146 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS tatives to the third special session of the Gen- to 3 and was adopted by the Assembly on eral Assembly held in August-September 1961 25 August 1961. The Assembly unanimously received the same treatment as for previous ses- accepted the Credentials Committee's report, sions. The report of the Credentials Committee, but a number of representatives made reserva- containing a United States proposal that no tions on the proposal relating to the credentials decision be taken on the credentials of the of the Hungarian delegation. Hungarian delegation was adopted by 6 votes

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

GENERAL ASSEMBLY——16TH SESSION Against: Albania, Bulgaria, Byelorussian SSR, Cey- General Committee, meetings 136, 137. lon, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Guinea, Hungary, Indo- Plenary Meetings 1014, 1087. nesia, Iraq, Mali, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, Yugoslavia. A/4872. Letter of 16 September 1961 from Permanent Abstaining: Afghanistan, Burma, Cambodia, Came- Representative of United States requesting that item roun, Central African Republic, Congo (Leopold- entitled "The Question of Hungary" be included in ville), Ethiopia, Finland, Ghana, India, Israel, agenda. Ivory Coast, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, A/4996. Report of Sir Leslie Munro, United Nations Madagascar, Mauritania, Morocco, Nepal, Niger, Special Representative on Question of Hungary. Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, A/5028. Letter of 12 December 1961 from Chairman Syria, Togo, Tunisia, United Arab Republic, Upper of Delegation of Hungarian People's Republic. Volta, Yemen. A/L.380. China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Federation of Malaya, France, Guatemala, Italy, Luxembourg, "The General Assembly, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, "Having considered the report of the United Na- Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay: tions Representative on Hungary, Sir Leslie Munro, draft resolution. who is responsible to the General Assembly for report- RESOLUTION 1741 (xvi), as submitted by 16 powers, ing on significant developments relating to the imple- A/L.380, adopted by Assembly on 20 December mentation of the Assembly's resolutions on Hungary, 1961, meeting 1087, by roll-call vote of 49 to 17, "Deplores the continued disregard by the Union of with 32 abstentions, as follows: Soviet Socialist Republics and the present Hungarian In favour: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, régime of the General Assembly resolutions concern- Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, ing the situation in Hungary." Costa Rica, Cyprus, Dahomey, Denmark, Domini- can Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Federation of CREDENTIALS Malaya, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon- GENERAL ASSEMBLY—3RD SPECIAL SESSION duras, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Plenary Meeting 1005. Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, A/4854. Report of Credentials Committee. Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, GENERAL ASSEMBLY——16TH SESSION Uruguay, Venezuela. Plenary Meeting 1083.

CHAPTER XII QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST

QUESTIONS CONCERNING KUWAIT On 1 July 1961, Kuwait requested the Presi- (This request was made in accordance with dent of the Security Council to convene an Article 35(2) of the United Nations Charter, urgent meeting of the Council to consider its which permits any State which is not a United complaint in respect of the situation arising Nations Member to bring to the attention of from threats by Iraq to its territorial independ- the Security Council or the Assembly any ence, which was likely to endanger the main- dispute to which it is a party if it accepts in tenance of international peace and security. advance, for the purposes of the dispute, the QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 147 obligations of pacific settlement provided for in had accordingly been exchanged formally estab- the Charter.) The United Kingdom informed lishing and recognizing a state of affairs which the President of the Council on 1 July that it had in fact obtained for some time previously, supported Kuwait's request. in accordance with Kuwait's wishes. It was On 2 July, Iraq asked that the Security Coun- therefore with surprise and a sense of shock cil be convened to consider its complaint in that the news had been received that Iraq had respect of the situation, arising out of the armed reacted, not with approval, but with a threat. threat by the United Kingdom to the inde- The forces which the United Kingdom had pendence and security of Iraq, which was made available in accordance with its obliga- likely to endanger the maintenance of interna- tions presented no threat to Iraq. They had no tional peace and security. aggressive intentions and could only be em- Iraq also stated that Kuwait's complaint was ployed in a combat role if Kuwait were to be not receivable by the Council since Article 35(2) attacked from across the border. The United of the Charter related to the right of States Kingdom continued to hope that counsels of not Members of the United Nations to bring moderation would prevail and welcomed the questions to the attention of the Council, and statesmanlike efforts of a number of Govern- Kuwait was not and had never been an inde- ments to that end. pendent State. The representative of Iraq pointed out that The Council considered the two items on 2, his Government had repeatedly stated that it 5, 6 and 7 July. The representatives of Iraq would employ only peaceful means to settle and Kuwait were invited to participate in the the difficulty and had denied the reports of discussion, without the right to vote. troop concentrations in southern Iraq. The con- The representative of the United Kingdom clusion was therefore inescapable that the com- charged that a press and radio campaign against plaint had been lodged to justify the United Kuwait's independence had emanated from Kingdom's blatant act of aggression in landing Baghdad, followed by reports of a considerable its forces in Kuwait. This could only result in Iraqi military force in the Basrah area. In ac- endangering international peace and security cordance with the obligations of the United in the area. The Sheikh of Kuwait had been Kingdom Government to the Ruler of Kuwait, brought into the picture to give the operation and at his urgent and formal request, a British some pretense of legitimacy, however spurious. force had been moved into the State of Kuwait Politically, as well as culturally and economi- and placed his disposal to afford him such cally, Kuwait had always looked to Basrah. assistance as he might consider necessary to Before and after the secret Protectorate Treaty preserve Kuwait's independence in the face of of 1899, the Sheikh of Kuwait had continued recent developments. It was intended that the to profess allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan force should be withdrawn as soon as the Ruler and had, until the First World War, remained considered that the threat to the independence under the administrative authority of the Gov- of Kuwait was over. ernor of Basrah. Nevertheless, when, as a result Reviewing the developments which had led to of the First World War and the dissolution of the present situation, the United Kingdom the Ottoman Empire, the three Ottoman Prov- representative said that the State of Kuwait inces of Baghdad, Mosul and Basrah had been had for some time possessed entire responsibility unified in the State of Iraq, the British had for the conduct of its own international rela- tried to exclude Kuwait from the new State, tions and, with the United Kingdom Govern- using the illegal 1899 Treaty as their pretext. ment's full support, had joined a number of The Iraqis had never accepted the mutila- international organizations as an independent tion of their country, and the world could sovereign State. The Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement surely no longer tolerate the existence of a of 23 January 1899 had thus been rendered situation in which an unholy alliance of a obsolete, and the United Kingdom Govern- feudal sheikhdom and a colonial power was ment and the Ruler of Kuwait had therefore trying to rob an Arab nation, year after year, agreed that the necessary formal steps should of its rightful wealth. The United Kingdom be taken to cancel it. On 19 June 1961, notes should not have been surprised by the an- 148 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS nouncement that Iraq intended to recover its present differences between the two Arab coun- legitimate rights in Kuwait. The first duty of tries would be resolved within the framework the Council was therefore to remove the source of the Arab League and in keeping with Arab of tension and ensure the immediate withdrawal traditions and principles. of the aggressive force. Chile, China, Ceylon, Ecuador, Liberia and The representative of Kuwait asserted that Turkey noted with satisfaction Iraq's assurances Kuwait had never been under Turkish rule. of its peaceful intentions and the United King- The Ottoman Government had never appointed dom statement on the withdrawal of British a representative to Kuwait, which had success- troops. They felt the parties concerned should fully resisted Ottoman domination. Even before seek a solution of the dispute by negotiations the formal declaration of its independence on through an impartial body, preferably the Arab 19 June 1961, Kuwait had established a viable League. system of effectively administered government The representative of France, while noting and, aided by its economic resources, had be- the assurances given by Iraq, observed that a come an efficiently organized welfare State number of States in the Near and Middle East, which was the pride of the Middle East. particularly Saudi Arabia, shared the concern Kuwait's independence had been recognized felt by the Ruler of Kuwait. The United King- both de jure and de facto by most of the na- dom's action in response to the Ruler's request tions of the world, including Iraq, which had could not be regarded as aggression. traditionally dealt with Kuwait as such both On 6 July 1961, the United Kingdom sub- during the days of the Hashemite Monarchy mitted a draft resolution by which the Council and under the present Iraqi Republic. Faced would: (1) call upon all States to respect the with threats, Kuwait had requested the assist- independence and territorial integrity of Ku- ance of friendly nations and appealed to the wait; (2) urge that all concerned should work Council. The forces made available by the for peace and tranquillity in the area; and United Kingdom would be withdrawn as soon (3) agree to keep the situation under review. as sufficient guarantees were given that Kuwait's The representative of the United Arab Re- independence would not be violated. public regarded this text as incomplete because Supporting Iraq's position, the USSR repre- it did not deal with the withdrawal of British sentative regarded the assertion that British forces, to which his Government attached con- forces had been concentrated in Kuwait to siderable importance. For that reason, and in repel Iraqi aggression as being wholly unsub- order to assist the two sister nations of Kuwait stantiated. The concentration of these forces and Iraq in resolving their difficulties, the in the area was a threat to peace in the region United Arab Republic submitted a draft reso- and throughout the whole world. lution whereby the Council would: (1) urge The United States representative said that that the question be solved by peaceful means; his country regarded Kuwait as a sovereign and (2) call upon the United Kingdom to independent State and supported the desire of withdraw its forces from Kuwait immediately. the Kuwait Government and people to remain On 7 July 1961, the Council voted on the fully independent and free. His Government United Kingdom draft resolution. It received had been informed by Iraq that it did not 7 votes in favor and 1 against (USSR), with intend to resort to force in Kuwait and hoped 3 abstentions (Ceylon, Ecuador, United Arab that the Ruler of Kuwait would soon receive Republic). It was not adopted as the negative assurances to that effect from the Government vote was that of a permanent member of the of Iraq. Council. The representative of the United Arab Re- The Council then voted on the United Arab public supported the independence of Kuwait Republic's draft resolution. This received 3 on the basis of the self-determination of peo- votes in favour (Ceylon, USSR, United Arab ples. His delegation, which had taken note of Republic) and 0 against, with 8 abstentions. the assurances of the representative of Iraq It was not accepted, as it did not obtain the that his Government would use only peaceful required 7 affirmative votes. means to settle the problem, believed that the The President appealed to all parties to the QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 149 dispute to abstain from any action that might Arab League on the stationing of security forces aggravate the situation. He said he would con- of the League in Kuwait. vene the Council if circumstances made it neces- On 19 October 1961, Kuwait informed the sary to do so. President of the Security Council that the On 13 September 1961, the Secretariat-Gen- withdrawal of British forces from Kuwait ter- eral of the League of Arab States transmitted ritory had been completed and that Arab League to the United Nations the texts of letters ex- forces had replaced the British forces in safe- changed on 12 August 1961 between the Prince guarding the independence and sovereignty of of Kuwait and the Secretary-General of the the State of Kuwait. (See also p. 168 below.)

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES SECURITY COUNCIL, meetings 957-960. S/4914. Letter of 1 August 1961 from Permanent Representative of United Kingdom. S/4844, S/4850. Cables of 1 and 4 July 1961 from S/4921. Letter of 9 August 1961 from State Sec- State Secretary of Kuwait. retary of Kuwait. S/4845. Letter of 1 July 1961 from Permanent Repre- S/4966. Cable of 22 October 1961 from President sentative of United Kingdom. of Department of Foreign Affairs of Kuwait. S/4846, S/4847, S/4848. Letters of 2 July 1961 S/5007. Note verbale of 13 September 1961 from from Permanent Representative of Iraq. Secretariat-General of League of Arab States trans- S/4851. Letter of 4 July 1961 from Secretary-Gen- mitting texts of letters exchanged on 12 August eral to President of Security Council. 1961 between Prince of State of Kuwait and Sec- S/4853. Letter of 2 July 1961 from Emir of Kuwait. retary-General of League of Arab States. S/4855. United Kingdom: draft resolution, failed S/5011. Cable of 4 December 1961 from Minister to be adopted at Security Council, meeting 960, of Foreign Affairs of Kuwait. 7 July 1961, owing to negative vote of permanent S/5014. Letter of 7 December 1961 from Permanent member of Council, the vote being 7 in favour, Representative of Iraq. 1 against, with 3 abstentions. S/5043. Cable of 28 December 1961 from Minister S/4856. United Arab Republic: draft resolution, of Foreign Affairs of Iraq. failed to receive required 7 affirmative votes at S/5044. Cable of 28 December 1961 from Foreign Security Council, meeting 960, on 7 July 1961, Minister of Kuwait. the vote being 3 to 0, with 8 abstentions. S/5047. Letter of 29 December 1961 from Chargé S/4892, S/4925. Letters of 26 July and 14 August d'Affaires a.i. of Permanent Mission of Iraq. 1961 from Permanent Representative of Iraq.

THE QUESTION OF OMAN The question of Oman, discussion of which and (3) invite the parties concerned to settle was deferred from the General Assembly's fif- peacefully their differences with a view to teenth session,1 was placed on the agenda of restoring normal conditions in Oman. the sixteenth session on 25 September 1961. It On 27 November 1961, the Special Political was referred to the Assembly's Special Political Committee approved, by a roll-call vote of Committee, which considered it between 27 No- 40 to 26, with 23 abstentions, a request that it vember and 4 December 1961. hear an Omani delegation, composed of three A draft resolution on the subject was proposed persons, during its discussion on the question. by Afghanistan, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Jor- The request for such a hearing was made on dan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Saudi 26 October by Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Arabia, the Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, Syria, Tu- Arab Republic, Yemen and Yugoslavia. By this nisia and the United Arab Republic. On 28 text, the Assembly, deeply concerned with the November, a member of the Omani delegation situation in Oman and recalling its resolution made a statement in which he declared that 1514(XV) of 14 December 1960 containing a British colonialism and aggression must be declaration on the granting of independence to eradicated in Oman and the independence of colonial countries and peoples,2 would: (1) Oman recognized. recognize the right of the people of Oman to self-determination and independence; (2) call 1 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 194-95. for the withdrawal of foreign forces from Oman; 2 Ibid., pp. 49-50. 150 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS On 1 December, at the request of Australia, these principles, the United Nations should urge there was circulated a communication, dated the parties to enter into negotiations as stated 29 November, from the Sultan of Muscat and in the moderate 16-power draft resolution. Oman to the President of the General Assembly. Other supporters of the draft resolution em- The Sultan protested against the holding of phasized that the question of Oman involved any debate about Oman and the hearing of a colonial war of aggression, inspired by greed any Omani delegation. for Arab oil, against the people of Oman strug- Citing recent reports from Omani sources of gling to liberate their country from foreign renewed clashes between Oman nationalists domination. British intervention, it was stated, and reinforced aggressive British armed forces, was a threat to peace and security in the area the representative of Saudi Arabia charged and a violation of the Assembly's resolution that, despite United Kingdom arguments that 1514(XV) of 14 December 1960—which had its intervention was intended only to assist the recently been reaffirmed by resolution 1654 Ruler of a State in a case of internal revolt or (XVI) of 27 November 1961 (see on p. 56) of rebellion fomented from abroad, the use of above)—proclaiming the need for a speedy end armed force could not be justified in the age to colonialism. of the United Nations except in self-defence. The representative of Iraq pointed out that The conflict in Oman was between the people intervention had followed Omani protests of Oman and British colonialism, or what against exploitation begun in 1954, on land might be described more precisely as British belonging to Oman, by a United Kingdom com- "oilism." The Sultans of Muscat had never pany under a concession wrongfully granted in been true sovereign rulers but the clients of 1937 by the Sultan of Muscat. Although the whatever foreign power happened to be in the United Kingdom claimed that the concession ascendancy. did not in any way infringe the autonomy The present Ruler of Muscat, he said, had granted to Oman under the Treaty of Sib, sought to hand Oman over to the British, and the Sultan clearly had no right to grant oil that was why the people of Oman were fight- concessions on land which did not belong to ing. Oman was one of the oldest fully inde- him and without the knowledge of its real pendent and sovereign States. The United owner, the Imam of Oman. After the Imam Kingdom should be the last to deny this status, had refused to endorse the concession, the since it had acted as an intermediary in the Sultan of Muscat, acting on the instructions conclusion of the 1920 Treaty of Sib between of the United Kingdom Government, had Muscat and Oman. This Treaty was not an asked for military aid which would never have internal agreement, as represented by the been given in support of a "devoted friend" United Kingdom, but an international treaty. had there not been oil interests to protect. Even if it were correct to claim that the Treaty The representative of the United Kingdom simply granted the people of Oman a certain declared that there had never been an inde- degree of autonomy, the United Kingdom could pendent State of Oman separate from the Sul- not justify its intervention by arguing that the tanate of Muscat and Oman. The current dis- Imam of Oman had entered into treasonable cussion therefore constituted interference in relations with other States. The Imam was not the Sultanate's internal affairs in violation of accountable to the United Kingdom, and his Article 2(7) of the Charter (which precludes only "treason" had been his application to United Nations intervention in matters falling become a member of the Arab League. within the domestic jurisdiction of States). The Arab delegations, added the Saudi The sovereignty of the present dynasty over Arabian representative, did not seek to con- the whole of the area currently known as demn the United Kingdom; they sought an Muscat and Oman, he added, had been recog- honourable solution in accordance with the nized in international treaties concluded with United Nations Charter. British bases and them by the United Kingdom in 1891 and 1951, armed forces must be withdrawn, foreign domi- by the United States in 1833 and 1856, by nation and colonialism eliminated and the inde- France in 1846 and by India in 1953. The il- pendence of Oman restored. On the basis of lusion that there was an independent and sover- QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 151 eign territory called "Oman" separate and dis- propaganda campaign. World peace and secu- tinct from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman rity had in no way been threatened by these was based on a confusion of terms. purely internal disturbances, nor did the assist- The office of Imam of Oman, which had ance in question violate international law or once exercised both spiritual and temporal the Charter. Local Omani tribes were no longer power, had become a spiritual one in the eigh- fighting against British armed forces. Nor were teenth century and had not been in existence British combat units stationed in the Sultanate. continuously. There was no indication of any The recent incidents were due to infiltrators desire, said the United Kingdom representative, sent in from abroad to give the impression that to revive the secular powers of the Imamate a national liberation battle was continuing. which the vast majority of Omanis regarded as Thanks to the restoration of order, the Sultan an archaic institution. The Agreement of Sib had been able to launch a social development was not, as alleged, an international treaty re- programme and had offered amnesty to the cognizing the independence of Oman, but a rebels subject to satisfactory guarantees of their purely internal arrangement granting the tribes keeping the peace. Many had accepted. a certain provincial autonomy in return for The representative of the United Kingdom an undertaking to live in peace with the Sultan's further declared that adoption of the draft reso- Government. The Agreement had worked well lution would make it even harder to effect a for more than 30 years, he continued, but had reconciliation for which his Government's good been unilaterally terminated by the rebellion of offices would be available. The allusion in the certain sheikhs in 1954-55, who had sought, by draft resolution to colonialism had no relevance, appointing a new Imam of Oman who at once since the Sultanate was not a colony but an claimed to be an independent ruler, to obtain independent State. To recognize the right of the for themselves the benefits of possible discovery people of Oman to self-determination was of oil in Oman, benefits which should have gone equally irrelevant, since the people recognized to the Sultanate as a whole from a concession the Sultan's sovereignty. It was for the Sultan which the Sultan alone had the right to grant. alone to decide on the withdrawal of the That right had not been contested at the time remaining foreign forces in Oman. by the Imam then in office. On 4 December 1961, the Committee adopted The rebellion had been put down in 1959 the 16-power draft resolution by a roll-call with the assistance of the United Kingdom, the vote of 38 votes to 21, with 29 abstentions. rebel leaders had fled, and the area had since When it was voted on, by roll-call, at a been at peace. Every Government had the right plenary meeting of the Assembly on 14 De- to seek such foreign assistance in asserting its cember, the draft resolution was not adopted, lawful authority, especially when the rebellion having failed to receive the required two-thirds was encouraged from abroad—in this case by majority. The vote in the Assembly was 33 in Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Re- favour, 21 against, and 37 abstentions. public—with arms, funds and an extensive

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

GENERAL ASSEMBLY——16TH SESSION Arab Republic, Yemen, Yugoslavia: draft resolu- General Committee, meeting 135. tion, adopted by Special Political Committee on Special Political Committee, meetings 299-306. 4 December 1961, meeting 306, by roll-call vote Plenary Meetings 1014, 1078. of 38 to 21, with 29 abstentions, as follows: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Burma, A/4521. Letter of 29 September 1960 from Per- Byelorussian SSR, Cambodia, Ceylon, Chad, manent Representative of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Congo (Leopoldville), Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Ghana, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, United Arab Republic and Yemen proposing item Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, for inclusion in agenda entitled "The Question of Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Poland, Romania, Oman." Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, A/SPC/L.78 and Add.1. Afghanistan, Guinea, In- Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Republic, donesia, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mo- Yemen, Yugoslavia. rocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Against: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, 152 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Iceland, Ire- roll-call, being 33 in favour to 21 against, with land, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New 37 abstentions, as follows: Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, South Africa, In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Burma, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. Byelorussian SSR, Cambodia, Congo (Leopoldville), Abstaining: Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cameroun, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Guinea, Hungary, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Dahomey, Ecuador, Federation of Malaya, Greece, Libya, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland, Romania, Guatemala, Ivory Coast, Japan, Liberia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Ukrainian Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philip- SSR, USSR, United Arab Republic, Yemen, Yugo- pines, Sierra Leone, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, slavia. Upper Volta, Venezuela. Against: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Den- A/SPC/59. Letter dated 26 October 1961 from Per- mark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Ice- manent Representatives of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, land, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Nether- Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tu- lands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, South nisia, United Arab Republic and Yemen. Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. A/SPC/62. Cable of 29 November 1961 from Sultan Abstaining: Argentina, Austria, Bolivia, Brazil, of Muscat and Oman. Ceylon, China, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, A/SPC/63. Text of resolution adopted by Special Ethiopia, Federation of Malaya, Ghana, Greece, Political Committee. Guatemala, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Japan, Laos, Li- A/5010. Report of Special Political Committee; draft beria, Madagascar, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Paki- resolution, A/SPC/63, not adopted by Assembly stan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Por- on 14 December 1961, plenary meeting 1078, tugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Thailand, owing to lack of two-thirds majority, the vote, by Turkey, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela.

THE PALESTINE QUESTION COMPLAINT BY JORDAN eral Armistice Agreement; (b) Israel's views On 1 April 1961, Jordan complained to the about the parade had been put before the Security Council that a military parade which Mixed Armistice Commission and the Chief Israel planned to hold on 20 April in the Israel- of Staff and had been rejected; and (c) the occupied part of Jerusalem would be an act of Mixed Armistice Commission had considered military provocation and a violation of the that the bringing of armaments into the city of General Armistice Agreement and that this Jerusalem would be a breach of the General would be in defiance of a decision taken by the Armistice Agreement, and it had condemned Mixed Armistice Commission on 20 March Israel for that. 1961 to the effect that a dress rehearsal for The representative of Israel maintained that that parade, held on 16-17 March 1961, had the root of the continuing difficulties was that been a breach of the Armistice Agreement. The the Arab countries, contrary to their obligations parade contemplated for 20 April would en- under the United Nations Charter, the resolu- danger international peace and security. tions of the United Nations and the General On 2 April 1961, Israel replied that the al- Armistice Agrément, had refused to make peace legation of danger to peace and security was with Israel. This was not the first time that without a vestige of foundation, Jordan already equipment prohibited by the General Armistice having received full assurance about the purely Agreement had been brought into the Jerusalem ceremonial character of the parade. area for ceremonial purposes. On numerous The Security Council considered the com- previous special occasions in the past, both plaint by Jordan on 6, 10 and 11 April, the Israel and Jordan had conducted military pa- representatives of Israel and Jordan taking part rades on either side of the line in Jerusalem. in the discussion without the right to vote. He suggested that it was open to serious doubt Reviewing the developments leading to the whether the ceremonial parading of military Mixed Armistice Commission's decision of 20 equipment without ammunition, and thus in- March, Jordan's representative stressed the fol- capable of military use, constituted even a lowing points: (a) no heavy armaments of any "formal breach" of the General Armistice Agree- kind, for any purpose and under any condi- ment. tion, were allowed into the Jerusalem sector On 10 April, Ceylon and the United Arab in accordance with the provisions of the Gen- Republic submitted a draft resolution, whereby QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 153 the Council would: (1) endorse the Mixed mission's members looked only to the future and Armistice Commission's decision of 20 March was in no sense intended to derogate from the 1961 and (2) urge Israel to comply with that meaning of the clause which urged Israel to decision. comply with the Commission's resolution of Most speakers in the debate stressed the im- 20 March 1961 and which was fully valid. The portance of upholding the Mixed Armistice Secretary-General further stated that the Mixed Commission's decision and the need for strict Armistice Commission's consideration of Israel's compliance with the provisions of the General complaint against Jordan, even if confirmed, Armistice Agreement. could not release Israel from the obligation to On 11 April 1961, the United States pro- comply with the provisions of the Security posed an additional clause for the two-power Council's resolutions. In conclusion, the Sec- proposal whereby the Council would ask the retary-General said he had found it necessary members of the Mixed Armistice Commission to report to the Security Council that there to co-operate so as to ensure compliance with had been no response so far on the part of the the General Armistice Agreement. Israel Government on its attitude on the clause On 11 April, the Council adopted this in the Council's resolution urging that Israel amendment by 7 votes to 0, with 4 absten- comply with the Commission's decision of 20 tions. It then approved the draft resolution, March 1961. as amended, by 8 votes to 0, with 3 absten- On 19 April 1961, the Secretary-General cir- tions. culated a report by the Chief of Staff of On 17 April 1961, the Secretary-General UNTSO on the emergency meetings of the circulated a report on compliance with the Israel-Jordan Mixed Armistice Commission held Security Council's resolution. He stated that from 17 to 19 April to consider the Israel com- on 11 April he had, through the Chief of Staff plaint referred to above and a Jordan verbal of the United Nations Truce Supervision Or- complaint submitted on 14 April (see below). ganization (UNTSO), asked for a reply from In regard to Israel's complaint, the Chief the Israel Government on compliance with the of Staff reported that an UNTSO investigation terms of the resolution. On 14 April, a further in the Jordanian part of Jerusalem had pro- request for a direct reply was made to the duced no evidence of any equipment beyond Israel authorities, this request being necessary that allowed in the General Armistice Agree- because of Israel's response to the first request ment. Nor were there any indications of equip- of the UNTSO to the effect that discussions on ment having been placed in position recently. the resolution were taking place in New York He also reported that the Israel delegation with the Secretary-General. had made a number of new proposals at the Meanwhile, on 13 April 1961, Israel asked Mixed Armistice Commission's emergency meet- for an emergency meeting of the Mixed Ar- ing of 17-19 April. One was that the Commis- mistice Commission to consider its complaint sion decide to strike off all the outstanding about an alleged concentration of heavy military complaints (some 3,800) on its agenda. When equipment in the Jordanian part of Jerusalem, this proposal failed to be adopted, the Israel which, it charged, was contrary to the General delegation submitted a new proposal calling Armistice Agreement. Israel's representative re- for meetings of a sub-committee to study "ways garded the clause in the Security Council's and means of disposing of all outstanding com- resolution asking for the co-operation of mem- plaints." Israel also proposed that the Commis- bers of the Mixed Armistice Commission as a sion "decide that its members are bound to basis for the Commission to consider the ques- co-operate so as to ensure that all the articles tion of the parade. of the General Armistice Agreement will be In his report, the Secretary-General observed complied with in full," and also that the Com- that an examination of the Security Council's mission call for "direct negotiations between discussions indicated that this interpretation the two parties to work out ways and measures was incorrect. The clause in the Council's reso- to bring about that result." lution requesting the co-operation of the Com- The Chairman abstained in the vote on 154 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS Israel's proposals, and Jordan voted against the Secretary-General that it had decided to ap- most of them. On the morning of 19 April point Joseph E. Johnson as its special representa- Israel walked out of the meeting. tive and that he would visit the Middle East to The Chairman of the Mixed Armistice Com- explore with the host Governments and with mission then notified both parties that he Israel practical means of seeking progress on the would convene the Commission in emergency Palestine Arab refugee problem pursuant to reso- meeting on the afternoon of that day to discuss lution 1604(XV). After his visit, Dr. Johnson in- a Jordanian complaint of 14 April about the formed the Commission that high officials of the concentration of troops and heavy equipment host countries and of Israel had expressed the on the Israel side of Jerusalem in excess of the view that it might be possible to take practical provisions of the General Armistice Agreement. steps with regard to the refugee problem without During the investigation, the Israel repre- prejudice to the positions taken by the host sentatives again gave the assurance that Israel Governments on other aspects of the Palestine had no hostile intentions in holding a military question. The Commission hoped that it would parade in Jerusalem on 20 April and that Israel be able, in the light of Dr. Johnson's report, to intended to maintain the tranquillity prevail- make suggestions in the near future on methods ing along the Armistice Demarcation Line. of procedure that might lead to progress on the On 19 April, in the absence of the Israel refugee question. The Conciliation Commission delegation, the Mixed Armistice Commission also reported that its work on the identification adopted a resolution submitted by Jordan which and valuation of the Arab refugees' immovable stated, among other things, that, on or about property holdings in Israel was nearing comple- 12/14 April 1961, Israel had concentrated a tion. It considered that the methods and tech- large amount of heavy military equipment on niques evolved in the programme were valid the Israel side of the Armistice Demarcation and that the estimates should serve as a funda- Line. The resolution also called on the Israel mental basis for any compensation arrangement. authorities to withdraw forthwith such heavy Commenting on the release of Arab refugees' arms and equipment from the Israel side of the bank accounts and safe deposits blocked in Israel, Jerusalem area. the Commission said it had been informed, on 7 November 1960, that the Government of REPORT OF CONCILIATION Israel and Barclays Bank had concluded an COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE agreement whereby Barclays Bank would deal On 23 October 1961, the United Nations with claims to those accounts by procedures Conciliation Commission for Palestine submitted similar to those employed in previous release its nineteenth progress report which covered the operations. The Commission had secured the period between 12 November 1960 and 13 Oc- concurrence of the Governments of Jordan, tober 1961. The Commission stated that on Lebanon and the United Arab Republic to this 9 May 1961 it had decided to appoint a special plan, and it had also approached the Syrian representative to explore the precise views of Government about it. (See also pp. 157-59.) the parties as to what action might usefully be undertaken in the implementation of paragraph OTHER COMMUNICATIONS 11 of Assembly resolution 194(III) of 1948. TO SECURITY COUNCIL (This paragraph envisaged a choice between On 13 March 1961, the United Arab Re- repatriation or compensation for those Palestine public sent a letter to the President of the refugees who did wish to return to their home.) Security Council asking that there be circulated The Commission had done so in pursuance of to all Council members the text of a decision Assembly resolution 1604(XV) of 21 April taken on 7 March 1961 by the Egyptian-Israel 1961,3 which, among other things, asked the Mixed Armistice Commission about an attack Commission to secure the implementation of by two Israel aircraft which had penetrated paragraph 11 of resolution 194(III) and to United Arab Republic airspace and machine- report to the Assembly thereon later in 1961. gunned grazing animals belonging to Bedouins. On 21 August 1961, the Commission informed 3 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 190-91. QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 155 On 23 June 1961, Israel sent a complaint to forces of the United Arab Republic (Syrian the Security Council's President about a series Region) in the preceding few days against of aggressive actions taken by Syrian armed civilians engaged in peaceful work in Israel.

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES COMPLAINT BY JORDAN Armistice Commission on 20 March 1961 (docu- ment S/4776), SECURITY COUNCIL, meetings 94-7-949. "1. Endorses the decision of the Mixed Armistice Commission of 20 March 1961; S/4776. Letter of 30 March 1961 from Permanent "2. Urges Israel to comply with this decision; Representative of Jordan concerning decision "3. Requests the members of the Mixed Armistice adopted on 20 March 1961 by Jordan-Israel Mixed Commission to co-operate so as to ensure that the Armistice Commission. General Armistice Agreement will be complied with." S/4777, S/4783. Letters of 1 and 3 April 1961 from Permanent Representative of Jordan. S/4792 and Corr.1 and Add.1. Report of Secretary- S/4778. Letter of 2 April 1961 from Permanent General dated 17 and 19 April 1961 respectively. Representative of Israel. S/4784. Ceylon and United Arab Republic: draft REPORT OF CONCILIATION resolution. COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE S/4785. United States, amendment to draft resolu- A/4921 and Add.1. Progress report of United Na- tion, S/4784. tions Conciliation Commission for Palestine, and S/4788. Resolution, as submitted by Ceylon and report of Special Representative, dated 13 October United Arab Republic, S/4784, and as amended and 24 November 1961 respectively. by United States, S/4785, adopted by Council on 11 April 1961, meeting 949, by 8 votes to 0, OTHER COMMUNICATIONS with 3 abstentions. TO SECURITY COUNCIL S/4770. Letter of 13 March 1961 from Permanent "The Security Council, Representative of United Arab Republic concern- "Having considered the complaint submitted on ing decision adopted on 7 March 1961 by Egyptian- 1 April 1961 by the Government of the Hashemite Israeli Mixed Armistice Commission. Kingdom of Jordan (document S/4777), S/4843. Letter of 23 June 1961 from Permanent "Noting the decision of the Jordan-Israel Mixed Representative of Israel.

ASSISTANCE TO PALESTINE REFUGEES Assistance to Palestine refugees continued to lion annually. The per caput assistance for the be given during 1961 by the United Nations refugees had averaged less than $30 per year Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees over the past 11 years. The Director of UNRWA in the Near East (UNRWA). The provision of appealed to Governments to provide an addi- such aid was also considered by the General tional $9.8 million over the next two years to Assembly at its sixteenth session. complete the three-year programme He announced that he would also seek an- REPORT OF DIRECTOR OF UNRWA other $1 million a year in 1962 and 1963 from In his annual report to the General Assembly's extra-budgetary sources, to be used for scholar- sixteenth session—1 July 1960 to 30 June 1961— ships of $500 each to enable young refugees to the Director of UNRWA reviewed the current receive vocational training. conditions of the refugees and progress on the In requesting increased financial support, he three-year (1961-63) programme for assisting explained that the Agency had drawn heavily refugee youth which he had placed before the on its working capital during the past year to General Assembly the previous year; he also accelerate the three-year programme. The addi- emphasized that "the Palestine refugee problem tional funds were needed for two important continues to grow even larger and more com- aspects of the Agency's work: for relief, which plex." had been purposely held at prevailing per caput The report pointed out that UNRWA opera- levels in order to maximize expenditure on train- tions were financed by voluntary governmental ing; and for essential improvements in the gen- contributions, currently amounting to $34- mil- eral education system. 156 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS Describing UNRWA's activities in the period ties to obtain specialized training. It was im- under review, he said that contributions of probable, he said, that during the next decade about $4.5 million, mostly from World Refugee or two there could be enough training schools Year sources, had enabled the Agency to "press to admit all who wanted to enter. In the vigorously ahead" in expanding its vocational resulting competition with adaptable and un- training programme. The Agency's aim was to married youth, the more mature men would not graduate some 2,000 young refugees annually be able to gain admission. from the vocational training centres, as com- "Even if by good fortune," the Director of pared with 300 in 1960. UNRWA went on, "a satisfactory political solu- Reviewing the Arab refugee problem as a tion to the problem were found soon, the com- whole, the Director of UNRWA stated that plicated socio-economic aspects of the problem "the rehabilitation of the Palestine refugees has which now exist would take some years to un- proved to be a much more difficult and a much tangle." He warned that for some time to come longer-term task than was at first envisaged." there might well be "no practical alternative" No solution had evolved, he said, because none to continuing to provide relief services and proposed had taken adequately into account education for refugees. "the deep feelings and aspirations of the people of the Middle East." The refugees continued to UNRWA OPERATIONS show "embitterment and resentment over the Statistics: The number of registered refugees loss of their homes and homeland," he pointed in the period under review rose by about 30,000 out. They strongly demanded the right of choice (of whom 4,500 were added to the ration between repatriation and compensation held out rolls), bringing the total, as of 30 June 1961, to to them by the United Nations under paragraph 1,151,024. There were 630,725 refugees in Jor- 11 of General Assembly resolution 194(III) of dan, 621,125 in the Gaza Strip, 140,201 in 1948—a right which, he said, had never been Lebanon and 118,973 in Syria. The number of implemented. (This paragraph provided, among refugees living in official camps rose to 440,000 other things, that refugees wishing to retain to —an increase of 24,000 due to natural increase their homes and live at peace with their neigh- and new admissions. bours should be permitted to do so at the earliest Food: The Agency devoted nearly 40 per practicable date and that compensation should cent of its budget to buying and distributing be paid for the property of those choosing not basic rations for 870,266 refugees, providing to return and for loss of or damage to property. each with 1,500 calories in summer and 1,600 The United Nations Conciliation Commission in winter. A supplementary feeding and milk for Palestine was instructed, among other things, distribution programme was directed towards to facilitate the repatriation, resettlement and children, pregnant and nursing women, tubercu- economic and social rehabilitation of the refu- losis patients and others vulnerable to malnu- gees and the payment of compensation.) trition. Of the original refugees, virtually every adult Health: Health records were satisfactory, and who in 1948 had a skill needed in the Arab there were no major epidemics. UNRWA oper- world soon found a job, and these men and ated or subsidized 100 health centres and 8 their families had been self-supporting ever mobile clinics and 2,062 hospital beds. since, the report explained. However, the 70-odd Education: During the 1960-61 school year, per cent of adults who had been farmers, shop- 187,680 refugee pupils benefited from the keepers, unskilled workers and herders came to Agency's education programme. A rapidly in- areas already saturated with such persons and creasing number of students received secondary had little success in finding employment. More- education through grants to Governments and over, about 150,000 young men had grown to private schools. A few gifted students were maturity as refugees since 1948. This was a par- awarded university scholarships. ticularly serious problem, the Director of Social Welfare: The Agency's social welfare UNRWA stressed, for in all probability they services tackled two major problems: low refu- had already "missed for life" their opportuni- gee morale and the relief of individual hard- QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 157 ship cases. A youth activities programme was for application of paragraph 11 of resolution launched in April 1960, with the co-operation 194(III) was suitable, impartial and effective; of the World Alliance of Y.M.C.A.'s, to reduce second, it should establish provisional machinery the effects on youth of idleness in camps result- to ensure the welfare of the refugees and to ing from unemployment. safeguard their property rights. They disagreed Individual Assistance: A new policy on indi- with the views which the Conciliation Commis- vidual assistance was formulated, and the sion's Special Representative had expressed in Agency planned a programme of combined his report on the grounds that the Commission's grants and loans which it hoped to implement instructions to him were not consistent with in co-operation with the Government of Jordan, General Assembly resolutions. The Special Re- as well as a housing programme which would presentative's instructions should have been, enable the refugees who had some income and essentially, to begin negotiations with the Israel a plot of land on which to build a house. authorities, who were responsible for the im- Clothing: Each needy refugee received 1.7 plementation of paragraph 11 of resolution kilogrammes of used clothes donated by volun- 194(III). The main failure of the Conciliation tary organizations. UNRWA paid $200,000 in Commission was that it had misinterpreted that ocean freight to import this clothing. paragraph. On the question of negotiations between the CONSIDERATION BY Arab States and Israel, the Arab representatives GENERAL ASSEMBLY took the position that negotiations on the rights Introducing his report in the Assembly's of the people of Palestine could be entered into Special Political Committee, the Director of only by the Palestine Arabs themselves. The UNRWA appealed for more financial aid to the adoption of the following measures were advo- Agency. He felt that a continuation through cated as preliminary steps towards a final settle- some United Nations medium of the services ment: the appointment of a custodian or ad- provided by UNRWA was essential to the pre- ministrator for the property of the refugees; servation of stability and peace in the Middle re-consideration of the principles underlying the East and in the world, pending a full and satis- existence of the Conciliation Commission, which factory solution to the Palestine refugee problem. might include discussion of the possibility of The Special Political Committee also had be- either maintaining or abolishing the Commis- fore it a progress report by Joseph E. Johnson, sion, enlarging it or replacing its present men- whom the United Nations Conciliation Com- bers by others who were not committed to the mission for Palestine had sent to the Middle cause of Israel; and consideration of measures East in September 1961 as its Special Repre- to be applied against the Government of Israel sentative. Among other things, Dr. Johnson in- if it persisted in its refusal to allow the decisions dicated that the Governments of host countries of the United Nations to be carried out. and of Israel had expressed a willingness, though The representative of Israel declared that a with "much reservation and scepticism," to peace treaty could be signed between Israel consider a step-by-step process that might lead and its Arab neighbours to allay Arab fears and to progress on the refugee issue without preju- to define the political frontiers between them; dice to the positions of the respective Govern- a non-aggression pact could be signed; disarma- ments on the other related issues. (For further ment arrangements, with mutual inspection and details, see above, p. 154.) control could be entered into; the borders could During the discussion in the Special Political be guaranteed by the United Nations or the Committee, representatives of the Arab States great powers. The Arab States, however, had maintained that it was for the United Nations, rejected these proposals, because it was not which had been instrumental in creating the Israel which wanted to occupy Arab territory, plight of the Palestinian people, to find the but the Arab States which wanted to occupy means to ensure that full effect was given to Israel. While it had willingly co-operated with its resolution on the repatriation of the refugees. the Special Representative of the Conciliation First, it should see that the machinery set up Commission, the Israel Government neverthe- 158 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS less had some reservations about the Commis- with the General Assembly's resolutions. sion's report. Israel continued to believe in nego- The representative of France was in favour of tiations between the Arab States and Israel, with proposals aimed at providing continued support or without the help of the Conciliation Com- for the refugees, keeping open the possibilities mission. The proposed changes in the Commis- of conciliation by inviting the Commission to sion's composition could serve no useful purpose continue its work and obtaining the active co- so long as the desire for conciliation was absent operation of the parties to the dispute with the on the part of the Arab States. Commission. The representative of Pakistan sug- No United Nations resolution, added Israel's gested that if there was any doubt about the representative, demanded the immediate, total property rights of refugees the question could and unconditional repatriation of refugees into be referred to the International Court of Justice Israel. On the other hand, several Assembly for an advisory opinion. resolutions had called for negotiations on the Several representatives from African and peaceful settlement of all outstanding questions Asian States considered that the membership between Israel and the Arab States. Israel be- of the Conciliation Commission should be re- lieved that the future of the Arab refugees lay constituted to enable it to carry out its tasks in their resettlement in the Arab countries, and more effectively. Israel was ready to pay compensation for prop- The representative of Cyprus, supported by erty abandoned by the refugees, even before a the representative of New Zealand, repeated a general peace settlement was concluded, pro- suggestion made by their delegations and others vided that the funds made available were used at previous sessions that Israel should take a for the general settlement of the dispute. Israel first step by repatriating a token number of would, however, also demand compensation for refugees and paying compensation to an equal property of its citizens confiscated by the Arab number of refugees opting for resettlement in Governments. the Arab countries. The United States representative firmly sup- Two draft resolutions were voted on in the ported the provisions for repatriation, resettle- Special Political Committee on 19 December ment and compensation set forth in paragraph 1961. 11 of resolution 194(III) and hoped that they The first was submitted by the United States. would be implemented before long. His delega- By the preamble to this text, the Assembly tion had welcomed the new attempt to settle the would, among other things, note "with deep refugee situation by the Conciliation Commis- regret" that the terms of paragraph 11 of reso- sion's appointment of a Special Representative lution 194(III) had not been put into effect, to undertake an exploratory mission with the and that little progress had been made in the Governments concerned. He opposed any pro- programme endorsed by the Assembly for re- posals or action that might prejudice the results integration of the refugees either by repatria- of that initiative. Several other representatives tion or resettlement. By the operative part of also welcomed the Conciliation Commission's this text, the Assembly would: (1) request the appointment of a Special Representative. Conciliation Commission to intensify its efforts The USSR representative was among those to secure implementation of paragraph 11 of who maintained that the obvious solution to the Assembly resolution 194(III), which provided problem lay in carrying out the Assembly's reso- for repatriation or compensation to the refugees, lutions, particularly resolution 194(III). Every- and to urge the Arab host Governments and thing indicated that the Conciliation Commis- Israel to co-operate in this matter; (2) ask the sion, which had never come forward with a Conciliation Commission to intensify its work practical proposal of any kind, was bent on con- on the identification and evaluation of refugee fining its attention to purely secondary matters. immovable properties in Palestine as of 15 The lack of progress towards a settlement of May 1948 and to complete the work by 1 Sep- the dispute was primarily due to political tember 1962, if possible; and(3)direct attention factors and, in particular, to the stubborn re- to UNRWA's "precarious" financial position, fusal of the Government of Israel to comply and urge non-contributing Governments to QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIDDLE EAST 159 contribute and contributing Governments to the Palestine Arab refugees also failed to be give more. adopted for the same reason, having received, The second text voted on was sponsored by by roll-call, 40 votes in favour to 37 against, the following 16 Members: the Central African with 21 abstentions. Republic, Chile, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa The amended text (that is, as originally Rica, El Salvador, Gabon, Guatemala, Haiti, presented in the Special Political Committee by the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Madagascar, the Neth- the United States), was then adopted by the erlands, Niger, Sierra Leone, Upper Volta and Assembly by a vote of 62 to 0, with 37 absten- Uruguay. tions, as resolution 1725 (XVI). By this text (a revised version), the Assembly would, among other things, renew its appeal to PLEDGES AND PAYMENTS FOR 1961-62 the Governments concerned "to undertake During the financial (calendar) year 1961, direct negotiations—with the assistance of the 44 countries and territories pledged the equiva- Conciliation Commission for Palestine, if they lent of $34,147,284 for UNRWA's activities. By so desire—with a view to finding a solution, 31 December 1961, the equivalent of $33,336,582 acceptable to all the parties concerned, for all had been received in payments of these pledges, the questions in dispute between them, particu- as well as $1,356,602 from pledges of previous larly the question of the Arab refugees." years. At the end of the year, pledges still un- Afghanistan, Indonesia and Pakistan submit- paid amounted to $810,702 for 1961 and ted an amendment to add two paragraphs to $332,349 for prior years. the operative part of the United States draft As of December 1961, UNRWA had received resolution. By these new paragraphs, the pledges of approximately $20,900,000 for 1962. Assembly would decide that the Conciliation Commission should be composed of five mem- PLEDGES AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNRWA ber, to be proposed by the President of the FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31 DECEMBER 1961 Assembly for the Assembly's approval before the (Showing the equivalent in U.S. Dollars of pledges and contributions in cash, end of the session. The reconstituted Concilia- kind and services) tion Commission would then be asked "to take Pledging Contributions measures for the protection of the rights, prop- Government Pledge Received erty and interests of the Palestine Arab refu- Australia 201,600 201,600 gees." Austria 2,000 2,000 The amendment to increase the size of the Belgium 30,000 30,000 Cambodia 571 571 Conciliation Commission for Palestine to five Canada 2,069,500 2,069,500 members was adopted by a vote of 47 to 27, Ceylon 1,000 with 24 abstentions. The amendment to ask the Cyprus 560 560 reconstituted Commission to take measures for Denmark 43,440 21,720 the protection of the rights, property and inter- Federation of Malaya 1,500 France 182,209 182,209 ests of the Palestine Arab refugees was adopted Gaza Authorities 124,721 124,721 by a vote of 42 to 36, with 20 abstentions. The Germany, Fed. Rep. of 250,000 250,000 United States draft resolution, as amended, was Ghana 3,000 adopted by the Special Political Committee by Greece 15,000 Holy See 10,965 10,965 a roll-call vote of 74 to 1, with 23 abstentions. India 21,008 The 16-power draft resolution was rejected Iran 6,000 3,000 by a roll-call vote of 44 against, 34 in favour, Ireland 14,062 14,062 with 20 abstentions. Italy 80,000 At a plenary meeting of the Assembly on 20 Japan 10,000 10,000 Jordan 98,280 98,280 December 1961, the clause to increase the size Korea, Rep. of 1,500 1,500 of the Commission failed to obtain the necessary Kuwait 131,250 131,250 two-thirds majority, having received a vote, by Lebanon 40,125 40,125 roll-call, of 44 to 29, with 25 abstentions. The Liberia 5,000 5,000 Luxembourg 2,000 clause asking the Commission to take measures Monaco 1,224 1,224 to protect the rights, property and interests of Morocco 40,750 36,750 160 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS Pledging Contributions Pledging Contributions Government Pledge Received Government Pledge Received Netherlands 69,061 69,061 Viet-Nam 2,500 2,500 New Zealand 140,000 140,000 Yugoslavia 40,000 40,000 Norway 42,000 42,000 Pakistan 20,953 20,953 Total 34,147,284 33,336,582 Saudi Arabia 100,000 100,000 Sudan 2,870 * The United States pledge for the fiscal period Sweden 57,915 57,915 1 July 1960-30 June 1961 came to $23,500,000, and Switzerland 34,884 for the fiscal period 1 July 1961-30 June 1962 it Syria 74,439 74,439 amounted to $24,700,000. In both cases it was payable Tunisia 2,000 on a matching basis not to exceed 70 per cent of Turkey 5,000 5,000 contributions paid by all Governments. The Agency, United Arab Republic 418,397 418,397 for its own accounting purposes, arbitrarily allocated United Kingdom 5,400,000 5,400,000 these pledges between its 1960, 1961 and 1962 fiscal United States* 24,350,000 23,731,280 years.

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

GENERAL ASSEMBLY——16TH SESSION Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Special Political Committee, meetings 306-324. Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mex- Plenary Meeting 1086. ico, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Panama, Para- guay, Philippines, Thailand, Togo, Venezuela. A/4861. Annual Report of Director of United Na- A/SPC/L.79/Rev.1. United States: revised draft tions Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Re- resolution. fugees in the Near East, 1 July 1960-30 June 1961. A/SPC/L.81 and Corr.1. Afghanistan, Indonesia, A/4921 and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1. Nineteenth Pakistan: amendments to United States draft reso- Progress Report of United Nations Conciliation lution, A/SPC/L.79. Commission for Palestine (12 November 1960- A/SPC/64. Statement of financial implications of 13 October 1961). draft resolution and amendment (A/SPC/L.79/ A/SPC/58 and Add.1. Letters of 9 October 1961 Rev.1 and A/SPC/L.81). and of 2 November 1961 from representatives of A/SPC/L.80. Central African Republic, Chile, Congo Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Re- Haiti, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Madagascar, Nether- public and Yemen requesting that a Palestinian lands, Sierra Leone, Togo, Upper Volta, Uruguay: Arab delegation composed of 10 persons be heard draft resolution. by Special Political Committee. A/SPC/L.80/Rev.1 and Corr.1. Revised draft resolu- A/SPC/L.79 and Corr.1,2. United States: draft reso- tion proposed by sponsors of A/SPC/L.80 (except lution, as amended by Afghanistan, Indonesia and Togo) and also by Gabon and Niger, rejected by Pakistan (A/SPC/L.81 and Corr.1), adopted by Special Political Committee on 19 December 1961, Special Political Committee on 19 December 1961, meeting 324, by roll-call vote of 44 against to meeting 324, by roll-call vote of 74 to 1 with 34 in favour, with 20 abstentions, as follows: 23 abstentions, as follows: In favour: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Cameroun, In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Argentina, Aus- Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, tralia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Byelorussian SSR, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Den- Cambodia, Cameroun, Canada, Central African mark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Republic, Ceylon, Chad, Chile, China, Congo Finland, Guatemala, Haiti, Iceland, Israel, Ivory (Brazzaville), Congo (Leopoldville), Costa Rica, Coast, Japan, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dahomey, Dominican Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Republic, Ethiopia, Federation of Malaya, Ghana, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone, Upper Volta, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, In- Uruguay. dia, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Against: Afghanistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Byelo- Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Mali, russian SSR, Cambodia, Ceylon, China, Cuba, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, New Zealand, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Federation of Malaya, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Po- Ghana, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, land, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauri- Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Tu- tania, Mongolia, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Po- nisia, Turkey, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab land, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Spain, Republic, United Kingdom, United States, Upper Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukrainian SSR, Volta, Uruguay, Yemen, Yugoslavia. USSR, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, Against: Israel. United States, Yemen, Yugoslavia. Abstaining: Belgium, Bolivia, Burma, Colombia, Abstaining: Argentina, Austria, Bolivia, Burma, QUESTIONS RELATING TO ORGANS, MEMBERSHIP AND CHARTER 161 Colombia, Congo (Leopoldville), Ethiopia, France, 1604(XV) of 21 April 1961, Greece, Ireland, Mexico, Nepal, Norway, Peru, "Noting the annual report of the Director of the Philippines, Senegal, Sweden, Thailand, Togo, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Pal- Venezuela, estine Refugees in the Near East, covering the period A/SPC/65. Text of resolution adopted by Special 1 July 1960-30 June 1961, Political Committee. "Noting with deep regret that repatriation or com- A/5068. Report of Special Political Committee. pensation of the refugees as provided for in para- RESOLUTION 1725(xvi), as recommended by Special graph 11 of General Assembly resolution 194(III) Political Committee, A/5068, and as amended in has not been effected, that no substantial progress has plenary, adopted by Assembly on 20 December been made in the programme endorsed in paragraph 2 1961, meeting 1086, by roll-call vote of 62 to 0, of resolution 513(VI) for the reintegration of re- with 37 abstentions, as follows: fugees either by repatriation or resettlement and In favour: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Aus- that, therefore, the situation of the refugees continues tria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroun, Canada, to be a matter of serious concern, Central African Republic, Ceylon, Chad, Chile, "1. Takes note of the efforts of the United Na- China, Colombia, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo tions Conciliation Commission for Palestine, pursuant (Leopoldville), Costa Rica, Cyprus, Dahomey, Den- to the request contained in General Assembly reso- mark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, lutions 1456(XIV) and 1604(XV), to secure the Federation of Malaya, Finland, France, Ghana, implementation of paragraph 11 of Assembly reso- Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Iceland, India, Iran, Ire- lution 194(III), and: land, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Laos, Liberia, "(a) Requests the Commission to intensify its ef- Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Netherlands, forts for the implementation of paragraph 11 of reso- New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, lution 194(III) and urges the Arab host Govern- Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sierra Leone, ments and Israel to co-operate with the Commission Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, in this regard; Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela. "(b) Further requests the Commission to intensify Against: None. its work on the identification and evaluation of Arab Abstaining: Albania, Bulgaria, Burma, Byelorussian refugee immovable properties in Palestine as at 15 SSR, Cambodia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, May 1948, and to make every effort to complete Guinea, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Le- that work by 1 September 1962; banon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Mo- "(c) Requests the Secretary-General to make avail- rocco, Nepal, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Saudi able to the Commission such additional staff and Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Syria, administrative facilities as may be required; Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, "2. Directs attention to the precarious financial United Arab Republic, Yemen, Yugoslavia. position of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and "The General Assembly, urges non-contributing Governments to contribute, "Recalling its resolutions 194(III) of 11 December and contributing Governments to consider increasing 1948, 302(IV) of 8 December 1949, 393(V) and their contributions, so that the Agency can carry 394(V) of 2 and 14 December 1950, 512(VI) and out its essential programmes; 513(VI) of 26 January 1952, 614(VII) of 6 No- "3. Expresses its thanks to the Director and the vember 1952, 720(VIII) of 27 November 1953, staff of the Agency for their continued faithful efforts 818(IX) of 4 December 1954, 916(X) of 3 De- to provide essential services for the Palestine re- cember 1955, 1018(XI) of 28 February 1957, 1191 fugees, and to the specialized agencies and private (XII) of 12 December 1957, 1315(XIII) of 12 De- organizations for their valuable work in assisting the cember 1958, 1456(XIV) of 9 December 1959 and refugees."

CHAPTER XIII QUESTIONS RELATING TO ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP AND THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER INVESTIGATION INTO CONDITIONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE TRAGIC DEATH OF SECRETARY-GENERAL HAMMARSKJOLD AND MEMBERS OF THE PARTY ACCOMPANYING HIM The circumstances in which the late Secretary- with Moise Tshombe, and the tragic end of General Dag Hammarskjold undertook an air that mission, have been reported elsewhere. (See flight to Ndola, Northern Rhodesia, to meet p. 63 above.)