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"The Speeches of Scipio Africanus in the Third Decade of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita"

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"The Speeches of Scipio Africanus in the Third Decade of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita" by Allan Douglas Botha Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS in the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Univ. of Pretoria PRETORIA. Sept. 1975 © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 Contents Foreword (i) Bibliography (ii) Introduction Chapter 1 : The Tradition of Rhetoric in Historiography 6 Chapter 2: The Sources for Scipio's Speeches 16 Chapter 3: The Compositional Significance of Scipio's Speeches 26 Chapter 4: The Formulation of Scipio's Longer Speeches 43 Chapter 5: Comparison with Po1ybius 82 Chapter 6: Conclusions 119 Summary 128 © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 (i) Foreword I sincerely thank my supervisor, Prof. D.M. Kriel, for the kind help he gave me with this study. I am indebted to P. Weinmeister, T. Peters, and A. Schonfeldt for having sent me some material not promptly available here. A.D. Botha © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 (ii) Bibliography D'Alton, J.P. Roman Literary Theory and Criticism (London, 1931). Borneque, H. Tite-Live (Paris, 1933). Bruns, I. Die Personlichkeit in der Geschichtsschreibung der Alten (Berlin, 1898). Burck, E. Die Erziihlungskunst des T. Livius 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1964). Einfuhrung in die 3. Dekade des Livius (Heidelberg, 1950). in Livy ed. T.A. Dorey (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971 ). (ed.) Wege zu Livius (Darmstadt, 1967). Bury, J.B. The Ancient Greek Historians 1st paper-bound ed. (New York, 1958). Canter, A. "Rhetorical Elements in Livy's Direct Speeches" AJPh 38 ( 1917), 125ff. and 39 (1918), 44ff. Catin, L. En lisant Tite Live (Paris, 1944). Cavallin, S. "Avant Zama" Eranos 45 (1947), 25ff. Clarke, D.L. Rhetoric in Greco-Roman Education (Columbia, 1957). Clarke, M.L. Rhetoric at Rome (London, 1953). Cornford, P.M. Thucydides Mythistoricus (London, 1907). Defourny, P. "Histoire et eloquence d'apres Ciceron" Et. class. 21 (1953), 156ff. Dorey, T.A. (ed.) Latin Historians (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966). ( ed.) Livy (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971 ). Edlund, I. "Before Zama - A Comparison between Polybios' and Livy's Descriptions of the Meeting between Hannibal and Scipio" Eranos 65 (1967), 146ff. Finley, R.M. Three Essays on Thucydides (Harvard, 1967). Gelzer, M. "Die Glaubwiirdigkeit der bei Livius iiberlieferten Senatsbeschliisse iiber romische Truppenaufgebote" Hermes ( 1935), 269ff. Gries, K. "Livy's Use of Dramatic Speech" AJPh 70 ( 1949), 118ff. Haywood, R. Studies on Scipio Africanus (Oxford, 1933). Heinze, R. Die augusteische Kultur (Leipzig-Berlin, 1939). Hendrickson, G.L. "The Origin and Meaning of the Ancient Characters of Style" AJPh 26 ( 1905), 249ff. Hoffmann, W. Livius und der 2. punische Krieg (Berlin, 1942). Jacoby, F. A tthis (Oxford, 1949). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin, 1923-1930; Leiden, 1940-1950). © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 (iii) Jumeau, R. "Tite-Live et 1'historiographie hellenistique" Revue des etudes anciennes (1936), 63ff. Kahrstedt, U. Geschichte der Karthager von Otto Melzer III (Berlin, 1913). Klotz, A. "Die Stellung des Silius Italicus unter den Quellen zur Geschichte des zweiten punischen Krieges" RhM 82 ( 1933), 1ff . .. "Uber die Quelle P1utarchs in der Lebensbeschreibung des Q. Fabius Maximus" RhM 84 (1935), 125ff. .. "Uber die Stellung des Cassius Dio unter den Quellen zur Geschichte des zweiten punischen Krieges" RhM 85 ( 1936), 68ff. "Appians Darstellung des Zweiten Punischen Krieges" Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums (1936), 7ff. Livius und seine Vorgiinger 2nd ed. (Amsterdam, 1964 ). Laistner, M.W.L. The Greater Roman Historians 1st paper-bound ed. (Berkeley, 1963). Lambert, A. "Nochmals 'avant Zama'" Eranos 46 (1948), 54ff. (see too, under Cavallin). Naude, C.P. T. Die Ontstaan van die Romeinse Geskiedskrywing (Unisa, 1961 ). "Die Romeinse Geskiedskrywing: Perspektief en Besinning" Acta Classica IX (1966), 113ff. Peter, H. Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta (Leipzig Teubner, 1883). Pohlenz, M. Antikes Fuhrertum (Leipzig, 1934). Rambaud, M. Ciceron et l'histoire romaine (Paris, 1953). Scullard, H.H. Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War (Cambridge, 1930). Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician (Thames and Hudson, 1970). Seguin, R. "La religion de Sci pion 1' Africain" Latomus 33 ( 197 4 ), 3 ff. Stuhler, G. Die Religiositiit des Livius 2nd ed. (Amsterdam, 1964). Taine, H. Essai sur Tite Live (Paris, 191 0). Treptow, R. "Die Kunst der Reden in der 1. und 3. Dekade des livianischen Geschichtswerks" unpubl. Diss. (Kiel, 1964 ). Ullmann, R. La technique des discours dans Salluste, Tite Live et Tacite (Oslo, 1927). Etude sur le style des discours de Tite Live (Oslo, 1929). Walbank, F.W. "Tr~gic History - A Reconsideration" Bull. Inst. Class. Stud London (1955), 4ff. "History and Tragedy" Historia ( 1960), 216ff. Speeches in Greek Historians (Oxford, 1964). © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 (iv) Walsh, P.G. Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods (Cambridge, 1961 ). Wehrli, F. Eumusia: Festgabe fur Ernst Howald (Zurich, 1947). Witte, K. "Uber die Form der Darstellung in Livius' Geschichtswerk" RhM 65 ( 191 0), 270-305 and 359-419. Ziegler, K. "Polybios" RE 42 par. 1440ff. (19 52). Texts The Oxford text of R.S. Conway and C.F. Walters ( 1968) has been used for Livy and the Loeb ed. (1968) for Polybius. I have drawn on A. de Selincourt's translation of Liv. XXI-XXX (Penguin Books, 1970) and on W.R. Paton's rendering of Po1ybius in the Loeb library ( 1968). Abbreviations AJPH American Journal of Philology Bull Inst. Class. Stud Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Et. class. Les etudes classiques FGH Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker HRF Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta Phil. Woch.. Philologische Wochenschrift RE Pau1y/Wissowa, Real-Encyclopiidie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft RhM Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 1. Introduction The feature of ancient history-writing which has met with most criticism in modern times, especially from scientific historians, is the introduction of fictitious speeches into a historical narrative. A factor which is frequently overlooked in criticizing Greek and Roman historians for this practice is the close. affiliation of ancient historiography with politics and rhetoric. The insertion of speeches was ingrained in Greek and Roman historiography, 1) and it was recognized from the time of Thucydides that the historian had a relative­ ly free hand in the composition of such speeches. The logical justification behind the convention, recalling the long association of historiography from its earliest be­ ginnings with epic and drama, is the concept that man is a rational being, whose actions are the result of conscious decisions which originate from discourse in the form of speeches. This is the concept which founds the traditional Greek view of history as "actions and speeches" (Thuc. 1.22.1 ), 2) and which is at the roots of the remark by Polybius (XII.25b.l) that the function of history is first to discover the words actually spoken, and next to ascertain why what was said or done led to failure or success. Good advice means successful policy and the reader of history can learn from this. In short, speech is at the roots of all political life. Most of the. ancient historians, again, had been politically active at some stage in their lives - Livy being a notable exception - and this meant that they were train­ ed in rhetoric, the indispensable requirement for admission to a political career. 3) And the ancient rhetorician, at least during his training, was often concerned with historical themes, the reading of certain historians being recommended to him es­ pecially for their skill in the composition of speeches.4) It is hardly surprising, in virtue of the affinity between the rhetorician and the historian, to find that Livy's literary reputation at Rome rested above all on the com- 1) Exceptions are Cratippus and Trogus Pompeius. Cf. FGH 64 F 1 (Cratippus) and Jus tin XXVIII. ·3. 11 (Trogus ). 2) This division is echoed in later writers. Cf. Plato, Tim. 19c; Ephorus, FGH 70 F 9; Dion. Hal., de !mit. 3.3; Quint. X. 1.101. 3) That Livy had a sound rhetorical training is beyond dispute. For his interest in the subject, Seneca, Contr. IX.2.26; for his virtuosity, Quint. X.l.1 01. 4) Quint. 111.8.49. X.1.74; 5.15. © University of Pretoria Digitised by the Open Scholarship and Digitisation Programme, 2017 2. posed speeches in his history. As witness there is the testimony of Quintilian (X.l.lOl), Tacitus (Agric. 10; Ann. IV.34.3) and Seneca (ep. mor. 46.1:100.9). A remark in Suetonius (Dom. 10) suggests further that the speeches were published and studied separately in Domitian's day. There are few modern scholars who echo this enthusiastic reception, however, and the speeches have been denigrated, not only because they are fictitious and insufficiently instructive, but also because the gallery of portraits they bring before us is allegedly no more than a collection of abstractions or dummies. 5) Although they are not in themselves a method of characterization - "[s]ie sind wie Mommsen es definirt, Darlegungen des Sachverhalts, die den handelnden Personen in den Mund
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