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Building Canadian National Identity Within the State and Through Ice Hockey: a Political Analysis of the Donation of the Stanley Cup, 1888-1893

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Building Canadian National Identity Within the State and Through Ice Hockey: a Political Analysis of the Donation of the Stanley Cup, 1888-1893 Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-9-2015 12:00 AM Building Canadian National Identity within the State and through Ice Hockey: A political analysis of the donation of the Stanley Cup, 1888-1893 Jordan Goldstein The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Robert K. Barney The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Jordan Goldstein 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Intellectual History Commons, Political History Commons, Political Theory Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation Goldstein, Jordan, "Building Canadian National Identity within the State and through Ice Hockey: A political analysis of the donation of the Stanley Cup, 1888-1893" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3416. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3416 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Stanley’s Political Scaffold Building Canadian National Identity within the State and through Ice Hockey: A political analysis of the donation of the Stanley Cup, 1888-1893 By Jordan Goldstein Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Jordan Goldstein 2015 ii Abstract The Stanley Cup elicits strong emotions related to Canadian national identity despite its association as a professional ice hockey trophy. This strong link between the Cup and Canadian national identity emerged in its creation and donation. Lord Stanley, in addition to his love of ice hockey, donated the Cup partly as a political action. The cup stood as a physical symbol to unite the disparate Canadian population around a new national sport. Given Lord Stanley’s position as Governor General (1888-1893) this donation carried political authority. The purpose of this study is to investigate the donation of the Stanley Cup as a partially political act concerning the construction of a Canadian national identity. The Canadian State stood at a crossroads concerning the future direction of the country during Lord Stanley’s appointment. The country’s leaders debated over pursuing freer trade and greater connection to the United States, or about pivoting to a stronger, more autonomous role within the British Empire. The debate over Canada’s future directly impacted the proper identification of a ‘Canadian.’ Sport served as an important element to demarcate national identity in Anglo political thought in the nineteenth-century. Specific sports established as national could create cultural unity amongst disunited Canadians. For Lord Stanley, his promotion of ice hockey as a nationally important activity confirmed a particular political argument about the nature of Canadian identity. The changes in Anglo liberal political thought over the second half of the nineteenth-century underscored this development in Canadian sport history. Classical Liberal philosophy receded in the face of emergent Progressivism or New Liberalism. This transformation left no opponent to the idea that the State held a positive role to promote ambiguous collective aspirations. At a moment when Canadian leaders sought a great national destiny for the Canadian State, the new political environment legitimated the State’s authority to act. When viewed alongside both Canadian national political development and the transformation of Liberal political philosophy, the Stanley Cup serves as a political act of nation building from the highest ranking Canadian political official. Keywords: Stanley Cup, Ice Hockey, Lord Stanley, Canada, Nationalism, National Sport, Intellectual History, Political History, Sport History, Classic Liberalism, Progressivism, Nineteenth-century Page ii iii Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ii Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………… viii Chapter I – Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 1 Literature Review …………………………………………………………………… . 8 Contribution to the Body of Knowledge …………………………….. 13 Method and Methodology ………………………………………………… 15 Limitations ………………………………………………………………………………. 20 Delimitations …………………………………………………………………….. 20 Recommendations for Future Research …………………………….. 22 Chapters ……………………………………………………………………………….. 22 Chapter II - The State of Canada as Lord Stanley Met Her in 1888 … 26 Canada Inside: Expansion and Consolidation ……………………………….. 28 Canada Outside: Sovereignty and Dependence …………………….. 45 Chapter III - 19th Century Nationalized Sport: Great Britain and the USA … 56 The Genesis of Nationalized Sport …………………………………………… 60 Nationalized Sport in North America …………………………………………… 70 Changes in Liberal Political Thought and the ascension of nationalized sport … 84 Chapter IV - The Emergence of Canadian Nationalized Sport ……………… 87 Confederation: Mixed Political Heritage ..…………………………………….. 88 British Origins of Canadian Sport: Pre-Confederation ……………… 92 American Permutation of Canadian Sport ………………………………….. 104 Canadian National Sport …………………………………………………………………. 114 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………… 135 Page iii iv Chapter V - Lord’s Stanley’s Political Career in Great Britain …………………. 138 Frederick Arthur Stanley: Early Life ……………………………………………… 139 The Politics of the 14th Earl of Derby …………………………………………… 140 The Politics of Frederick Stanley: Practical Governance ………………. 151 The Politics of Frederick Stanley: Emergent Progressivism ……… 162 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….. 175 Chapter VI - Lord Stanley’s Political Activity as Canadian Governor General… 178 Lord Stanley’s Governance in Canada ……………………………………………… 181 A) Domestic Governance …………………………………………............... 183 B) International Governance …………………………………………….. 191 C) Canadian Travels ……………………………………………………….. 206 The Role of Sport ……………………………………………………………………………. 215 A) Sport and the Stanley Family ……………………………………………… 215 B) Stanley and Canadian Sports ……………………………………………… 222 C) The Stanley Family and Winter Sport ………………………….. 226 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………… 230 Chapter VII - The State of Nationality in Canada During Lord Stanley’s Tenure ... 234 Debates over Canada’s Future …………………………………………………….... 236 A) The Birth of Canadian Nationality: Canada First ………………. 236 B) Unlimited Reciprocity, Continental Union, and Annexation …….. 244 C) Wilfrid Laurier and Unrestricted Reciprocity ……………… 254 D) Imperial Federation ……………………………………………………… 256 E) Federal Election of 1891 ……………………………………………. 266 F) Stanley’s Position ……………………………………………………… 275 Page iv v The Use of Sport to Promote National Identity ………………………… 279 A) Imperial Federation: A Progressive Ideology ………………. 280 B) Sport in the Promotion of Imperial Connection ………………. 283 C) The Place of Ice hockey ………………………………………………. 289 D) The Role of the Stanley Cup …………………………………………….. 295 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….. 303 Chapter VIII – National Sport, the State, and Political Thought …………………… 307 Philosophical Revolution …………………………………………………………………. 307 Lord Stanley and Canada …………………………………………………………………. 318 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 325 Primary Sources ……………………………………………………………………………. 325 Secondary Sources ……………………………………………………………………………. 335 Appendices ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 347 Appendix 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………. 347 1.1 Map of Canada at Confederation after the passage of the … 347 British North America Act in 1867. 1.2 Table showing Canadian related materials up to and …….. 348 including 1888 found in Lord Stanley’s archives at the Liverpool Central Library 1.3 Map of Canada after purchase of the Northwest ………. 349 Territories and Rupert’s Land and admission of Manitoba as the fifth Province in 1870. 1.4 Map of Canada after the admission of British Columbia ……. 349 and Prince Edward Island in 1873. 1.5 Donald Alexander Smith, Lord Strathcona, …………………. 350 “hammering home” the final spike in the Canadian Pacific Railway on 7 November 1885 at Craigallachie British Columbia. Page v vi 1.6 Joseph Colmer’s calculations of aggregated average ……… 350 yearly trade from 1867-1886 given in a speech before the Royal Statistical Society in London, UK on 21 February 1888. Appendix 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 351 Appendix 2.1 – Map of Upper and Lower Canada after 1791 ….. 351 Constitution Act Appendix 2.2 – Yearly Trade figures between British North …… 352 America and the United States showing twelve years prior to, the period of, and twelve years after Reciprocity and the averages of these cohorts. Appendix 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………. 354 3.1.1 Map of Knowsley Estate and its situation referent to Liverpool 354 3.1.2 Map of England highlighting Knowsley and Liverpool …….. 354 3.1.3 A depiction of the Southern Front of Knowsley Hall c. 1880 ….. 355 3.2: Topics of Frederick Stanley’s speeches in Parliament ……… 356 1871-1877 3.3: Lord Stanley’s Canadian holdings up to and including 1888 ….. 358 3.4: Emigrant Guidebooks for Canada held by Frederick Stanley ……. 359 3.5: Frederick Stanley’s 1849 Prayer book …………………………… 360 Appendix 4 ………………………………………………………………………………………. 361 4.1 – Pictures of Esquimalt Harbour
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