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Roma'nin Kaderini Çizmiş Bir Ailenin

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Roma'nin Kaderini Çizmiş Bir Ailenin T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ CORNELII SCIPIONES: ROMA’NIN KADERİNİ ÇİZMİŞ BİR AİLENİN TARİHİ VE MİRASI Mehmet Esat Özer 2501151298 Tez Danışmanı Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gürkan Ergin İSTANBUL-2019 ÖZ CORNELII SCIPIONES: ROMA’NIN KADERİNİ ÇİZMİŞ BİR AİLENİN TARİHİ VE MİRASI MEHMET ESAT ÖZER Scipio ailesinin tarihi neredeyse Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin kendisi kadar eskidir. Scipio’lar Roma Cumhuriyeti’nde yüksek memuriyet görevlerinde en sık yer almış ailelerinden biri olup yükselişleri etkileyicidir. Roma’nın bir varoluş mücadelesi verdiği Veii Savaşları’ndan yükselişe geçtiği Kartaca Savaşları’na Roma Cumhuriyet tarihinin en kritik anlarında sahne alarak Roma’nın Akdeniz Dünyası’nın egemen gücü olmasına katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Aile özellikle Scipio Africanus, Scipio Aemilianus gibi isimlerin elde ettiği başarılarla Roma aristokrasisinde ön plana çıkarak Roma’nın siyasi ve askeri tarihinin önemli olaylarında başrol oynamıştır. Bu tezde Scipio ailesi antik yazarların eserleri ve arkeolojik veriler ışığında incelenerek ailenin geçmişi; siyasi, sosyal, kültürel alanlardaki faaliyetleriyle katkıları ve Roma’nın emperyal bir devlete dönüşmesindeki etkileri değerlendirilecektir. Konunun kapsamı sadece ailenin Roma Cumhuriyet tarihindeki yeriyle sınırlı kalmayıp sonraki dönemlerde de zamanın şartlarına göre nasıl algılandığına da değinilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cornelii Scipiones, Scipio, Roma Cumhuriyeti, Aristokrasi, Scipio Africanus, Scipio Aemilianus, Kartaca, Emperyal. iii ABSTRACT CORNELII SCIPIONES: THE HISTORY AND LEGACY OF A FAMILY THAT SHAPE ROME’S DESTINY MEHMET ESAT ÖZER The history of the Cornelii Scipiones family is almost as old as the Roman Republic itself. Scipio’s are one of the families which take place in civil services and their rise is impressive. They supported Rome to become the dominion power of Mediterrenean World by taking the stage in the most critical moments of the history of the Roman Republic from the Battles of Veii when Rome was struggling for existence to the Battles of Carthage when Rome ascended. The family have played a leading role political and military history of Rome by coming to the fore in Roman aristocracy especially thanks to Scipio Africanus and Aemilianus’ achievments. In this thesis, the family of Scipio’s activities in political, social and cultural areas and effects on Rome when becoming an imperial state will be analyzed by examining in the light of the archaeological data and works of ancient writers. The scope of the subject will not only be limited to the place of the family in the history of the Roman Republic, but also in the later periods how it is perceived according to the conditions of time. Keywords: Cornelii Scipiones, Scipio, Roman Republic, Aristocracy, Scipio Africanus, Scipio Aemilianus, Carthage, Imperial. iv ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin önemli aristokrat ailelerinden olan Scipio ailesinin askeri, siyasi ve sosyal tarihi ele alınmıştır. Değerli danışman hocam Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gürkan Ergin’e bu konuda çalışmama izin verdiği, tez sürecim boyunca beni yönlendirdiği ve bilgilerini paylaştığı için sonsuz saygı ve teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca dersleriyle eskiçağ tarihine olan ilgimi daha da artıran ve desteğini hissettiren Prof. Dr. Hamdi Şahin’e; derslerini aldığım Prof. Dr. Mustafa Hamdi Sayar ve Doç. Dr. Aliye Erol Özdizbay’a olumlu yaklaşımlarından dolayı teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmam sırasında yanımda olan ve beni her daim destekleyen arkadaşlarım Aydın Farsak, Sinan Ertürk, Furkan Ertürk ve Ogün Akdaş’a da teşekkür etmek isterim. Ayrıca teze yardımları dokunan, Onur Nizam, Özgür Nizam ve Bilgenil Söken’e teşekkürü borç bilirim. Bugüne kadar her koşulda yanımda olan aileme minnetlerimi sunarım. Mehmet Esat Özer İstanbul, 2019. v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ……………………………………………...………………..……………….……..……iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………....……………………iv ÖNSÖZ…………………………...….............................……..……………….………......…v İÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………………….……………….……….vi RESİMLER LİSTESİ…………………..…..………………..…………..……...…...…......ix KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ…………………..…………………..………………..……….xi GİRİŞ………………….………………...……..…………………..…………….…….......…1 I. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN KÖKENLERİ A. Scipio’ların Adı ve Kökeni………………........………...……………………....…..…..5 B. Scipio’lar Öncesi Roma Siyaseti…………………..…………………….....…...............9 II. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN ASKERİ FAALİYETLERİ A. İlk Scipio ve III. Veii Savaşı….…………….………...………..………….......…...…...15 B. Scipio Barbatus’un III. Samnit Savaşı’ndaki Faaliyetleri……………….…..........…….16 C. I. Kartaca Savaşı ve Esir Düşen Scipio Asina………...………….……………...….…..20 D. Mediolanum Fatihi: Scipio Calvus..................................................................................23 E. II. Kartaca Savaşı’nda Scipio’lar………….....................................................................24 1. Ticinus Nehri Savaşı……………….…………….....……..…....................................24 2. Trebia Nehri Savaşı…………………..…………..……….…………...……........….27 3. Scipio Kardeşlerin İspanya Savaşları…………..………............………..….......…....30 4. Scipio Africanus’un Yükselişi……………………….................................................40 a. Yeni Kartaca Kuşatması…………..….……………..…………...………..….…...40 b. Baecula Savaşı………………….............................................................................45 c. Ilipa Savaşı…………………..…….…..........................................................……..47 d. İspanya’daki İsyanlar ve Ebro Nehri Savaşı…........................................................51 e. Locri Olayları…………..……...……...……………….............…………………..56 f. Agathokles Kulesi Savaşı…………...……..................................................………61 g. Kartaca Ordugâhının Yakılması………………………..…...........................…….64 h. Campi Magni Savaşı…………………....................................................................66 vi ı. Zama Savaşı…………………………………..………………............…..……….71 F. Scipio Nasica ve Boii Zaferi…………………………...............……..……..……….....79 G. III. Antiokhos ile Savaş………………………...……….…………….………………..80 H. Pydna Savaşı…………………………..……………....……………….....……………91 I. Dalmaçya Zaferi……………………………….……………………………………….93 J. Kartaca Kuşatması………………………….………………...…….……….….………93 K. Numantia Kuşatması…………………….……………………...….……….….……..105 L. Müttefikler Savaşı ………………………….……………...…………….….….…….110 M. Sulla ile Savaş………………………..…………….…………………...…..…...…...111 N. Caesar ile Savaş………………………..…..………….……...……………….…..….114 III. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN SİYASİ FAALİYETLERİ A. Scipio’lar ve Roma Emperyalizmi.…..…………………………………….……..…..124 B. Magna Mater Heykelinin Roma’ya Getirilişi.……...................................................... 136 C. Kuzenlerin Rekabeti: 193-192 Yılları Konsüllük Seçimleri……...………….…….….140 D. Scipio’ların Düşüşü ..……………………...…...…......................................................142 E. Scipio Nasica Corculum ve Siyasi Kariyeri……………......………….………........…152 F. Gracchus Reformları ve Scipio’lar…………………..….....................................…….158 G. Scipio Nasica Serapio’nun Pergamon’daki Elçiliği…….…………………….…...….171 H. Saturninus Reformu ve Konsül Seçimlerinde Çıkan Çatışma…............………….......172 IV. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN KÜLTÜREL FAALİYETLERİ A. Scipio’ların Yunan Kültürüyle İlişkisi………………………………………………..174 B. Scipio Aemilianus ve Çevresi…………………………………………………………176 V. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN ANITLARI A. Scipio’ların Capitolinus’taki Anıtları……...….………………………………………182 B. Scipio’ların Aile Mezarlığı……………………………………………………………187 vii VI. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN KADINLARI A. Pomponia……………………………………………………………………………..193 B. Aemilia Tertia………………………………………………………………………...194 C. Cornelia Africana Maior…………………………....……………………….………..195 D. Cornelia Africana ………………………………...……….……………….……..…..196 E. Papiria………………………………………………………………………………...199 F. Sempronia……………………………………………………………………………..200 G. Caecilia Metella…………………………………………………………….………...201 H. Licinia……………………………………………...………………………………....201 I. Aemilia Lepida…………………………………...………….………............………...201 J. Cornelia Metella………………………………...………………..……..……….…….202 VII. BÖLÜM SCIPIO’LARIN MİRASI A. Eskiçağdan Günümüze Scipio Algısı…………………………………………………204 SONUÇ…………………………………………………………………………………….212 KAYNAKÇA...………………………………………………………………….. ………..218 EKLER...…………………………………………………………………………………..241 viii RESİMLER LİSTESİ Resim 1 Trebia Savaşı. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 2 Yeni Kartaca Kuşatması. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 3 Baecula Savaşı. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 4 Ilipa Savaşı. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 5 Campi Magni Savaşı’nın Başlangıç Evresi. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 6 Campi Magni Savaşı’nın Son Evresi. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 7 Zama Savaşı’nın olası yeri ve askerlerin yerleşimi (Taylor 2019’dan alınmıştır.) Resim 8 Roma manipuluslarının zar beşlisi ya da bir diğer adıyla dama tahtası şeklindeki dizilişi. (Özüsağlam-Mutlu 2014’ten alınmıştır.) Resim 9 Zama Savaşı. (Gabriel 2012’den alınmıştır.) Resim 10 Pharsalos Savaşı’nın Başlangıç Evresi (Goldsworthy 2014’ten alınmıştır.) Resim 11 Pharsalos Savaşı’nın Son Evresi. (Goldsworthy 2014’ten alınmıştır.) Resim 12 Q. Caecilius Q. f. Fab. Metellus Scipio sikkesi. (www.coinarchives.com adlı siteden alınmıştır.) Resim 13 Tempstates Tapınağı’nın olası yeri ve Scipio’lar mezarının ve çevresinin rekonstrüksiyonu. (Volpe 2014’ten alınmıştır.) Resim 14 Scipio’lar mezarındaki ilk kazı çalışmalarından sonra yapılan bir çizim. (Volpe 2014’ten alınmıştır.) Resim 15 Scipio’lar mezarının rekonstrüksiyonu.
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