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Roma Y La Segunda Guerra Púnica En Hispania

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Roma Y La Segunda Guerra Púnica En Hispania UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología ROMA Y LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA EN HISPANIA ENRIQUE HERNÁNDEZ PRIETO TESIS DOCTORAL DIRIGIDA POR Prof. Dr. D. MANUEL SALINAS DE FRÍAS Catedrático de Historia Antigua de la Universidad de Salamanca 2014 FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología TESIS DOCTORAL ROMA Y LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA EN HISPANIA Autor: D. Enrique Hernández Prieto Dirigida por el Prof. Dr. D. Manuel Salinas de Frías Salamanca, 2014 ROMA Y LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA EN HISPANIA «<epì toîsde filían eἶnai < RwmaíoiV kaì toîV ç Rwmaíwn simmácoiV kaì KarchdoníoiV kaì toîV Karchdoníwn summácoiV…» «Habrá amistad entre los romanos y sus aliados y los cartagineses y sus aliados…» Inicio del primer tratado romano-púnico (Plb. III, 22, 2) «tòn qeoí mèn teûxan, >epekl´wsanto dÇ Çóleqron >anqr´wpoiV, ἵna =<h_si kaì >essoménoisin >aoid´h» «Voluntad ello fue de los dioses que urdieron a tantos la ruina por dar que cantar a los hombres futuros» Hom. Od. VIII, vv. 579-580 ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................ 13 CAPÍTULO I. PROBLEMAS GENERALES: FUENTES, CRONOLOGÍA Y ESCENARIOS GEOGRÁFICOS ......................................................... 25 I. 1. Fuentes antiguas de la Segunda Guerra Púnica ...................................... 26 I. 1. 1. Los primeros relatos escritos: fuentes perdidas y fragmentarias........ 26 I. 1. 2. Polibio de Megalópolis ...................................................................... 34 I. 1. 3. Diodoro de Sicilia .............................................................................. 42 I. 1. 4. Estrabón de Amaseia .......................................................................... 44 I. 1. 5. Tito Livio ........................................................................................... 45 I. 1. 6. Apiano de Alejandría ......................................................................... 51 I. 1. 7. Dión Casio – Zonaras ......................................................................... 54 I. 1. 8. Otras referencias ................................................................................. 56 I. 2. La Segunda Guerra Púnica en Hispania a través de las fuentes antiguas y sus problemas históricos ................................................................. 57 I. 2. 1. Hispania, los Bárquidas y los orígenes de la guerra ........................... 57 - Las campañas de Amílcar ...................................................................... 58 - El gobierno en Hispania de Asdrúbal ..................................................... 60 - Primeras campañas de Aníbal en Hispania ............................................ 64 - Orígenes y responsabilidad de la Segunda Guerra Púnica ..................... 67 - La crisis de Sagunto y el estallido de la guerra ...................................... 69 - Los preparativos de Aníbal antes de partir hacia Italia .......................... 76 I. 2. 2. Los Escipiones en Hispania ................................................................ 78 - Las campañas de Cneo Escipión ............................................................ 78 8 ROMA Y LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA EN HISPANIA - Las campañas de Publio y Cneo Escipión .............................................. 85 I. 2. 3. Hispania tras el desastre de los Escipiones ......................................... 96 - Marcio “propraetor” ............................................................................... 96 - Claudio Nerón en Hispania .................................................................... 97 - La elección de Publio Cornelio Escipión ............................................... 98 I. 2. 4. Las campañas de Publio Cornelio Escipión........................................ 99 - La conquista de Carthago Nova ............................................................ 100 - Batalla de Baécula ................................................................................. 108 - Derrota de Hannón y conquista de Orongis (207 a. C.) ........................ 111 - La batalla de Ilipa .................................................................................. 112 - Entrevista entre Escipión y Sífax .......................................................... 115 - Campañas contra las ciudades hispanas rebeldes .................................. 116 - Motín en el campamento romano del Sucrón ........................................ 118 - Últimas acciones contra los cartagineses en Hispania .......................... 120 - Escipión sofoca la rebelión de Indíbil y Mandonio ............................... 121 - Alianza entre Escipión y Masinisa. Magón abandona Hispania ........... 122 - Escipión en Roma................................................................................. 124 I. 2. 5. Epílogo: La Península Ibérica hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Púnica ........................................................................................ 126 CAPÍTULO II. LOS TRATADOS ROMANO-PÚNICOS Y LAS RELACIONES ENTRE ROMA E HISPANIA ANTERIORES A LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA ........................................................ 129 II. 1. Problemática general de los tratados romano-púnicos hasta la Primera Guerra Púnica ............................................................................... 130 II. 1. 1. Primeros tratados romano-púnicos en las fuentes antiguas ........... 130 II. 1. 2. Valoración histórica y cómputo de los tratados romano-púnicos en la historiografía moderna .......................................................................... 132 II. 2. El primer tratado romano-púnico ........................................................ 145 II. 2. 1. Problemas cronológicos .................................................................. 148 ÍNDICE 9 II. 2. 2. Los límites geográficos del primer tratado romano-púnico y la Península Ibérica ................................................................................... 160 II. 3. El segundo tratado romano-púnico ..................................................... 164 II. 3. 1. Problemas cronológicos ................................................................. 167 II. 3. 2. Los límites geográficos del segundo tratado romano-púnico y la Península Ibérica ................................................................................... 174 II. 4. Intencionalidad de los primeros tratados romano-púnicos ................. 182 II. 4. 1. Cartago, la cuestión de los monopolios y la Península Ibérica ...... 183 II. 4. 2. Roma, los acuerdos con Cartago y la Península Ibérica ................ 195 II. 5. Últimos tratados romano-púnicos anteriores a la Primera Guerra Púnica (264-241 a. C.) .............................................................................. 209 II. 5. 1. El “olvidado” tratado romano-púnico del 343 a. C. ...................... 209 II. 5. 2. La cuarta renovación de Tito Livio (306 a. C.), el tratado de Filino y el acuerdo contra Pirro .......................................................................... 211 II. 6. Hispania en las relaciones diplomáticas romano-púnicas de entreguerras (241-218 a. C.) .............................................................................. 220 II. 6. 1. Acuerdos establecidos tras la Primera Guerra Púnica ................... 220 II. 6. 2. Amílcar y la embajada romana del 235 a. C. ................................. 226 II. 6. 3. El Tratado con Asdrúbal ................................................................ 232 II. 6. 4. La alianza romana con Sagunto ..................................................... 241 II. 6. 5. Aníbal, el ataque contra Sagunto y la guerra contra Roma ........... 249 II. 6. 6. La caída de Sagunto y el ultimatum a Cartago .............................. 255 CAPÍTULO III. FACTORES POLÍTICOS Y MILITARES DE LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA EN HISPANIA .................................................. 269 III. 1. Los gobernadores provinciales en Hispania (219-202 a. C.) ............. 270 10 ROMA Y LA SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA EN HISPANIA III. 1. 1. Los hermanos Escipiones en Hispania (218-211 a. C.) ................. 271 III. 1. 2. Lucio Marcio y Claudio Nerón (211-210 a. C.) ............................. 276 III. 1. 3. Publio Cornelio Escipión y Junio Silano (211-206 a. C.) .............. 279 III. 1. 4. El gobierno de Hispania desde la expulsión de los cartagineses hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Púnica (206-201 a. C.) .......................... 286 III. 2. Fuerzas romanas en Hispania durante la Segunda Guerra Púnica .... 296 III. 2. 1. Las fuerzas terrestres: legiones romanas y aliados itálicos ............ 296 III. 2. 2. La poliorcética romana .................................................................. 302 III. 2. 3. La marina de guerra romana .......................................................... 303 III. 3. Las relaciones con las comunidades hispanas durante la Segunda Guerra Púnica ............................................................................... 310 III. 3. 1. La articulación política interna de los pueblos hispanos ............... 310 III. 3. 2. Diplomacia romana y comunidades hispanas ................................ 315 - Poblaciones indígenas .......................................................................... 315 - Poblaciones griegas y púnicas .............................................................. 318 III. 3.
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