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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI* SPORT, POLITICS AND THE NEW NATION: SPORT POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA (1961-1992) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bang-Chool Kim, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Melvin L. Adelman, Adviser Professor Seymour Kleinman Adviser Professor William D. Taylor College of Education UMI Number: 3011091 Copyright 2001 by Kim, Bang-Chool All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform 3011091 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Bang-Chool Kim 2001 ABSTRACT The dramatic development of Korean sport in post-colonial era leading up to 1988 Seoul Olympic was in large part politically-motivated. Politics and sport were related by the government’s aspirations to boost confidence in the nation, both at home and abroad. Although politics and sport reciprocally influence each other, politics had a powerful influence on sport by establishing policy that defines national sporting goals and by allocating resources to develop human talent. The poUtical intentions imposed on sport were manifested in two critical ways. First, pohticians used sport for its symbolic propaganda effect of enhancing Korea’s image nationally and internationally. Second, sport was employed as means to bind people under the cause of national unity. The Republic of Korea was a military government lacking in democratic institutions so propaganda was important to seal the pubUc’s loyalty to the totalitarian regime. This study examines the sport-politics-govemment linkage in Korea during three different time periods: 1) from the mihtary coup of General Jung-Hee Park in 1961 to during the administration of President Park Chung Hee (1961 — 1979); 2) the administration of President Chun Doo Hwan and the 1988 Seoul Olympic games (1980 — 1988); and 3) Post-Seoul Olympics: Democracy, Maturation of Modem Sport (1989 — 1992). This study ends in 1993 because the state-society relations in Korea were substantially altered with the emergence of the civilian government in 1993. I draw on a wide variety of primary and secondary sources used in historical research to construct my narrative and analysis. These include historical works on Korea; historical, political and sociological works on sport in Korea, western country and Japan; Korean newspapers (I looked at three of the Korea daily newspapers Dong-A n bo. Chosun n bo. Hanguk D bok a wide variety of Korean magazines on sport and popular culture; government documents on sport and physical education; documents of sporting organizations, such as KASA; and, interviews with individuals involved in making sporting policy during the period under investigation. I argue that emphasis on symbolic propaganda and national unity was done at expense of developing sports programs for the people, i.e. participatory sports. Instead what was created was a mirage of national progress at the expense of the people. It was an elite sport system that few common people could access, but placated their desire for mass entertainment. It was sort of an Orwellian turn of events. The people were satisfied with sport achievements. The politicians were satisfied with a national following. Only the people didn’t realize they were victims of political mass manipulation. Sports only diverted their minds firom more truly important matters of national development. Ill Dedicated to my father and mother IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express deep appreciation to my adviser. Professor Melvin Adelman, for his endless support and encouragement during all of my days at The Ohio State University. His warmth and caring mentorship made it possible for me to survive in the program and finish my dissertation. Professor Seymour Kleinman has also been a great influence through my Ph.D. years at the Ohio State University. He has been my strong motivator who encouraged me to do best in any situation, academic or otherwise. His care for me and continued concerns about my family will never be forgotten. I also wish to thank my other committee members. Professor William Taylor and Professor Camille O’Bryant for their academic guidance and iastmction. During my coursework I really enjoyed every moment of studying with such good scholars. My appreciation also goes to Dr. Rho Hee Duk at Seoul National University. Since my undergraduate and master’s degree days, he has shown constant affection and encouragement to me. My special appreciation is also extended to all my other professors at Seoul National University who gave me long-distance encouragement during my graduate studies in the United States. Thanks also go to my college friends Joo Dae-Ha, Kwon Sun Yong, Kim Jin-Hyo, Seo Hee-Jin; my junior Seo Jae Chul, and to the members of Track and Field program at Seoul National University who assisted in my data collection for my dissertation. Also, I would like to extend my deep thanks to all the people who took the time to be interviewed for my dissertation topic. My seniors and friends in other disciplines at Ohio State enriched my days in Columbus. In particular, I cannot picture myself without the endless care and friendship of Fernanda Capraro and Ju-Ahng Lee. Thanks also to Hyunsook Yoon, Byeong Keun Ha, Yeon-Ki Kim, Kyeong-Ok Chang, Yong Jae Ko, Seung Jung Kim and Hyungil Kwon. I appreciate their care and affection. I would also like to mention my friend Steve Zolvinski. He spared invaluable time to proofread the final draft of my dissertation. I cannot thank my father Kim Dae-Hyun and mother Hyun Jung-Yeol enough. My father passed away last year. This dissertation was a labor of love to honor them for all they have given me. I credit them for all that I am. To my great sadness, my father passed away while I was in the midst of writing this dissertation in 2000.1 hope this finished written product is at least a small return to my parents’ sacrifice and love for me. I deeply appreciate my brother Kim Dongsik, sisters Kim Heeyoung, Sooeun, Miyoung, Kyungmi and their families for their love and support. They proved to me that man does not live by bread allow, but is sustained by love and encouragement. VI VITA July 6, 1966 ..........................................Bom — CheJu, Korea 1985 — 1989 ..........................................B.A. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1989 — 1991 ..........................................M.A. Seoul National University Seoul, Korea 1989 — 1991 .........................................Teaching Assistant, Seoul National University Seoul, Korea 1992 — 1993 ..........................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1993 — 1994..........................................Lecturer, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1993 —1994.......................................... Lecturer, Sung Shim Women’s University, Seoul Korea 1993 — 1994 ......................................... Lecturer, Myong Ji University, Seoul, Korea PUBLICATIONS Research Publication 1. Kim, Bang-Chool (1999). “Understanding and Evaluating Students Competence in a Multi-Cultural Context: The case of the Taekwondo Club at The Ohio State University,” Journal of the research institute of ohvsical education. The research institute of physical education Seoul National University, Vol. 20 No. 2. 2. Kim, Bang-Chool & Rho, Hee-Duk (1991). “A Study on the Changes of the Curriculums of the Department of Physical Education at Selected Universities in Korea,” Journal of the research institute of ohvsical education. The research institute of physical education Seoul National University, Vol. 12 No. 1. 3. Kim, Ui-Soo and Kim, Bang-Chool et al. (1990). Development of Mass Snort Programs. The Ministry of Physical Education, Seoul, Korea. vu 4. Chung, Eung Keun and Kim, Bang-Chool et al. (1989). The Development of Participatory Sport Programs. The Ministry of Physical Education, Seoul, Korea.