Ancient and Modern Democracy: Two Concepts of Liberty? Wilfried Nippel Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02072-6 - Ancient and Modern Democracy: Two Concepts of Liberty? Wilfried Nippel Index More information

Index

“f.” after page numbers means: ‘and following page’

Abbt, Thomas (1738–1766), 114 Antonius [Marcus Antonius] (83–30 BC), 138 , abolitionists, 143 , 176 , 266 , 361 ; see also 161 , 167fn108 slavery Anytus († after 395 BC), 41fn128 , 237 Acton; see Dalberg-Acton archons Adams, John (1735–1826), 119fn4 , 120 , in Athens, 17f. , 20 , 23 , 40 , 51f. , 57 , 125f. , 129 , 131 , 133 , 135f. , 145f. , 157 , 213 , 231 186fn207 , 250 in Naples, 188 Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), 123 Arendt, Hannah (1906–1975), 158 , 345f. , 365 Adler, Georg (1863–1908), 231 Areopagus, 18 , 20f. , 51 , 72 , 172fn145 Aeschines (389–314 BC), 40fn121 , Arginusae trial, 208 , 218 , 221 , 231 , 234 – 236 , 42fn137 , 70 238 , 243 , 257 , 320 , 345 , 352 , 362 Aeschylus (525–456 BC), 74 Aristides (†c. 467 BC), 16fn26 , 31fn85 , Agis IV, Spartan King (244–241 BC), 93 122f. , 343 agrarian laws, 96 , 138fn113 , 183f. , 260fn78 , aristocracy, concept of, 75 , 82 , 85 , 95f. , 125 , 320fn27, 332 135 , 280 , 289 , 358 Alcibiades (450–404 BC), 15fn20 , 17 , Aristogeiton (†514 BC), 12 , 163 43fn142 , 49 , 63 , 66fn259 , 77 , 96 , 232f. , Aristophanes (c. 445–386 BC), 17 , 22 , 25 , 237 , 245fn150 , 263 , 272 , 314 47f. , 56 , 82 , 105 , 172 , 237 , 241 , 255 , Alexander III, the Great, King of Macedon 264 , 269 , 309 (336–323 BC, *356), 73 , 189 , 245 , Aristotle (384–322 BC), 30 , 71 , 75 , 79 , 81 – 83 , 258 , 272 86 , 88 , 94f. , 98f. , 121 , 134 , 143 , 152 , amnesty, Athenian of 403 BC, 39 , 64f. , 206 , 226 , 231f. , 249fn11 , 258 , 270 , 276 , 218f. , 232fn70 , 257 279 , 311fn177 , 345 , 349fn60 , 351 , 353 Amyot, Jacques (1513–1593), 112 Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769–1860), 199 Anacharsis, legendary Scythian prince, 111 , 178 Aspasia († after 428 BC), 24fn53 , 32fn92 , 122 Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland assembly, popular (1702–1714, *1665), 91 in Athens, 15f. , 19f. , 32 – 48 , 55 , 61 – 63 , Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedon 66 – 72 , 79fn1 , 80 – 83 , 95 , 99 , 102 , 126 , (283–239 BC, *c. 319), 105 196 , 216 , 221f. , 228 , 231 , 234f. , 241 , Antipatros, Vice-Regent of Macedon 244 , 264 , 306 , 334 , 343 , 345 , 347 (†319 BC), 272 in Rome, 84f. , 108 , 112f. , 310f. Antiphon of Rhamnus (c. 480–411 BC), 54 in Sparta, 84f. Antisthenes (c. 455–360 BC), 80 Athenaeus (3rd century AD), 109 , 199 , 250

375

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02072-6 - Ancient and Modern Democracy: Two Concepts of Liberty? Wilfried Nippel Index More information

376 Index

Augustine [Aurelius Augustinus] Bodin, Jean (1529/30–1596), 82f. , 88 , 98 (354–430), 85 Bogner, Hans (1885–1948), 326 Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC–14 AD, Bolingbroke [Henry St. John, 1st Viscount *63 BC), 93 , 138 , 159 , 167fn108 , Bolingbroke] (1678–1751), 91 , 139 189 , 324 Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise de (1754–1840), 209 Babeuf, François Noël [‘Gracchus’] Bonaparte, Louis; see Napoleon III (1760–1797), 181 , 183 – 185 , 250fn15 Boutmy, Émile (1835–1906), 150f. Bakunin, Michail Alexandrowitsch Brissot [de Warville], Jacques Pierre (1814–1876), 269fn137 , 303 (1754–1793), 152fn22 , 153 , 165 , 169 , ballot, secret vote, 22fn47 , 34 , 38 , 47 , 54 , 56f. , 174fn154 , 175 67 , 113 , 179fn177 , 236f. , 253 , 259fn75 , Bruni, Leonardo (1369–1444), 86 262f. , 295 , 310f. , 312fn181 , 313 , 318 Brutus [Lucius Iunius Brutus] (Roman consul Bamberger, Ludwig (1823–1899), 294 509 BC), 122 – 124 , 140 , 159 , 162f. , 182 Barère, Bertrand (1755–1841), 191 Brutus [Marcus Iunius Brutus] (85–42 BC), Barnave, Antoine (1761–1793), 153 122 – 124 , 140 , 160 , 163 , 188 Barthélemy, Jean Jacques (1716–1795), 111 , Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (1803–1873), 256 159 , 178 Buonarroti, Filippo (1761–1837), 181 , 185 Bauer, Bruno (1809–1882), 178 Burckhardt, Jacob (1818–1897), 2 , 215 – 219 , Baumgarten, Hermann (1825–1893), 224 – 226 , 273 , 333 , 353f. 278f. , 295f. Burke, Edmund (1729–1797), 116 , 135 , 152 , Bebel, August (1840–1913), 303 , 308 175 , 187fn215 , 198 , 248 , 255 Beccaria, Cesare (1738–1794), 60 Bürkli, Karl (1823–1901), 300 Belgium, 263 , 284 , 307fn156 , 314 Byron, George Gordon [Lord Byron] Beloch, Karl Julius (1854–1929), 221 , 224 , (1788–1824), 279 271 , 319 , 325fn56 Below, Georg von (1858–1927), 314 Caesar [Gaius Iulius Caesar] (100–44 BC), Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 174 , 251 , 6 , 97 , 103 , 123 , 134 , 146 , 159f. , 163 , 262fn93 , 266fn121 165 – 167 , 169 , 189 , 296 , 324 , 327 , 331f. Bergk, Theodor (1812–1881), 241f. Caesarism, 293 – 296 , 327 Berlin, Isaiah (1909–1997), 210fn31 , 348 Camillus [Marcus Furius Camillus] (†364 BC), Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932), 101 , 301 122f. , 163 , 183 Berve, Helmut (1896–1979), 329 , 335 – 337 Campe, Joachim Heinrich (1746–1818), 148f. Besold, Christoph (1577–1638), 88 Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 154 , 250 , 289 bicameralism; see two-chamber system Cassander, King of Macedon Biedermann, Karl (1812–1901), 290 (305–297 BC, *c. 355), 65 Bill of attainder, 166fn97 , 236 , 255 Catilina [Lucius Sergius Catilina] (108–62 Billaud-Varenne, Jean Jacques Nicolas BC), 161 , 164 – 166 , 169 (1756–1819), 170 , 191 Cato [Marcus Porcius Cato ‘Censorius’] Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898), 242 , 264 , (234–149 BC), 122 – 124 , 163 , 238 , 255f. 272 , 295 – 298 , 303 , 312fn183 , 326f. Cato [Marcus Porcius Cato ‘Uticensis’] (95–46 Blackie, John Stuart (1809–1895), 267f. BC), 122 – 124 , 163 , 188 Blackstone, William (1723–1780), 90 , 120 , censors, Roman, 45 , 112 , 130fn66 , 206fn9 , 283fn25 209 , 220 Blanc, Louis (1811–1882), 287 , 301fn118 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927), Blanqui, Louis-Auguste (1805–1881), 185 , 277 , 309fn168 292 , 303 Charlemagne [Charles the Great], Frankish King, Bleicken, Jochen (1926–2005), 353f. Roman Emperor (768/800–814, *742), 189 Blos, Wilhelm (1849–1927), 202 Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Bluntschli, Johann Caspar (1808–1881), Ireland (1625–1649, *1600), 89f. , 275 , 280 94fn81 , 136 , 164fn89 , 167 , 255 Böckh, August (1785–1867), 109 , 215 , Charles II, King of England, Scotland and 226f. , 252f. Ireland (1660–1685, *1630), 100

Index 377

Charles X, King of France (1824–1830, Constitution *1757, †1836), 282 concept(s) of, 3f. , 68f. , 100 , 127 , 139 , Chartists, 102 , 249f. , 264fn109 , 267f. , 286 149 – 156 , 171 , 187fn215 , 227 , 249f. , 255 , Chateaubriand, François-René de 279 , 281 – 283 , 357 , 359f. , 362 – 364 (1768–1848), 198 mixed constitution, 6fn12 , 84f. , 87 , 89 – 94 , checks and balances; separation, division 98 , 99fn105 , 124f. , 133 , 136 , 146 , 157 , of powers, 4 , 68 , 87 , 91 , 125 , 133 , 186 , 250 , 353 136 , 138f. , 147 , 151 , 156f. , 194 , revision of constitutions, 130 , 143f. , 225 , 281 , 288 , 350 , 352 – 354 , 155 , 306f. 363fn32 constitutional conventions, 100fn114 , 131 , Chénier, André Marie de (1762–1794), 162 143 , 155 , 171fn138 , 249 Cicero [Marcus Tullius Cicero] (106–43 constitutional courts, 68f. , 186 , 188 , 347 , BC), 62 , 79 , 85f. , 93 , 121f. , 125 , 160f. , 364fn36 164 – 166 , 188f. , 213 , 224 , 249fn11 constitutional monarchy, 153 , 158 , 281 , 283f. Cimon (c. 510–c. 450 BC), 15 , 16fn26 , consuls, consulate 20fn39 , 47 in France, 188f. Cincinnatus [Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus] in Rome, 84 , 123 , 138 , 160 , 189 (c. 519–c. 430 BC), 122 – 124 , 163 Corneille, Pierre (1606–1684), 105 Cleisthenes († after 507 BC), 1 , 12 – 14 , 18 , Cornelius Nepos (c. 110/100–c. 25 BC), 161f. 245 , 254 , 350 Cortés, Donoso (1809–1853), 155fn36 , Clemenceau, Georges (1841–1929), 321 292 , 317 Cleon (†422 BC), 43fn141 , 47f. , 62fn240 , 76 , Council of 500 81 , 196 , 221 , 228 , 231 , 241 , 255f. , 264 , in Athens, 13 , 20 , 23 , 33 – 40 , 43fn141 , 63f. , 269 , 271 , 298 , 308f. , 314 , 343 67f. , 70 , 81f. , 95 , 110 , 232 , 235 Cleophon (†404 BC), 232 in France, 186 Cloots, Jean-Baptiste [‘Anacharsis’] councils of workers, 302 – 304 , 318 , 365 (1755–1794), 177f. Couthon, Georges (1755–1794), 165 , 168f. Coke, Edward (1552–1634), 120 , 141 Critias (†403 BC), 237 Collot-d’Herbois, Jean-Marie (1749–1796), Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658), 93f. , 96f. , 170fn126 , 191 100f. , 124 , 134 , 152fn20 , 166f. , 169 , comedy, Athenian, 30 , 32 , 54 , 82 , 172 , 217 , 182 , 304 240 – 242 , 269 , 348 , 355 Crossman, Richard (1907–1974), 341 Committee of Public Safety, 152fn22 , Cucumus, Conrad (1792–1861), 275 155fn39 , 156 , 165 , 168 , 170 , 172 , 177 , 191fn3 , 192 , 197 , 234 , 250 , 303 Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph (1785–1860), commonwealth, concept of, 93fn77 , 94 171 , 203 , 283fn25 Commune of Paris Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward [Lord during the French Revolution, 167 , 181 Acton] (1834–1902), 218f. , 224 , 340 in 1871, 200 , 302 – 304 , 365 Danton, Georges (1759–1794), 166 – 168 , communism, communists, 83 , 101 , 111 , 185 , 169fn119 , 176 , 180 270 , 286 – 288 , 294 , 311 , 317 , 328 David, Eduard (1863–1930), 317f. Condorcet [Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas David, Jacque-Louis (1748–1825), 159 , 161 , Caritat, Marquis de C.] (1743–1794), 163 , 174 150f. , 154 – 157 , 174f. , 177 , 193 , 195 , De Lolme [Delolme], Jean Louis (1740–1806), 205 , 301fn118 , 306 , 348 91 , 157 , 283fn25 confederations, ancient, 107 , 121f. Declarations (Bills) of Rights, 61 , 118 , Connecticut, constitution of, 120 130 , 131fn73 , 139 – 141 , 150f. , 153 , Considerant, Victor (1808–1893), 156 , 158fn53 , 174fn154 , 175 , 177 , 290fn57 , 300 187 , 361f. Constant, Benjamin [Henri-Benjamin Constant Delbrück, Hans (1848–1929), 308 de Rebecque] (1767–1830), 162 , 195 , Delian League, 19 – 21 , 23 , 30 , 76 , 123 , 272 , 204 – 211 , 215 , 219 , 223f. , 257 , 263 , 275 , 321fn36 319f. , 340 , 348f. , 352 , 354 Demades (c. 380–c. 318 BC), 43fn143 , 72

378 Index

demagogues, demagogy, 47f. , 80 – 82 , 88 , 96 , England 99 , 112 , 137 , 144fn143 , 196f. , 217 , 221f. , constitutions during the Interregnum, 227 , 230 – 232 , 235 , 240fn126 , 241 , 243 , 4 , 93 , 96f. 251 , 254f. , 264 , 273f. , 291 , 294 , 295fn85 , electoral system, franchise, 100f. , 249 , 251 , 296 – 298 , 306 , 309 , 326f. , 343 , 346 , 352 253 , 264 – 267 Demetrius of Phaleron (c. 350–283 BC), English (British) constitution, 89 , 91 , 120 , 28fn73 , 65 , 73 , 79fn1 125 , 128fn57 , 157 , 204 , 249f. , 283 , 364 Demosthenes (384–322 BC), 42fn137 , 43 , 70 , House of Lords, 90fn54 , 91 , 93 , 137fn112 , 72 , 121 , 158 , 160 , 163f. , 190 , 245 , 263 , 363fn34 , 367 309 , 321 , 343 parliamentary sovereignty, 90 , 93 , 113 , 125 , Demosthenes, Athenian general (†413 BC), 221 , 361 , 364 18fn31 , 48 Ephialtes (†461 BC), 16fn26 , 21 Desmoulins, Camille (1760–1794), 161 , 163 , ephors, 64fn249 , 84f. , 89 , 92f. , 133 , 186 , 188 , 172f. , 176 , 178 , 182 , 217fn66 , 241 202 , 209 despot, despotism, 83 , 138 , 152fn24 , 176 , Eubulus († before 330 BC), 72 182 , 194f. , 201 , 210 , 218 , 225 , 227 , 229 , Eumelos, mythical founder of Naples, 188 231 , 242 , 247fn1 , 248 , 258 – 260 , 279 , Euripides (before 480–406 BC), 74 , 105 , 281 , 291 , 293f. , 358 172fn145 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude European Union, 4 , 360fn21 , 368 – 370 (1754–1836), 144 dictator, dictatorship, 103 , 121fn12 , 123 , Fabricius [Gaius Fabricius Luscinus] (Roman 166 – 169 , 182 , 185 , 292 , 294f. , 317f. , censor 275 BC), 112 323f. , 330fn86 , 358 fasces , 160 , 322 dictatorship of the proletariat, 273 , 287f. , Fénelon, François (1651–1715), 171 302 , 326 Ferguson, Adam (1723–1816), 107f. , 205fn4 Diderot, Denis (1713–1784), 91 , 105 , 111fn40 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814), 163 , 187 Dietzel, Heinrich (1857–1935), 274 Filmer, Robert (1588–1653), 94fn83 , 99 Dionysius of Halicarnassus (late 1st century Finley, Moses I. (1912–1986), 346 – 348 , 354 BC–early 1st century AD), 260 Florence, 12fn6 , 86f. , 119fn4 , 134 , 366fn52 Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881), 264 , Fontenelle [Bernard Le Bovier de F.] 265fn112 (1657–1757), 105 division of labour, 107f. , 152 , 206 , 342 , 369 Forster, Georg (1754–1794), 196 division of powers; see checks and balances Fourier, Charles (1772–1837), 201fn54 , Doge of Venice, 87 , 90 , 136 294fn57 , 300 Döllinger, Ignaz (von) (1799–1890), 218 Fox, Charles James (1749–1806), 255 Drerup, Engelbert (1871–1942), 309 Fraenkel, Ernst (1898–1975), 318 Drews, Wilhelm (Bill) (1870–1938), 313 France Droysen, Johann Gustav (1808–1884), 182 , constitution of 1791, 151 , 153 , 157 , 164 , 201 , 208fn21 , 221 , 244 – 246 , 258 , 269 , 200 , 360fn22 272 , 281 , 298 constitution of 1793, 154 – 156 , 171f. , 177 , Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel 179f. , 187 , 200 , 202 , 301 , 306 , 360 (1739–1817), 192 constitution of 1795, 97 , 185 – 187 , 304 , Duncker, Maximilian (Max) (1811–1886), 305fn142 290fn59 , 312 constitution of 1799, 185 – 187 Dyk (Dyck), Johann Gottfried (1750–1815), 199 constitution of 1814, 282 , 284fn29 constitution of 1848, 287f. , 290f. Ehrenberg, Victor (1891–1976), 261fn85 , 326 , constitutions of sister republics, 187f. 359fn16 Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), 358 Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895), 109 , Frantz, Constantin (1817–1891), 294 111 , 182 , 185 , 201 , 222fn103 , 271 , fraternité , fraternity, 287 , 321 284fn27 , 288 , 289fn52 , 293 , 295 , Frederick the Great [Friedrich II], King of 299 – 302 , 306 , 342 Prussia (1740–1786, *1712), 105

Index 379

Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823–1892), 236 , Grünberg, Carl (1861–1940), 273 263 , 267 , 363fn34 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787–1874), Freund, Julien (1921–1993), 347 211fn35 , 219 , 266 , 290 – 292 Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia Gundolf, Friedrich (1880–1931), 324 , 327 (1840–1861, *1795), 283fn21 , 292f. Fröbel, Julius (1805–1893), 284fn31 , 289 Hamilton, Alexander (1757–1804), 122 – 124 , Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis 126 , 128f. , 133 , 139 , 144 (1830–1889), 211 – 215 , 219 , 224f. , Hansen, Mogens Herman (*1940), 349f. , 230fn59 , 275 , 319 – 321 , 328 , 348 , 353f. 353fn16 , 354 , 362 Hardenberg, Karl August von Garve, Christian (1742–1798), 196f. (1750–1822), 370 Gellner, Ernest (1925–1995), 348f. Hare, Thomas (1806–1891), 261 Gentile, Giovanni (1875–1944), 323 Harmodius (†514 BC), 12 Gentz, Friedrich (von) (1764–1832), Harrington, James (1611–1677), 94 – 97 , 119f. , 154fn36 , 175 , 198 , 248fn9 129 , 138 , 155 , 186 , 265 Germany Hecker, Friedrich (1811–1881), 285 constitutions of early 19th century Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig states, 282f. (1760–1842), 196 National constitution of 1849; see National Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), Assembly, German 159 , 182 , 184fn201 , 202f. , 239 , 258 , 260 , Constitution of the North German 262 , 267 Confederation 1867, 3fn7 , 295 , 297 Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), 202 Constitution of the German Empire 1871, helots, 10 , 110f. , 173f. , 176 , 193 3fn7 , 295 , 297 Helvidius Priscus († after 70), 123 Constitution of the Weimar Republic 1919, Hérault de Séchelles, Marie-Jean (1759–1794), 316 – 318 , 329 , 358 , 366fn50 155fn39 , 171 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805–1871), 281 Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803), Gibbon, Edward (1737–1794), 247f. 109 , 114 Gierke, Otto (von) (1841–1921), 2 Hermann, Karl Friedrich (1805–1855), Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898), 223 , 226 , 277 264 , 267 Herodotus (490/484–430/425 BC), 12f. , Glotz, Gustave (1862–1935), 321 74 , 259 Goebbels, Joseph (1897–1945), 339 Hess, Moses (1812–1875), 185fn204 , 285 Gomperz, Theodor (1832–1912), 239f. Heyne, Christian Gottlob (1729–1812), Gore, Albert Arnold (Al) (*1948), 184 , 196 137fn108 , 368 Hildenbrand, Karl (1814–1872), 275f. Göring, Hermann (1893–1946), 332 Hipparchus, son of Peisistratus (†514 BC), 12 Gouges, Olympe de (1748–1793), 177 Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb (von) Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius (153–121 BC), (1741–1796), 116 162 , 169 , 184 , 189 , 200f. , 320fn27 Hippias, son of Peisistratus († after 490 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (162–133 BC), BC), 12 85 , 169 , 184 , 189 , 200f. , 320fn27 Hirschfeld, Otto (1843–1922), 320 graphe paranomon , 68 – 71 , 110 , 130fn66 , Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 316 , 327 , 329fn79 , 141 , 187 , 221 , 231 , 235 , 243 , 347 , 362 330fn83 , 331f. , 334 , 337f. , 346 Grégoire, Henri [Abbé Grégoire] (1750–1831), Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 81 , 95 , 98f. , 175 , 192f. 105 , 107 Grote, George (1794–1871), 239 , 251 – 259 , Hobson, John Atkinson (1858–1940), 321f. 262f. , 267 – 271 , 276 , 298 , 301 , 338 , 350 Homer, 267 , 268fn132 Grote, Harriet, née Lewin (1792–1878), 253 , Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus] 256fn55 (65–8 BC), 324 Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645), 88 , 99fn105 , Hortensius [Quintus Hortensius Hortalus] 103 , 120 (†50 BC), 188

380 Index

Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1903–1990), 330 Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828–1875), 300 Huizinga, Johan (1872–1945), 364 Laski, Harold (1893–1950), 321 Human rights, 4 , 30 , 140f. , 143 , 150 , Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864), 239fn122 , 151fn14 , 158 , 173 , 203 , 215 , 225 , 248 , 295 , 299 275 , 277fn189 , 285fn34 , 289 , 328 , 355 , Laud, William (1573–1645), 236 , 255 361 , 364 ; see also Declarations of Rights lawgivers, 96 , 113fn60, 114f. , 129 , 131 , Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835), 115 , 155 , 170f. 148f. , 265 , 278 , 279fn3 Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931), 316 Hume, David (1711–1776), 91 , 106 , 108 – 110 , Lemierre, Antoine Marie (1723–1793), 162 119 , 130 , 133 , 135 , 164fn89 , 239 , Lenin [Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow] 249fn11 , 362 (1870–1924), 288fn49 , 302 , 317fn16 , Hyperbolus (†411 BC), 17 , 32 322 , 356fn1 and 2 , 357 Leonidas I, Spartan King (†480 BC), 332 Isocrates (436–338 BC), 65fn256 , 79 , 172fn145 Leopold I, King of Belgium (1831–1865, isonomia , 18f. , 43 , 74 , 101fn122 , 364 *1790), 284 Lepeletier, Louis Michel (1760–1793), 174f. , 192 Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845), 146 Lepidus [Marcus Aemilius Lepidus] Jacoby, Johann (1805–1877), 270 (c. 90–12 BC), 138 , 167fn108 Jaeger, Werner (1888–1961), 328f. Levellers, 96f. , 100 – 102 , 120 , 132 , 249 James II, King of England and Ireland and Lévesque, Pierre-Charles (1736–1812), 194 (as James VII) of Scotland (1685–1688, Lewis, George Cornewall (1806–1863), 255 , *1633, †1701), 99 259fn75 Jay, John (1745–1829), 124 , 132 lex regia , Danish of 1665, 4 , 97fn98 Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), 121 , Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865), 118 , 122fn16 , 130 , 133fn85 , 135 , 140 , 142 , 143 , 285fn4 144 – 146 , 150fn12 , 155 Lipsius, Justus (1547–1606), 98 Jellinek, Georg (1851–1911), 151 , 275 – 277 , liturgies, 27 , 49 – 51 , 73 , 80 , 184fn201 , 214f. , 299 , 340 , 349 220 , 228 , 334 Jesus, 173 , 193fn14 , 238f. , 324 Livy [Titus Livius] (59–17 BC), 87 , 94 , Jones, Ernest (1819–1869), 267f. 101fn121 , 224 , 260 Josephus [Flavius Josephus] (37–c. 95), 103 Locke, John (1632–1704), 99 , 104 , 119 , 130 , jury courts, popular courts 239fn117 in Athens, 20f. , 51 – 62 , 68f. , 80 , 214 , 216 , Loewenstein, Karl (1891–1973), 343 220f. , 227 , 229f. , 236f. , 244 , 248 , 251 , lot, lottery; appointment, selection by; 320f. , 326 , 345 , 353f. sortition, 1 , 17f. , 22f. , 36f. , 39f. , 46 , 63 , in England, 251 , 256 72 , 74 , 77fn316 , 80 , 87 , 89 , 95 , 134 , in Germany, 51 , 296f. 230f. , 237 , 254 , 259 , 280 , 347 , 366f. in Rome, 62 , 221 Louis Philippe, King of France (1830–1848, in the USA, 53 , 140 , 256 *1773, †1850), 282 Louis XIV, King of France (1643/1661–1715, Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 77fn316 , 116 , *1638), 105 152fn24 , 159 , 179 , 225 , 281 Louis XVI, King of France (1774–1791/92, Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938), 270 – 273 , *1754, †1793), 152 , 164 , 180 298 – 302 , 317fn16 Louis XVIII, King of France Kelsen, Hans (1881–1973), 318f. , 364fn36 (1814/1815–1824, *1755), 282 Knauss, Bernhard (1896–1980), 320 Lowe, Robert (1811–1892), 265 , 267 Köchly, Hermann (1815–1876), 235f. Ludendorff, Erich (1865–1937), 314 Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919), 312 Laboulaye, Édouard-René (1811–1883), 211 Lycurgus, Athenian politician (†324 BC), 49 , 72 Lactantius [Lucius Caelius Firmianus] Lycurgus, legendary Spartan lawgiver, 2 , 10 , (c. 250–c. 325), 85 92 , 96f. , 111 , 113 – 116 , 120 , 129 , 131 , Lafayette [Marie-Joseph de Motier, Marquis 157 , 163 , 170f. , 182f. , 192 , 198f. , 209 de la Fayette] (1757–1834), 150 , 167 Lysias (c. 445–380 BC), 192

Index 381

Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709–1785), Millar, John (1735–1801), 106 , 108 107fn12 , 111 , 121 , 157 , 160f. , 183 , 205 Miltiades (†489 BC), 41 Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–1859), Milton, John (1608–1674), 93fn78 , 100 , 250 , 263f. 172fn145 , 241 Macedon(ia), 1 , 29 , 73 , 108 , 122 , 161 , 190 , Minos, legendary Cretan King, 171 245f. , 258 , 272 Mirabeau [Honoré Gabriel Victor de Riqueti, Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1528), 87f. , 95 , Marquis de M.] (1749–1791), 124 , 98 , 105fn4 , 119 , 166fn101 151fn18 , 152f. , 167 , 172 , 255 Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius (late 4th, Mitford, William (1744–1827), 247f. , early 5th century), 85 250 – 252 , 254 , 256fn53 , 257 , 259 , 352 Madison, James (1751–1836), 122fn16 , mob, mob rule, ochlocracy, 1 , 74 , 82 , 84f. , 124 , 126f. , 128fn57 , 130fn64 and 66 , 105 , 110 , 116 , 126 , 201 , 225 , 227f. , 235 , 131 – 133 , 138 – 140 , 145 326f. , 338 , 345 Maine, Henry Sumner (1822–1888), 240 Mohl, Robert (von) (1799–1875), 91 , Maistre, Joseph Marie de (1753–1821), 267fn124 , 275f. , 280 , 282 , 284fn26 , 191 , 209 287 , 297fn97 , 304fn140 , 319 Mandeville, Bernard de (1670–1733), 110 Molière [Jean-Baptiste Poquelin] (1622–1673), Marat, Jean Paul (1743–1793), 167 , 82 , 105 169fn119 , 174 , 180 , 250fn15 Momigliano, Arnaldo Dante Marathon, battle of, 19 , 41 , 260 , 267 (1908–1987), 340 Marius [Gaius Marius] (157–86 BC), 182 Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903), 211 , 225 , Marsilius of Padua (1275/90–1342/43), 86 , 242 , 269fn141 , 296 – 298 , 301 , 308fn161 , 100fn113 320fn31 , 344 Marx, Karl (1818–1883), 83 , 91f. , 109fn29 , Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle 118 , 182 , 185 , 189f. , 201 , 210fn32 , 211 , (1608–1670), 167 250 , 262 , 283 , 284fn27 , 285 , 287 – 289 , Montaigne, Michel de (1533–1592), 239 292fn68 , 294f. , 299 , 301 – 303 Montesquieu [Charles-Louis de Secondat, Mason, George (1725–1792), 140f. Baron de La Brède et de M.] Massachusetts, constitution of, 129fn61 , 131 , (1689–1755), 81 , 83 , 88f. , 91 , 106 – 108 , 139fn120 , 141fn128 119f. , 130fn66 , 134 , 139 , 144 , 157 , Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–1872), 281 160 , 166 , 171 , 178 , 181 , 182fn88 , 194 , Meier, Christian (*1929), 261fn85 , 343f. 236fn98 Meinecke, Friedrich (1862–1954), 309fn168 , Morelly, Étienne-Gabriel (18th century; dates 310 , 313f. unknown), 111 , 183 metics, 10 , 23 – 30 , 49fn179 , 64f. , 76 , 206 , 232 , Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818–1881), 271 250 , 266 , 321 , 326 , 347 , 351 , 359f. Mosca, Gaetano (1858–1941), 315f. , Metternich, Graf Klemens von (1773–1859), 324fn55 198 , 283 Moses, 97 , 113fn60 , 129 , 171 Mevissen, Gustav (von) (1815–1899), 287 Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758–1806), 149 Meyer, Eduard (1855–1930), 220fn87 , 221 , Müller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900), 260 234fn83 , 260 , 270 , 272 , 309 , 313 , Müller, Karl Otfried (1797–1840), 226 319f. , 338 Müller-Strübing, Hermann (1812–1893), 269 Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), 156fn40 , 172 , 209 Murhard, Friedrich (1778–1853), 280 Michels, Robert(o) (1876–1936), 223 , Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), 316 , 322 – 324 , 240fn126 , 274fn171 , 315f. , 323 , 325fn57 , 327f. 324fn55 , 351fn67 , 358 Mignet, François Auguste (1796–1884), Napoleon I, Emperor of France 154fn32 , 185fn206 , 209 (1804–1814/15, *1769, †1821), 125 , 169 , Mill, James (1773–1836), 251 , 252fn26 , 176fn163 , 177 , 187 – 190 , 199 – 201 , 204f. , 259 , 267 208f. , 285fn34 , 293 , 297 , 304 , 356 Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873), 6 , 239 , 244 , Napoleon III [Louis Bonaparte], Emperor of 250 , 252fn27 , 254fn39 , 259 – 267 , 279 , France (1852–1870, *1808, †1873), 189 , 348 , 362 293f. , 296

382 Index

National Assembly, French (1789–1791), 149 , in Athens, 21f. , 34f. , 46 , 48f. , 54 , 56 , 63 , 153 , 157f. , 170 , 174 71f. , 74 , 80 , 83 , 215 , 220 , 227 – 229 , National Assembly, German (Frankfurt 231 , 237 , 241 , 248 , 254 , 274 , 326fn65 , 1848/49), 100 , 186fn208 , 281 , 284 – 286 , 335f. , 346 289f. , 293 , 297 , 311 , 367 during the French Revolution, 181 , 228 National Convention, French (1792–1795), for parliamentarians, 138 , 143fn140 , 206 , 153f. , 156 , 162 – 165 , 167f. , 171 , 264 , 286 , 297 174 – 181 , 183 , 185fn206 , 191 , 196 , 201 , Peisistratus (c. 600–528/527 BC), 11f. , 203 , 285 81fn22 , 169f. Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 165 Peloponnesian War, 10 , 29 , 32 , 63 , 71 , 73 , Nedham, Marchamont (1620–1678), 101 75 , 78 , 81 , 102 , 123 , 217 , 231 , 234 , 236 , Nero, Roman Emperor (54–68, *37), 123 , 245 , 278 , 308 , 314 , 337f. , 341 , 368 160fn60 Penn, William (1644–1718), 120 , 256fn54 Netherlands, 95 , 103f. , 106fn9 , 120 , 122 , 125 , Pennsylvania, constitutions of, 120 , 130fn66 , 144fn143 , 158 , 178 , 187fn217 138f. , 157f. Neville, Henry (1562–1615), 93fn77 , 94 Pericles (c. 495–429 BC), 21 , 23 , 30 – 33 , Nicias (before 469–413 BC), 17 , 36fn109 , 34fn102 , 40 , 45 – 49 , 63 , 66 , 72fn282 , 40fn125 , 41fn130 , 43fn142 , 47fn166 , 75 , 77 , 79fn1 , 81 , 86 , 88 , 99 , 102 , 110 , 62fn240 , 75 , 349fn60 112 , 116fn72 , 122f. , 143fn139 , 150 , Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), 154 , 170 , 180 , 217 , 220f. , 223 , 228 , 171fn138 , 184 , 190 , 197 , 203 , 224 , 226f. , 241f. , 257f. , 263 , 269 , 278 , 298 , 309 , 231fn62 , 244 , 252 , 253fn39 , 264fn109 321f. , 325fn57 , 334 , 336 – 339 , 345 , Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900), 215 , 239 349 , 368f. Noah, 132 Persia, Persians, Persian Wars, 12fn7 , 15 , 19 , nomothetai , 67 , 187 , 265 , 349f. 30f. , 42 , 74 , 76 , 83 , 260 , 279 , 333 , 343 Numa Pompilius, Roman King, 113fn60 , 129 Philip II, King of Macedon (357/355–336 BC, *c. 382), 38fn115 , 42fn136 and 137 , 72f. , ochlocracy; see mob 190 , 245 , 343 Odysseus, 171 Phocion (402–318 BC), 40 , 73 , 122 , oligarchy, concept of, 83 , 85 , 315 , 358f. 126fn42 , 161 Oncken, Wilhelm (1835–1905), 244 , 269 Pitt, William [the Younger] (1759–1806), 248 Oppermann, Hans (1895–1982), 334f. Plato (427–347 BC), 26fn64 , 27 , 47 , 57fn209 , ostracism, 14 – 17 , 33f. , 69 , 80 , 89 , 99f. , 110 , 58 , 60 , 75 , 79 , 81 , 95 , 112 , 113fn59 , 163 , 172 , 208f. , 213 , 216 , 221 , 231 , 243f. , 224fn1 , 237 , 244 , 258 , 261 , 276 , 279 , 254f. , 292 325 , 328f. , 332 , 341 , 345f. , 349fn60 , 351 Ostrogorskij, Mosej (1854–1919), 315 plebiscite, 180 , 186 , 189 , 223 , 293 , 305 , 307 , 325 , 330 , 365 Paine, Thomas [Tom] (1737–1809), 116 , 121 , Plutarch (c. 46–after 119), 42fn140 , 81 , 111f. , 132f. , 134fn92 , 139fn120 , 154fn35 , 114 , 124 , 129 , 161 – 164 , 349 248fn9 , 249fn10 Pohlenz, Max (1872–1962), 320 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Pöhlmann, Robert (von) (1852–1914), 240 , Palmerston (1784–1865), 265 270 , 273f. , 319fn24 Papirius [Lucius Papirius Cursor], Roman Polybius (c. 200–120 BC), 84f. , 89 , 97 , dictator 325 BC, 182 99fn105 , 125 , 136 , 157 , 186fn207 , 201 Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923), 315f. Pompeius [Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus] Parthenope, daughter of Eumelos, 188 (106–48 BC), 188f. Pasion (before 430–370 BC), 29 Popper, Karl Raimund (1902–1994), 341 , 346 , Paul [St. Paul, apostle], 142 359 , 361 Pauw, Cornelis de (1739–1799), 110f. , 178 , Preuß, Hugo (1860–1925), 317f. , 358fn10 254fn42 Protagoras of Abdera (c. 485–c. 415 BC), 60 , pay(ment), daily allowances, remuneration for 76 , 355fn83 political functions Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809–1865), 303

Index 383

Publicola [Publius Valerius Publicola], Roman Roscher, Wilhelm (1817–1894), 228 , 244 , 307 consul 509 BC, 124 , 163 , 166fn98 , 189 Rosenberg, Arthur (1889–1943), 303fn132 , Pufendorf, Samuel (1632–1694), 102 , 120 304 , 320 Puttkamer, Robert Viktor von Rotteck, Karl von (1775–1840), 280 (1828–1900), 297 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778), 111 – 113 , 130fn66 , 157 , 160 , 163 , Quinctius, Kaeso, son of Cincinnatus, 123 166 , 170 , 183 , 187 , 194 , 202 , 205 , Quintilian [Marcus Fabius Quintilianus] (1st 263 , 330 , 370 century AD), 121 Ruge, Arnold (1802–1880), 286 Rush, Benjamin (1745–1813), 138 Racine, Jean (1639–1699), 105 Rüstow, Alexander (1885–1963), 341 Rahe, Paul (*1946), 352 Ranke, Leopold (von) (1795–1886), 5f. , Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine-Léon de 280f. , 286 (1767–1794), 156 , 160f. , 165 , 168 – 170 , Raumer, Friedrich von (1781–1873), 225 173 , 175 , 183 , 192 , 198 , 201 , 250fn15 reason of state, 98 , 164 Salamis, battle of, 19 , 41 , 260fn84 , 261fn85 referendum, 218 , 299f. , 301 , 304 – 308 , Salin, Edgar (1892–1974), 319 316 – 318 , 366fn49 and 50 Sallust [Gaius Sallustius Crispus] (86–34 BC), representation, representative government 121 , 161 / democracy, 1 , 3f. , 5fn9 , 84 , 94 , 104 , San Marino, 106 , 120 , 125 106f. , 114 , 126 , 132 – 135 , 143 – 146 , 149 , Sartori, Giovanni (*1924), 348 151 – 153 , 167 , 173f. , 179 , 181 , 194 , 197 , Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–1498), 87 200 , 206 , 219 , 225 , 227 , 249fn10 , 251 , Schadewaldt, Wolfgang (1900–1974), 333f. 261 , 263 , 276 , 279 – 281 , 283 , 285 , 290f. , Schaefer, Hans (1906–1961), 337f. 302 , 304 , 306f. , 315 , 317 , 344 , 346 , Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 356f. , 363 – 365 (1775–1854), 293 republic, concept of; republicanism, 79 , Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805), 5 , 114f. 87f. , 94 – 97 , 103 , 106f. , 112 , 118 , 124 , Schlegel, Friedrich Daniel (1772–1829), 2 126 , 133 – 136 , 144 – 147 , 149 , 156f. , Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1768–1834), 159 – 162 , 164 , 166f. , 169 , 175 , 178 , 180 , 238 , 261 189 , 193f. , 197 – 200 , 202f. , 229 , 281 , Schlözer, August Ludwig (von) 284 – 288 , 293 , 306f. , 357f. (1735–1809), 115f. revolutionary tribunals, French, 64 , 163 – 166 , Schmidt, Wilhelm Adolf (1812–1887), 242 216 , 221 , 235 Schmitt, Carl (1888–1985), 154fn36 , 187 , Rhode Island, 10 , 120 , 127fn45 263 , 292fn69 , 317f. , 322 , 330fn83 , Riem, Andreas (1749–1812/14), 199 347fn46 , 367f. Ritter, Joachim (1903–1974), 345 Schulz, Wilhelm (1797–1860), 280 Rittinghausen, Moritz (1814–1890), Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883–1950), 346 299 – 302 , 315 Schvarcz, Julius (1838–1900), 276f. Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–1794), Senate 125 , 152fn22 , 155 , 158 – 160 , in France, 187 , 189 164fn89 , 165 – 170 , 173f. , 176 – 178 , in Rome, 84 , 95 , 108 , 222 180 – 184 , 191 – 196 , 198f. , 201f. , 227 , in the USA, 128fn57 , 136fn102 , 137f. , 250fn15 , 356fn1 364fn35 Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl Seneca [Lucius Annaeus Seneca] (1805–1875), 312 (c. 4 BC–65 AD), 98 Roland, Manon [Jeanne-Marie Roland de la separation of powers; see checks and balances Platière] (1754–1793), 161f. Servius Tullius, Roman King, 311f. Rollin, Charles (1661–1741), 121fn13 , 161 Seume, Johann Gottfried (1763–1810), 199f. Romieu, François-Auguste de Shays, Daniel (1747–1825), 127 (1800–1855), 294 Sidney, Algernon (1623–1683), 94 , 97 , 99 , 119 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945), 136 Siebenpfeiffer, Jakob Philipp (1789–1845), 200

384 Index

Sieyes [Sieyès], Emmanuel Joseph (1748–1836), strategoi , 18 , 22 , 36 , 38 , 40f. , 45f. , 50 , 71 , 80 , 149 , 152 , 179 , 186 – 188 , 195 221 , 231 slavery, slaves Strauss, Leo (1899–1973), 345f. , 351fn67 in Athens (and in antiquity generally), 10f. , Streicher, Julius (1885–1946), 331 28 – 30 , 44fn154 , 61fn232 , 76 , 108f. , Struve, Gustav von (1805–1870), 285 143 , 153 , 193 , 199 , 202f. , 207 , 219 , 250 , suffrage, franchise 266 , 276 , 289 , 301 , 322 , 341f. , 347 , 351 , based on property or taxpaying, 95 , 135 , 359 – 363 153 , 179 , 187 , 283f. , 291 , 311 in French colonies, 175f. for women, 116 , 136 , 177 , 266f. , 313 , 361 in the USA, 118fn1 , 141fn128 , 142f. , 147 , plural vote, 263 , 284fn28 , 313f. 266 , 289 , 301 three-class system, 310 – 314 Smith, Adam (1723–1790), 108 universal male, 3 , 100f. , 120 , 135 , 264f. , Social Democracy, Social Democrats, German, 284f. , 291 , 295 , 296fn87 , 297 , 310 228 , 240fn126 , 273f. , 299 , 302f. , 308 , Sulla [Lucius Cornelius Sulla] (138–78 BC), 312f. , 317f. , 326fn64 , 328 87 , 121fn12 , 166fn101 , 182 , 200 Socrates (469–399 BC), 45 , 59fn223 , 66 , Supreme Court (USA), 137fn108 , 141 , 144 , 76fn304 , 80 , 82 , 126 , 161 , 208 , 212 , 218 , 145fn148 , 347 220fn84 , 231 , 235 – 240 , 242f. , 257 , 266 , Switzerland, Swiss cantons, 95 , 106 , 122 , 178 , 273 , 275 , 279 , 335 , 342f. , 345 , 348f. , 217 , 222 , 230 , 259fn74 , 280 , 294 , 300f. , 352 , 354 , 355fn83 , 362 304 – 307 , 316f. , 357 , 361 , 366fn35 , 366 , Solon (640–560 BC), 1f. , 10f. , 23 , 44 , 369fn65 52fn188 , 63fn246 , 74fn297 , 88 , 114 – 116 , Sybel, Heinrich von (1817–1895), 191 , 295fn85 129 , 131 , 163 , 170f. , 218 , 254 , 278 , sycophants, 55f. , 215 – 217 , 229f. , 233 , 343 350fn63 Syme, Ronald (1903–1989), 324 Sombart, Werner (1863–1941), 327 sophists, 47 , 341 , 355fn83 Tacitus [Cornelius Tacitus] (c. 55–120), 98 , Sophocles (496–406 BC), 18fn31 , 103 , 121 , 166 , 173 , 301 , 307 40fn125 , 105 Taeger, Fritz (1894–1960), 338 sortition; see lot Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828–1893), Spain, constitution of Cádiz 1812, 284 171 , 200f. Spann, Othmar (1878–1950), 273 Tarquinius Superbus, last Roman King, 162 , 167 Sparta, Spartans, 2 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 33 , 64 , 75 , 81 , Taylor Mill, Harriet, née Hardy (1807–1858), 84f. , 87 , 92 , 94 , 108 , 110 – 112 , 114 , 266 121 , 125 , 138 , 161 , 172 – 175 , 181 , 183 , Taylor, John (1770–1832), 133 192 – 194 , 198 – 203 , 205 , 207 , 226 , 245 , Telemachus, son of Odysseus, 171 254 , 258 , 260 , 277 , 320 , 332f. , 336 , Tellkampf, Johann Ludwig (1808–1876), 311 341f. , 352 , 368 terreur , reign of terror during the French Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 240 Revolution, 148 , 161 , 170 , 172f. , 180 , Spengler, Oswald (1880–1936), 324 , 327 182 , 191f. , 195 , 198 – 200 , 203f. , 211 , Spinoza, Baruch de (1632–1677), 97fn99 , 216 , 228 , 234 , 250 , 340 , 356 , 363 102f. , 116 Themistocles (c. 524–459 BC), 16 , 41 , Spittler, Ludwig Timotheus (1752–1810), 116 263 , 343 Staël, Germaine de (1766–1817), 165 , 204f. Theopompus, Spartan King, 92 Stahl, Friedrich Julius (1802–1861), 275f. , Theseus, King of Attica, 10 , 74 283fn21 , 319 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797–1877), 209 Stein, Lorenz (von) (1815–1890), 154 , 202 Thirlwall, Connop (1797–1875), 253f. Sternberger, Dolf (1907–1989), 353 , 365 Thirty, thirty tyrants in Athens, 25 , 39 , 57 , Stier, Hans Erich (1902–1979), 338f. 61fn237 , 64f. , 67 , 126 , 138 , 192 , 196f. , Strabo (64 BC–19 AD), 107 216fn61 , 237f. , 250 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274), 86 Strafford (1593–1641), 236 , 255 Thrasybulus (†388 BC), 25 , 64

Index 385

Thucydides (c. 460/454–c. 400 BC), 12 , 31f. , Vertot, René Aubert de (1655–1735), 161 36fn109 , 47 , 75 , 77 , 81 , 99 , 102 , 161 , Vespasian, Roman Emperor (69–79, *9), 123 194fn19 , 220 , 233 , 255 – 257 , 269 , 322 , Veyne, Paul (*1930), 354 328 , 334 , 345 Virgil [Publius Vergilius Maro] (70–19 BC), Thucydides, son of Melesias (5th century BC), 130f. , 188 , 324 , 359fn15 16fn26 , 31 Virginia, constitution of, 130 , 136 , Tiberius, Roman Emperor (14–37, 139 – 142 , 150 *42 BC), 166 Voegelin, Eric (1901–1985), 345 Tirpitz, Alfred (von) (1849–1930), 314 Vogt, Joseph (1895–1986), 333 Tittmann, Friedrich Wilhelm Vollgraff, Karl Friedrich (1794–1863), 275 (1784–1864), 242f. Volney [Constantin-François Chassebœuf de] Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805–1859), 146f. , (1757–1820), 193f. , 210 240 , 253 , 265f. , 279f. , 288 – 292 , 304 , Voltaire [François-Marie Arouet] 348 , 357 (1694–1778), 91 , 105f. , 162 – 164 Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–1896), 92 , 163 , 208 , 228fn26 , 278 , 284fn27 , 296 , Wachsmuth, Curt (1837–1905), 270 298 , 344fn26 Wachsmuth, Wilhelm (1784/87–1866), 226 tribunat (France), 189 , 208 Wallace, Robert (1773–1855), 109 tribunate, tribunes of the people (plebs), Walpole, Robert (1676–1745), 123fn22 , 255 Roman, 84f. , 92f. , 133 , 138 , 169 , 180 , Washington, George (1732–1799), 124 , 183f. , 189 , 203 , 209 132 – 134 , 167fn102 , 343 Troeltsch, Ernst (1865–1923), 309fn168 , Webb, Beatrice (1858–1943), 264fn110 , 302 327f. Webb, Sidney (1859–1947), 264fn110 , 302 Tucholsky, Kurt (1890–1935), 328 Weber, Max (1864–1920), 6 , 219 – 224 , 260 , Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques (1727–1781), 295 , 306fn147 , 314 , 317 , 347fn46 110 , 136fn105 , 157 Weitzel, Johannes (1771–1837), 198 two-chamber system, 68 , 95 , 97 , 120 , 125 , Welcker, Karl Theodor (1790–1869), 280 137f. , 157 , 186 , 282f. , 305fn142 , 363 , Wieland, Christoph Martin (1733–1813), 366f. 162 , 241 tyranny (of the majority), concept of, 12 , 57 , Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von 66 , 71 , 74 , 77 , 81 – 83 , 85 , 106 , 125 , 133 , (1848–1931), 2 , 270 – 272 , 319 , 328 138 , 140 , 147 , 152 , 162 , 170 , 182 , 215 , Wilberforce, William (1759–1833), 176 218 , 227 , 230 , 266 , 344 , 348 , 358 Wilcken, Ulrich (1862–1944), 326 Tyrtaios (7th century BC), 198 Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918, *1859, †1941), United States of America 273 , 313 Articles of Confederation, 127 Wilson, James (1742–1798), 131f. , 136fn103 , Declaration of Independence, 120 , 129f. , 142fn136 141 – 143 , 150 Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924), 309 Federal Constitution, 119 , 124 , 127f. , 136 , Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 139 , 141f. , 144 (1717–1768), 278 Philadelphia Convention 1787, 127f. , 131 Wise, John (1652–1725), 120 Wolff, Christian (1679–1754), 88 Valerius Maximus (1st half of the 1st century Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797), 116 AD), 161 Vattel, Emer(ich) de (1714–1767), 120 , 132 Xenophon (c. 430/25–354 BC), 235 , 258f. Venice, 87 , 89 , 95 , 125 , 134 , 145fn147 , 186 , 366fn52 ; see also Doge of Venice Zürich, constitution of 1869, 300