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Antik Kaynaklar Işiğinda Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin Yikiliş Süreci

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Antik Kaynaklar Işiğinda Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin Yikiliş Süreci T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTİK KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA ROMA CUMHURİYETİ'NİN YIKILIŞ SÜRECİ Hazırlayan Engin KARAKUŞ Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman Prof. Dr. Mehmet KURT KARAMAN – 2019 T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTİK KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA ROMA CUMHURİYETİ'NİN YIKILIŞ SÜRECİ Hazırlayan Engin KARAKUŞ Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman Prof. Dr. Mehmet KURT KARAMAN – 2019 I ÖNSÖZ Augustus çağının ünlü tarihçisi Titus Livius, ne yazık ki, günümüze ancak otuz beşi ulaşan yüz kırk iki kitaplık Ab urbe Condita ismiyle bilinen ünlü eserinin mukaddimesinde (praefatio) eserini kaleme alış amacını samimi bir üslup ile açıklar. Titus Livius, sözlerine, "Roma halkının tarihini tâ en başından ele alıp sonuna kadar yazacak olsam zahmete değer bir iş yapmış olur muyum, pek bilemiyorum," şeklinde kendi kendine yönelttiği bir soruyla başlar. Zira ele aldığı konunun "eski ve herkesçe bilinen bir konu" olduğunun farkındadır. Ayrıca, "olayları daha çok aydınlığa çıkaracaklarına ve yazı yazmaktaki hünerleri sayesinde eskilerin kaba üslubuna üstün geleceklerine" inanan yeni tarihçiler tarafından da eserinin gölgede bırakılabilmesi her zaman olasıdır. Ne var ki bu durum onu yazmaktan alıkoymuş da değildir. Zira her ne olursa olsun, "yeryüzünün en birinci ulusunun görkemini insanların belleğinde devam ettirmek" düşüncesinden duyduğu memnuniyet ona yetmektedir (pr. 1-3). Antik Kaynaklar Işığında Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin Yıkılış Süreci başlıklı bu çalışma da yukarıda sözü geçen duygularla hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında bana yol gösteren saygıdeğer hocam ve danışmanım Prof. Dr. Mehmet KURT ile yardımlarını benden esirgemeyen kıymetli Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet ALKAN ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ercan AŞKIN hocalarıma ve ayrıca çalışmalarından yararlandığım Antik Çağ'dan bu yana doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak bu konu üzerine yazan tüm isimlere en içten teşekkürlerimi iletmeyi bir borç bilirim. Engin KARAKUŞ Karaman/2019 II ÖZET İÖ 1. binyılın başlarında küçük bir yerleşim yeri olarak tarih sahnesine çıkan Roma, bir müddet krallıkla yönetildikten sonra İÖ 6. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru tamamen kendisine özgü bir cumhuriyet rejiminin kuruluşuyla sonuçlanacak olan bir ihtilal yaşadı. Bu rejim değişikliğinin sağladığı canlılık ile birlikte topraklarını yavaş fakat sistemli bir şekilde genişletmeye başlayan Roma Cumhuriyeti, yaklaşık iki buçuk yüzyıl boyunca süregelen zorlu bir mücadelenin ardından Apenninler Yarımadası'nda siyasî birliği sağlamayı başardı. Roma Cumhuriyeti bu aşamadan sonra epey hızlı bir genişleme sürecine girdi. İÖ 2. yüzyılın ortalarına gelindiğinde artık Akdeniz Havzası'na tek başına hâkim olan bir cihan devletiydi. Fakat bu hızlı büyüme, aynı zamanda Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşuyla birlikte başlayan sorunlarını da büyütmüş bulunmaktaydı. Öte yandan bu fetih süreci sayesinde artan refah ortamında Roma siyaseti de giderek yozlaşmaya başlamıştı. Öyle ki Romalı siyaset adamları artık amaçlarına ulaşmak için şiddete başvurmaktan bile çekinmez bir hâle gelmişti. Sonuç olarak, Roma Cumhuriyeti, İÖ 1. yüzyılın başlarında bir iç savaş sürecine girecek ve aynı yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bitecek olan bu sürecin ardından Roma'nın yönetim şekli bir kez daha değişecekti. Anahtar Kelimeler: Roma Cumhuriyeti, Patricii ve Plebs Mücadelesi, Gracchus Kardeşler, Optimates ve Populares, Gaius Marius, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 1. Triumvirlik, Gaius Iulius Caesar, 2. Triumvirlik, Augustus. III ABSTRACT The Collapse Period of the Roman Republic according to the Ancient Sources Rome, which was founded as a small settlement at the beginning of the 1st millennia BC, experienced a revolution that led to the establishment of a unique republican regime in the late 6th century BC after being ruled by the kings for a while. With the vitality provided by this regime change, the Roman Republic thrived, and slowly but systematically began to expand its borders and formed a political league on the Apennines Peninsula during a two hundred and fifty year uphill struggle. Following that phase, the Roman Republic went on a considerably fast expansion process. Around the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Republic was regarded as a superpower ruling over the whole Mediterranean Basin. But this fast growth also amplified the problems which had started with the foundation of the Republic. On the other hand, increased welfare and prosperity due to conquests had set off the growing corruption of Roman politics. So much so that the Roman politicians even began to resort to violence to achieve their goals. Consequently, the Roman Republic would be enter a phase of civil wars in the early 1st century BC, and by the late 1st century BC, Rome's regime would change once again. Keywords: The Roman Republic, The Struggle between Patricii and Plebs, The Gracchi Brothers, Optimates and Populares, Gaius Marius, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, The 1st Triumvirate, Gaius Iulius Caesar, The 2nd Triumvirate, Augustus. IV İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................... I ÖZET ..................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ III İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................... IV GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. CUMHURİYET'İN ve KRİZİN YÜKSELİŞİ ................................................ 6 II. SONUN BAŞLANGICI.................................................................................. 37 III. SULLANUM REGNUM .............................................................................. 64 IV. SULLA SONRASI ........................................................................................ 91 V. CAESAR: DICTATOR PERPETUUS ....................................................... 121 VI. CAESAR SONRASI ................................................................................... 148 VII. AUGUSTUS ve CUMHURİYET'İN SONU............................................ 195 SONUÇ ............................................................................................................... 251 KAYNAKÇA ..................................................................................................... 272 I. Antik Kaynaklar .......................................................................................... 272 II. Modern Kaynaklar ..................................................................................... 277 EKLER ............................................................................................................... 302 1 GİRİŞ Kuruluşu, geleneğe göre1, İÖ 753 yılının 21 Nisan gününe yerleştirilen Roma kenti, bu tarihten yaklaşık yedi yüz yıl sonra Akdeniz Havzası'nın neredeyse tamamına hâkim olan bir cihan devletinin merkezi konumundaydı (fig. 1). Fakat bu konumuna rağmen Roma için her şey pek de yolunda gidiyor sayılmazdı. Roma, bu yıllarda her ne kadar kudretini koruyor ve hâkim olduğu geniş coğrafyada yerleşik birçok topluluğu demir yumrukla yönetiyorsa da aynı başarıyı kendini yönetmekte gösteremiyordu. Zira Akdeniz Havzası'na hâkim olma mücadelesine giriştiği "rakiplerini ortadan kaldırdıktan sonra fazilet yolundan ayrılıp hızla yozlaşmaya başlamış" ve bunun sonucunda da sosyal, siyasî ve iktisadî sorunlar ile karşı karşıya kalmış bir hâlde bulunuyordu2. Romalı siyaset adamları etkili bir şekilde müdahale edemediğinden mevcut sorunlar günden güne derinleşmekteydi. Başka bir deyişle, Roma, tıpkı geleneğe göre kentin kuruluşundan sonraki iki yüz kırk üçüncü yılda olduğu gibi, bir rejim değişikliğinin eşiğindeydi. Roma, bu yaklaşık iki buçuk yüzyıllık söz konusu süreç zarfında krallar tarafından yönetilmiştir. Ancak hemen belirtmek gerekir ki, başta verilen zaman aralığı olmak üzere geleneğin bu dönem ile ilgili olarak bildirdikleri pek sağlıklı değildir. Zira Romalıların bu döneme ait bilgileri, ne yazık ki, "güvenilir tarihî kanıtlardan ziyade şairane efsanelerle bezenmiş hikâyeler"den oluşmaktadır3. Bununla birlikte bu "hikâyeler" elbette ki az çok 1 Roma'da tarih yazımı ancak İÖ 3. yüzyıldan itibaren gelişmeye başladığından kentin tarih sahnesine çıkışı ve erken dönemleri üzerinde bir bilinmezlik söz konusudur. Romalılar, bu bilinmezliği mitolojik unsurlarla harmanladıkları hikâyeler ile aydınlatmaya çalışmış ve Roma tarihi zaman içinde meydana gelen bu geleneksel anlatıya dayanılarak inşa edilmiştir. Buna göre, her yıl Nisan ayının 21. günü çobanların koruyucu tanrıçası Pales onuruna düzenlenen Parilia adlı festival, sonraları Roma'nın kuruluşu ile ilişkilendirilmiş ve 21 Nisan kuruluş günü olarak benimsenmiştir. Parilia Festivali hakkında bkz. Scullard 1981, 103-105; Coşkun Abuagla 2017, 183-187. Kuruluş yılı üzerine ise birçok görüş ortaya atılmışsa da Marcus Terentius Varro'nun consul listelerini (fasti consulares) temel alarak önerdiği İÖ 753 yılı, Roma'nın kuruluş yılı olarak genel kabul görmüştür. Antik tarih yazımında kuruluş yılı ile ilgili ortaya atılan görüşler için bkz. Sanders 1908, 317-319. 2 Vell. 2. 1. 1: "...sublataque imperii aemula non gradu, sed praecipiti cursu a virtute descitum, ad vitia transcursum..." 3 Liv. pr. 6: "...poeticis magis decora fabulis quam incorruptis
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