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The Development of Army Administration in the Roman Republic

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The Development of Army Administration in the Roman Republic A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Elizabeth H Pearson School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………………………4 Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………...5 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….6 Declaration……………………………………………………………………..…….7 Copyright Statement………………………………………………………………….8 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………10 The Author…………………………………………………………………………..10 I: Introduction……………………………………………………………………….11 II: Dilectus…………………………………………………………………………..29 i: Polybius as a military historian…………………………………………...29 ii: Terminology……………………………………………………………...34 iii: Service terms…………………………………………………………….36 iv: in Capitolio………………………………………………………………45 v: Selecting milites………………………………………………………….66 vi: Legion size………………………………………………………………68 vii: Paperwork and the dilectus……………………………………………..73 III: The Census and Centralised Military Bureaucracy……………………………..76 i: Census declarations……………………………………………………….77 ii: Census registration on campaign………………………………………...87 2 iii: Polybian manpower figures……………………………………………103 iv: The census and military administration………………………………..121 IV: Recording Men on Campaign…………………………………………………123 i: Counting the dead………………………………………………………..124 ii: Records and role of the quaestor………………………………………..141 iii: Reinforcements and reviews…………………………………………...163 iv: Tracking manpower on campaign……………………………………...173 V: Documents and Archives……………………………………………………….177 i: Physical form of records………………………………………………...177 ii: Record size……………………………………………………………...200 iii: Location of storage……………………………………………………..203 VI: Record Producers and Record Keepers………………………………………..225 i: Literacy in the Middle Republic…………………………………………226 ii: Scribae…………………………………………………………………..234 iii: Recording the census…………………………………………………..247 VII: The Development of Military Administration in the Middle Republic………260 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….274 Appendix I: Men liable and available for military service………………………...300 Appendix II: Men over 17 years old with a paterfamilias………………………...306 Word Count: 80,000 3 List of Figures Figure 1: South-eastern Capitol and North-western forum in the third century…...209 Figure 2: South-eastern Capitol in c. the first quarter of the second century, 1…...213 Figure 3: South-eastern Capitol in c. the first quarter of the second century, 2…...222 List of Tables Table 1: Liable and available assidui iuniores……………………………………...59 Table 2: Proportion of men with a living paterfamilias…………………………….97 Table 3: The Polybian manpower figures…………………………………………105 Table 4: Other 225 manpower figures……………………………………………..107 Table 5: Comparison of Roman citizen numbers………………………………….112 4 Abbreviations All abbreviations of ancient texts are given in the form provided by the Oxford Classical Dictionary4. CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863- ), Berlin. FRHist - Cornell, T. J. et al. (edd.) (2013) The Fragments of the Roman Historians: Vols 1-3, Oxford. LSJ - Liddell, H. D., Scott, R. & Jones, H. S. (1925) A Greek-English Lexicon: A New Edition, Oxford. OLD - Glare, P. G. W. (ed.) (1982) Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford. RMR - Fink, R. O. (1971) Roman Military Records on Papyrus, London. Tab. Vind. – Bowman, A. K. & Thomas, J. D. (1994) The Vindolanda Writing- Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses I-III), London. 5 Abstract The study of Roman military administration has largely been limited to the Prinicipate following the discovery of documents at Vindolanda and Dura-Europos. The origin of this administration is either attributed to Augustus’ military reforms or considered older but irrecoverable based on a perceived lack of evidence. This thesis aims to demonstrate that, far from irrecoverable, it is possible to reconstruct the development of a relatively complex and well-structured bureaucratic system supporting the army during the Middle Republic. This bureaucracy developed in parallel with the military as the scale and scope of Rome’s wars increased during the period, and is reflected in the evolution of an administrative complex on the south- eastern slope of the Capitol. It is argued that in Rome and within the legion detailed records were kept and, within reason, every effort was made to keep them as accurate as possible. The Capitol functioned as the administrative hub, where census declarations and the census list, stored in the atrium Libertatis, served as the central authority for military records. Other military documents kept in the aerarium Saturni provided support. Lists such as the tabulae iuniorum were created from the census records, with exemptions and served terms noted. From these, legion lists with the same details could be created by military tribunes or scribae at the dilectus, the military recruitment levy, in the area Capitolina. One copy of this list was taken with the legion, and from 204 BC another was left in Rome. These parallel documents enabled a degree of cooperation between the administrative authorities within the legions and at Rome. The legion lists allowed commanders (or their subordinates) to act as devolved satellite bureaucracies, with more exact information from being on the spot. Frequent letters and embassies from the legions to the senate meant that these satellites could communicate not only their tactical position but also administrative information. In the field, legion lists provided commanders with a record of their men. Additional information on rank was added once the legion was organised. Using this list the quaestor calculated the pay for each individual, marking the separate deductions to be made from each soldier. Commanders took care to keep the record of their numbers accurate, noting casualties in as much detail as time and injuries allowed. This information was transmitted to the senate in order to keep the legions up to strength, not only by replacing casualties but also those who had served the ideal maximum term of six years. Overly long service was for the most part thus avoided. It appears that every effort was made to keep the records as up-to-date as possible, but it was recognised that errors could occur. The lustra conducted by new generals provided the opportunity to correct any omissions or mistakes as well as ritually purifying the army under a new commander. The emergency levy circumvented any errors in the census so that Rome could mobilise effectively in a crisis. It was not Augustan invention but these Mid-Republican developments which presaged the bureaucratic system known under the Principate. 6 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. 7 Copyright Statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of the copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University 8 Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. 9 Acknowledgements I have many people to thank for their help and support in the production of this thesis. Firstly, I wish to thank the AHRC and the University of Manchester’s President’s Doctoral Scholar Award for providing the funding for this research. Secondly, my thanks go to my supervisors Andy Fear, Tim Cornell and Polly Low for their helpful comments and discussions of this thesis as it developed, without which it would be much the poorer. Thanks as well to April Pudsey for her comments on the demographic elements. I also wish to thank various people for their help and support in the arduous task of forcing Latin and Ancient Greek into my head, particularly Claire Stocks, Roy Gibson, Ian Goh, David Langslow, Stephen Todd, Emma Griffiths and Adrienne Gough. Finally, heartfelt thanks to all my friends and family who have uncomplainingly served as sounding boards and proof readers as well
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