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Susceptibility LAKE BAIKAL A Mirror in Time and Space for Understanding Global Change Processes With presentations by Genki Inoue, Kenji Kashiwaya, Takayoshi Kawai, Kimiyasu Kawamuro, Masayuki Kunugi, Kazuo Mashiko, Yoshiki Masuda, Koji Minoura (editor), Hiroshi Morino, Takejiro Takamatsu, Yasunori Watanabe, Takahito Yoshioka and Norio Yoshida LAKE BAIKAL A Mirror in Time and Space for Understanding Global Change Processes Edited by Koj i Minoura The 1998 BBD Baikal Symposium of the Japanese Association for Baikal International Research Program (JABIRP), Yokohama, November 5"'-8", 1998 2000 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - London - New York - Oxford - Paris - Shannon - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 EO. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 9 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of docu- ment delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science Global Rights Department. PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 I DX, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also contact Global Rights directly through Elsevier's home page (http://www.elsevier.nl), by selecting 'Obtaining Permissions'. 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Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mecha- nical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Global Rights Department, at the mail. fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. ISBN: 0 444 50434 6 G The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. Preface Lake Baikal is the largest and oldest lake on Earth. Its water volume is about 23,000 km 3, compared with the 18,000 km 3 of Lake Tanganyika and the 22,000 km 3 of all five Great Lakes in North America combined. Lake Baikal originated about 3.5 million years ago, and it never froze complete- ly during the glacial ages. Thus, its organic evolution has progressed tremendously, both qualitatively and quantitatively ways, and it has been the initial object of investigation by many scientists over the past several centuries. In 1988, the Soviet Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences) decided to establish the Baikal International Centre for Ecological Research (BICER) at its Siberian Branch, and the first official meeting of intemational board members was held in Irkutsk in December 1990. After several discussions the Japanese researchers decided to join and support the BICER, and in March 1991 they established the Japanese Association for the Baikal International Research Project (JABIRP). The Baikal Drilling Project (BDP) was proposed in 1991, and Japanese researchers joined the project a year later. The International Programme for Biodiversity Science (DIVERSITAS) was established in 1991 under the International Union of Biological Science (IUBS), the Scientific Committee of Problems in the Environment (SCOPE) of the Intemational Committee of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a year before the United Nations Conference for Environment and Development (UNCED), usually referred to as the "Earth Summit", was held in Rio de Janeiro, where two international conventions were signed. An Intemational Network for DIVERSITAS in the Westem Pacific and Asia (DIWPA) was proposed in 1993 and established in 1994. Lake Baikal and environs is one of the main sites in the DIWPA region. Thus, since 1991 many Japanese scientists have traveled to the lake to conduct research with Russian and scientists from other countries. Needless to say, scientists belonging to the academy, universities, muse- ums, etc., around Lake Baikal have long concentrated their efforts on many studies in and around the lake. I personally was attracted to the lake and its biological communities by reading a book entitled, "Biology of Lake Baikal", in the series "Binnengew~isser", as an undergraduate. A book by vi Professor Kozhov later made a very strong impression on me, and I remember wanting to learn Russian mainly to be able to read the book in the original Russian. It should also be remembered that many people are living in the region, and thus our joint research needed to be conducted pri- marily by scientists in the region and be related to the future comfort of the lives of the residents around the lake. On the other hand, Lake Baikal and environs is of enormous value to the globe itself, and thus our research should also be for true international by that I mean inter-regional, or global interests. The BICER should not only be the site of bilateral research but the site of real interregionally based research. In the year of the 10th anniversary of the B ICER, the international joint symposium of the BICER, BDP, and D1WPA, 'Lake Baikal: A Mirror in Time and Space for Understanding the Processes of Global Change', was held in Yokohama from November 4 to 8, 1998. This volume is based on material presented at the symposium, but most articles have been consider- ably revised based on discussions during and after the symposium. I would like to thank all of the participants in the symposium for read- ing their papers and for their cooperative and positive discussions on all of the issues. Special thanks are due to the Russian scientists who have long been conducting research on the Lake, especially to Professor Mikhail Grachev, the first director of the B ICER and the former director of the Institute of Limnology, who, unfortunately, was unable to attend the sym- posium because of an accident several months before. Thanks also to Professor Koji Minoura, the editor of the book and the secretary-general of the symposium, to Dr. Takayoshi Kawai, the secretary-general of the JABIRP, and to many others for their help in holding the symposium. 16 August 1999 President of the JABIRP and the Chairperson of the DIWPA Hiroya KAWANABE Lake Biwa Museum oo vii Introduction In November 1998, the BICER (Baikal International Center for Ecological Research), B DP (Baikal Drilling Project), and DIWPA (Diversitas Western Pacific and Asia) Joint International Symposium on Lake Baikal convened in Yokohama, Japan, on the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the B ICER. More than 180 scientists attended the sympo- sium, and 64 of them were from abroad. A lecture meeting was held at the Museum of Natural History in Toyohashi, Central Japan, prior the Symposium, where public lectures on scientific topics afforded participants a good opportunity to become famil- iar with Lake Baikal and its great potential for wonderful discoveries in science. Following the Symposium, a special meeting on zoology was organized under the title: Animal Community, Environment and Phylogeny in Lake Baikal, and provided an outstanding occasion for researches and students to review the latest developments in the biological field. It is more important now than ever-before for scientists from different dis- ciplines who are studying Lake Baikal to come together for discussions. The three international scientific associations, the B ICER, the B DP, and the DIWPA, decided to hold a symposium in Japan in late autumn 1998 to allow networking by scientists from a wide variety of fields. Outline of the symposium Lake Baikal lies in the middle of Siberian taiga, which consists of bore- al conifers and forms the northern end of the east-Asian green belt that extends to the tropical rain forest of Southeast Asia. Throughout the long history of basin development the lake has been a theatre of evolution and speciation, and currently sustains more species than any of the world's other freshwater lakes. Because of its distinctive character, Lake Baikal is recognized as the best field for elucidation of biological problems awaiting solution. Theoretical and experimental studies on the extant biotic commu- nity will shed strong light on the contemporary subjects of species diversi- ty and ecological complexity.
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