DOCSLIB.ORG

Songbun North Korea’S Social Classification System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Songbun North Korea’S Social Classification System Marked for Life: Songbun North Korea’s Social Classification System A Robert Collins Marked for Life: SONGBUN, North Korea’s Social Classification System Marked for Life: Songbun North Korea’s Social Classification System Robert Collins The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 435, Washington, DC 20036 202-499-7973 www.hrnk.org Copyright © 2012 by the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0985648007 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012939299 Marked for Life: SONGBUN, North Korea’s Social Classification System Robert Collins The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 1001 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 435 Washington DC 20036 (202) 499-7973 www.hrnk.org BOARD OF DIRECTORS, Jack David Committee for Human Rights in Senior Fellow and Trustee, Hudson Institute North Korea Paula Dobriansky Former Under Secretary of State for Democ- Roberta Cohen racy and Global Affairs Co-Chair, Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution Nicholas Eberstadt Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute Andrew Natsios Co-Chair, Carl Gershman Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown President, National Endowment for Democracy University, Former Administrator, USAID David L. Kim Gordon Flake The Asia Foundation Co-Vice-Chair, Executive Director, Maureen and Mike Mans- Steve Kahng field Foundation General Partner, 4C Ventures, Inc. Suzanne Scholte Katrina Lantos Swett Co-Vice-Chair, President, Lantos Foundation for Human Rights Chairman, North Korea Freedom Coalition and Justice John Despres Thai Lee Treasurer, President and CEO, SHI International Corp. Consultant, International Financial and Strate- Debra Liang-Fenton gic Affairs Former Executive Director, Committee for Hu- Helen-Louise Hunter man Rights in North Korea, Secretary, The U.S. Institute of Peace Attorney and Author Winston Lord Greg Scarlatoiu Former Ambassador to the People’s Republic Executive Director of China Morton Abramowitz Marcus Noland Senior Fellow, the Century Foundation Deputy Director and Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics Jerome Cohen Of Counsel (Retired Partner) Jacqueline Pak Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP Professor, Cornell University Lisa Colacurcio Richard S. Williamson Advisor, Impact Investments Principal, Salisbury Strategies Rabbi Abraham Cooper Associate Dean, the Simon Wiesenthal Center (affiliations provided solely for identification) ABOUT THE AUTHOR benefitted from a number of gener- ous private donors, some of whom are Robert Collins, who has lived and worked members of our Board, and others who in South Korea for over three decades, has are not. met with and interviewed North Korean defectors and refugees since the 1970’s. The printing of this report was paid for by Mr. Collins received his Master’s Degree private contributions made in memory from a Korean-language program in inter- of a member of our Board of Directors, national politics from Dankook University Jaehoon Ahn, a North Korean defector in Seoul in 1988. He is a 37-year-veteran of whose distinguished career included the the U.S. Department of Defense. His profes- extraordinary achievement of being the sional focus during that period was politi- founding director of the Korean service of cal analysis of North Korea and Northeast Radio Free Asia. His personal dedication Asian security issues. After retiring from the to revealing the truth about North Korea Department of Defense, Mr. Collins contin- continues to inspire his colleagues in ued conducting research on the Kim Washington and many of his fellow defec- regime’s political structure using Korean- tors in Seoul. language sources at major Korean libraries and think tanks, as well as through inter- The Committee’s aim is to present a views with over 75 North Korean refugees. comprehensive report that takes into This report is based on that research. The account all known information about author dedicates it to those refugees. North Korea’s highly discriminatory politi- cal stratification system called songbun. We were very fortunate to be able to engage as the author of this report Mr. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Robert Collins, whose decades of service to the United States Government in Korea This study owes a great deal to the dedi- brought him into contact with North Kore- cation and hard work of many people. ans who had found their way to Seoul as The Committee for Human Rights in North early as the 1970s. An American whose Korea had the support of a major private knowledge of North Korean politics and foundation, which made this extensive proficiency in the Korean language research project possible. No funds from permits him to engage in in-depth discus- any government were used in the prepa- sions with defectors and conduct research ration of this report. The Committee also in major Korean archives, Robert Collins I Marked for Life: SONGBUN, North Korea’s Social Classification System has prepared a study that should enlight- study of the text helped make it the impor- en the world about songbun. tant exposé it is. Appreciation also goes to former Co-Chair and founding Board The Committee is particularly grateful for member Richard V. Allen, who strongly the contribution of the late Congressman promoted the songbun report and gave Stephen J. Solarz, its former Co-Chair. He priority attention to reviewing it. The report understood that, in order to compre- was completed under the management hend the nature of North Korea’s deeply of Chuck Downs, former executive direc- entrenched pattern of human rights viola- tor of the Committee for Human Rights in tions, one had to grasp the true nature of North Korea, whose contributions were songbun. Few politicians knew the term essential to the success of this endeavor. songbun, but Stephen Solarz did. He also was struck by similarities between North A number of highly talented interns have Korea’s songbun and South Africa’s system volunteered to work with the Commit- of apartheid, which although different, are tee while they pursue academic studies both based on the inequality of people. in Washington. Nine who contributed Having long campaigned against the their fine research, writing, and editing system of racial segregation in South Afri- abilities to this report—Jason Keller, Nicho- ca, when turning to North Korea, Stephen las Craft, Samantha Letizia, Maria Kim, Solarz saw how songbun also created Hannah Barker, Mintaro Oba, Rosa Park, deep divisions in society, and prevented Hyungchang (Vincent) Lee and James people from sharing the same opportuni- Do—deserve special mention for their work ties and from exercising their basic human on drafts of this report. Rosa Park’s graphic rights. Under both systems, inequality is artistic skills and talent enhance the pages assigned at birth, perpetuated throughout of this report, and are demonstrated in the a person’s lifetime and cruelly enforced by design of its cover. those in power to benefit themselves and their supporters. Greg Scarlatoiu Executive Director The contributions of time and effort of Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Members of the Board of Directors are June 6, 2012 not usually mentioned in our reports, but Co-Chair Roberta Cohen and Helen- Louise Hunter deserve special mention here, because their close reading and II Robert Collins FOREWORD ries are grouped into three broad castes: the core, wavering, and hostile classes. The North Korean government is one of Kim Il-sung gave a public speech in 1958 the few totalitarian regimes remaining in in which he reported that the core class the world. Even Cuba, one of the other represented 25%, wavering class 55%, and remaining totalitarian regimes, is begin- hostile class 20% of the population. ning to liberalize its economy however reluctantly, while it maintains total control These three classes may have affected over its political and social systems. A how families fared during the Great totalitarian regime in this context may be Famine of the 1990s, which Hwang Jang- defined as a government where every yop—the regime’s chief party ideologue aspect of human life is controlled and who defected to South Korea in 1997— ordered by the state to further the political estimated may have killed 3.5 million objectives of the ruling elite. In an authori- North Koreans. In mid-1998 the World tarian state—while repressive and often Food Program, UNICEF, Save the Children, brutal—people are generally allowed and the European Union conducted the some measure of control over their private first country-wide survey of the nutritional lives, as long as they do not threaten the condition of North Korean children. They power structure and existing order. The reported that 32% of the children showed North Korean government has the notable no evidence of malnutrition, 62% suffered distinction of being one of the most brutal, from moderate malnutrition, and 16% repressive, and controlled political systems suffered from severe acute malnutrition, of the past century. with an error rate of 5%. While the survey had its limitations because of restrictions North Korean totalitarianism is maintained placed on the effort by the North Korean through several powerful means of social state, it is noteworthy that the size of the control, the most elaborate and intrusive three social classes is about the same as of which is the songbun classification the size of the nutritional categories. If the system. The songbun system in some ways regime was feeding people
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Tumen Triangle Documentation Project
    THE TUMEN TRIANGLE DOCUMENTATION PROJECT SOURCING THE CHINESE-NORTH KOREAN BORDER Edited by CHRISTOPHER GREEN Issue Two February 2014 ABOUT SINO-NK Founded in December 2011 by a group of young academics committed to the study of Northeast Asia, Sino-NK focuses on the borderland world that lies somewhere between Pyongyang and Beijing. Using multiple languages and an array of disciplinary methodologies, Sino-NK provides a steady stream of China-DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea/North Korea) documentation and analysis covering the culture, history, economies and foreign relations of these complex states. Work published on Sino-NK has been cited in such standard journalistic outlets as The Economist, International Herald Tribune, and Wall Street Journal, and our analysts have been featured in a range of other publications. Ultimately, Sino-NK seeks to function as a bridge between the ubiquitous North Korea media discourse and a more specialized world, that of the academic and think tank debates that swirl around the DPRK and its immense neighbor. SINO-NK STAFF Editor-in-Chief ADAM CATHCART Co-Editor CHRISTOPHER GREEN Managing Editor STEVEN DENNEY Assistant Editors DARCIE DRAUDT MORGAN POTTS Coordinator ROGER CAVAZOS Director of Research ROBERT WINSTANLEY-CHESTERS Outreach Coordinator SHERRI TER MOLEN Research Coordinator SABINE VAN AMEIJDEN Media Coordinator MYCAL FORD Additional translations by Robert Lauler Designed by Darcie Draudt Copyright © Sino-NK 2014 SINO-NK PUBLICATIONS TTP Documentation Project ISSUE 1 April 2013 Document Dossiers DOSSIER NO. 1 Adam Cathcart, ed. “China and the North Korean Succession,” January 16, 2012. 78p. DOSSIER NO. 2 Adam Cathcart and Charles Kraus, “China’s ‘Measure of Reserve’ Toward Succession: Sino-North Korean Relations, 1983-1985,” February 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Appreciation to Our Peer Reviewers in 2019
    Editorial pISSN 2508-4798 eISSN 2508-4909 Ann Geriatr Med Res 2020;24(1):1-2 https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.20.0014 Appreciation to Our Peer Reviewers in 2019 Jae-Young Lim Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam Korea As we begin the first issue of 2020, the Editorial Board, Associate universe of Scopus will improve the visibility of our scientific liter- Editors, and Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Re- ature to researchers working in relevant fields. This achievement search (AGMR) would like to thank our reviewers for their ongo- would not have been possible without the voluntary contributions ing service and commitment to AGMR. We rely on the clinical of our reviewers to improve the scientific quality of our journal. and research expertise of peer reviewers to ensure that the manu- AGMR invited 62 experts to peer review manuscripts in 2019, scripts submitted to the journal undergo a thorough, fair, and time- some of whom received multiple invitations. With deep gratitude, ly review. I would like to particularly acknowledge the dedication of two of Over the last year, AGMR has continued to move forward as a these peer reviewers, Drs. Jongkyoung Choi and Sun-Wook Kim, growing platform for the academic needs of geriatrics and geron- who were selected to receive Best Reviewer awards. Once again, tology professionals and researchers. In November 2019, AGMR we appreciate the rigorous and conscientious efforts of all of our was accepted for inclusion in Scopus, an abstract and citation data- reviewers and humbly request their ongoing interest and support base from Elsevier.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korean Refugees in China
    NORTH KOREAN REFUGEES IN CHINA Findings • The Chinese government continued to detain North Korean refugees in China and repatriate them to the Democratic Peo- ple’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). North Korean refugees face se- vere punishments upon repatriation to the DPRK, including torture, imprisonment, forced labor, and even execution. The repatriation of North Korean refugees violates China’s obliga- tions under international human rights and refugee law. The UN Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Demo- cratic People’s Republic of Korea has stated that such repatri- ation may amount to ‘‘aiding and abetting crimes against hu- manity.’’ • Chinese and North Korean authorities continue to impose strict border controls. These controls are meant to deter North Korean refugees from escaping the DPRK, and the South Ko- rean government reported that about 1,047 North Korean refu- gees escaped to South Korea in 2019, compared to the 2009 peak of 2,914 refugees. The majority of North Korean refugees escape to South Korea via China and Southeast Asian coun- tries. • Chinese authorities’ crackdown on and expulsions of South Korean missionaries have undermined refugee rescue work carried out by the missionaries. South Korean missionaries and organizations play a crucial role in assisting and facili- tating the movement of North Korean refugees in China. Addi- tionally, further restrictions placed by Chinese and DPRK au- thorities during the novel coronavirus outbreak indirectly ham- pered missionary efforts to facilitate the movement of refugees in China. • The majority of North Korean refugees leaving the DPRK are women, who are often vulnerable to human trafficking.
    [Show full text]
  • Dankook University Offers Undergraduate, ACADEMICACAD Programsmaster and Doctoral Programs
    INDUSTRY-ACADEMICINDU COOPERATION FACTSFACT WHYWHY DANKOOK Building a new culture of industry-academia partnerships EstablishedEstablis 1947 Advanced Infrastructure System and Industry-Academic Internship • The Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation operates in various centers in • The knowledge-based industries surrounding Jukjeon campus represent Jukjeon Digital Type Private / Comprehensive cooperation with the government, including local government offices, research Valley such as Samsung electronics, NHN, KT, and Hyundai technology research center. Motto Self-Reliance, Independence, National Salvation institutes and businesses. The Foundation not only contributes to industry- The Best Support for Student’s Welfare Service. academia partnerships through both human and information exchanges, and the Ideals Truth, Service • More than 100 different types of scholarship programs including merit-based scholarships, joint usage of facilities and equipment, but it also strengthens Korea’s national working scholarships, and special scholarships are offered to students and state-of-the-art Mascot Bear competitiveness and vitalizes local economies by signing industry-academia- dormitory combined with social welfare facilities, culture and arts spaces can accommodate research conventions and establishing organic cooperative relations. Programs Undergraduate, Master, Doctoral 3,000 students across our two campuses. • DKU was chosen as a Leader in INdustry-university Cooperation (LINC) last year Campuses & Location Jukjeon Campus : Yongin, Gyeonggi,
    [Show full text]
  • Adam Cathcart, Christopher Green, and Steven Denney
    Articles How Authoritarian Regimes Maintain Domain Consensus: North Korea’s Information Strategies in the Kim Jong-un Era Adam Cathcart, Christopher Green, and Steven Denney Te Review of Korean Studies Volume 17 Number 2 (December 2014): 145-178 ©2014 by the Academy of Korean Studies. All rights reserved. 146 Te Review of Korean Studies Pyongyang’s Strategic Shift North Korea is a society under constant surveillance by the apparatuses of state, and is a place where coercion—often brutal—is not uncommon.1 However, this is not the whole story. It is inaccurate to say that the ruling hereditary dictatorship of the Kim family exerts absolute control purely by virtue of its monopoly over the use of physical force. The limitations of state coercion have grown increasingly evident over the last two decades. State-society relations in North Korea shifted drastically when Kim Jong-il came to power in the 1990s. It was a time of famine, legacy politics, state retrenchment, and the rise of public markets; the state’s coercive abilities alternated between dissolution and coalescence as the state sought to co-opt and control the marketization process, a pattern which continued until Kim Jong-il’s death in 2011 (Kwon and Chung 2012; Hwang 1998; Hyeon 2007; Park 2012). Those relations have moved still further under Kim Jong- un.2 Tough Kim’s rise to the position of Supreme Leader in December 2011 did not precipitate—as some had hoped—a paradigmatic shift in economic or political approach, the state has been extremely active in the early years of his era, responding to newfound domestic appreciation of North Korea’s situation in both the region and wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • DPRK/North Hamgyong Province: Floods
    Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DPRK/North Hamgyong Province: Floods Emergency Appeal n° MDRKP008 Glide n° FL-2016-000097-PRK Date of issue: 20 September 2016 Date of disaster: 31 August 2016 Operation manager (responsible for this EPoA): Point of contact: Marlene Fiedler Pak Un Suk Disaster Risk Management Delegate Emergency Relief Coordinator IFRC DPRK Country Office DPRK Red Cross Society Operation start date: 2 September 2016 Operation end date (timeframe): 31 August 2017 (12 months) Overall operation budget: CHF 15,199,723 DREF allocation: CHF 506,810 Number of people affected: Number of people to be assisted: 600,000 people Direct: 28,000 people (7,000 families); Indirect: more than 163,000 people in Hoeryong City, Musan County and Yonsa County Host National Society(ies) presence (n° of volunteers, staff, branches): Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Red Cross Society (DPRK RCS) Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners actively involved in the operation: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Other partner organizations actively involved in the operation: The State Committee for Emergency and Disaster Management (SCEDM), UN Organizations, European Union Programme Support Units A. Situation analysis Description of the disaster From August 29th to August 31st heavy rainfall occurred in North Hamgyong Province, DPRK – in some areas more than 300 mm of rain were reported in just two days, causing the flooding of the Tumen River and its tributaries around the Chinese-DPRK border and other areas in the province. Within a particularly intense time period of four hours in the night between 30 and 31 August 2016, the waters of the river Tumen rose between six and 12 metres, causing an immediate threat to the lives of people in nearby villages.
    [Show full text]
  • Thank You, Father Kim Il Sung” Is the First Phrase North Korean Parents Are Instructed to Teach to Their Children
    “THANK YOU FATHER KIM ILLL SUNG”:”:”: Eyewitness Accounts of Severe Violations of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in North Korea PPPREPARED BYYY: DAVID HAWK Cover Photo by CNN NOVEMBER 2005 UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Michael Cromartie Chair Felice D. Gaer Vice Chair Nina Shea Vice Chair Preeta D. Bansal Archbishop Charles J. Chaput Khaled Abou El Fadl Dr. Richard D. Land Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou Bishop Ricardo Ramirez Ambassador John V. Hanford, III, ex officio Joseph R. Crapa Executive Diretor NORTH KOREA STUDY TEAM David Hawk Author and Lead Researcher Jae Chun Won Research Manager Byoung Lo (Philo) Kim Research Advisor United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Staff Tad Stahnke, Deputy Director for Policy David Dettoni, Deputy Director for Outreach Anne Johnson, Director of Communications Christy Klaasen, Director of Government Affairs Carmelita Hines, Director of Administration Patricia Carley, Associate Director for Policy Mark Hetfield, Director, International Refugee Issues Eileen Sullivan, Deputy Director for Communications Dwight Bashir, Senior Policy Analyst Robert C. Blitt, Legal Policy Analyst Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Analyst Deborah DuCre, Receptionist Scott Flipse, Senior Policy Analyst Mindy Larmore, Policy Analyst Jacquelin Mitchell, Executive Assistant Tina Ramirez, Research Assistant Allison Salyer, Government Affairs Assistant Stephen R. Snow, Senior Policy Analyst Acknowledgements The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom expresses its deep gratitude to the former North Koreans now residing in South Korea who took the time to relay to the Commission their perspectives on the situation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and their experiences in North Korea prior to fleeing to China.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Korean History by Charles
    HIST 108: Introduction to East Asian History – Korea Spring 2017 Charles Kim (University of Wisconsin-Madison) The Cheonggye Stream in Seoul: From the turn of the 20th century to the early 21st century Course Description: Korea has a long and rich history that provides a unique vantage point for understanding major processes in East Asia and the world. This course explores Korean history from the fourteenth century to the present. The first part of the course delves into Confucian social changes during the Joseon (Chosŏn) Dynasty (1392- 1910). The second part focuses on social realities for Koreans under Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945). The final part turns to the contemporary era (1945 to present) to shed light on national division, social movements, and everyday life in South Korea and North Korea. Course Objectives: 1) Acquire a solid understanding of the major eras, political events, social realities, and intellectual trends in Korean history, 1392 to present. 2) Hone your ability to identify historically significant information in primary sources, short stories, and films. 3) Engage in historical thinking. 4) Make connections between texts, course topics, and broader issues of the past and present—within and beyond Korea. 5) Learn interactively. Required Texts: Kyung Moon Hwang, A History of Korea: An Episodic Narrative, 2nd ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). Referred to in Course Schedule as “Hwang.” Other readings and films will be made available for students to view electronically on or through Canvas on Learn@UW: https://learnuw.wisc.edu/ Course Requirements: 1) Participation: 13% 2) Facilitate Discussion: 2% (A number of you may end up doing this with a partner).
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Food
    The Future of Food 16 scientifically grounded recipes for good food This cookbook is developed by students who participated in the honours lab: The Future of Food 2019. Table of contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Addressing Barriers for Eating Healthy and Sustainable ................................................................. 5 2. Give the oceans some love by making this fish-free salmon instead of buying the real thing. .... 14 3. Skip Jollibee, Eat a Homecooked Meal! ........................................................................................ 21 4. A healthy ‘frikandelbroodje’ .......................................................................................................... 33 5. The (real) Happy Meal ................................................................................................................... 39 6. The Issues of Consuming Dairy Products and Possible Alternatives ............................................. 48 7. Snacking is a thing ......................................................................................................................... 56 8. Kimbap – A healthy dish for a sustainable future of food ............................................................. 65 9. Meg’s HABLUBAMU ....................................................................................................................... 74 10. Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis pancakes
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Relations Between Poland and North Korea from 1948 to 1980*
    International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 27, No. 1, 2018, 29−70. Historical Relations between Poland and North Korea from 1948 to 1980* Nicolas Levi** and Kyungyon Moon*** This article focuses on relations between Poland and North Korea from 1948 till 1980, focusing on places of remembrance of Poles in North Korea, and North Korean citizens in Poland. During this period, bilateral relations between these countries were very close due to their belonging to the same ideological movement. The article focuses on political, ideo- logical, cultural, and economic relations based on three historical phases of the Korean War (1950-1953), Post-Korean War (1953-1960) and distur- bance of Poland-North Korea relations (1960-1980). The paper argues that although Poland did make efforts to successfully foster mutual rela- tions, sometimes regardless of Polish interest, the behavior of DPRK authorities reduced the benefits Poland could gain from maintaining relations with this country. The DPRK focused on its interest and not on the interest of fraternal nations. This led to a negative image of the DPRK authorities among the Polish leadership and automatically to negative views concerning the DPRK population among Poles. Keywords: Asymmetry of relations, North Korea, Poland, Communism, Juche ideology * This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government [NRF-2016S1A3A2924968]; This research was supported by “Research Base Construction Fund Support Program” funded by Chonbuk National University in 2018. ** Assistant Professor, Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures of the Polish Academy of Science, First Author. *** Assistant Professor, Chonbuk National University, Corresponding Author.
    [Show full text]
  • SOAS-AKS Working Papers in Korean Studies
    School of Oriental and African Studies University of London SOAS-AKS Working Papers in Korean Studies No. 45 Producing Political Landscape on the Korean Peninsula: Divided Visions, United Vista Dr Robert Winstanley-Chesters & Ms Sherri L. Ter Molen May 2015 PRODUCING POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Producing Political Landscape on the Korean Peninsula: Divided Visions, United Vista Dr. Robert Winstanley-Chesters Beyond the Korean War Project (University of Cambridge) University of Leeds Ms. Sherri L. Ter Molen Wayne State University Author Note Dr. Robert Winstanley-Chesters is a Post-Doctoral Fellow of the Beyond the Korean War Project (University of Cambridge) and a Visiting Research Fellow at the School of Geography, University of Leeds. Sherri L. Ter Molen, A.B.D., is currently a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Communication, Wayne State University. The research for this article and project has received generous support from the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2010-DZZ-3104). Correspondence this article should be addressed to Dr. Robert Winstanley-Chesters at [email protected]. 1 PRODUCING POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Abstract Myths of national construction and accompanying visual representations are often deeply connected to political narrative. The Korean peninsula may be unlike other political space due to the ruptured relations and sovereignty on its territory since World War II: North and South Korea. Nevertheless, both nations construct inverse ideologies with the common tools of the pen and lens and both produce highly coded,
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Waves That Spread Through the Earth's Deep Interior
    Seismic waves that spread through the Earth’s deep interior: BANG! or QUAKE! three stations at different distances from the sourc nces e ista 90º t d en er iff 60º d at s n o ti ta s e e r 30º h T CRUST (very thin) Seismic source CORE MANTLE 90º 60º 30º 90º 60º 30º 90º 60º 30º The wavefront position is shown after it has been traveling for several minutes. It continues to travel throughout the Earth's interior, bouncing off the core, and bouncing off the Earth's surface. 1.5 million seismic events since 1960, located by the International Seismological Centre on the basis of data from about 17,000 stations (up to ~ 6000 in any one year) 6L[GLIIHUHQWVWHSVLQQXFOHDUH[SORVLRQPRQLWRULQJ 'HWHFWLRQ GLGDSDUWLFXODUVWDWLRQGHWHFWDXVHIXOVLJQDO" $VVRFLDWLRQ FDQZHJDWKHUDOOWKHGLIIHUHQWVLJQDOVIURPWKHVDPH³HYHQW´" /RFDWLRQ ZKHUHZDVLW" ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ ZDVLWDQHDUWKTXDNHDPLQLQJEODVWDQXFOHDUZHDSRQWHVW" $WWULEXWLRQ LILWZDVDQXFOHDUWHVWZKDWFRXQWU\FDUULHGLWRXW" <LHOGHVWLPDWLRQ KRZELJZDVLW" MDJ 200 km HIA Russia 50°N 44°N HIA MDJ China USK BJT Chongjin 42° Japan 40° INCN KSRS MAJO 2006Oct09 MJAR Kimchaek SSE 30° 40° 120° 130° 140°E 126° 128° 130°E NIED seismic stations Hi-net 750 KiK-net 700 K-NET 1000 F-net 70 MDJ 200 km HIA Russia 50°N 44°N HIA MDJ China USK BJT Chongjin 42° Japan 40° INCN KSRS MAJO 2006Oct09 MJAR Kimchaek SSE 30° 40° 120° 130° 140°E 126° 128° 130°E Station Source crust mantle Pn - wave path (travels mostly in the mantle) Station Source crust mantle Pg - paths, in the crust, all with similar travel times Vertical Records at MDJ (Mudanjiang,
    [Show full text]