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Global Sport, Nationalism and National Identity Construction: the Case of Naturalised Chinese Table Tennis Players in South Korea

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Global Sport, Nationalism and National Identity Construction: the Case of Naturalised Chinese Table Tennis Players in South Korea Global Sport, Nationalism and National Identity Construction: The Case of Naturalised Chinese Table Tennis Players in South Korea By Myungsun Lee A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University March, 2018 School of Sport and Exercise Science © Myungsun Lee Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyse the process of South Korean nationalism and national identity construction through studying Chinese table tennis players that have become naturalised citizens of South Korea. Based on an Eliasian theoretical and methodological prospective, this research employs three different methods of analysis. First, it employs archival analysis in the historical context chapter to determine the origins of table tennis and its spread to Northeast Asia, the political and societal role of table tennis in China and South Korea, and the appearance of the first naturalised player in South Korea. Second, this study employs newspaper text analysis to investigate newspaper reports of the South Korean and Chinese table tennis matches from the 1988 Seoul Olympics Games to the 2012 Games in London. This section first examines the flow of Korean nationalism through the table tennis matches between Korea and China, and then explores how the newspaper reports expressed nationalism in regard to the Korean players and naturalised players. Third, this study employs an interview method to gather data from 17 interviewees who have been associated directly or indirectly associated with the Chinese naturalised table tennis players in order to further examine the process of the formation of South Korean national identity. The first analysis regarding historical findings identifies that table tennis has evolved precisely alongside Elias’s sportisation theory. In South Korea and China, table tennis has played the role of a national sport. Especially in South Korea, table tennis was a nationalistic sport that opposed anti-colonialism and anti-communism. It was in table tennis that the first naturalised athlete in the history of South Korean sport was selected for the Olympics. In the second analysis, through examining news reports of the Olympic table tennis matches between China and South Korea, this research identifies that South Korean newspapers ii continue to generate a strong image of nationalism. Moreover, the newspaper reports do not use the same nationalistic sentiments and personal pronouns for South Korean players and naturalised players. Finally, the interview analysis investigates the formation of South Korean identity through the naturalised table tennis players in South Korea. Three national identities groups have arisen in South Korea in response to the emergence of naturalised athletes. The first group approves of globalisation and naturalisation. The second group opposes globalisation and naturalisation. The third group, which comprises the media, has no specific interest in globalisation and naturalisation, but has an identity that changes based on the interests of the media company. In other words, the evidence from the interviews carried out for this thesis shows that South Korean national identity in regard to naturalised athletes remains diversified and not unified. Keywords: globalisation, nationalism, national identity, table tennis, athletic naturalisation, sport media, South Korea, China. iii Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for their help in completing this thesis. First, I would like thank Professor Maguire for three years of supervising my doctorate with endless patience and kind assistance. Without his academic advice and encouragement, I would not have finished this thesis. I would also like to thank Professor Bairner for helping me with my research every year since my first year. I am also very glad that you have been my supervisor for the last year of my PhD. Moreover, thank you to Dr Malcolm for helping as my second supervisor. I am deeply grateful to my examiners Dr Lee and Professor Giulianotti. I would also like to thank the 17 people who helped me with the study interviews for giving me their valuable time. In particular, I would like to thank coach Dang Yeo-Seo, who teaches juniors for the development of Korean table tennis. I would also like to thank the young table tennis players, their parents, and the local sports table tennis leaders who were interviewed during the Korean Table Tennis Championship at Danjin in 2014. Moreover, I would like to thank my interviewees: Kim Jeong Gil, the Former Minister of Justice; Kim Un-Yong, a former International Olympic Committee member and a resident of the Korean Sport Committee; Kim Chung Young, the vice-chairman of the Korean Table Tennis Association; Kim Bun Sik, the manager of the Table Tennis Association; Yang Yong Ja, the Korea Youth Table Tennis Association coach; and the broadcast sports managers of the four studied media outlets—SBS, KBS, Dong-A and Chosun. Moreover, thank you very much to Professor Choi Hyeon Cheol, who always helps my family. Finally, I would like to send my love to my parents and my family Curie and Hyewon. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x INTRODUCTION 1 Preliminary Investigation 1 2 The Issue of Globalisation 4 3 The Problem of Athlete Naturalisation in Korea 6 4 Nationalism and National Identity in Korean Sport 9 5 Statements of Research Questions 12 CHAPTER ONE 1 Theoretical Observation 1.1 Introduction 17 1.2 Characteristics of Figurational Sociology 18 1.2.1 Civilising Processes 21 1.2.2 Sportisation 22 1.2.3 Relationship between the Established and the Outsider 26 1.2.4 Personal Pronouns and Habitus 27 1.3 Conclusion 28 CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 The Demography of South Korea 31 2.2.1 South Korea Becoming a Multicultural Society 31 2.2.2 Globalisation or Regionalisation in Multicultural South Korea 41 2.3 Globalisation and Global Sport 44 2.4 Athlete Migration 46 2.5 Global Athlete Naturalisation 51 2.5.1 Global Athlete Naturalisation in Korea 54 2.6 Conceptualising Nationalism and National Identity 60 2.6.1 Process Sociology of Nationalism 64 2.6.2 Nationalism and National Identity in Korean Sport 66 2.6.3 Nationalism in Sports Media Content 71 2.7 The Sports Media Complex 74 2.7.1 The Sports Media Production Process 75 v 2.7.2 Nationalism in Media Sport Content 77 2.7 Conclusion 78 CHAPTER THREE Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 The Problems of a Philosophical Approach 82 3.3 Quantitative Research 85 3.4 Qualitative Research 89 3.5 Methodology and Figurational Sociology 95 3.6 Research Methods 101 3.7 Secondary Analysis 102 3.7.1 Approaching the Data 103 3.7.2 Limitations of Secondary Analysis 106 3.8 Methodological Debates in Media and Communications Studies 107 3.8.1 Newspaper Content Analysis 109 3.8.2 Thematic Analysis 114 3.8.3 Discourse Analysis 116 3.9 Interviewing Participants 118 3.9.1 Approaching the Interviewees 122 3.9.2 Interviewing Circumstances 125 3.9.3 Ethical Considerations 126 3.10 Conclusion 127 CHAPTER FOUR The Lightest Ball has caused the Heaviest Changes: The Development of Table Tennis (19th Century to Present) 4.1 Introduction 128 4.2 Table Tennis: Origins, Early Development and Diffusion (11th to Early 20th Century)130 4.3. Table tennis and China 131 4.3.1 Global domination of Chinese Table Tennis 133 4.3.2 The problems of Chinese Domination 137 4.4 Table Tennis and South Korea 140 4.4.1 Early Modern Sports in Korea 141 4.4.2 Korean Table Tennis and the Colonisation period (1919–1945) 143 4.4.3 Korean Table Tennis and Anti-Communism (1950 to early 1980) 146 4.4.4 Korean Table Tennis and the Globalisation Era (1990 to present) 153 4.4.5 Problems in Korean Table Tennis 155 4.4.6 The Advent of Chinese Players in Korea 157 4.5 Conclusion 162 CHAPTER FIVE Table Tennis, Nationalism and Newspapers in South Korea: The Representation of Olympic Table Tennis Games from Seoul 1988 to London 2012 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 The Seoul Olympic Games, 1988 167 vi 5.2.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 169 5.3 Barcelona Olympics, 1992 176 5.3.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 177 5.4 Atlanta Olympic Games, 1996 180 5.4.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 182 5.4.2Representation of Chinese Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 183 5.5 Sydney Olympic Games, 2000 186 5.5.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 187 5.5.2Representation of Chinese Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 189 5.6 Athens Olympic Games, 2004 190 5.6.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 192 5.6.2Representation of Chinese Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 195 5.7 Beijing Olympic Games, 2008 196 5.7.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 198 5.7.2Representation of Chinese Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 200 5.7.3Representation of Chinese Naturalised Athletes in Korean Newspapers 202 5.8 London Olympic Games, 2012 204 5.8.1Representation of Korean Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 205 5.8.2Representation of Chinese Table Tennis in Korean Newspapers 209 5.9 Conclusion 210 CHAPTER SIX 6. The National Identity Construction of Chinese Naturalised Player in South Korea 6.1 Introduction 212 6.2 National Identity Construction of Naturalised Chinese Players in South Korea 214 6.2.1Naturalised Chinese Players as Training Partners 215 6.2.2 Naturalised Chinese Player as Korean Sil-Up Players 221 6.2.3 Naturalised
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