Globalisation and South Korea 191 7-2-1. Politics and the Globalisation of South Korea 194 7-2-2. Globalisation: Economic and Socio-Cultural Formation 197 7-2-3. Globalisation and the Seoul Olympic Games 199 7-3. Mega Events and South Korea 203 8. CONCLUSION 8-1. Evaluation of the Research 212 8-2. Limitations of the Research 214 8-3. Future of the Research 215 8-4.
Recommended publications
  • Global Sports – Opportunities for UK Companies South Korea

    Global Sports – Opportunities for UK Companies South Korea

    Opportunity Korea Global Sports – Opportunities for UK companies South Korea South Korea In the next four years Korea will see an unprecedented level of activity at the host the Asian Games in Incheon, the Universiade in Gwangju, the IOC Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and the FISU World Swimming Championships in Gwangju. Korea is no stranger to hosting global sports events, and it has hosted (amongst others): 1986 - Asian Games in Seoul 1988 - IOC Summer Olympics in Seoul 2002 - FIFA Football World Cup 2002 - Asian Games in Busan 2011 - IAAF World Athletics Championship in Daegu Incheon Asian Games – Sept 2014 changes at the top of the committee. Gwangju Universiade – July 2015 The Asian Games are larger in scale South-Western city Gwangju will host than the Summer Olympics, While the Incheon Committee was the summer Universiade (World consisting of 36 sports, around 13,000 impressed by the UK’s staging of the Student Games) in July 2015. The athletes and officials and 7,000 London Olympics in 2012, much of games will feature 21 sports and host broadcasters. The organising UK’s good work will have come a little 7,000 athletes from 170 countries. committee of the Incheon Games has too late to influence the Incheon stated it will use a mixture of existing committee who have been driven by Four new venues (including the and new venues. The main stadium low cost options. British companies swimming complex which will be used has been designed by UK company have delivered some technical for the FISU World Swimming Populous (the designers of the solutions, may be involved in the Championships in 2019) will be built, stadium at Stratford).
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Troubled Category of Rural Bachelors in Contemporary South Korea a Dissertation Submitt

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Troubled Category of Rural Bachelors in Contemporary South Korea a Dissertation Submitt

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Troubled Category of Rural Bachelors in Contemporary South Korea A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures by Hannah Saeyoung Lim 2015 © Copyright by Hannah Saeyoung Lim 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Troubled Category of Rural Bachelors in Contemporary Korean Society by Hannah Saeyoung Lim Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Namhee Lee, Chair This dissertation takes the rural bachelor as a social category through whom to analyze the dialectic relationship between the rural community and state-led industrialization policies in reconfiguring the landscape of contemporary Korean society. This project is the first to examine this figure from an academic perspective and historicizes the surge of cross-border marriages between Korean men and non-Korean women in recent decades. Previous scholarship on contemporary Korea generally focuses on urbanites, industrial laborers, and issues of femininity and women’s experiences. While this scholarship tends to overlook the role of the countryside in the nation’s rapid post-1960 socio-economic transformation, this dissertation redresses this issue by focusing on the masculine subjectivity of rural bachelors as an avenue for analyzing how uneven economic development hit particularly hard in rural Korea. Through discursive analysis of post-1960s films, television programs, and newspaper articles about the countryside, this project demonstrates how public anxiety over rural bachelors and their marriage woes refracts distress over how to preserve the national “heartland” in the global turn to neoliberalism.
  • A Sociocultural Analysis of Korean Sport for International Development Initiatives

    A Sociocultural Analysis of Korean Sport for International Development Initiatives

    A Sociocultural Analysis of Korean Sport for International Development Initiatives Dongkyu Na Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Kinetics School of Human Kinetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa © Dongkyu Na, Ottawa, Canada, 2021 Korean Sport for International Development ii Abstract This dissertation focuses on the following questions: 1) What is the structure of the Korean sport for international development discourse? 2) How are the historical transformations of particular rules of formation manifested in the discourse of Korean sport for international development? 3) What knowledge, ideas, and strategies make up Korean sport for international development? And 4) what are the ways in which these components interact with the institutional aspirations of the Korean government, directed by the official development assistance goals, the foreign policy and diplomatic agenda, and domestic politics? To address these research questions, I focus my analysis on the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and its 30 years of expertise in designing and implementing sport and physical activity–related programs and aid projects. For this research project, I collected eight different sets of KOICA documents published from 1991 to 2017 as primary sources and two different sets of supplementary documents including government policy documents and newspaper articles. By using Foucault’s archaeology and genealogy as methodological
  • The Globalization of K-Pop: the Interplay of External and Internal Forces

    The Globalization of K-Pop: the Interplay of External and Internal Forces

    THE GLOBALIZATION OF K-POP: THE INTERPLAY OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES Master Thesis presented by Hiu Yan Kong Furtwangen University MBA WS14/16 Matriculation Number 249536 May, 2016 Sworn Statement I hereby solemnly declare on my oath that the work presented has been carried out by me alone without any form of illicit assistance. All sources used have been fully quoted. (Signature, Date) Abstract This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis about the growing popularity of Korean pop music (K-pop) worldwide in recent years. On one hand, the international expansion of K-pop can be understood as a result of the strategic planning and business execution that are created and carried out by the entertainment agencies. On the other hand, external circumstances such as the rise of social media also create a wide array of opportunities for K-pop to broaden its global appeal. The research explores the ways how the interplay between external circumstances and organizational strategies has jointly contributed to the global circulation of K-pop. The research starts with providing a general descriptive overview of K-pop. Following that, quantitative methods are applied to measure and assess the international recognition and global spread of K-pop. Next, a systematic approach is used to identify and analyze factors and forces that have important influences and implications on K-pop’s globalization. The analysis is carried out based on three levels of business environment which are macro, operating, and internal level. PEST analysis is applied to identify critical macro-environmental factors including political, economic, socio-cultural, and technological.
  • Is Saemaul Undong a Model for Developing Countries Today?

    Is Saemaul Undong a Model for Developing Countries Today?

    Is Saemaul Undong a Model for Developing Countries Today? Paper prepared for International Symposium in Commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of Saemaul Undong Hosted by the Korea Saemaul Undong Center September 30, 2010 Edward P. Reed, Ph.D.1 In spite of rapid urbanization in most parts of the world over the past two decades, rural development remains a major challenge for developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. According to a recent World Bank report, “75 percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas and most are involved in farming.”2 There is also new urgency for addressing rural problems generated by population pressure on land, water and other resources, threats to the environment, climate change, and widening income disparity between rural and urban areas. National governments and international development assistance agencies are once again placing increased emphasis on rural and agricultural development as critical for reducing poverty and achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. If today’s programs are to achieve their objectives they must learn lessons from the many rural development initiatives pursued over the past decades. One of these past programs was the Saemaul Undong, or New Community Movement, initiated by President Park Chung Hee in South Korea in the early 1970s. The purpose of this paper is to examine this program for lessons that might inform today’s rural development programs in developing countries. One reason for a close look at the Saemaul Undong (SMU) is the success achieved by Korea in a relatively short time (the decade of the 1970s) in raising incomes and improving living standards in rural areas, thus narrowing the urban-rural divide.
  • NCKS News Fall 2014.Pdf

    NCKS News Fall 2014.Pdf

    N A M C E N T E R FOR K O R E A N S T U D I E S University of Michigan 2014-2015 Newsletter Hallyu 2.0 volume Contemporary Korea: Perspectives on Minhwa at Michigan Exchange Conference Undergraduate Korean Studies INSIDE: 2 3 From the Director Korean Studies Dear Friends of the Nam Center: Undergraduate he notion of opportunity underlies the Nam Center’s programming. Studies Scholars (NEKST) will be held on May 8-9 of 2015. In its third year, TWhen brainstorming ideas, setting goals for an academic or cultural the 2015 NEKST conference will be a forum for scholarly exchange and net- Exchange program, and putting in place specific plans, it is perhaps the ultimate grati- working among Korean Studies graduate students. On May 21st of 2015, the fication that we expect what we do at the Nam Center to provide an op- Nam Center and its partner institutions in Asia will host the New Media and Conference portunity for new experiences, rewarding challenges, and exciting directions Citizenship in Asia conference, which will be the fourth of the conference that would otherwise not be possible. Peggy Burns, LSA Assistant Dean for series. The Nam Center’s regular colloquium lecture series this year features he Korean Studies Undergraduate Exchange Conference organized Advancement, has absolutely been a great partner in all we do at the Nam eminent scholars from diverse disciplines. jointly by the Nam Center and the Korean Studies Institute at the Center. The productive partnership with Peggy over the years has helped This year’s Nam Center Undergraduate Fellows program has signifi- T University of Southern California (USC) gives students who are interested open many doors for new opportunities.
  • Corporate Hierarchies, Genres of Management, and Shifting Control in South Korea’S Corporate World

    Corporate Hierarchies, Genres of Management, and Shifting Control in South Korea’S Corporate World

    Ranks & Files: Corporate Hierarchies, Genres of Management, and Shifting Control in South Korea’s Corporate World by Michael Morgan Prentice A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Matthew Hull, Chair Associate Professor Juhn Young Ahn Professor Gerald F. Davis Associate Professor Michael Paul Lempert Professor Barbra A. Meek Professor Erik A. Mueggler Michael Morgan Prentice [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-2981-7850 © Michael Morgan Prentice 2017 Acknowledgments A doctoral program is inexorably linked to the document – this one – that summarizes the education, research, and development of a student and their ideas over the course of many years. The single authorship of such documents is often an aftereffect only once a text is completed. Indeed, while I have written all the words on these pages and am responsible for them, the influences behind the words extend to many people and places over the course of many years whose myriad contributions must be mentioned. This dissertation project has been generously funded at various stages. Prefield work research and coursework were funded through summer and academic year FLAS Grants from the University of Michigan, a Korea Foundation pre-doctoral fellowship, and a SeAH-Haiam Arts & Sciences summer fellowship. Research in South Korea was aided by a Korea Foundation Language Grant, a Fulbright-IIE Research grant, a Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, and a Rackham Centennial Award. The dissertation writing stage was supported by the Rackham Humanities fellowship, a Social Sciences Research Council Korean Studies Dissertation Workshop, and the Core University Program for Korean Studies through the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and Korean Studies Promotion Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2016-OLU-2240001).
  • Christian Communication and Its Impact on Korean Society : Past, Present and Future Soon Nim Lee University of Wollongong

    Christian Communication and Its Impact on Korean Society : Past, Present and Future Soon Nim Lee University of Wollongong

    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Christian communication and its impact on Korean society : past, present and future Soon Nim Lee University of Wollongong Lee, Soon Nim, Christian communication and its impact on Korean society : past, present and future, Doctor of Philosphy thesis, School of Journalism and Creative Writing - Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Wollongong, 2009. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3051 This paper is posted at Research Online. Christian Communication and Its Impact on Korean Society: Past, Present and Future Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wollongong Soon Nim Lee Faculty of Creative Arts School of Journalism & Creative writing October 2009 i CERTIFICATION I, Soon Nim, Lee, declare that this thesis, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Creative Arts and Writings (School of Journalism), University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Soon Nim, Lee 18 March 2009. i Table of Contents Certification i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vii Abstract viii Acknowledgements x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Christianity awakens the sleeping Hangeul 12 Introduction 12 2.1 What is the Hangeul? 12 2.2 Praise of Hangeul by Christian missionaries
  • Of the ROK with a Summary of the January 8-9 1986 Meeting Between the Two Korean NOCS

    Of the ROK with a Summary of the January 8-9 1986 Meeting Between the Two Korean NOCS

    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 15, 1986 Letter from the International Olympic Committee President to the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the ROK with a Summary of the January 8-9 1986 Meeting between the Two Korean NOCS Citation: “Letter from the International Olympic Committee President to the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the ROK with a Summary of the January 8-9 1986 Meeting between the Two Korean NOCS,” January 15, 1986, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, International Olympic Committee Archives (Switzerland), SEOUL’ 88/ 2EME REUNION DES 2COREES 1985-86. Obtained for NKIDP by Sergey Radchenko. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113482 Summary: A letter from IOC President Samaranch to the North Korean Olympic Committee, which included a summary of a recent meeting between the Olympic Committees of North and South Korea, at which some of the issues discussed were events that could be held in North Korea, the torch relay, and future meetings. Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Mr. Chong Ha KIM President Korean Olympic Committee C.P.O Box 1106 CONFIDENTIAL SEOUL / Korea Lausanne, 15th January 1986 Ref. No. /86/afb Re: Second meeting between the NOC of the Republic of Korea and the NOC of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Dear Mr. Kim, Further to the meeting held in Lausanne on 8th and 9th January 1986 between the NOCs of the Republic of Korea and of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee, please find enclosed a resumé of the following discussions in which your delegation took part: - discussions between the IOC and the delegations from the NOCs of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; - discussions between the IOC and your delegation alone.
  • Extended Start List 拡張スタートリスト / Liste De Départ Détaillée

    Extended Start List 拡張スタートリスト / Liste De Départ Détaillée

    Yumenoshima Park Archery Field Archery 夢の島公園アーチェリー場 アーチェリー / Tir à l'arc Terrain de tir à l'arc du parc de Yumenoshima Men's Team 男子団体 / Épreuve par équipes - hommes MON 26 JUL 2021 Quarterfinal Start Time 13:45 準々決勝 / Quart de finale Extended Start List 拡張スタートリスト / Liste de départ détaillée Format In the team competition, the team shoots a series of matches, each match consisting of the best of 4 sets of 6 arrows (2 arrows per team member) in all rounds. After every set, the trailing team shoots first. In each set a team can score a maximum of 60 points. The team with the highest score of that set is awarded 2 points. In case of a tied score, both teams are awarded 1 point. As soon as a team reaches 5 set points (5 of 8 possible) it is declared winner and advances to the next round. The team has 120 seconds to shoot 6 arrows in alternate shooting format. In alternate shooting, the alternation between the teams will take place after all the team members have shot one arrow. The archers of the team are free to choose who shoots first and can change without restrictions as long as each team member shoots 1 arrow per alternation. If a match is tied at the end of 24 arrows, a sudden-death shoot-off will follow, with each team member shooting one arrow for score. The team has one minute to shoot the three arrows, and the team will alternate shots. If still tied, another three arrows are shot for score.
  • Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga

    Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga

    JPJO 5 (2) (2020) 218-232 Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga Available online at: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/article/view/27256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v5i2.27256 Indonesian Women’s Rowing from 1986 to 2018: A historical, Social and Cultural Perspective Dede Rohmat Nurjaya*, Amung Ma’mun, Agus Rusdiana Prodi Pendidikan Olahraga, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia Article Info Abstract Article History : In 1954, the International Federation of Societes d'Aviron (FISA) organized the first Received June 2020 European women's rowing championship in Macon, France. Female rowing athletes Revised June 2020 around the world had actively participated for years, competing not only in local and national competitions, but also in international level. Apart from the historical evi- Accepted August 2020 dence that women could indeed compete at the international level, the FISA delegation Available online September 2020 found it more appropriate to limit women's international participation by shortening the distance of women's competitions to half of male athletes and limiting the number Keywords : and the type of race. Although women's international athletes were limited, the intro- Indonesia; Women Rowing; 1987-2018 duction of women's races at European championships created opportunities for female Era athletes to show their abilities to the public while challenging social and historical dis- course about Indonesian women's participation in rowing. Eversince this first race, female athletes and coaches had a desire to achieve gender equality in sports that are usually associated with men and masculinity. In 2003, their efforts culminated with the acceptance of women at European Championships, World Championships, and the Olympics, the change in the distance of women's rowing from 1,000 meters to 2,000 meters, and the introduction of women's lightweight class at World Championships and the Olympics.
  • Fishing and Early Jomon Foodways at Sannai Maruyama, Japan

    Fishing and Early Jomon Foodways at Sannai Maruyama, Japan

    Fishing and Early Jomon Foodways at Sannai Maruyama, Japan By Mio Katayama A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Junko Habu, Chair Professor Christine Hastorf Professor Mack Horton Spring 2011 Abstract Fishing and Early Jomon Foodways at Sannai Maruyama, Japan By Mio Katayama Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology University of California, Berkeley Professor Junko Habu, Chair This thesis examines the economic vs. social and symbolic importance of fish in the foodways of the prehistoric Jomon culture (16,000-2300 cal BP) of Japan. To achieve this goal, quantitative analyses of fish remains excavated from a water-logged midden of the Sannai Maruyama site (Aomori Prefecture, Japan) are conducted. Dated to the Lower Ento–a phase (ca. 5900–5650 cal BP) of the Early Jomon Period, the midden was associated with large amounts of organic remains, including fish bones. The perspective employed in this dissertation, foodways, emphasizes the importance of social and cultural roles of food. Rather than focus on bio-ecological aspects and nutritional values of food, this thesis regards food as one of the central elements of individual cultures. In Japanese archaeology, food of the Jomon Period has been a central them to the discussion reconstructing the lifeways of prehistoric people of the Japanese archipelago. Large amounts of data, including faunal and floral materials, have been accumulated from numerous rescue excavations of Jomon sites that took place between the 1970s and late 1990s. These archaeological data allowed the development of detailed culture historical studies of the Jomon Period that span over 10,000 years.