National Rural Network Programme 2014- 2020 by It. Ministry of Agriculture
Drone imagery use: pilot tests in Italy
Livio Rossi*; Roberto Ligi*; Fabio Volpe*; Valerio Fortuna***; Andrea Melchiorri***; Philippe Loudjani** * e-GEOS; ** JRC - Agriculture Food Security; ***Sigeo Purposes Proof of concept of the use of drones for CAP controls, in Italy (EU?), including: • Values of " pro rata “ pastures with tare, in Italy; • Land /soil erosion correct mitigation (GAEC standard) • Correctness of crop delimitation in Geo Spatial Aid Application • Incorrect sludge and livestock management near stables Additional evaluations on: • Advantages/limitations and flexibility vs satellite/airborne • Professional skills needed • Elements of time and costs • Possible service simulation for specific checks Working group • Ministry of Agricultural Policies – Rural Development and EU/International Affairs Department
• SIN spa (service provider for AGEA and Mipaaf) • Telespazio/e-GEOS (24 years on CwRS activity) • JRC MARS (support and validation) • Sigeo srl (agronomic services and UAV operational with 6 authorized pilots) NATIONAL RURAL NETWORK 2014-20 – DRONES for AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS – 7 zones acquired in 2016 (red for P. Farming tests) FARM/LOCATION SCENARIO USED PRODUCTS ACQUISITION SENSORS DATES
1) Melchiorri – Arable,Olive RGB Ortho RGB 5,8cm, 14-17 June Tuscania (Viterbo – groves, Multispectral Multispectral, Cloud, DTM, 25 October Lazio) woodland, EFA 4 bands DSM, Vegetation indexes
2)Fiamignano (Rieti- Pasture with RGB Ortho RGB 7,8cm, DTM, DSM, 22-23 July Lazio) tare (pro- Point cloud rata) 3) Masotti – Livestock RGB – Thermal Ortho RGB 5,8 cm, thermal 27-29 July Acquapendente (sheep, pigs) map 11,4cm, point cloud, (Viterbo Lazio) DTM, DSM 4)Radicofani (Siena Pastures RGB Ortho RGB 7,8cm, DTM, DSM, 27-29 July Tuscany) pro-rata point cloud
5) Rapitalà – Vineyards RGB Ortho RGB, Multispectral, 1-5 August Camporeale Multispectral Cloud, DTM, DSM, (Palermo Sicily) 4 bands vegetation indexes 6)Cocci Grifoni - B. Vineyards RGB;Multispectr Ortho RGB, Multispectral, 10-12 August Miriam (Ascoli al 4 bands Cloud, DTM, DSM, Piceno Marche) vegetation indexes 7)Civita Castellana – Livestock RGB – Thermal Ortho RGB 5,8cm , thermal 23 October Cavaliere (Viterbo (sheep, pigs) map 11,4, cloud point, DTM, 29 October Lazio ) DSM 4 6 7 test sites selected by 3 project working group among several suggested by CwRS expert technicians 1 7 2
Lazio, Tuscany, Marche
5
Sicily UAV/sensors available and used: fixed wings, rotational, RGB, NIR, Thermal…
Aibot V6 Albris
multiSpec 4C eBee RTK sensefly
ThermoMap
Parrot Sequoia
4 cameras Planning and preparation of the 14 flights on 7 test areas: 10 min for a rapid task on site (car office) Italian NATIONAL RURAL NETWORK DRONES for Agricultural Applications -1
PASTURES «PRO RATA» 2 sites: Lazio and Tuscany • Fiamignano (Rieti): flight on 22-23 July • Products: Map RGB, DSM, Cloud Point • Radicofani (Siena): flight on 27-29 July • Products: Map RGB, DSM, Cloud Point TASKS: • Classification 2D/3D: woodland, bushland 1/2, herbaceous, sparse herbaceous, no veg. by both spectral signature and trees height (DSM/DTM/Cloud) Goal= real grazed % modelling => stratification map and sampling by drones? Application to LPIS for “Pasture Landscape Units” generation to be referred Fiamignano PASTURES PRO RATA” Rieti Lazio Lazio and Tuscany
Radicofani Siena Tuscany Pasture pro-rata conditions during drone trials: complex morphology, scattered vegetation and…
Radicofani test site Siena, July, 28th 2016 Radicofani classification: woodland; bush, grass, sparse grass, bare/rock…but water is missing through simple RGB
Animal paths
Natural waterhole
Manmade waterhole Under the trees: A lot of activity!! A 3 D classification for real grazing analysis
Total sample area: 13.31 ha Total other than grass 17,1% To be surely excluded (not veg) 2,1% To be excl. only after grazeability evaluation (bush) 9,8% To be evaluated for possible reduction (trees) 5,5% => Pro-rata 5-15%?
> 3 m 0,26ha 2,0%
2 - 3 m 0,44ha 3,3%
1 - 2 m1water0,37ha 2,8% 0.5 -1m 0,93ha 7,0%
Water 0,08ha 0,6% Road 0,2 ha 1,5% Italian NATIONAL RURAL NETWORK DRONES for Agricultural Applications - 2
GAEC standard/ GSAA validation • Tuscania – Melchiorri farm (Viterbo) flight on 19 Feb 2015, 17 June and 25 October 2016 Products: Map RGB, DSM, Cloud Point, IRFC, NDVI TASKS: • Co-registration of flights for pedo/morpho analysis (3D) and GAEC application (soil erosion mitigation); goal= temporal and permanent channelling, multitemporal loss of soil analysis • Landscape units possible delineation; goal= agricultural “hydraulic works” ad hoc • “Timber maps” by NIR, Red Edge, Green; goal= single trees identification • Measurements inside arable parcels; goal= drone vs orthophoto and Geo Spatial Aid Application possible verification Complete farm data acquisition and DSM: GAEC measures supporting?
100 ha farm RGB and Multispectral (red edge, NIR) DSM and cloud generation Loss of soil and erosion triggering: the Cloud 3D contribution
3D directions Loss of soil and erosion triggering: the Cloud 3D contribution (around 150 points x sqm) 2
40 cm
60 cm Loss of soil and erosion triggering: the Cloud 3D contribution 3
30 cm 3D x dangerousness evaluation 50 cm February, June, October comparison for soil erosion 2 February, June comparison for soil erosion- 1 Mitigation measures, applied after large scale geomorphologic analysis
Water flow road always to be defined
Furrow road
Water ditches dotted: infiltration continuous: flowing
October 2016 Agro-Environment service- PO soil monitoring February, June comparison for soil erosion 3 Mitigation measures, applied after large scale geomorphologic analysis
Furrow road
Water ditches dotted: infiltration continuous: flowing
«Water flow Road» always to be defined
October 2016 Agro-Environment service- PO soil monitoring The “Landscape Unit” importance by Marche Region Agro-Environment service- PO soil monitoring
Different land use/morphologic conditions detection and delineations Inserted into “local hydrologic network”
Correct positioning of channeling to reduce soil loss and mitigate landslide and flood risks Multitemporal very high resolution and 3D by drone = modelling support for soil protection and hydrogeological risk mitigation target: from simple and casual temporal/permanent channeling to suitable agronomic- hydraulic work Results: -Avoid simple water elimination -Allow water absorption and eliminate the excess of water only -Support Landscape Units delineation for a correct and holistic maintenance (lytho- pedo, morpho, land use, climate)
Soil loss and erosion mitigation: rule runoff of excess water compared to the soil storage capacity, to determine the right balance between air and water in the soil, ensure the stability of the slopes, minimize the loss and improve the “concentration time” of the watershed Italian GSAA editing phase for farm cultivation planning After the map selection, functions available: -Land use polygon cutting/merge; -Crop/variety assignment;
-Single parcel editing; - save to local; save to the system; - printing PDF
Can drones help in more precise cutting delimitations?
Possible parcel cutting and crop type-variety inserting 26 GSAA: drawing phase inside a large arable parcels, by expert - 1
Airborne ortho 2011, 0,5m
Parcel cutting based on detectable elements Farmer + CAA centre = 3,98 ha GSAA drawing phase inside large arable parcels by expert -2
Parcel cutting based on detectableAirborne elementsortho Farmer2014, + CAA centre0,2 m = 3,99 ha GSAA drawing phase inside large arable parcels by expert -3
Parcel cutting based on detectableDrone elementsortho Farmer2016, + CAA0,1 centre m = 4,01 ha Multispectral contribution in forestry: from simple IRFC
To the Red Edge Contribution: NIR-RE-GR
Asbestos roofs detectable
Keep in mind for forest inventories: more rapid “stand” analysis! NATIONAL RURAL NETWORK – DRONES for AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS -3
CROSS-COMPLIANCE – SMR/GAEC • Acquapendente Masotti farm (Viterbo): flight 27-29 July Products: Map RGB, DSM, Cloud Point, Thermal • Civita Castellana Cavalieri farm (Viterbo): flight 23 e 29 October Products: Map RGB, DSM, Cloud Point, Thermal map TASKS: • Co-registration Thermal/RGB and masking of non interesting areas (classification is not useful) • Thematic manual extraction (stables uncorrected sludge, animal presence/density, water fluxes, paths, soil types); goal= pollution risk and not compliance behaviour, animal welfare, other environmental issues, etc. Civita Castellana – October 2016 Acquapendente – July 2016 Farm RGB acquisition early morning
Thermal map = heat/temperature
young pigs sector adult pigs sector
pigsty buried pipes
chicken coop
Early thermal flight at 6 a.m. Incorrect sludge proper sludge deposits
17 Sheep night shed
sheep manger: sludge 19
21
23 Sludge Concrete deposit on ground
Sludge on ground Concrete deposit “inhabited” roof
Team’s car Our hot cars
sludges
Same olive grove… Different soil texture? Flow of invisible cooler water ?
Flow of invisible cooler water ? path detection under woodland crowns
Thermomap Sensefly Sensibility RRN test: working time and….relative costs (for each100 ha slot)
• Acquisition time Tuscania 1,20 h; Fiamignano 1,40 h; Acquapendente1,10 h (same for thermal); Radicofani 50 min => av. 1 h 5 min • Orthomosaic generation (+ 30% operator) : 5,8 cm 30min; 8cm 15 min • DSM generation (+ 30% operator): Tuscania 2,40 h; Fiamignano 55 min; Acquapendente 2,40 h; Radicofani 55min => 2,4 h x 5.8cm pixel and 50 min for 8cm pixel • Point cloud densification (+ 30% operator): Tuscania 2,60h; Fiamignano 40 min; Acquapendente 2,05 h; Radicofani 40 min => 2,30 h per 5,8 cm pixel and 40 min for 8 cm pixel • Each mission pre-preparation in office: 2 hours in average • SW used: PIX4D /mapper Pro = 6,500 Euro x license Conclusions1 - Synthesis of results- advantages • Better pasture pro-rata real values classification: • Pro- rata for LPIS sampling frame: data collection • Better mitigation measures for soil loss, landslide/flooding risk by 3D and point 3D • Better GSAA operation by higher resolution • Better single tree detection and classification • Livestock farm behavior and animal welfare by thermal • Possible national tasks by unique operators
But...advantages in any large scale measurement necessity or in complex, difficult or inaccessible situation !! Conclusions2- Synthesis of limitations / next steps in Italy
• Not more than 3-500 ha per day per Team • Regional radius needed to maintain high productivity • Timing for authorization in “restricted areas” • Storage necessity and not rapid data transferring • Mandatory “before sunrise” flights using thermal (thermic inertia calculation)
AGEA is currently thinking to use and organize in a systematic way “different teams’ distributed along the nation for improving and speeding up difficult CwRS tasks (waiting to exploit the tender outlets 2017-2021)