Ecology of Suburban Settlements and Irkutsk City

13-th session 11 february — 4 march 2012

Ecology of suburban settlements and Irkutsk city

Irkutsk State Technical University International Baikal Winter University of Urban Planning Design

Summary

Part 1. Introduction

Foreword...... 2 International Baikal Winter University of Urban Planning Design...... 4 13th session of WU...... 5 Irkutsk city and its suburbs...... 6

Part 2. Conference materials

Suburban Development Problems of Irkutsk...... 10 Ecological situation in Irkutsk: Actual problems and ways of solution...... 12 Introduction of changes in general town planning scheme of Irkutsk. The ecology of Irkutsk suburban area...... 16 Ecological aspects of forming new settlements ...... 18 Irkutsk region...... 20 Ecology of suburban settlement and Irkutsk city...... 22 A Satellite Town I the area of Malaya Elanka village...... 24 Creating urban planning design documentation of new generation...... 26

Part 3. Team Projects

Team E. From environment to expansion, follow the red line ...... 30 Team C. Eco-rkutsk, connection people...... 36 Team D. Irkutsk: living suburbs, the inside-out city...... 42 Team A. Ecology of suburban settlements...... 48 Team B. Sustainable decentralization: from a residential and chaotic suburbanisation model to a polycentric city...... 54

Part 4. Participants Facebook...... 61

Part 5. Main events...... 70

STRATAGEMA...... 70 International scientific-practical symposium...... 72 Fedor Kudryavzev...... 74 Christian Horn...... 76 Barbara Engel...... 78 Experts Facebook...... 80

Part 6. Photogallery

Opening and homework presentation...... 84 Excursions...... 85 Team work...... 86 Final presetations...... 88 Ceremonial closing of the 13th session...... 89 2 PART 1 INtrODUCTION

Foreword

Nikolai Khitsenko Ivan Golovnykh Vice-chairman of the government Chancellor of the Irkutsk of the Irkutsk region State Technical University

The main point to begin with is the fact tories). Thus, currently, we consider such For 13 years, the Baikal Winter Urban that the topics of the Winter University are a possibility for the city development as Planning University has become a brand always reflected in real urban planning, suburban territories. not just of our university but of Irkutsk in and the ideas suggested by the participant And the most important here is not to general. There is no Russian city that has teams of the workshop almost always make any mistakes: to look through, to a similar experimental area. give us further ways to solve different consider and to listen to the things sug- Here, young experts in different fields: problems. In general, the topic of the 13th gested by young, talented professionals architects, urban planners, transport session, Suburbanization. The Sustain- who come to the Winter University. With the engineers, ecologists and economists, able Suburban Development of Irkutsk, help of their unconventional thinking and united for project teams, compete in that was considered and approved by the approach, they could give us uncommon professional terms. As a result, there ap- methodological council and the council of solutions and ideas. This is the main point. pear new creative ideas that are worth of trustees is very interesting and urgent, as I could touch upon each single prob- implementation. well. lem: water supply, transport availability, Now, participants from 10 countries As I am in charge of the construction these are what the government of the Ir- are taking part in our workshop. I’m complex of the Irkutsk region and of the kutsk oblast discusses. But we understand sure that they have come here not just development of this territory, I have to and realize clearly that besides the stand- to experience Siberian frost and to see face very serious problems of the regional ard approaches we need fresh new ideas, the Baikal Lake in winter. Their main center and of Irkutsk. One of the pressing because our young generation is going to purpose is to be inspired by fresh ideas, problems nowadays is further develop- live in this territory. to go into their profession and to con- ment of the city: how it will go on, how it Our task is to make people’s living tribute to arts. will influence the city dwellers, especially comfortable and attractive to stop popula- I also would like to mention a high the younger generation, our children, our tion outflow, first of all, of the young, from level of proficiency of the experts of the grandchildren and our great grandchildren, our area to the European part. international jury who were to fulfill a dif- in what conditions they will live, in what way That is why I think that the burning ficult task to choose the best projects of the current situation will affect their health. issues of the day are the issues of sustain- the current 13th session. The health and endurance of the young able development. On behalf of the gov- Certainly, it would be impossible to generation depends on many factors such ernment and of the governor of the Irkutsk hold such a large-scale event without a as water, air, food and environment where oblast, I would like to wish good luck to fundamental educational and scientific we live. the participants of the 13th session of the base and traditions that our technical uni- The land shortage for new construc- Winter University. versity has. And today, we represent one tion is not less important problem. We do of the leading universities that prepare realize that there is hardly any construction architects and urban planners in Siberia in the very territory of the city. and Far East. Few plots where housing development Winter University on our basis helps us is ongoing or planned are limited either by a lot to improve the level of our education forest lands or by the areas with specific and proficiency. conditions (for example, waterlog terri- 3

Andrei Tanaev Dmitry Razumov Head of the Office for International Affaires of Vice-mayor of Irkutsk the Irkutsk State Technical University

Now, when the time has come to re- suburban areas. The associated concerns, Dear ladies and gentlemen, I am happy sume the regular 13th session, the first thing as a result, determined the urgency of the to congratulate all the participants and the that comes back to my memory is the great topic chosen. members of the international jury of the Baikal tension during the discussions, preceding An important difference of the 13th ses- Winter Urban Planning University on the suc- the beginning of the workshop. It was dif- sion is that it has become more applied; the cessful holding of the regular 13th session. ficult to find out the topic, the choice of the concepts worked out by the participants are At the beginning, let me note that the competition plots was accompanied by long directly called-for by the municipal authori- Winter Urban Planning University continues debates, as well. As a result, all the parties ties and business representatives. And the to fulfill its important role to design and taking part in the preparations, and these support that the Winter University had this develop Irkutsk conceptually. Urban planning are representatives of different branches of year is explained in many ways by the interest demands a great measure of feeling and the power, of large key enterprises of the region of the trustees in the more practical sense of maximum power of apprehension from those came to the common point. the session and in the more practical tasks who prepare and make decisions to foresee Actually, under the conditions of formed in terms of the topic. and to choose. population outflow from the Siberian and Over six months since the beginning The Winter University give young urban Far Eastern regions, one of the main factors of the preparations for the session, the planners an opportunity to find understanding keeping people in the same place is quality participants and the organizers have done a with specialists in different fields and to get the of life, the suitability of the environment for huge amount of work. Ten meetings of the skills of team work, comprehension, detailed the comfort living. One of the main tasks council of trustees devoted to the prepara- elaboration and presentation of development for us to do is to create such comfort living tions of the session took place, regional and strategies to the public. Nowadays, under conditions and to preserve them in the fu- municipal authorities participated in them. the conditions of population outflow from the ture. Prospectively, the suburban territories There was a large regional conference Siberian and Far Eastern regions, one of the are capable of providing the population with concerning the analysis of the chosen topic. main factors keeping people in the same place the necessary level of comfort. The fact that Two cycles of intermediate presentations is quality of life, the suitability of the environment the people realized it led to the intense sub- were listened to and analyzed by the ex- for the comfort living. The task implied by the urban development that could be observed perts. Series of trainings for the participants topic of the 13th session turned out to be in the Irkutsk oblast over the past 10 years. took place. The experts gave the cycle of rather difficult for the participants. It is a huge This process presented a new challenge basic lectures to the participants, the foreign and complicated task to work out principles for our region. In this context, one of the experts in the field of architecture and urban and parameters of the suburban development main conditions of keeping the suburban planning held a range of master-classes. taking into consideration its sustainability. territories attractive for the population It is not the whole list of the events taking However, all the teams have shown a high pro- became preserving and improvement of the place in the frame of the session. I would like fessional level. environmental quality. It is necessary for us to to thank everybody who has participated Certainly, the suggestions and recommen- avoid the dangerous uncontrolled suburban in preparing and holding of the session for dations worked out by the international teams development that can lead to deforestation this difficult but very important work for our of young professionals during the session of the and air, soil and water pollution. Obviously, university, our city and our region. Winter Urban Planning University together with it causes worsening of the environment and your new experience will contribute to the sus- loss of the competitive advantages in the tainable development of the city and the region. 4 PART 1 INtrODUCTION

Winter University

Winter University Goals Auditory

Having no analogues in Russia, this • to reach a new higher level of con- • undergraduates / graduates / young program is an original model of training of ceptual thinking in the qualitative sense, specialists / professionals in following young specialists of different professions re- exceeding the bounds of traditional edu- fields of activity: lated to the city and its districts development. cation It was founded in 1999 on the initiative • is to create competitive programs of Irkutsk administration, jointly with Irkutsk and implement them in the work of design • urban planning design State Technical University and with the as- groups, comprising young specialists with sistance of planning institutes and public or- different vocational training, representa- • urban economics ganizations. tives of different countries and cultures that The principle of carrying out creative come to see each other for the first time • architecture workshops of the WU of Urban Planning • exchanging of vast experience in is based on the experience of Summer mastering analytic and designed ap- • transport engineering Workshops of the European University of the proaches in the framework of internation- Urban Planning (Cergy-Pontoise,France), al interdisciplinary partnership, in the work • ecology where the original procedure and strategy with dynamically developing urban plan- of holding summer workshops was created. ning systems of Siberian cities • urban sociology These workshops have been holding all over • o preserve and to hand down the the world for more than 29 years. rich traditions of russian nation • landscape architecture 5

13-th session of WU Subject: Ecology of suburban settlements and Ikutsk city

Currency of the session needs and financial state, to exist in a bright The aim of the session picturesque environment, to have a wide During the last 10 years, a process of range of employment opportunities, i.e. to The aim is to work out principles intense de¬velopment of suburbs could live in a “friendly” environment. Settling in the and characteristics of the Irkutsk be observed in Irkutsk oblast, especially, in suburban regions is one of the most attrac- subur¬ban settling development its southern part, this process became one tive ways to achieve a high life quality. considering the priority of the envi- of the new urban planning problems and At the same time, the suburban territory ronmental quality preserving. a new challenge at the same time. Irkutsk development creates a range of challenges. mu¬nicipal region was affected by subur- One of the most important conditions banization more than any other region. of keeping suburban territories attractive for Tasks of the session City inhabitants move to suburbs settling is maintenance and improvement of combining oc¬cupancy in the city with the environmental quality. Meanwhile, the To achieve the aim of the session, it is the benefits of the rural lifestyle and better danger of uncontrolled suburban settling recommended: environmental conditions. During the last 10 remains. It can cause deforestation, soil, years, the municipality population became water and air pollution, as well as noise and 1. to give the forecast for suburban 1,5 times bigger. microwave pollution. It leads to worse living settling development system consider- The main factors of suburban develop- conditions and a suburban zone loses its ing the diversity of settlement forms and ment include the increase in the automobili- competitive advantages. types and appropriate correlation of the zation and population mobility levels, a wider The modern prospective resident area open and built-up spaces range of distance occupancy opportunities development of the suburbs is far behind 2. to examine the appropriateness and environmentally unfavorable living con- new jobs’ occurrence, in this connection, and proportions of different types of urban ditions in the city. In addition, current cities the city remains the main place of labor and rural building development (multi- face the shortage of lands, suitable for com- application. It forms a significant traffic flow story, mid-rise, low-rise; high-density and plex building development. The urban fabric from the city to the suburbs, worsens the low-density). build-up is conducted, mainly, through spot conditions of transport availability and cre- 3. to work out some ways of organiza- development, worsening habitability condi- ates environmental problems. tion of intersettlement so¬cial and com- tions of the urban environment. The solution of suburban environmen- munity services for the population. At the same time, there are sufficient tal problems is inseparably linked with 4. to substantiate the structure and suburban zone territories that are not used environmental safety support of Irkutsk, as principles of common transport network efficiently enough. In current conditions of living conditions in a city depend a lot on forming in Irkutsk and its suburbs, propor- the persistent population drift away from the state of its surroundings. Suburban zone tions of prospective individual and public the northern territories of the country, its development should take into consideration transport development and the public Siberian and Far Eastern regions, one of the restrictions necessary for the usage of the Ir- transport types diversity main factors keeping people at the same kutsk reservoir’s coast, provide a solution for 5. to suggest prospective methods place is life quality, i.e. environmental suit- municipal problems common with the city: and forms of suburban installations and ability for comfort living. placement and utilization of solid domestic waste disposal to provide permanent Life quality is determined by people’s waste, protection of the water supply sourc- nature management and coordinated ability to use all the advantages of the es, counteraction to undesirable natural and engineering infrastructure development territory where they live: to get enough anthropogenic processes (bank’s washing in Irkutsk and its suburbs fresh air, to use recreational space, to have away, impoundment and waterlogging of 6. to consider the possibilities of cre- available dwellings, corresponding to their the territory, emergency situations etc.). ating new jobs in suburban areas 6 PART 1 INTRODUCTION

Situation

MASTER PLAN OF THE IRKUTSK DISTRICT

Scheme of the Irkutsk suburban and green zones 7

Irkutsk 27 hectares Location: the region of the left-bank interchange of the Academichesky bridge Purpose of the territory: placing of the public, business and commercial facilities, multi-story housing development

Novolisikha 110 hectares Location: 13 km of the Baikalsky highway Purpose of the territory: land for prospective development of settlements

Pivovarikha 80 hectares Location: 6 km of the Goloustnensky highway Purpose of the territory: land for prospective development of settlements

PLOTS FOR PROSPECTIVE CONSTRUCTION 8 PART 1 INtrODUCTION

Irkutsk

Novolisikha

Pivovarikha 9 10 PART 2 conference materials

Suburban Development Problems of Irkutsk

At the beginning of the 21st century, process. The questions about the most the intensive development of the suburbs rational forms of the suburban population was observed in the southern part of the center development also remain unclear. Irkutsk oblast. For our region, this process There should be whether satellite towns became a new town planning reality and with typical urban environment, or rural a new challenge as well. It affected the cottage settlements, or their combina- Irkutsk metropolitan region the most. tion in a certain proportion (but in what Town dwellers move to suburban rural proportion?).The problems concerning settlements combining occupancy in the formation of the general transport towns with benefits of the rural way of life network between towns and suburbs, the in favorable environmental conditions. proportions of the prospective individual During the last 10 years, the population and public transport development and its of the metropolitan region grew 1.5 times. kinds stay extremely topical. The neces- In recent years, the suburb develop- sity of the associated transport network ment, or suburbanization, has been development between neighboring mu- becoming more and more rapid. The nicipalities and the solution to the issues closest to Irkutsk centers of population of intersettlement social and community Nikolai Smirnov has especially grown. These are Markovo services makes the questions of the in- Supervisor of the session (has grown 2.7), Mamony and Ust-Kuda termunicipal interactions of local govern- of Winter University / Main specialist of (2.4 times), Pivovariha (1.9 times), Urik ments and the problems of coordination Urban Planning Design Department, OJSC (1.7 times), Homutovo and Karluk (1.6 of their work with the regional and federal «Irkutskgipridornii» times) and some others. The main fac- public authorities very urgent. Irkutsk. Russia tors of the suburb development include Currently, the suburbs are developing the motorization and population mobility in different ways. So, today, more than a levels increase, the spread of the remote quarter of the housing in Markovo mu- In the second half of the last century a occupancy opportunities and environ- nicipality consists of five-storied multi-bay large-scale population settlement group mentally unfavorable conditions of city houses. One-storey houses prevail in the system, or agglomeration, character- living. In addition, current cities face the low-rise farmstead buildings in the north- ized by rather tight economic and social shortage of lands, suitable for complex ern part and in the center of the settle- bonds, emerged in the southern part building development. The urban fabric ment. The number of two-storied-houses of the Irkutsk region. It consists of the build-up takes place, mainly, through is the biggest in the southeast. The area of towns such as Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolie- point buildings, worsening habitability the predominantly capital low-rise hous- Sibirskoe, Cheremhovo, Shelehov and conditions of the urban environment. At ing includes the settlements of Beryozovy, Svirsk and of 11 urban villages as well. the same time, there are sufficient sub- Izumrudny, Nikolov Posad, Novo-Irkutsky, Altogether within the boundaries of urban zone territories that are not used Novo-Melnikovo and Sergiev Posad that agglomeration, there are about 1.09 efficiently enough. have not been fully formed yet. In compli- million urban people, more than 56% of It is impossible to say that the urban ance with the development plan, 4- and the region urban population, on the area planning community does not pay at- 5-storied multi-bay dwelling houses, as that equals 1% of the whole Irkutsk oblast tention to the suburbanization. There are well as low-rise cottage buildings are territory. worked out land-use planning schemes under construction in Markovo. Due to Tight bonds with the urban settle- of the Irkutsk and Angarsk metropolitan the project, the population size of the ments of the agglomeration maintain the regions, development plans of the settlement that, in fact, joins Irkutsk and rural areas, situated on the territories Markovo, Listvyanka and Molodyodzny is oriented to using its civil engineering of the Angarsk, Irkutsk, Cheremhovo municipalities, and project proposals infrastructure will make up more than 40 and Shelehov metropolitan regions, the of a new town placement near Malaya thousand people. resident rural population of this regions Elanka. A great amount of the documen- A new settlement, projected to be on makes more than 125000 people. Here, tation is being worked out. However, due the free area to the west of Irkutsk near agricultural rural communities prevail; to the peculiarities of the Russian laws, the Malaya Elanka village, is expected to their inhabitants are mainly occupied with first, about urban planning and local have almost the same population size. providing agglomeration population with government, all this is fragmentary and Its buildings are supposed to include dif- supply of provisions. does not provide insight into the whole ferent housing types — cottage, low-rise 11

block, 4-storied sectional and multistory settling remains. It can cause deforesta- to these issues has been gathered there. (9 storeys) buildings. tion, soil, water and air pollution, as well It is necessary to note that approaches to On the right bank of the Angara, there as noise and microwave pollution. It leads these problems are rather diverse in dif- are rural settlements, and the popula- to worse living conditions and a suburban ferent countries and cannot be always ap- tion centers development continues zone loses its competitive advantages. plied in our conditions. In this connection, involving overwhelming prevalence of The modern prospective residential the analysis of foreign experience and the low-rise cottage buildings. Quarters area development of the suburbs is far development of methods to solve these of houses are formed, but they are badly behind new jobs’ occurrence, in this con- problems and to create project proposals provided with social infrastructure as nection, the city remains the main place that can be applied for the Irkutsk suburbs well as with engineering one. The latter, of labor application. It forms a significant should be considered one of the main in the most cases, is represented just traffic flow from a city to suburbs, worsens goals of the session. through power supply, and water supply, the conditions of transport availability and a drainage system, and heating have a creates environmental problems. decentralized character. Homutovo, Urik, The solution of suburban environmen- Ust-Kuda and other rural settlements tal problems is inseparably linked with have such new buildings. Town planning environmental safety support of Irkutsk, documents stipulate placement of all the as living conditions in a city depend a lot necessary social infrastructure facilities, on the state of its surroundings. Subur- protection from dangerous natural and ban zone development should take into anthropogenic phenomena and taking consideration restrictions necessary for of nature-conservative measures, but the the usage of the Irkutsk reservoir’s coast, implementation of the project proposals provide a solution for municipal prob- is far behind the rate of the housing con- lems common with the city: placement struction development. and utilization of solid domestic waste, Suburbs are developing together with protection of the water supply sources, controversial town development of the counteraction to undesirable natural and agglomeration: while there is an increase anthropogenic processes (bank’s wash- in Irkutsk population after a period of re- ing away, impoundment and waterlogging duction, the population size of Shelehov of the territory, emergency situations is relatively stable, and it is decreasing etc.). rapidly in Angarsk and other towns. This While suburban development prob- process is determined by the differences lems are notable for certain newness in in economic town bases. Irkutsk has suc- our region (almost nobody took them into cessfully reformed into a multifunctional consideration 10 years ago), they have regional center. Mainly, the people who been present for a long time abroad, move to the suburbs from there are pros- especially in Europe and in the USA, quite perous middle class representatives. In interesting experience of finding solutions Angarsk and Usolie-Sibirskoe, suburban housing demand is also rising because low-income social groups tend to low- commodity rural exchange economy. In current conditions of the persistent population drift away from the northern territories of the country, its Siberian and Far Eastern regions, one of the main factors keeping people at the same place is life quality, i.e. environmental suitability for comfort living. Life quality is determined by people’s ability to use all the advantages of the territory where they live: to get enough fresh air, to use recreational space, to have available dwellings, corresponding to their needs and financial state, to exist in a bright picturesque environment, to have a wide range of employment opportunities, i.e. to live in a “friendly” environment. Settling in the suburban regions is one of the most attractive ways to achieve a high life quality. At the same time, the suburban territory development creates a range of challenges. One of the most important conditions of keeping suburban territories attractive for settling is maintenance and improvement of environmental quality. Meanwhile, the danger of uncontrolled suburban 12 PART 2 conference materials

Ecological situation in Irkutsk: Actual problems and ways of solution

of the atmosphere (SIA) in Irkutsk for 2010 is functions consistently during many years. 20,0 (in the list of polluted cities are entered However there are some problems which those whose (SIA) is equal or more than cause the necessity of waste management 14). Sources of air pollution can be divided sphere modernisation — from the point of in stationary and mobile. Stationary sources view of technologies development and contribute to the gross emission 54 thou- waste management systems development sands tons/year (39%), mobile ones — 84 as well as in the light of happening statu- thousands tons/year (61%). Main sources tory and regulatory and methodic changes of air pollution are vehicles and heating of Russian legislation. enterprises. In particular, the used municipal solid Cars are major part of city car fleet, waste landfill situated on the territory of and annual tendency of increasing number Irkutsk region is exhausted. The annual of cars takes place. Increase of common volume of wastes placed on the municipal number of wheeled transport for 2010 is solid waste landfill is about 2 millions m³ 6,8%, including cars +10%. However the (400 thousands tons). This object of waste number of buses and trucks for the year burial is used for placing solid waste not decreased in11% and 4% respectively. only by Irkutsk city but also by several mu- Vladimir Chubuk Emissions of fuel and energy enterpris- nicipal units situated in the Baikal natural Deputy Director of direction for Environmental es make 96% from the volume of stationary area; hence the problem can be charac- Protection and Ecological Safety of sources of emissions. Biggest relative terized as intermunicipal. housing and communal services of Irkutsk density among stationary sources have: A new solid waste landfill is to be Administration Novo-Irkutskaya thermal power station constructed according to all modern Irkutsk. Russia “Irkutskenergo” (70,43%), “Baikalenergo” ecological safety requirements. There (10,25%), Irkutsk aircraft factory “Irkut” is the necessity of improvements in The top target of Irkutsk ecological Corporation” (9,44%). Other stationary management system of medical waste, programme nowadays is improving of life sources make 10%. industrial waste, toxic kinds of domestic quality by reducing detrimental effects and It is important that 95,94% of all station- waste and other kinds of waste falling in improving environmental conditions. The ary sources emissions are fuel combustion the municipal sewage treatment. Within key criteria of life quality are level of peo- products (7 substances). However 4,06% formation of waste recycling branch of the ple’s health, demographic determinants, specific emissions left (62 substances) region Irkutsk city should define a strategy comfort and safety of living environment. include hightoxic components and it puts of development in this field and materialize In the field of environmental manage- them in the same raw with “fuel” ones several projects on modernisation of waste ment there exist several problems that according to their influence on people. It management system on the city territory. It are to be solved as well within mid-term worth noticing that unfavourable ecological requires not only attraction of huge means and longterm municipal programmes as situation of condition of outdoor air in Irkutsk but solving of technical, technological and regional and federal projects. is explained not only by the sum of sources statutory and regulatory tasks. Despite reducing of industrial produc- of pollution but also it is defined by climate- tion in recent decades, social-economic geographic position of the city. Irkutsk is sit- changes take place, fuel and energy uated in the “hollow”, thermal inversions are City woodlands sector, communal sector, transport sector frequent. It creates unfavorable conditions and other sectors are developing, hence it for dispersion of emissions and increment The territory of Irkutsk city is quite predetermines further load increment on of ground level concentration of pollutants. highly green planted. Huge work is taken environment. It should be considered as a factor reduc- for keeping city forests in proper condition ing efficiency of taken measures in quality and compensatory amenity planting in management of outdoor air in the city. case of green planting demolition during Condition of outdoor air housebuilding or uncontrolled clearance; fire-prevention and sanitary measures Systematic observation for content of Waste management system are taken, year-round observation of harmful substances in outdoor air in Irkutsk woodlands condition is carried out within is carried out at stationary stations of city On the territory of Irkutsk there ex- municipal wood control. In addition, city meteorological department. Soiling index ists waste management system which territories density occupied by green 13

the city with potable water of acceptable increase of number of wheeled transport quality in necessary volume. However and fuel and energy sector development it is observed a long-term tendency of which works according to “traditional” gradual deterioration in quality of water technologies and with “traditional” kinds th.t./ year from Irkutsk waterstorage basin, it is of fuel. It results in redistribution of emis- caused by instability of the basin bot- sions density from specific (previously th.t./ year tom and its biota from one hand and common for industrial sector) to non- intensive opening of coastal territories specific ones (fuel power industry and (including border zone of sanitary transport) with increase of common level control of water withdrawal) in the form of air pollution in the city. It should be of individual housing, building of recrea- carried out a technological-economic tional, infrastructural objects, etc, from analysis of alternative ways of fuel and the other hand. Such a problem can energy sector development from the Fixed source be solved in two ways — organisation position of their influence on city ecology of all the territory of sanitary protection and an opportunity of materialisation in Movin source zone (including lands of Irkutsk region) the light of economic realia. according to sanitary legislation and the Besides, in the light of the main topic of Diagram 1. Volume of polluting substances arrived in Irkutsk Region Government decree № 9 the session it can be evaluated reduction the atmosphere d.d. 24.01.11 “About approval of working of load on fuel and energy sector of the project “Sanitary protection zones of an city caused by population’s migration to Irkutsk water source ...”, or search of an the suburbs and as a result — reduction alternative water source of Irkutsk with of gross emission from fuel power industry a more stable index of water quality. enterprises. areas should be increased; measures on Such a source can be a bottom intake However there exists a problem of increase of effectiveness of protective from Lake Baikal next to the Angara decrease of reproductive function of and reafforestation works should be taken headstream with laying of watercourse woodlands that is natural replacement as well as preventive measures of city on the bottom of Irkutsk water-storage of aging stand. It happens on several woodlands degradation in consequence basin with the tie-in into existing reser- reasons: influence on the undergrowth of stand aging. One of the most effective voirs of Ershovsky water withdrawal. The of leaf-bearing and coniferous trees dur- measures on city woodlands control is water withdrawal from Lake Baikal has a ing the use of city forests in recreational organisation of natural area of preferen- guaranteed high quality of water, it is not purposes, lack or absence of natural tial protection. During next 3 years it is influenced by seismic processes, flood transporters of seeds (birds, mammals), planned to give the status of natural area flows, etc. Besides, deep layers of lake etc. It should be developed a common of preferential protection to woods on the water possess higher mineralisation in approach and a complex of measures territory of about 570 hectares. It changes compariso with Irkutsk water-storage on providing reproduction of city green the legal status of land parcels occupied basin. Tap water in Irkutsk has low index woodlands. Among other measures it by woods, tightens their usage mode, and of mineralisation. Hence, increase of can be offered a possibility of moving of prevents reduction of city green planting. mineralisation will favour citizens’ health. young trees, which are destroyed during Despite degradation of the industrial development of suburban territories, into sector in recent decades, intensity of city forests zones. Proposal for the technologi- influence of air pollutants on Irkutsk cal task of the 13th session citizens tends to grow. It is caused by of International Baikal Winter University of Planning and Urban Design

In this project we offer to elaborate an ecological aspect of traffic networks and city car fleet for the long term development of 10 – 15 years. The central point is not Moto only general information about number of wheeled transport and city traffic network Bus but calculation of actual load (emissions, Automobile noise) of main city roads on residential areas. In the light of the main topic of the Cargo session it should be evaluated a possible change of transport influence on people due to the transport load transfer as a result of moving of some part of the population to the suburbs for permanent dwelling. In prospect the material can be the base of more massive work of evaluating of dose commitment on people and development of projects on definite fragments of the city transport network. The existing source of water delivery Diagram 2. Number of vehicles registered on territories of Irkutsk (Irkutsk water-storage basin) provides 14 PART 2 conference materials

Proposal for the technological task of the 13th session of International Baikal Winter University of Planning and Urban Design

1. Modernisation of Irkutsk according to sanitary legislation and the Hence, increase of mineralisation will transport infrastructure Irkutsk Region Government decree # 9 favour citizens’ health. d.d. 24.01.11 “About approval of working In this project we offer to elaborate an project “Sanitary protection zones of an ecological aspect of traffic networks and Irkutsk water source ...”, or search of an 3. Ecological aspects of fuel city car fleet for the long term development alternative water source of Irkutsk with a and energy sector of Irkutsk of 10 – 15 years. The central point is not more stable index of water quality. Such a only general information about number of source can be a bottom intake from Lake Despite degradation of the industrial wheeled transport and city traffic network Baikal next to the Angara headstream sector in recent decades, intensity of influ- but calculation of actual load (emissions, with laying of watercourse on the bottom ence of air pollutants on Irkutsk citizens noise) of main city roads on residential of Irkutsk water-storage basin with the tends to grow. It is caused by increase of areas. tie-in into existing reservoirs of Ershovsky number of wheeled transport and fuel and In the light of the main topic of the water withdrawal. The water withdrawal energy sector development which works session it should be evaluated a possible from Lake Baikal has a guaranteed high according to “traditional” technologies change of transport influence on people quality of water, it is not influenced by and with “traditional” kinds of fuel. It results due to the transport load transfer as a result seismic processes, flood flows, etc. Be- in redistribution of emissions density from of moving of some part of the population sides, deep layers of lake water possess specific (previously common for industrial to the suburbs for permanent dwelling. In higher mineralisation in comparison with sector) to non-specific ones (fuel power prospect the material can be the base of Irkutsk water-storage basin. Tap water in industry and transport) with increase of more massive work of evaluating of dose Irkutsk has low index of mineralisation. common level of air pollution in the city. commitment on people and development of projects on definite fragments of the city transport network.

2. The choice of an alternative source of water delivery of Irkutsk

The existing source of water delivery (Irkutsk water-storage basin) provides the city with potable water of acceptable quality in necessary volume. However it is observed a long-term tendency of gradual deterioration in quality of water from Ir- kutsk water-storage basin, it is caused by instability of the basin bottom and its biota from one hand and intensive opening of coastal territories (including border zone of sanitary control of water withdrawal) in the form of individual housing, building of recreational, infrastructural objects, etc, from the other hand. Such a problem can be solved in two ways — organisation of all the territory of sanitary protection zone (including lands of Irkutsk region) 15

It should be carried out a technological- Among other measures it can be offered a of waste recycling branch of economic analysis of alternative ways of possibility of moving of young trees, which the region fuel and energy sector development from are destroyed during development of the position of their influence on city ecol- suburban territories, into city forests zones. Formation of waste recycling branch of ogy and an opportunity of materialisation Russian Federation is one of the main tasks in the light of economic realia. Besides, in of the statein the sphere of waste man 5. Ecological development of agement. Recycling system development recreational zones of water should be coordinated onthe regional objects level and be of intermunicipal character. As suburban settlement means close Rest “at water” is one of the most popu- integration of Irkutsk city and Irkutsk region lar kinds of rest. The task of local authorities in the part of waste management, we offer is to provide safe and comfortable condi- to develop and evaluate different ways of tions of rest for citizens. For this purpose waste management system development contiguous land areas are to be found on of Irkutsk city and perspectives of their ap- the city territory, they should be perspec- plying in the mentioned context. tive as recreational zones, as methods of investments attraction for development and use according to sanitary and eco- 7. Creation of domestic waste logical norms. Besides, it should be taken disposal system in suburban into consideration the fact that not all the territories water objects visited by people are suitable for using in recreational purposes for a The problem of domestic waste variety of reasons. That is why it should be disposal in the conditions of suburban evaluated a commercial point of the issue building is highly actual. It is connected as well as real availability of an appropriate with the intensive use of ground waters level of safety index on these territories. in the conditions of decentralized water Besides, a lot of coastal territories used delivery in suburban settlements. Com- by people in recreational purposes are the monly in individual residential construction part of sanitary zone control of Irkutsk water it is applied a method of domestic waste withdrawal (Ershovsky water withdrawal). It disposal into so called dippings, which the light of the main topic of the session it defines special requirements for the use of unlike water-tight cesspits with regular can be evaluated reduction of load on fuel these land areas and contiguous waters; waste collection are sources of intensive and energy sector of the city caused by that also should be taken into account. pol lution of ground waters. Building of population’s migration to the suburbs and central sewage systems for diffusely situ- as a result — reduction of gross emission ated individual residential construction in from fuel power industry enterprises. 6. Perspectives of develop- our climatological conditions is of little ment waste system manage- promise as the cost is very high. We offer ment in Irkutsk as a segment to carry out a comparative technological- 4. Fight with decrease of economic analysis of 2 variants of solving reproductive function of city this problem: forests 1. building of local purification plants for separate suburban residential areas; Irkutsk city is quite a landscaped 2. development of a network of do- territory. However there exists a problem mestic waste drain systems connected of decrease of reproductive function of with municipal sewage system. It is nec- woodlands that is natural replacement essary to elaborate the following issues: of aging stand. It happens on several power increase of city sewage networks reasons: influence on the undergrowth of and purification plants, their reconstruction leaf-bearing and coniferous trees during is planned in next years; optimization of the use of city forests in recreational pur- drain systems location according to per- poses, lack or absence of natural trans- spectives of suburban building; technical porters of seeds (birds, mammals), etc. It requirements for domestic waste receiving should be developed a common approach point (power, constructional features, and a complex of measures on providing necessity of access ways and sanitary reproduction of city green woodlands. protective zones, etc). 16 PART 2 conference materials

Introduction changes in general town planning scheme of Irkutsk. The ecology of irkutsk suburban area

construction development has played planting area for general use; also were its important part. Big territories of outly- offered equipping of these territories with ing districts were allocated for low-rise services and utilities. construction development. The area for placement of public and business zones Woodland area defined by the deci- was increased. In the scheme introduction sion of 2006 made up 600 hectares. In the of changes is provided the placement of course of planning project development 30 – 37 city district centers, which will be and land surveying analyses carried out in supplemented in the future with the public the period from 2006 to 2010 was found and cultural-living objects. out the reduction of this area by 600 hectares, now The main idea of general layout is rationalization and intensification of land it makes up about 5402 hectares. use. Irkutsk has exhausted all its territorial Today our City Administration makes an resources. That’s why we need to use all urban reforestation and put it in cadastral available existing reserves intensively and register. efficiently. It will give a stimulus to the termination Elena Khazikova The basic quantities of general plan are of woodland seizure and unauthorized Chief architect of the Project / Urban Planning aimed at the development of 2020 master amenity forest building development. Ac- Design Department / OJSC «Irkutskgipridornii» plan. In 2020 town will number 617 000 cording to the general plan the status of Irkutsk. Russia people in comparison with the present especially protected area and woodland general plan, where population size equals remains unchanged. It was suggested to 620 000 people. include swampy areas in the especially The Administration of our city hasdraft- protected area and also include Angara ed the program of planning administrative Established average housing provision waterside and Irkutsk reservoir in the rest districts. As a result the specific land use equals 29 square meters per man. In the of recreation area. was defined; the territories and transport previous general plan was provided 26 infrastructure were specifically worked out. square meters per man. We need hous- The main idea of 2007 general plan Also at this time some regulatory enact- ing stock of 17 804 000 square meters was to make the greenbelt around Irkutsk. ments were developed. available to provide the project party of This green zone had to provide the eco- population size. In plan structure examined logical situation of Irkutsk and at the same These are local guidelines, which were perspective building development, what time to provide sanitary maintenance zone accepted and confirmed. All this was taken underlay in the introduction of general plan of Irkutsk water supply. as a principle in the work, concerned the changes. introduction of changes in general town But this idea of green zone preserva- planning scheme of Irkutsk and carried Changes to this plan also introduce tion came to nothing because of intensive out by the public corporation “Irkutskgra- storehouse and public utilities zone lowrise building development in the Irkutsk jdanproekt”. The plan worked out in 2007 is development, ecological framework and suburb. Working out the general plan of regarded as the last general layout. transport infrastructure development. the settlements lied in close proximity to We’ve tested vegetation conditions of Irkutsk, we see, that it’s practically impos- As a result of the project elaboration these territories and studied Irkutsk land- sible to preserve the green zone. were defined the basic territories of hous- scape gardening program, which provides ing stock development. According to the placement of new parks, squares and And it is impossible because today this results of analyses for today was found out boulevards in the nearest 1 – 2 years. zone is allotted for placement of recreation the actual increase of mid- and high-rise facilities and tourist bases, gardening and buildings by 37%. Planners were offeredto develop low-rise buildings. ecological framework. Besides placement Also the area for the low-rise building of new parks and squares were offered construction was increased. And here the recreation area development and inclusion federal program of the low-rise building of forest belts and park-forest zones in the 17

Masterplan of Irkutsk City 18 PART 2 conference materials

Ecological aspects of forming new settlements

That’s why the territory of planning urban Climate factors complex should be examined from the point of spared nature management and reach- Long winters, extreme weather type ing the ecological compromise between and law factor of harmful emission dispersal anthropogenic systems and environment. It is creates specifics of projecting, building new necessary to take into account the condition objects and residential areas in conditions of of soil, water, atmospheric air, anthropogenic Siberia. Wind speed is rarely more then 2 – 4 impact in the zone of urban planning to pro- m/s. vide ecological safety. Main fuel is coal, almost all HES work on The compulsory condition of fulfilling high-sulfur coal, which is the massive source this requirement is stability preservation (ho- of atmosphere pollution. The level of supply- meostasis) to self-recovery of usable natural ing with gas is low, pipelines demand the new territory, at least within regulated limits. safe planning system.

It is possible to bring out only some There’s high concentration of industries in directions for accounting factors of ecological the city, and the suggested growth of industry safety while creating new settlements struc- items, which follows the economy develop- Galina Sarapulova ture, modern architectural innovations and ment, will increase the content of polluting D.S. / Professor Academician of IAEMNPS placing infrastructure. It will allow to elaborate substances in the air. It’s necessary to carry and European Academy of Natural History effective functional zoning of city territory, to out all industries from the living zones. It is very Irkutsk. Russia follow ecological principles of planning organ- important not to decrease and even keep the ization and to elaborate optimal engineering natural green belt (or alternation of belts) of and transport supply. settlements, which consists mostly of conifer- The strategic aim of Irkutsk region devel- ous forests. That’s exactly what provides the opment is creating the comfort environment assimilation of oxygen even during winter and approaching the level of life quality of Waste products handling periods and can prevent air pollution. developed countries (countries which are members of Organization for economic co- It is necessary to foresee places for col- operation and development (OECD)). lection, storing, utilization and building special Problems of water supply and enterprises for waste products utilization, sewerage According to the program for 2020 – 2025 including medical waste products. There is years, Irkutsk region should join the number no contemporary waste processing factory The water in Irkutsk region is usually of five leader-regions because of the level of in Irkutsk region. It is also important to take chlorinated for disinfection, and it doesn’t cor- development and the life quality of popula- into account the sad experience of that kind respond to the international standard. It is tion in Russian Federation. Innovative region of factories in RF, which produce polluting proved that chlorination creates new chlorine developing is aimed at finding solutions for substances, which are more toxic then utilized compounds which are highly toxic. It makes ir- a number of tasks, one of them is increasing ones. reparable harm to people’s health and brings the energy efficiency of economics, providing down the immunity status. Creating new cities regular, safe and economical energy supply There is good European experience in and settlements, using progressive architec- for economics and region population. It handling waste products (collecting, utiliza- tural ideas and leading urban concepts, is provides for the high growth of development tion, neutralization). For efficient work of instal- incompatible with outdated water supply and pace of economics’ development and region lations at the waste incineration factories it is sewage methods. The sewage problem is territory urbanization. necessary to provide it with big amounts of en- also very significant because of the fact that ergy and oxygen and also high temperatures the water escape goes to surface waters and In these conditions of urban planning, for toxicants decomposition from trash and currents. widening the city territory and creating new waste products. Existing factories in RF do not settlements, it is necessary no to miss the meet the case of ecological safety. Creating The usable ways of water purification major condition for people life support — cre- landfills is outdated, environment-unfriendly, and the quality of dropping water do not ating comfort ecological environment. uneconomical and not resource-saving way. correspond with the ecological safety requirements. That’s why 70 % of all potable water in 19

RF doesn’t correspond to the sanitary and waste burial places, toxic waste burial places gara river flows are polluted by quicksilver and hygienic norms. It is necessary to foresee the and old landfills). It is necessary to make the soils are polluted by arsenic (Svirsk city region). ozonization, UV-irradiation stations and also, complex estimation of territory for ecological biological methods of purifying sewage waters safety purposes. Present time this geographical direc- with utilization of waste products. tion is not suitable for further living zone Surface reservoirs and flows, which are development. surrounded by recreation zones, while being High factor of energetic and formed in architectural planning, are in fact Thereby the realization of geopoliti- noise pressure, vibration and modules of heightened ecological danger. cal goal to consolidate the population on electromagnetic radiation Far East and in Baikal region by forming And the formed anthropogenic forma- developed economical network should It is connected with large-scale electric- tions in city borders and beyond them spread go together with creating comfortable ity production in Siberia and power-intensive toxic heavy metals, sulfates and harmful or- environment for people in these territo- manufactures. The Irkutsk region is the energy ganic substances through soil and landscape ries. It is necessary to create favorable donor; it has a cascade of Hydro Power Sta- slopes. These toxicants go to small water flows conditions not only for management, tions on Angara river. All manufactures in Irkutsk and spread to all geographical net of Siberia, but also for creating safe living environ- city require consumption of high voltage and including Yenisey River. It is well known that An- ment with low ecological risks. usage electromagnetic installations with the wide range of frequency.

The major part of all working population works at these manufactures. And while widening the city and creating new settlements it is necessary to minimize the negative influence of energetic sources and electromagnetic fields by urban-planning methods.

Unfortunately, there are transmitting and receiving devices, call centers, massive transformer vaults right in the residential settlements. High-tension transmission lines (HVTL) go through residential settlements and shop- ping centers, which is forbidden by sanitary standards (for example in the region “Yuzhnyi” in Irkutsk).

The high level of geochemical pollution

Many residential territories of Irkutsk, Shelekhov, Angarsk, Svirsk and other, which are close to anthropogenic sources and zones of industrial enterprises influence, are polluted by oil products, heavy metals, sulfates, chlo- rides and fluorides. It causes the irreparable 1. Zone of economic activity harm to people’s health first of all, and also to 2. Zone of limited development nature ecosystems, leading to its degrada- 3. Zone of ecological equilibrium tion. The cumulative ecological damage and 4,5. Buffer zones 6. City settlements “forgotten” sources of environment pollution are not always taken into account (for example Scheme of urban ecological zoning of moving 20 PART 2 conference materials

Irkutsk municipality: land-use planning scheme

bodies prevail; they make up 84% of the total municipality settlements regarding transport area of the Irkutsk municipality. Agricultural service scheme. Transport services are land accounts for an essential part of the mainly realized through four regional motor territory, 12%, which reflects the functional roads. There are railroad lines on the territory speciality of the municipality. There are 400 of the municipality. holiday villages on the territory. The resident Recently, housing construction has area makes up just 1% of the land. The water been developing rapidly in the municipality. bodies of the municipality belong to two During last two years, housing construction basins: the Angarsky basin and the basin of rate became 3 times higher. the Baikal Lake. According to the Irkutsk Oblast Admin- istration decree of the 3rd November, 2011, land with the total area of 281.6 hectares was Functional Profile of the added to the settlements. This land is to be Municipality used for integrated development in order to construct housing (low-rise buildings, The functional profile of the municipal- including economy class buildings). As a re- ity can be referred to as suburban, agro- sult of complex social and economic urban industrial and recreational. The benefits of planning analysis of the current state of the Elena Naumova the economic and geographic situation of Irkutsk municipality, the main problems of Chief architect of the Irkutsk region the Irkutsk municipality are associated with functioning and development of the territory Irkutsk. Russia the close proximity of the regional center to were found out: the Baikal Lake. It creates favorable precon- • Outdated urban planning documenta- ditions to market agricultural products and tion. The latest municipal planning document General Facts realize suburban development and tourist was introduced in 1970, in the last century; and recreational activities. • Shortage of settlement territories; The Irkutsk municipality is a municipal The Irkutsk municipality is one of 10 ag- • Territorial development without res- foundation in the southeastern part of the ricultural municipalities of the Irkutsk oblast. ervation of the plots for social, cultural and Irkutsk oblast. The territory of the Irkutsk Currently, industry is of the 2nd importance community facilities and for engineering and municipality spreads from the southeast in the economic complex of the municipality, transport infrastructure facilities to the northwest, from the Baikal coast with light and food industries standing in the • Environmental pollution with wastes to the boundaries of the Ust-Ordynsky head. Within the borders of the municipality, Founding of these issues indicated that it autonomous district. This area borders the branches of the functional speciality are is necessary to take up sustainable develop- with Angarsk, Olkhonsky, Slyudansky, science and special education (a unit of the ment in general. It resulted in decision to work Usolsky, Shelekhovsky, Bokhansky and Limnological Institute, the Baikal Museum out land-use planning scheme, the process Ekhirit-Bulagatsky municipalities. Its south- and the Observatory of the Solar-Terrestrial began in 2007. According the competition, eastern part adjoins the Baikal Lake. The Physics Institute, the Irkutsk State Agricul- the municipal contract was negotiated with municipality entirely encircles the regional tural Academy, the Irkutsk Agricultural Re- the IRKUTSKGRAZHDANPROEKT Public center, Irkutsk. Irkutsk municipality is one of search Institute of the Russian Academy of Corporation. the most populated in the oblast. According Agricultural Sciences, the Bilogical Center of the statistic data, the resident population the Irkutsk State University, the production- of the municipality makes up 85 thousand and-training center). Territorial planning scheme people. The administrative district is divided The abundant fauna of the Baikal and into 21 municipality foundations. Certain its coast, rare and endangered plant spe- There has occurred an important event municipality foundations within the borders cies, plenty of natural, historical and cultural on the 25-th of November: as a result of of the territory differ dramatically in area and sights favor a high recreational potential. 2-year work we accepted and approved the population density. There are 84 settlements The significant natural resources of the mu- municipality territorial planning scheme. This on the municipality territory. nicipality and transport accessibility attract a means that we have a strong basis for the The area of the municipality accounts for big number of tourists not only from nearby further development. The territorial planning 1167.2 thousand hectares. The territory of the territories but, also, from other countries. scheme is a legal document, which deter- settlements is 11.4 thousand hectares. In the The base of connections of the population mines the basic factors of the prospective land-use pattern, forest resources and water settlement pattern is the situation of the district development. 21

Working out the scheme a lot of attention on purpose to build low-rise accommoda- system of lake and its surrounding natural was drawn to the urban planning problems tion, including such of the economy class. landscapes. of agreement of different factors by nature In general, the municipality is predicted The development of tourism, outside and of the territorial development limitations. to have the increase of population, employ- recreational activities and the supporting To develop district territorial development ment level and the effective use of municipal- infrastructure is the activity, which meets the conditions the Irkutsk municipality settlement ity manpower. The population will grow on most to natural protecting and ecological master plans are currently worked out. Pos- 280,000 people. There are some measures requirements. sessing the territorial planning documents for city ecology to improve in population The project will hold residential building will let citizens of municipality to solve many aggregates comfort living conditions and on the free from building plots. The project problems and to plan social services devel- environmental ecology. stock will be 9,050 square kilometers. This opment in a more effective way. Population Water transport will develop further will influence social sphere overload. So then aggregates development prospects because of the fast development of coastal there is an issue of providing the population Further development of municipalities is territories of Irkutsk water storage pond and with qualified medical, educational and other first of all related to the fast development of Baikal. Considering that Irkutsk municipality kinds of services. The implementation of ter- Irkutsk water storage pond shore and Lake is in the central ecological zone according ritory development project offers will require Baikal with building tourist, recreational and to the Law of the Lake Baikal Protection as great volumes of cultural and everyday build- sport facilities. a unique natural object and the plot of world ings. Population aggregates in Irkutsk suburbs heritage, there are special conditions of have good prospects of further development. nature management, which favor such activi- These plots exist for complex development ties, which don’t break the unique ecological 22 PART 2 conference materials

Ecology of suburban settlement and Irkutsk city

peculiar for the strict vegetation spread Mapping the landscapes, natural territo- across land forms elements. All watershed rial differentiation should be considered as areas are occupied by forest, mostly pine a complex cartography basis. It combines and pine larch. District plains and sub-taiga with the second map layer, which shows pine geographical systems have almost landscape antropogenic breach. The first completely been changed with the intensive natural component dominates (within anthropogenic impact. Groups of plains are ecological environment) and influences a expanded in the conditions of the aridization lot functioning and dynamics of the second increase on the open space caused by one. That gives a chance to evaluate, how deforestation, fires or on the fields. Within much human activity factor changes the industrial impact areas pine forests grow ecological condition of the territory. All sorts less, dry out and do not revive. of landscape deviation from background re- The additional mineral elements create gional norm reflect factorial series. As these conditions of high competitiveness between systems influence the critical elements, small deciduous, bushes and meadow plain their form and content change dramatically. geographical systems. Currently forest ar- Knowing natural environmental special fea- eas reduced because of the anthropogenic tures is vital to solve the problems of natural impact (including allotment for building and management. Viktor Bogdanov gardening areas). Wild life of Southern Baikal is in the area Senior researcher of the Sochava Institute Small deciduous trees and forests of fauna complexes mixture. The complexes of Geography SB RAS tend to develop. It doesn’t help to preserve represent different geographical centers and environment creating and sanitary functional their forming. The best example would Con- characteristics of vegetation around Irkutsk. sidering biotope peculiarities and ecological This year a big group of authors created The city storage pond banks are in the same specialization of animal species, there can the atlas of Irkutsk development. There the situation. This place is a popular recreational be singled out 5 terrestrial fauna com- city ecology is described in the sections area. Further city development will cause plexes: Taiga forest, Plain forest, Meadow “Natural conditions” and “Current condition building on more forest areas. In creating swamp bushes, Water, Sinanthropus. In the of the city environment”. forest maps there were used the following: atlas section “Current condition of the city As Irkutsk is situated in the center of the forest valuation data of 1970 – 1990, field environment” on the maps there are some large piece of land and has complicated vegetation description data of 1989 – 1990 ecological problems of the city: functional land forms, its vegetation and territory land- and pictures taken from space in different type and building density, air, vegetation, scapes are peculiar. The city is located on years. soil, water contamination, waterways bad the lowest part of the Irkutsk amphitheater, which is the Southern ledge of the ancient Siberian platform. Landscape structure is formed by 3 basic landscape ecological categories: Centra Siberian plain taiga light coniferous, sub-boreal sub-taiga meadow plain and Central Asian plain. Valley swamp and meadow river systems should also be considered. Plain taiga light coniferous landscape types are situated within the borders of East- ern, Western and Southern parts of the most elevated territory. These are either purely or partly pine larches, grown on the sod-podzol soil grass landscapes and small deciduous derived species appeared in conditions of all kinds of human activity. Unlike Russian plain and Eastern Siberian forest-steppe, sub-boreal sub-taiga landscape types are 23

influence, eco-biochemical soils influence, and bacterial contamination. be Irkutsk and people ecological risks and Protected areas its suburb fauna of birds. There are more of Russia. than 200 species of them, and 8 fauna types First of all, historical city and suburb in the ornithofauna structure. building maps should be considered. A Ecological risks map shows the spatial block is a territorial unit in calculating building differentiation of the environment condition functional types. There are 13 types of build- of good quality because the total impact of ing functions, as building is extremely inho- many factors expressed in differentmeas- mogeneous. Downtown the buildings are of urement units on the city eco-system is the mixed type, the rest of the territory is the shown there. High-quality characteristics residential area, and in micro-districts there are determined by empirical studying and are mostly multistoried buildings. In outlying expert ranking of factors from minimal to districts a lot of space is taken by municipal maximal result to the space usage limitation. storages, transport and industrial buildings. Cartography methods are based on the The rest of the types don’t appear too often. territorial landscape conditions, househol Building density was calculated considering environmental impact, geochemical rates, buildings height, i.e. to the each side of the atmosphere self-cleaning potential (ICFTU). building is added the area of the building. The method of statistics data on people The density of the most parts of the city seeing a doctor, especially, the kids of pre- is from 30 to 100%, on the outskirts with low- school age and where they permanently live, rise buildings — less than 30%, but on the is used to find out the connection between territories with modern multistoried buildings the environment quality in city districts it may considerably exceed 100%. City air and the health condition of people. That is contamination was estimated considering because infant organism is more sen sitive climate area features. As a result there ap- part of the city, where this water isn’t potable. to the adverse environmental impact, as the peared Irkutsk territorial zoning map, which The cleanest is the head water of the Irkutsk adaptational mechanisms are not perfect. singled out 5 territory types according to storage pond, where the potable water The informational basis of goodquality many years of air contamination. The results intake of Irkutsk and Shelekhov is situated. environmental analysis is hierarchical inter- of different calculation methods showed The contamination level of the rest of supplementary distance data, which gives that the ecological situation in some city the Angara River and other water streams is a chance to evaluate, how much the snow territories doesn’t correspond to the es- intermediate. within the city and its districts is contami- tablished air quality criteria. Especially high The most dangerous, life and health nated. levels of air basin contamination are noted in threatening, bringing the biggest losses are With the map we can determine the list of winter — when the central heating system is the 5 kinds of water harmful effects. They priority measures to improve life conditions overloaded and the atmosphere is not fully are shown on the map: floods, underfloods, of Irkutsk population. able to self-cleaning. The highest level of city abrasion, linear erosion, ice crust emerge. Speaking of the environmental protec- territory contamination is seen, according to There are the results of the city soils bio- tion infrastructure, in Irkutsk and in its suburbs the wind rose, in the direction of northwest to chemical activity research on the map of the the following categories of protected areas southeast. The most contaminated districts eco-biochemical soil impact. These results were developed: national park Pribaikalskiy, are Novo-Lenino, Irkutsk-II, downtown, may appear as a potential selfcleaning pos- federal and regional wildlife preserves Kras- micro-district Baikalskiy. The most part of the sibility of topsoil. This is one of its important nyi Yar and Irkutnyi, resorts and health areas, city is in the middle — Leninskiy, Oktyabrskiy ecological functions, which is able to provide botanic gardens, natural monuments. and partly Sverdlovskiy districts, micro- the protection of the soil itself and of the On the map there are shown all neces- districts Pervomaiskiy Solnechnyi and airport adjoining environments from both chemical sary Protected areas of Russia. area. Low contamination level is noted in the district of Akademgorodok, micro-district Yubileinyi, in northeastern, southwestern and southern city outskirts. Surface waters contamination is one of the serious ecological problems of Irkutsk. Among main contamination sources are: • not fully cleaned industrial and house- hold waste waters, when some waste-water treatment systems were overloaded; • torrential flows because of the absence of the local waste-water treatment system; • repairing and unrecorded drainage systems; • agricultural and garden drains. The rest of waste-water flows, which haven’t been gone through the waste- water treatment system, is not considered by the formal statistics. However, its amount relatively exceeds and makes up 200 contamination sources. The most contaminated city streams are the Kaya River, the Angara River in the lower 24 PART 2 conference materials

A satellite town in the area of Malaya Elanka village

main areas of the Irkutsk agglomeration Between the central and residential presenting its geometric center. parts, there will be multistory buffer parking lots, dream of the cities with historical The land-use planning scheme of the centers. Irkutsk area provides the zones of special urban planning management considering Along with housing buildings including the development interests of the Irkutsk the adjacent territory, it is projected to urban district and the Irkutsk area. Malaya place all necessary social amenities as Elanka village is situated on the territory well as malls and industrial centers (IKEA of the Mamonsky rural settlement. Zones and MEGA malls etc, a logistics center, a of influence and intensive interaction, so recycling plant etc). called zones of mutual interests of the urban district and the Mamonsky munici- One of the principles of the satellite- pality are indicated in the project. town construction is cost reduction (building is not associated with the price The area for the town construction will policy of big cities but involves large-scale be situated along both sides of the route construction works), satisfying a wide M-53, very close to the bypass highway demand range for different types and Nikolai Zukovskiy to Shelehov. There are two sites; one has qualities of housing buildings. Scenic ter- Architect-urban planner / Director, the area of 418 hectares and includes ritory planning provided with a greenery «Architectural office N.L. Zhukovskogo» Malaya Elanka village, the other makes up system, artificial and natural water bodies Irkutsk. Russia 215 hectares, it is situated on the other side and landscapes, bikeways and a big of the highway. The sites will be connected number of parking lots and garages along through a compound transition, where with available dwellings will increase the there will be transport, pedestrian and attractiveness of this territory, so, will bring Regardless of their size, currently infrastructure links that won’t cross each the realization of the idea of a garden town existing cities and towns face lack of the other. closer. lands suitable for complex buildings. Urban fabric growth is realized through The project proposes to create new The project provides the placement of: spot buildings, which makes dwellers of urban environment with differentiation of the surrounding houses discontent as the environmental quality and housing types. • Multistory housing buildings (9 buildings are not often provided with social In the central area, there will be multistory, storeys) making up 515 thousand m2 ac- infrastructure facilities. yard-forming complex houses provided commodating 20 thousand dwellers for 25 with built-in objects of everyday’s service, hectares The land-use planning scheme of the further, there will be four-storey detached Irkutsk metropolitan region of the Irkutsk houses of advanced comfort and low-rise oblast supposes the development of some block buildings, situated in the greenery. In rural settlements and villages, including the circumference, near the forest bound- Malaya Elanka village. ary, there will be elite cottage buildings.

The appeal of this area consists in the The central part of the town is formed scenic natural surroundings, in the avail- by large-scale, pseudo historic or ability of engineering infrastructure (heat- present-day superdense one- or two- ing provided by the heat power plant — 10, storey buildings of advanced quality and electricity provided by the power transmis- main amenities for population: high-price sion line situated near the settlement, sew- stores, cafes, restaurants, branch banks erage provided by the Irkutsk feedback and postal telegraph offices, private cul- ratio, water supply provided by the Irkutsk tural service facilities and administration mains), in the direct communication net- offices. work with Angarsk, Irkutsk and Shelekhov, 25

• Sectional housing buildings (4 the Irkutsk feedback ratio, water supply balance: the earth from the foundation pit storeys) making up 207 thousand m2 ac- provided by the Irkutsk mains), a con- won’t be replaced but used as a material commodating 8 thousand dwellers for 48 venient transport communication link with for landscaping. Scenic territory planning hectares Angarsk, Irkutsk and Shelekhov as not also provided with a greenery system, artificial of the least importance. and natural water bodies and landscapes, • Block housing buildings (2 storeys) bikeways and well-equipped parking lots making up 265 thousand m2 accommo- The territory of concern is situated and garages along with available housing dating 8 thousand dwellers for 66 hectares along the route M-53, that divides the area will increase the attractiveness of this terri- in two sites, making up 418 hectares (the tory, so, will bring the realization of the idea • Cottage housing building (4 storeys) site including Malaya Elanka) and 215 hec- of a garden town closer. making up 140 thousand m2 accom- tares. There is the highway to Shelekhov modating 4 thousand dwellers for 140 near. The link between the sites will be The project provides the placement hectares. provided with a dive with roads, footways of multistory housing buildings (9 storeys) and engineering services. making up 515 thousand m2 accom- Altogether, for housing buildings, there modating 20 thousand dwellers for 25 are about 280 hectares with the total area It is suggested to create new urban hectares, sectional housing buildings (4 of 1.127 million m2 accommodating 40.5 environment with differentiated quality. storeys) making up 207 thousand m2 thousand dwellers. The central area will be composed with accommodating 8 thousand dwellers multistory complex houses provided with for 48 hectares, bock housing buildings Diverse types of residential houses are built-in service facilities, in the middle part, (2 storeys) making up 265 thousand m2 offered according to the quantitative com- there will be four-storey houses and low- accommodating 8 thousand dwellers for position and specific needs of different rise block buildings, in the circumference, 66 hectares, cottage housing building (4 social groups. Middle class representa- near the forest boundary, there will be elite storeys) making up 140 thousand m2 ac- tives are supposed to make up 40% of the cottage buildings. Along with residential commodating 4 thousand dwellers for 140 residents, young people and the retired will buildings, it is projected to ensure all nec- hectares. Altogether, in a more structural form 20% each, migrants from the north essary social, cultural and service ameni- way, for housing buildings, there are about and families of ex-servicemen — 10% ties as well as malls and industrial centers. 280 hectares with the total area of 1.127 each. It is planned not only to call for pri- million m2 accommodating 40.5 thousand vate funds but to include this project in the One of the main principles of the dwellers. federal and regional housing development satellite town design is construction of programs for young people, migrants from available housing. The price of a square the north and ex-servicemen. In addition, meter will be low for account of space- there is a scheme of calling for the budget- and-planning solutions including zero land ary funds to develop social, engineering and transport infrastructure.

Currently, critical shortage of lands suitable for complex residential buildings is observed not only in Irkutsk but in all the ЭСКИЗ ГЕНПЛАНА settlements. There are mostly spot buildings constructed, and I do not consider it as a mistake or as an evil intention but a coercive measure which is quite objective. It often causes though negative attitude of the dwellers of the nearby houses and of the outlying districts where there is no necessary social infrastructure which brings also serious inconveniences. So, according to the today’s situation, it is necessary to create proper social infrastructure.

The land-use planning scheme of the Irkutsk municipality supposes the development of Malaya Elanka. This area is attractive as the satellite town is constructed in natural surroundings and will be connected with the existing infrastructure (heating provided by the heat power plant — 10, electricity provided by the power transmission line situated near the settlement, sewerage provided by 26 PART 2 conference materials

Creating urban planning design documentation new generation

planned to put in commission 150 thou- So then, whether the fact is admitted sand square meters in 2011...” [2]. formally or not, the Irkutsk agglomeration is developing. Sooner or later, it will have There exist particular factors, which to be considered in the urban planning influence Irkutsk suburbanization. Among design. them is the great demand for individual accommodation and the complication One of the main conditions of the suc- in its satisfaction [3]: “We have about 10 cessful agglomeration development is the thousand people on the waiting list to get simultaneous transportation infrastructure a piece of land, when there is no any free development. land in Irkutsk, — said acting head of the city Andrey Labygin...”. The media quota- Vyacheslav Glazychev, the head of tions are well affirmed with the social and the territorial development department in demographic statistics. Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy gave a significant interview on When the population of Irkutsk has this question been about 580 – 590 thousand in the past few years (table 1), the Irkutsk region tends “So far the process of mass low-rise Alexander Mikhailov to increase population: in 2002 it was 59.8 buildings construction around big cities Counsellor of Russian Academy of Architecture thou sand, and in 2010 — 85.5 thousand hasn’t gone far. It requires the higher level and Building Sciences / Professor /Department of people. of the road network development. ...The of Management by transport / Irkutsk State road network requires a lot of investments. Technical University The West has worked out how to do it long Irkutsk. Russia ago: at first, long-term investments are Table 1 used to build road network, utility lines, Irkutsk population changing dynamics then, the developer buys land lots for this The developed countries have a network. Население Год great urban planning design experience, тыс. чел designing in the conditions of suburbani- Railroad transportation is the most zation and agglomeration processes. The successful and reasonable way to develop 632,2 1994 author believes that the Russian urban road network in low-rise buildings areas. planning design will inevitably face the Electric trains and trams have been popu- 594,0 2002 necessity of creating essentially new urban lar in the beginning of the last century, and planning design documentation, which are popular again. 589,0 2004 would take into account our current reality — suburbanization. Railroad transportation to the nearest 583,0 2005 satellite-towns remains economical and Irkutsk is a good example for this state- doesn’t lead to the increase of either 578,0 2006 ment: “In general Irkutsk district has been construction prices or the infrastructure a leader of the region in the past few years support...” In general, the current Irkutsk 576,0 2007 because of the complex and individual infrastructure condition doesn’t let to oper- buildings constructing. This year Irkutsk left ate the city and doesn’t correspond to the 575,8 2008 behind in its building volume such cities as agglomeration development goals at all. Bratsk and Angarsk. 579,26 2009 The current building code 2.07.01 – 89 The better results are shown only in the [4] (p. 6.2.0 sets, how much time should 581,2 2010 city of Irkutsk...” [1]; “...In comparison to people in the cities spend to get from home 2010 the accommodation building volume to work. For 90% of workers (one way) they 587,2 2011 in Irkutsk district increased on 50%...... it’s 27

Transport service quality

shouldn’t exceed, minutes, for the cities with population, thousand of people: 2000 — 45 1000 — 40 500 — 37

250 — 35 100 and less — 30

With the population of 600 thousand people 90% of rides to work must be kept within 37 – 38 minutes. The survey showed that nowadays urban planning design requirements are fulfilled only for 55% of the population. The overhead time spending analysis showed that rides to work require a long time for transport transfer — 8.3 minutes (the average number in 13 areas is 6.6 – 12.6 minutes). There could be made a conclusion that it is necessary to improve traffic management in transfer stations. Besides, for 30 – 35% of the population the availability of the public transportation exceeds the required 5 minutes (the average number in 13 areas is about 4.6 – 6.7 minutes), which Picture 1. The average transportation costs in 13 aggregative transport areas of Irkutsk is the consequence of the low public transportation density, which makes up 1.5 km/ sq.km in Irkutsk.

Considering the above data, it is recommended to increase the density of Besides that, the important aspects of According to the Scientific and Urban the city network and correspondingly the the old development plan (of 1985 – 1987 planning design Engineering Center, on density of the city main streets network, made by the Scientific and Urban planning such highway the busiest traffic will be lo- which makes up 60% of the rate required design Engineering Center) concerning cated between the new bridge across the by Irkutsk development plan. Irkutsk SRN improvement hasn’t been Angara River and the new bridge across As in some of the 13 aggregative areas implemented: the Irkut River (over 50,000 cars during 1 (see picture 1) the average time for rides • 22 – 23 km encircling highway with day). to work exceeded 40 minutes, it is neces- the extra bridge across the Irkut river (it sary for express routes to remain. The level was mentioned about such a speedway The 2008 ISTU Transportation labora- of transport service depends a lot on the in trade journals of 1970s), where the exits tory evaluation of different ways of Irkutsk current growth of Street and Road Network from Angarsk, Shelekhov and so on to SRN development confirmed the Scientific (SRN) in Irkutsk. In 2006 the length of the Irkutsk lead; and Urban planning design Engineering main streets was 119 km, which provides • “the connection” inside the encircling Center estimate. (picture 2). the building area of 11,950 hectares with highway between the New Angarsk Bridge the 0.995 km/sq.km main streets, when and Piskunova street, which would be Besides, this model showed that the 2 – 2.5 km/sq.km is required by urban plan- reconstructed to a city highway of uninter- encircling highway can reduce traffic in: ning design criteria of our country. rupted traffic. 28 PART 2 conference materials

The model of daily public transport and individual transport passenger flows on the encircling highway in 2020.

• the suburb of Glazkovo (approaching ing transport and passenger flows macro the old bridge from Botkina st., Dzhambula models with the help of owned by ISTU st., Sportivnyi lane, Mayakovskiy st.); licensed VISU software. • Traktovaya st. (35 – 40% traffic reduce); Modern European urban planning • downtown. design tends to do transportation planning According to these results, the encir- within agglomeration, not for separate cling highway is the SRN basis of Irkutsk municipality. and of its agglomeration. In our opinion, it’s necessary to design Irkutsk SRN, A good example is the joint urban plan- considering where the traffic is busy. At the ning design program of 2 cities - Stras- moment there is the Irkutsk transportation bourg (France) and Kehl (Germany), which model of 96 areas, which contains SRN form a transboundary agglomeration. and public transportation network. There are also some examples from the history of Soviet urban planning design. In This model can be enlarged with add- 1985-1987 was designed a development ing new transport areas, suburb railroad plan of Leningrad and Leningrad region. transportation. It can be fulfilled with creat- 29 30 PART 3 teamwork

Team E 1 rank 1. Lea Morfoisse urban planner France, Paris 2. Elena Nikitina architect Russia, Krasnoyarsk 3. Alexandr Kurrenyh envoronmentalist Russia, Irkutsk 4. Vanessa Maroun architect Lebanon, Beirut 5. Evgenia Krayneva architect Russia, Irkutsk 6. Fengzhen Li architect China, Guangzhou 31

From environment to expansion follow the red line

IRKUTSK FACING in the creation of places experiencing a are always part of an integrated network SUSTAINABLE void in terms of public governance and are the main axis developed by the team. environmental management. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES See picture 2: map of the planet The team’s vision of Irkutsk is one of a How can we ensure good living condi- city full of contradictions. Irkutsk appears tions for the population inside the city as THINK AT A BIGGER as a city surrounded by the most beautiful well as in the suburbs? How can we better SCALE! environment but which is destroying it at a control the urban sprawl? How can public rapid pace, as a city with a rich historical governance be improved so that the city At the bigger scale, the city of Irkutsk is heritage, but unable to ally history and and its suburbs develop in harmony? How part of an integrated network of cities along modernity in a harmonious way. can the environment be protected when with the cities of Angarsk and Shelehov. At urban development happens in a scat- the intermediate scale, the suburbs and Irkutsk is a dense city in the eyes of its tered way? Irkutsk are vitally connected and constantly inhabitants, but which also counts a lot of interacting. vacant spaces; a city that wants to bring people together but often lacks public THREE INTERCONNECTED At a smaller scale, the suburbs will spaces and services. These contradic- RELATIONSHIPS TO UNDER- interact more with each other as they tions are not the sign of declining city, but STAND THE TERRITORY develop than it is the case today. All these instead of a city that has a great potential three relationships are strongly linked to the for innovation. The concept for this territory and other territory, the natural environment and the territories facing the same challenge of landscape, and should be thought through In the case of the Irkutsk region, sub- suburbanization and sustainable develop- this lens. Our aim is to let the environment, urbanization causes a major problem as ment is first to consider the environment, the geography and the landscape dictate the city and the region lose control over the geography and the landscape as the how further urban development should be the land they are in charge of. As some driving forces for all planning projects. done and put restrictions to it. major issues concerning land attribution Then, the project intends to reinforce the and land-use are determined by federal three main relationships that exist between Three types of settlements exist in this laws or by decisions from the Oblast, local the environment, the suburbs and the cit- concept: suburbs that will experience an governing bodies cannot efficiently man- ies. important growth in the coming decades, age the land in their conscription. suburbs with less development potential See picture 1: frames of relationships and that will remain for the major part de- Moreover, the new suburbs do not As these elements depend closely pendant on the city, and suburbs located have precise borders, nor have they their on each other for their development and in a special natural environment (near a own planning documents and govern- good functioning, this triangle-structure river, a forest, a mountain), and that should ing bodies that can ensure that urban should appear in any urban planning comply to strict regulations in order to development occurs in harmony with the project aiming at achieving a sustainable preserve their environment city of Irkutsk, nor their own regulations development. Think and plan at a bigger to protect the environment. This results scale and consider that cities and suburbs See picture 3: river 32 PART 3 teamwork

IRKUTSK, A WHOLE whole Irkutsk region should be created. About the inner city project, a vast NEW IDENTITY FOR THE This institution would help the region to mixed-use area with consequent public FUTURE have a wider vision of its territory, provide spaces will be created. Two main strate- precise information on the dynamics of gies will ensure a strong dynamism of Two areas have been identified as the territory and allow a better under- the territory: create good connections having the most potential for future urban standing of the impacts of public policies between the four different plots of this development: Homutovo-Kuda area and on the whole region. territory, provide an access to the river the area surrounding Pivovarika. These for pedestrians and take advantage of suburbs can grow in a rational and man- See picture 8 its topography to highlight the landscape ageable way, whereas the city boundaries of the city. In both projects, recycling should be kept as they are. systems should be implemented at the MONEY DOES local scale, for domestic waste and water Between the different suburbs, pro- NOT GROW resources. tected zones should be defined so that ON TREES the buffer zones are green and recrea- By linking together all the different ac- tional spaces. This way, the suburbs will not Financial mechanisms should be tors of urban development in the Irkutsk merge into one and asphyxiate the city, but developed to finance important parts region and beyond and suggesting to will rather develop as separate dynamic of these projects, such as establishing always consider the natural environment, urban poles. different tax regulations depending on the geography and the landscape as the people’s financial resources and the area basis of every new urban planning project, See picure 4 and 5 they live in. this approach is innovative and challeng- Transportation to the city should be ing. It is the sign that Irkutsk can become better developed and should as well Living in a protected area would result a major actor of a sustainable revolution. encourage the use of ecological means in paying higher taxes, that would contrib- of transportation. Multi-modal stations ute to preserving the environment in these allowing people to leave their car at the areas as well as help other suburban ar- entrance of the city and exchange it for eas to develop. Investments in renewable a bus, a tram or a train to continue their energy should as well be sponsored by journey will be implemented. public authorities, and companies should be encouraged to settle in suburban See picture 6 and 7 areas.

The areas along Irkutsk water reserve Transferring taxes between the dif- should all become protected areas on ferent areas would thus ensure a better which further construction of any house, equity between the different territories. building or infrastructure should be forbid- Innovative ways to get the private sector den except for public recreational zones. involved in financing ecological equip- Existing settlements should comply with ment are to be found and should be very strict environmental regulations de- central in the whole financial mechanism. fined by the regional authority, and the river banks should remain public spaces easily accessible to pedestrians. TWO NEIGHBORHOODS TO START THEIR JOURNEY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC GOVERNANCE IN DEVELOPMENT SOON THE SPOTLIGHT This development concept has been One of the main goals of this project applied to the plots of Pivovarika and to is to organize a better public governance a district inside the city, between Univer- of the suburbs, the cities, the region and sitetsky and the district of Academ city. the whole metropolitan area, to ensure a better control over how the land is used The plots will be into several areas and the existence of harmonized plan- for housing, public spaces, recreational ning documents. To embrace the whole spaces, cultural and sport activities, as conurbation Angarsk-Irkutsk-Shelehov, well as for a new administration for Pivo- an inter-municipal metropolitan board varika. In this area, the implementation of should be created to deal with issues that a multi-modal transportation station as should be addressed collectively. well as more frequent buses will allow a better connection to the city. The regional authority, in which the biggest suburbs should have their word to Relations between the old part of say, should be given more power to en- Pivovarika and its newest part will be sure that all political actors work together strengthened. In terms of energy, finan- closely. cial mechanisms set up by the regional administration will encourage people to Conceived as a research and obser- slowly replace part of the energy they vation unit, a regional observatory for the consume by solar energy. 33

Picture 1: the three relationships: city-city, city-settlement, settlement-settlement and their roots in the environment

Picture 2: All relationships should be seen through the lens of the environment and the landscape

34 PART 3 teamwork

Picture 3 : Protection of a river from the nearby suburb

Picture 4 : Concept map for the future development of Irkutsk region

Picture 5: Protected areas in the buffer zones between the settlements

Pictures 6 and 7: Multi-modal transportation stations in main traffic areas in and outside the city

Picture 2: All relationships should be seen through the lens of the environment and the landscape

Picture 8: The creation of new administrations, a regional observatory and a metropolitan board: a new public governance scheme

36 PART 3 teamwork

Team C 1 rank 1. Julia Shestakova architect Russia, Irkutsk 2. Matthew Wattles urban planner USA, New York 3. Konstantin Zdishev architect Russia, Irkutsk 4. Anthony Zogheib architect Lebanon, Biblos 5. Florence Tarpin economist France, Paris 37

ECO-RKUTSK CONNECTING PEOPLE

To solve the ecological problems in What is Connection for us? How do we see Guidance? the Irkutsk region, it is first necessary to On what levels? solve the problems of the city. The city is • Precise control of new land develop- the main priority; and suburbs should be • city-suburbs [transport] ment (restrictions for building in water pro- guided but also provided with the neces- • man-nature [ecological] tection zones and further violation control) sary infrastructure. • man-man [social] • Creating the eco-police (unauthorized dumps, fines for violations and so on) • Restrictions for land development in The first step is densifying City-suburbs [transport] the city and in suburbs (number of stories, the city. More roads = more cars. So it is nec- percentage of land you can build up) essary not to build new roads (apart from • Prohibition for parking on the road- City -> high density -> diversity in use the needed % according to master plan), sides in the center of the city (creating and population but to provide the city with structural public parking lots) The density should be created by transport with good service and low cost in • New tools for water protection and replacement of decaying houses, empting comparison with car expenses. green areas preservation and develop- abandoned industrial zones, and not by • Speed transport connecting the city ment destroying greenery and riverside territo- and the centers of suburban settlements Eco-settlement in Pivovariha: ries. The number of stories in the historical • City public transport net (tram) to transform Pivavorikha into an innova- center of the city shouldn’t exceed regula- • Creating parking lots in the center of tive eco district by building an experimental tions and outside of the center shouldn’t the city eco-settlement on the site. Building the exceed 5 – 9 stories. This will save the city from suffocating eco-settlement is usually 20% more ex- traffic jams and problem with air pollution. pensive than a usual one but the ecology The second step is creating Man-nature [ecological] is more important than private interests. dense satellite suburbs. Connection of man and nature does The most efficient suburbs are dense no refer to a wild man in the forest. A man and have a proximal major mass transit connected to nature is the man who cares Settlement supplying: hub. Having centralized suburban estab- for nature first of all. It’s not the nature lishments, which provide services and that owes the man; it’s the man that owes heating — solar battery space for social interaction, will encour- nature. water — local water pump +purifying- age habitation and ecology. This model station naturally preserves green spaces around Problems which are needed to electricity — solar batteries + city the suburbs. Our proposal has three solve: energy major parts that build on one another and Air pollution by motor transport ->Pub- sewage — collector + purifying station provide the structure of suburbanization in lic transport storm sewage — closed type + purify- the region. Air pollution by Irkutsk heat electro ing station They are: power station -> Gradual transmission to Problems to solve: Connection -> Guidance -> Ecology using solar energy • high traffic volumes -> public trans- (connection + guidance = ecology.) Waste products -> A new waste port management system, which is great for • high air pollution -> greenery (pro- The major problems we are ad- intermunicipal interaction, could be ac- tective green belt along the road) dressing: complished by implementing a recycling • absence of connection between • High traffic volumes in the city of factory. territories and riverside -> creating pedes- Irkutsk trian bridges and an embankment • Uncontrolled suburban growth that man-man [social] + new housing close to Universitetskiy is bad for the environment. • Creating social spaces and com- + hotel closer to the riverside • Controlling the suburbs so they do merce close to public transport stations + touristic informational center not overtake the city for important func- in every suburb, which will provide them +promenade with shops and entertain- tions with necessary services and employment ments, sport activities and play grounds for • Bad ecological environment centers. kids and adults 38 PART 3 teamwork 39 40 PART 3 teamwork 41 42 PART 3 teamwork

Team D 3 rank 1. Alexiey Yudalevich architect Russia, Irkutsk 2. Victoria Dolgusheva architect Russia, Irkutsk 3. Natalia Gracheva architect Russia, Irkutsk 4. Mathilde Bouteille landscape engineer France, Angers 5. Mariya Demchenko transport engineer Russia, Irkutsk 6. Jad Khalif Hachem architect Lebanon, Jonnieh 43

Irkutsk: living suburbs, the inside-out city

Analysis places and their main function is living • each suburb should have its own areas (picture 4). Moreover, the transport identity and main function, such as indus- Located about 55 kilometres to the system doesn’t provide any connection trial, agricultural, touristic or housing sub- northwest of Lake Baikal, Irkutsk is also between the city and the suburbs. urbs. The attractive point is located in the the chief city of Irkutsk Oblast in Siberia. central part of the suburb, public services The city is located on the Angara River are around it and then housing areas. In and close to Baikal Lake. Baikal Lake Concept “The inside-out industrial suburbs, the plant is the attrac- contains one fifth of the whole world soft city“ tive point, in agricultural suburbs it is the water: it is very important to preserve it. market and fields, in touristic areas it is the Today Irkutsk is a major economic, aca- Living suburbs and inside-out city recreational zone, in housing suburbs it is demic, and cultural centre in Siberia with To solve these problems and to have the rail station. 580 000 inhabitants (picture 1). living suburbs, we propose to create an inside-out city: • for the living structure it is needed Despite exceptional natural surround- • suburbs are independent and to develop the general structure of set- ings, living in Irkutsk city centre poses separate from the city: they have their own tlements and to give the recommenda- some problems. First, transportation public and social services and working tion for placing public functions (adding system is not very efficiency: traffic is very places. At the same time, suburbs remain kindergartens, schools, hospitals) The dense, traffic jams are frequent and to go dependent on Irkutsk city: economic, growth of the suburb should be oriented from one point to another takes a long academic and administrative power stay to the most ecological and sustainable time. Secondly, Irkutsk has a very bad in Irkutsk centre, in order to not kill the city, directions. We propose to join some sub- ecological situation: it is one of the most urbs according to their function. (picture polluted cities in the world (water and air • suburbs are well connected by 8)). are polluted). public and private transport to the city, to other suburbs and to the region. We • the team proposes to get back to Bad living conditions in the city make propose an elaborate complex transpor- the old architectural school people move to the suburbs. Conse- tation scheme (CTS),(picture 6) quently, suburbs are spreading and new Preserving natural areas suburbs are appearing. We can identify≠ • suburbs spread need to be limited As they cover a great part of Irkutsk 4 main directions and functions of subur- to avoid destroying the natural spaces territory, it is very important to preserve ban areas (picture 2,3). and to avoid that new suburbs appear and them and to avoid their destruction and lead to “suburbs of suburbs”(picture 7) fragmentation. Most of suburbs of Irkutsk are small, with low density of population and without • suburbs spread need to be oriented We propose three means: firstly, enough equipment (as canalisation in the directions that are the most eco- natural areas should be clearly delimited and communication). Basically, most logical and sustainable: we propose to in general plan; secondly, you will have of suburbs are not provided with ser- match some suburbs together, according to pay high land taxes if you want to build vices (schools, shops...), have no working to their functions, inside natural areas (and in the contrary, 44 PART 3 teamwork

land taxes will be low in areas where it The team also developped the con- is better for the environment to build) ception of joining green corridors of te and lastly, a rule should limit built area in city into one whole space, which joins in natural spaces: not more than 10% or the this place. (picture 14) surface can be built. Novolisiha (15) Transportation system Novolisiha is a perspective suburb for The transportation system we propose developping living area. According to our will link suburbs with suburbs, suburbs conception the subarb will be depend- with city and suburbs with region. ent on the city from the economical side Public transports are mainly based and independent from the positions of on rail transports: train in western part service and infrastucture. In the admin- (connected to the existing railway) and istrative aspects and engineering system tram-train in eastern part (to create). The Novolisiha will keep close connections existing road transportation system will be with Pivovarikha, where a good road is improved with new highways connected already built and the canalisation tube to the existing ones. Moreover, new bus will be built in two years.(picture16) stations will be created and bus will be more frequent in suburbs. In the intersts of safety we built an additional road that will go along the Case technology nothern part of the suburb which will lead To check that these four main func- to the turistic zone.In the suburbs there is tions can work economically and to help a lot of living potential which will spread us organizing work places in suburbs, into the direction of the Angara. At the we used a methodology called “case same time the growth of the suburb will technology”. We studied three cases: be limited from every side: by forest, industrial, agricultural and touristic sub- agriculture zone, highway and touristic urbs. zone. (picture17)

Each case includes: type of produc- Along the whoole area of tourstic and tion, costs, steps of case creation, sug- the suburb we have a public bus circulat- gested relations with other cases and ing. (picture 18). waste treatment system (we suppose that an ecological waste treatment plant Tourist zone will be the place of emis built in one of the suburbs of Irkutsk). ployement for dwellers and the residents of other suburbs. In this area we unppack Financial aspects the touristic case with ready technol- We propose several means to find ogy: a market and a hotel for guests, money and build these cases: private cottages for rent, a cable town, a bee developers, municipal government (Ir- museum, bike tracks in the summer and kutsk Oblast Administration), city (Irkutsk cross-country skiing tracks in the winter. Administration), foreign investors, state- (picture 19) holders, private — public partnership. Moreover, some rules should encourage In the projecting zone we also enterprises registration in Irkutsk (instead include forest, which we will provide of Moscow as it is today), gradual organi- with passages for tourists and which will sation of profit that regulates Municipal- bw guarded and keep clean and thus Private-Partnership. we will be able to keep it safe from the uncontrolled housing.Due to the intersts In this way, land taxes will be earn of saving ecology we also suggest to by Irkutsk and not by Moscow, and it will have a high taxes system on the green help the territory to develop. territories along the suburb.

Proposals on two planning grounds

Academgorodok (in the city) Getting analyzed the situation on the whole the team made a conclusion that on this territory it is located the most amount of dormitiries for students. The main idea is the turning this place into the student park with green spaces for leisure both for students and for residents (Picture 12, 13) 45 46 PART 3 teamwork 47 48 PART 3 teamwork

Team А 4 rank 1. Irina Gusevskaya Transport Engineer Russia, Irkutsk 2. Olga Anisina Architect Russia, Irkutsk 3. Natalia Sangaeva Architect Russia, Chita 4. Antoine Talon Urban Engineer France, Paris 5. Christel Chweih Architect Lebanon, Beirut 6. Daniella Stahel Landscape Architect Switzerland, Zurich 49

Ecology of suburban settlements

Irkutsk is facing a big problem con- The first plot (Akademigorodok), since This area consist of a diversity of mixed cerning the growth of the suburbs and their it is located in the city and near a forest so it services and functions, it’s like an evolu- ecological development: people are look- can be like a living park pole, and since it is tion scheme, it consist on a stratification of ing for a good quality of environment, they already equipped with university, research functions considering the needs; it is like are leaving the city to live in the suburbs. center, dorms and some rich neighbor- many steps stratified in order to response The infrastructure in these places is not hood houses (the Swedish community) to all the needs. The master plan consists developed for such an expansion and the so it consist of a rebalance between a city on the way to improve this place, to create transport system is the main cause of the functions and a good quality of environ- the porosity of green area and to achieve a pollution: noise pollution, air pollution and ment. This area is positive in the fact that quiet area in a noisy place. We can say that pollution of the resources. is easy accessed but it is exposed to the this place could be the example for a way Our first aim was to manage the devel- noise and fuel pollution. to improve the quality of the center, and it opment of the suburb considering the city The concept consist on creating the can be located in any place in the center, and the ecological aspects. So, our con- in-green areas and to benefit from the it’s like creating the quality of environment cept consists on the fact that we have to existing green resource (the forest), and in a dense center, we are making this in- create such an independent development on having a new campus for the univer- troverted area that communicate with the of suburbs but with leaving some connec- sity since we already have one and since it outside areas. tions with the qualified center. easy to arrive to this place, so people won’t This concept can be applied on other The principal idea was based on three have to go to the center for education (It’s dependence area of the city but with dif- main layers: a way to improve the center and make it ferent character considering the valuable • protect forest, more attractive). This area is close to the classification or needs, here it has the • lead the growth, highway, so we have the problem of noise residential, educational and leisure pole. • and link it with an efficient transport pollution, that’s why we decided to create The master plan made on this plot consists system. a green belt that separate the roads from on the fact that we have like a habited Those three levels include a social the first layer of mid-class houses since park; the habitation are characterized by aspects as well as economic aspects. The they have easy access to the center. Note their diversity, we have three types: dorms, objective of the concept was to identify that this area already contain some leisure social houses, mid-class houses. The valuable areas, protect them from being equipment and some educative centers, development houses consist of a diversity used as construction ground, so those we find it logically to create a green cor- of houses size inside the building, it’s the areas will be the future borders of the set- ridor between the residential layer and scheme of multi-diversity functions that tlement growth (to protect them and to get the services layer. This «city-suburb» can be developed parallel to the needs possible directions for the development), combines the advantages of suburbs with- and the growth. The development consists at the same time manage the growth in out the inconvenient of distance and car of the parallelism of built and green. Since the city (attract people) and increase the dependence: people live in a good quality we must have priorities for the growing city quality of life in town. The concept will be of environment and they have an ease ac- (different structural solutions in term of applied considering that we have two plots cess to the services. The architectural side the transport network: green belt, railway, (suburbs) to work on: One is in the city consists of creating some green areas in buses) Therefore, it is very important to (Irkutsk) and other is outside the suburb order to put some life and greenery for the balance the profit and to improve the good (Novolisikha). people living in. quality of the transport so people will have 50 PART 3 teamwork

more accessibility to the public transport than the private transport and this will bring more benefits for the public sector and will encourage to reduce the pollution in the area, and actually, we have many bus station around and near the plot, so they can be more highlighted. The main point is to create in a small place (considering 1 1 the size of the city) a good place to live and access. 3 3 The second plot (Novolisikha) is located outside the city, it has the suburb characteristic, it is surrounded by natural resources and some protected forests, and it already contains some wooden houses. In our main approach on the project we talked that the suburbs should be reorganized and put appropriately to its function into merged administrative 3 3 centers with a decent infrastructure, this would create more jobs and reduce the 1 population mobility. Next, our aim was to 1 protect and save our existing resources: water (define water protection perimeter, preventing people to settle polluting activi- 2 ties in, at least 100 meters each side of the 2 2 2 rivers) and forest. While having a look on the expansion of the settlements along the Angara river, we can see a repetitive phenomenon (it start with few houses than expand to a high dense settlement and the sequence continuous further andGROWTH further). So, we de- GROWTH1 PRESERVATION PRESERVATION2 TRANSPORT TRANSPORT3 cided to set this settlement as the last one The first approach consists 1on the site systems and the less energy consumption2 3 and an example for all its neighborhood: it possibilities and how can we balance the in order to reduce the pollution and mini- is fully clean and it has the characteristic social activities and sector with the site and mize the energy warm near the resources. of the good quality of life that people are the ecology. In the economic side of this In this way, the reserved area is much more looking for outside the city. area, the profits come from three sides: an area for a course or an educational trip. In order to apply our conception the real estate because we built a limited In addition, note that, due to the long on this plot, we decided to achieve a amount of high end cottages in which in- winter period, the flood detention basin touristic-educational-residential pole for vestors gain money, the eco-tourism and has to hold back a big amount of sew- this area since it is rich of resources and it the qualitative image of the area because age water. The clearing will take place in impress the good quality of environment. the investors are advertising their aware- between May and September, when the We decided to start by having benefit ness about ecological problems. Also, marshland vegetation is growing. A clay from the existing resources in an ecologi- people will live in this area and work in stratum, which exists in the ground struc- cal way: why not having benefit from the the touristic sectors and other will be just ture will seal the bottom of the basin. It also protected areas? The reserved areas leaving to the city (the importance is that though that the grey water must be col- can be the places for educational trips, we created some balance between the lected in order to be purified and reused. and for vacation. We can benefit from the flux of people and the population mobility). As a conclusion, since we have two water resources in different ways: preserve Considering the use of land, it is based on plots that both consist of the existence of our drinkable water quality, leisure use of the benefit of the resources and the new natural resources but each one have its water (winter and summer activities) and responsible character of the settlement. characteristic: one is in the city and have the educational aspects. This use of the On the architectural side, it consist of to balance between the flow of people and land in an eco-touristic way is a manner to a progress development of functions, it is improving the good quality of environment give a function to this land (it will become like a model that will multiply with the needs in a dense area, and one other outside the functional not just preserved and «dead» and growth. The houses are ecological city and have to limit the population mobil- lands) and to create jobs in the suburb. cause we have an area rich of resources, ity and being an independent attraction More after, people don’t have to go far we have two main characters to provide: pole considering the good quality of life away from the city to have a relaxing privacy and exceptional environment. All in a natural protected zone, far away from place, it will be nearest and still providing the equipment of the natural forest (e.g. the current problems of the suburbs. Both the good quality of environment and fun the welcoming building...) must be con- plots, have to manage the needs and the equipment (barbecue, snow park in winter, sidering their emplacement in a protected growth of development in an ecological natural swimming pool...) in a sustainable area; all the equipment and houses must and sustainable way. way (recycle collect network). be considering the new ecological heating 1 1 3 3

3 3

1 1

2 2 2 2 51

GROWTH 1 PRESERVATIONGROWTH 2 1 TRANSPORTPRESERVATION 3 2 TRANSPORT 3

1 1 3 3

3 1

1 2 2

2 2

GROWTH 1 PRESERVATION 2 TRANSPORT 3

GROWTH 1 PRESERVATION 2 TRANSPORT 3 52 PART 3 teamwork

Our site is the current border of settlements. If we don‘t interact with the spralw and extend the settlement, the next one after our will become the last on and so on. Our concept is strongly based on respecting protected, vulnerable landscape.

1 Concept of preservation applied on the side

3 Education: Pupils learn about the sewage water from the watercycle road and from housing

flood detention basin marshland clean water

clay stratum 2 natural water clearing system educational path sport - open field Summer reforest Winter leisure

barbaque crosscountry skiing swimming halfpipe education ice structures Summer Winter sport

barbaque crosscountry skiing swimming halfpipe education ice structures sport

4 Tourism: Summer and winter activities will 5 Economical: Expensive housing and tourism make the place attractiv during all seasons will finance the ecological side of the project 53

Education: Pupils learn about the watercycle 54 PART 3 teamwork

Team B 5 rank 1. Julia Rizhkova Architect Russia, Kraskoyarsk 2. Carole Guilloux Urban Geographer France, Paris 3. Evangelo Abboud Architect Lebanon, Byblos 4. Evgenia Prelovskaya Transport Engineer Russia, Irkutsk 5. Ekaterina Masnikova Architect Russia, Irkutsk 6. Olessia Murashko Architect Russia, Novosibirsk 55

Decentralised sustainability: From a residential and chaotic suburbanization model to a polycentric city

The polycentric model: cre- and threat for natural environment. (Figure Multimodal nodes of transportation ate new polarities 4) can link the different (Figure 8).

If Irkutsk doesn’t stop growing, the suburbs will slowly be a part of the city bor- Rules to make our project Green corridors to help ders. This will put more and more pressure working controlling urban develop- on the central city and threaten the natural ment environment (Figure 1). As we cannot stop The city shouldn’t be allowed to grow the suburbanization process, we choose more and the new suburbs should grow In order to control both new suburbs to accompany it by controlling chaotic inside themselves (Figure 5). The idea is and actual city urban sprawl, we could use urban sprawl and creating new polarities in to encourage the city to be rebuilt from green corridors that already exist. Natural the suburbs (Figure 2). the inside and the new suburbs to have a areas protection and valorisation could The suburban settlements cannot be concentrate growth. This strategy is based ensure that urbanization is not developed only dormitory areas depending on the on an ecological choice by reducing the everywhere (Figure 8).. unique central city dynamism but need to existing threats on natural environment. Agricultural areas have not only an work independently As we believe Irkutsk For instance, people won’t have to economical function but helps to keep urban area will grow fast within the next travel from the suburbs to the central city non built spaces and design landscapes. decades, we truly think that a polycentric to accomplish their daily tasks. As a result, By maintaining some agricultural areas, model can ensure a sustainable urban pressure on transportation axis and threat we can be sure that no urbanization will development. for natural environment will decrease. happen there The basic idea lays in the creation of Our strategy also saves natural areas Natural water banks can be also new suburban centers with mixed uses, (forests and agricultural fields) from un- protected from urbanization by the imple- and mixed accesses. The existing dwelling controlled urbanization. A more rational mentation of recreational projects that are suburbs, which are located close to each development of suburbs can also ensure not harmful for the natural environment other, can be connected through the or- the protection of natural resources by (Figure 17). ganization of a new “multifunctional center” a better use of water resources and an The same can be applied to forests in between them. (Figure 3). improvement of waste system. that can be protected through the design of leisure projects. We can for instance imagine some natural parks surrounding Sustainable integrated A model based on a strong forests. Suburbs and sustainable transportation system The objective of the multi-functional Delocalize some functions hub is to recreate a balance between These new centres will be well con- from the city centre to the residential uses and economic activities by nected to the actual city and between suburbs and create new jobs creating new activities and job opportuni- themselves. ties The concept also promotes a mixed- Developing the railway for passengers Our will is not to “kill” the existing centre uses and mixed-incomes area Promoting represent a good opportunity to reduce by taking off all its main functions but to integrated development drive sustainabil- car traffic. It can be completed with an delocalize some of them in suburbs as well ity by increasing both quality of life and efficient public transportation network as creating new ones. Both new suburban environment, and reducing pressure on including Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lines centres and the actual city should grow natural resources. People won’t have to (Figure 6). side by side, without being in competition. travel from the suburbs to the central city Multimodal hubs are a central element For instance, if we delocalise one trade to accomplish their daily tasks, resulting in of the transport conception, as they should centre from the central city, it won’t affect decreasing pressure on transportation axis help limiting car use. the city dynamism but it will mean a lot 56 PART 3 teamwork

for the suburb (Figure 9). We are leaving Promote a preserved natural existing dynamics (education, green park, the most important (financial centres, environment (Figure 17) small businesses). hospitals) and beautiful functions (culture, Base economic growth on the duo heritage, trade centres) in the centre but Use surrounding forests as recreational research-innovation, new technology, moving the services for daily needs to the area clean industries, etc. suburbs. Design waterfronts for leisure Some new functions could be created Preserve agricultural fields to provide in the new suburban centres. Basic educa- promenade, short production and pre- Ensure a sustainable trans- tion should be provided, while the special- serve landscapes. port system ized and high level schools need to stay in the main city. New services like small Reinforce and ameliorate the multi- shops, doctors, etc. can both meet inhab- Ensure a better residential modal hub. itant’s daily needs and create local jobs. quality (Figure 18) Promote pedestrian and bicycle paths This way, the daily needs of the inhabitants inside the new district. can be satisfied in the suburb, lowering the Meet density and living comfort by Create new links between the university traffic between city and suburb. reducing the number of low-rise single buildings, the green area and multimodal dwellings. hub, the residential area and the rest of the According to the suburb identity, a functional area. Pivovarikha & Novolisikha middle path density of housing should be redevelopment case study found. Promote a comfortable Identified Assets and Challenges environment • Located close to the central city. Create new tenure mix. • Good accessibility to main transpor- Ensure a better accessibility of the tation axis. Create a vibrant and livable life existing green area. • Heat system connected to the Coal Ensure a particular identity for the Create new recreational activities Power Station. district. linked to the park. • Effective electric network. Preserve existing heritage (memorial, Create new daily shops for the inhabit- • Already existing trade activity and church, old houses). ants. few services (school, administration, cul- Encourage community activities. Reinforce the neighborhood identity tural institution). Promote vibrant streets (24hours activ- Reinforce the existing links between • Beautiful natural environment (Wa- ity, festivals, street market... dwellings, university, green area, new terfronts, Forests, Agricultural fields). shops and businesses. • Poor development of public trans- Create new daily shops for the inhabit- portation. Academ City case study ants and vibrant streets. • No sufficient waste collect system • Threat on water resources with lack Identified Assets and Challenges of sewage system. • Located near by the central city. How to ensure the develop- • Proximity of the airport. • Good accessibility to main highway, ment of a multi-functional • Poor diversity of accommodations new bridge and railway. suburb? (mainly low rise buildings, low density, only • Good development of public trans- individual owners). portation. Private-Public partnerships • Effective electric network. To start developing our new suburbs, • Existing few services (school, ad- we can think of some incentives offer by Directions for development ministration, cultural institution). the public authorities to encourage private • Already existing green area. developers to invest there. From two residential growth dynam- • Heat system connected to the Coal We can think of providing more public ics to one multifunctional global growth Power Station. transportation, an effective sewage sys- (Figure 10). • Complicated access from the new tem, ensure accessibility and good inner Promote new multifunctional develop- bridge. mobility. An effective and rational Land ment along the axis linking the two settle- • Poor diversity of accommodations management could help to drive the future ments. (mainly middle density, only individual development of the multi-functional areas. Base economic growth on tourism middle-class owners). attraction of the Baikal region; valorize the • Weak and small businesses along old cemetery, etc. (Figure 11) the transportation axis. Administrative management • First trade centres located quite far away. In order to respect our polycentric Ensure accessibility and vision, these new suburbs should be good inner mobility (Figure 12) independent from the city. We can think of Directions for development reinforcing the already existing rural settle- Reinforce transportation axis to the ments administration to make them urban city, Baikal region and between the two Create a multifunctional area that can settlements. settlements. ensure the suburb dynamism and cutting A public-public partnership could be Reduce car use by implementing a it from the city. imagined between the new suburbs and Bus Rapid Transit line to the city. Promote new multifunctional develop- Irkutsk city. Promote pedestrian and bicycle paths ment along the highway and from the inside the new district. 57 58 PART 3 teamwork 59 60 PART 4 FACEBOOK

Managment

Natalya Zhukovskaya Alexandra Kozak Anastasiya Potapova WU director, architect, WU deputy director, architect, WU deputy director, member of Russian Architect Union member of Russian Architect Union architect Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Valentina Pochepkina Ekaterina Masnikova Ksenia Fedotova WU administrator WU coordinator, specialist of educational and WU manager, student , lead engineer at the department for methodical work at the department for Institute of Architecture and Architectural design ISTU Architectural design ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Bratsk. Russia

Natalia Sangaeva Daria Shipanovskaya Maria Ustizhaninova WU designer, student , WU PR-manager, student , WU symposium coordinator, Institute of Architecture and Institute of Architecture and architect-restorer Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Chita. Russia Irkutsk. Russia 61

Andrey Tanaev Alexander Afanasiev Alexander Ladeishikov Head of the Office for International Affaires Head of the department for Quantum physics Associate professor at the department for ISTU and Nanotechnology ISTU History of Architecture and Design Basics ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Vitalyi Peshkov Victor Chupin Pro-rector for Studies, Director of the Institute of Architecture and head of the department for Examination Civil Engineering ISTU, head of the department and Property management ISTU for Town development and Economy ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Denis Shpak Sergiey Kolosovski Artem Moiseev WU art-manager architect, WU art-manager WU photographer Irkutsk. Russia Moscow. Russia Irkutsk. Russia 62 PART 4 FACEBOOK

Team A

Antoine Talon Наталья Сангаева Christel Chweih studio assistant student student French Institute of Urban Development / City Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering / Holy Spirit University (Usek) Engineering Department Irkutsk State Technical University in Kaslik Marne-la-Vallee. France Chita. Russia Beirut. Lebanon

Graduated from Génie-Urbain dépar- I’m a student of ISTU, the Institute of 5th year student architect at Holy Spirit tement of UPEMLV, France. Keen on the Architecture and Civil Engineering. University in Lebanon. «why» question and «what if» answer. I WU is a good opportunity for each of WU Rocks!! What happens in Siberia, stays reject the dead-end urbanism as I support us just to negociate and do our best. in Siberia... Great experience ever had!! low-tech, low-cost and local solutions.

Daniela Stahel Irina Gusevskaya Olga Anisina teacher, landscape engineer student architect Education Management canton Institute of Aircraft and Machine Building and OJSC “Irkutskgiprodornii” / Department of of Zurich Transport / Irkutsk State Technical University Urban Planning Design Zurich. Switzerland Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

I have graduated in 2011 as a land- I’m 20, I’m the 4th year student of ISTU. In 2009 I graduated from the Architec- scape architect from the HSR Technische I study transport engineering. I think this is ture University of ISTU. Hochshule in Rapperswil, Switzerland. the best experience in English practice I work in the urban planning depart- To join the WU is a great opportunity and gaining new knowledge in my field and ment of the «Irkutsk Giprodornii». I like to get an understanding on planning work in others. I’m happy to be the participant travelling to the Baikal Lake. around the world. of WU! 63

Team B

Евангело Аббуд Julia Rizhkova Evgenia Prelovskaya student student student Holy Spirit University (Usek) Institute of Architecture and Design / Siberian Institute of Aircraft and Machine Building and in Kaslik Federal University Transport / Irkutsk State Technical University Byblos. Lebanon Krasnoyarsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

From Lebanon, student in The Holy I like my profession very much and I I’m a member of the most gorgeous team Spirit University at Kaslik, majoring in archi- think that it is in my power to change the - team «B», to be modest to say we are simply tecture. Thrilled to be having the opportu- world for the better. Not the whole world, the best. As for me this workshorp is a unique nity to be a part of such an experience. of course, but I can make a better world at mix of practising language & inernational rela- least around me. tionships & also proffesional skills.

Olesia Murashko Ekaterina Masnikova Carolle Guilloux master student student post master, urban g eographer Novosibirsk state academy of architecture and Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering / French Institute of Urban Development / City fine arts Irkutsk State Technical University Engineering Department Novosibirsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Paris. France

I’m studing the first year at the master Guess that received experience of studing I always have been interested in study, busy with urban planning and abroad in Germany strengthened my attitude understanding cities and their dynamics. engineering. notably by the practice of cross-disciplinary I first studied geography and local urban Guess that work during the WU will help education mixing urban development and in- development before concentrate on de- me to develop new abilities for my future ternational cooperation. Chasing a dream, veloping cities development. I am currently work as a masterplan engineer. keen on languages and different cities. This working for an NGO which offers technical winter school is going to be one of the most assistance for African local governments breathtaking and valuable practice for all of us. willing to implement urban projects. 64 PART 4 FACEBOOK

Team C

Matthew Wattles Julia Shestakova Florence Tarpin student student student State University of New York at Buffalo / School Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering / ESSEC Buisness School / Cergy-Pontoise of Architecture Irkutsk State Technical University Annecy. France Buffalo. USA Irkutsk. Russia I study at the ESSEC, a french Studies urban planning at the State study in ISTU as an architect. I’m business school, and I specialize in urban University of New York Buffalo. I’m excited interested in architecture, languages an economics. It is a real pleasure to be here. to be one of the first participants from the working in the team. I love my city and I I enjoy work with people from very different USA, and I want to look back on this studio want to make it better. backgrounds. to see that our international collaboration made a difference for the city of Irkutsk.

Anthony Zogheib Kostantin Zdishev student architect Holy Spirit University (Usek) in Kaslik OJSC “Irkutskgiprodornii” / Department of Byblos. Lebanon Urban Planning Design Irkutsk. Russia I’m currently living, working and studying architecture in Lebanon, the cultural Heart I study the architecture at ISTU of the Middle East! I love everything realated and I work in public corporation to art, especially architecture, design, IrkutskGiprodornii, The Department sketching and photography. I belive that of Urban Planning. I’m excited to be architecture can strongly affect our way the participant in this workshop and of life. I’m enjoying WU, the multicultural exchanging knowledge with people from experience has allowed me to meet another countries. amazing friends and improve my skills. I hope that our ideas will transform Irkutsk into the ideal russian city. Cheers! 65

Team D

Mathilde Bouteille Alexey Yudalevich Natalia Gracheva landscape engineer main specialist student AGROCAMPUS OUEST Urban Planning Policy Committee of Irkutsk Tyumen State University of Architecture and Angers. France Administration Civil Engineering Irkutsk. Russia Tyumen. Russia I am a young landscape engineer. I studied natural spaces, ecology, plants I’m an architect and working in Irkutsk I’am the architect at the 5th grade at biology and landscape design. administration right now. I think I got a very Tuymen State University of Architecture and I come from Clermont-Ferrand, the good chance of taking part in this session.I Civil ngineering. I’ve always wanted to combine city located in the middle of France. I am like working with people from overseas, technical and aristic part of the work - that’s 23 years old. sharing ideas and experiencing different how I think I found the best solution. The receipt cultures. of happiness is: do what you love - love what you do. So I’m quite happy.

Jad Khalife Hachem Victoria Dolgusheva Mariya Demchenko student student architect Holy Spirit University (Usek) Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering / OJSC “Irkutskgiprodornii” / Department of in Kaslik Irkutsk State Technical University Urban Planning Design Jonnieh. Lebanon Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

My friends call me «Le Jad» because I This year I’m going to graduate from Now I’m on the 5th grade and also see myself as «Le Corbusier». ISTU. This workshop is a great opportunity work in the Urban Design Department inthe I study architecture at the Holy Spirit for me to get new knowledge, experience, public corporation «Irkutsk Giprodornii». I’m University of Kaslik (Lebanon). It was my emotions. For me it’s just new discovery of very happy to participate in this workshop pleasure to participate in this workshop my native town - Irkutsk. I like to have a good because I want to develop my region. I and share my experience with friends from time with my friends. Also I like travelling and like my occupation. In my free time I like all over the world. hiking, snowboarding and cycling. travelling, going out to the nature, reading. Also, I like to have a good time with my friends and meet new ones. 66 ЧАСТЬЧАСТЬPART 4 44 FACEBOOKFACEBOOK

Team E

Léa Morfoisse Alexandr Kurennyh Fengzhen Li internintern engineer of Environmental Protection master student Les Ateliers Internationaly de Cergy-Pontiose OJSC “Irkutskgiprodornii” South China University Paris. France Irkutsk.Irkutsk. RussiaRussia Guangzhou. China

II became deeply interested in urban II graduated from ISTU, my speciality is I am proudproud ofof takingtaking partpart inin suchsuch aa greatgreat planning issues when living in Vietnam in environmentalist. I’m working in the public workshop that I never had in China before. 2009/2010. AfterAfter finishing my my Master Master in in corporation Irkustk Giprodornii in the Though language is a big problem for me, PoliticalPolitical Sciences and Public Administra- Departemnt of Urban Planning. I like my ii have met a lot of frindly foreign and locallocal tion I started to working with Les Ateliers jobjob very much and I want to proceed in itit Russian people here. They helped and inin Paris on the topic of the metropolitan and to develop this sphere as a science thaught me a lot, I hope that our team will landscape.landscape. I’m courious and ready for not only in Russia.To keep fit I snowboard, be a great one! adventures! ice-skating,ice-skating, skate or ride a bicycle.

Vanessa Maroun Evgenia Krayneva Elena Nikitina student student Phd student Holy Spirit University (Usek) InstituteInstitute of Architecture and Civil Engineering / InstituteInstitute of architecture and design / in Kaslik IrkutskIrkutsk State Technical University Siberian Federal University Beirut. Lebanon Irkutsk.Irkutsk. RussiaRussia Krasnoyarsk. Russia

Coming from a country as small as When I learned about the Winter II am anan architectarchitect fromfrom Krasnoyarsk,Krasnoyarsk, I Iam am a a Lebanon, I found the idea of spending threethree University, I saw a completely different PhD student and assistant ofof UrbanUrban PlanningPlanning weeks in the largest country in the world: world: world. It is a work in teams, experience Department at Siberian Federal University University Russia (and not anywhere, in Siberia) would of experts from different areas,areas, ability ability to to InstituteInstitute od ArchitectureArchitecture andand Design.Design. MyMy thesisthesis be the experience of a lifetime, facing aa coldcold decide and create the future - our future. isis about urbanurban squares.Isquares.I travelledtravelled aa lot, lot, it it is is very very weather, meeting new people... Being far But only now, when I became a participant usefull for my work and and my my experience. experience. It It is is away from home is not easy but II didn’tdidn’t feelfeel inin the session, I understood we are one really great to bebe aa participantparticipant of of WU. WU. itit with the team workwork atat thethe morningmorning andand thethe big family. We overcome the difficulties, evening with friends. I must admit that aa veryvery extreme conditions, cold, and we become dear friend was right when he said thatthat WUWU isis stronger together. Winter University lives in more than experience, it’s a family. us. 66 ЧАСТЬЧАСТЬ 44 FACEBOOK 67

Team E Assistants

Léa Morfoisse Alexandr Kurennyh Fengzhen Li Valeria Ponomareva Iliya Lagunov Samer El Hayek intern engineer of Environmental Protection master student architect, PhD student of sociology, assistant of project manager architect-designer Les Ateliers Internationaly de Cergy-Pontiose OJSC “Irkutskgiprodornii” South China University architecture and urbanism department / FSUE Russian Scientific Research and Design InIn Datail Corp - Zoul Mousbeh Paris. France Irkutsk. Russia Guangzhou. China IrkutskIrkutsk State Technical University InstituteInstitute of Urbanistics Jonnieh. Lebanon Irkutsk.Irkutsk. RussiaRussia Sankt-Petesburg.St-Petesburg. Russia Russia I became deeply interested in urban I graduated from ISTU, my speciality is I am proud of taking part in such a great II am a 25 year year old old Lebanese Lebanese architect architect planning issues when living in Vietnam in environmentalist. I’m working in the public workshop that I never had in China before. Work of research project concern- Hi Everybody! I’m Iliya from Sankt & designer. I took part of Winter UniversityUniversity 22 2009/2010. After finishing my Master in corporation Irkustk Giprodornii in the Though language is a big problem for me, inging sociological aspect of urban open Petersburg. Now I study and work in Urban years ago as a participant and enjoyedenjoyed thisthis Political Sciences and Public Administra- Departemnt of Urban Planning. I like my i have met a lot of frindly foreign and local spaces. Currently following student’s Planning oganization. I like active sports, experience so much that i decided to comecome tion I started to working with Les Ateliers job very much and I want to proceed in it Russian people here. They helped and urban research projects up. In 2004-2005 hard techno music and delicious food. I’m back as an assistant. TheThe diversity of views in in Paris on the topic of the metropolitan and to develop this sphere as a science thaught me a lot, I hope that our team will participated in WU and Les Ateliers in very glad to participate in WU because I Winter University and the various urban ap-- landscape. I’m courious and ready for not only in Russia.To keep fit I snowboard, be a great one! Cergy-Pontiose. likelike travelling. proaches caught my heart since they allow adventures! ice-skating, skate or ride a bicycle. me to evolve, as an architect, and perceiveperceive my work outside the shell of architecture, placing it in the city as a whole.whole.

Vanessa Maroun Evgenia Krayneva Elena Nikitina Zofia Basista Albrecht Degering Andrei Kostyuchenko student student Phd student juniorjunior architect-urbanistarchitect-urbanist PhD student, architect territorial enigineer Holy Spirit University (Usek) Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering / Institute of architecture and design / COOPARCH-RU scrl TU Dresden Territorial Information Systems and Urban in Kaslik Irkutsk State Technical University Siberian Federal University Brussels Dresden. Germany Planning Modeling Agency, close corporation Beirut. Lebanon Irkutsk. Russia Krasnoyarsk. Russia Poland/Belgium “Peterburgskiy NIPIGrad” I’mI’m architect from from Germany, Germany, I’m I’m 26 26 and and Sankt-Petesburg.St-Petesburg. Russia Russia Coming from a country as small as When I learned about the Winter I am an architect from Krasnoyarsk, I am a I’mI’m architect and town planner - grew recently moved to Irkutsk. Irkutsk. Additionally Additionally I I have have Lebanon, I found the idea of spending three University, I saw a completely different PhD student and assistant of Urban Planning up in Poland, working in Belgium, spending my very own office, wherewhere I’mI’m doingdoing different different Since February of 2009 until now I workwork weeks in the largest country in the world: world. It is a work in teams, experience Department at Siberian Federal University my free time in Siberia... projects in architecture and urban urban design design as an engineer in the Territorial Information Russia (and not anywhere, in Siberia) would of experts from different areas, ability to Institute od Architecture and Design. My thesis I’m fascinated by the city as a human as well as wb andand printprint design.design. 44 yearsyears ago ago I I Systems and Urban Planning Modeling be the experience of a lifetime, facing a cold decide and create the future - our future. is about urban squares.I travelled a lot, it is very creation - in my work, my travels, my participated at Winter University, andand directlydirectly felt felt Agency. I’m concentrated on the city trans-- weather, meeting new people... Being far But only now, when I became a participant usefull for my work and my experience. It is everyday citylife. lovelove with thethe city.city. Now,Now, it’sit’s thethe 3rd3rd time time for for me me port system research, also on holding away from home is not easy but I didn’t feel in the session, I understood we are one really great to be a participant of WU. as an assistant. I’m waitingwaiting forfor threethree weeksweeks of of internationalinternational urban planning conferences. it with the team work at the morning and the big family. We overcome the difficulties, collective and constructive work inin thethe teams.teams. InIn February of 2011 II tooktook partpart inin thethe WinterWinter evening with friends. I must admit that a very extreme conditions, cold, and we become Lets’s make Irkutsk a betterbetter place!place! University as a participant. In future I wantwant toto dear friend was right when he said that WU is stronger together. Winter University lives in develop and improve urban planning work- more than experience, it’s a family. us. shops in Russia and on the international international level,level, and to take partpart inin WU.WU. 68 PART 4 FACEBOOK

Helpers

Daria Finakova Valeria Vorobyova Grigory Malechko student / Institute of Architecture and student / Institute of Architecture and student / Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Bratsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Alina Maryasova Maria Kobylina Valeria Nuyanzina student / Institute of Architecture and student / Institute of Architecture and student / Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Anastasiya Lipkina Balma Tsyrenova Oleg Uvarov student / Institute of Architecture and student / Institute of Architecture and student / Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Civil Engineering ISTU Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

◄ Dmitry Ilin student / Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering ISTU Irkutsk. Russia 69

Translators

Vera Levina Anna Tomysheva student student Irkutsk State Linguistic University Irkutsk State Linguistic University Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

20 years old, the 4th year student of 21 years old, the 4th year student of the the Irkutsk State Linguistic University. Irkutsk State Linguistic University. I study I am going to be a translator or an English, German, Spanish and Korean. The interpreter so participating in such an even best experience of my life is driving trough is a great experience for me. the US by car for a month. I like ferrets.

Elena Bubeeva Ekaterina Shumakova student senior teacher at the department for Irkutsk State Linguistic University «Translation, Translation Studies and Irkutsk. Russia Intercultural Communication / Irkutsk State Linguistic University 21 years old, the 4th year student of Irkutsk. Russia the Irkutsk State Linguistic University. I study English, German and French. Member of Translators Association of I’m fond of travelling, ice skating and art. the Irkutsk region. Have been working as an This workshop is a great experience interpreter at the Baikal Economic Forum in for my professional activity. 2008, during the installation and opening of the exhibition of Henry Moore in the Irkutsk Art Museum in 2007. Since 2009 - a translator of the Baikal Psychoanalytic Association. Author of several scientific articles and manuals concerning the transfer. 70 PART 5 main events

STRATAGEMA With the help of this game the WU participants got a chance to master the strategic planning

On the 5th of February the participants of the 13th WU session entered the first stage of imitating play-training “STRATA- GEMA”. The action took place in the industrial park of the Irkutsk State Techni- cal University Research Institute. The idea of holding this game was introduced by Alexander Karpov, new WU juror and head of the CoEx “EKOM” in Saint-Petersburg. As for the history of “STRATAGEMA” game it was firstly worked out by the Austrian scientists. And now it successfully works in the Saint-Petersburg universities! The participants of this workshop modeled the work of the Minister’s Cabi- net of a small country, which they have to put in the first flight in the nearest 50 years. The team’s task didn’t consist in one-sided gradual growth, but the aim was a crisis-free, unproblematic and comfortable for the population development. Here we speak about the practical understanding; our aim is to show how the things are going in practice, what a they worked out new models of country enough to make the strategic decisions. sustainable development of the country is economy) and then it gave the results. But from the WU participants I’m waiting and how it works. This game-training is based on those for the reorganization of their thinking in The game was organized with the help mechanisms which are typical for the real the way of more global mechanisms of our of special computer support. A program economic situation. world”. processed the team’s decisions (when “Our participants work out five-year Eugeniya Prelovskaya, participant of plan decisions and they get the results. this session and the 4th year student of Then they are given the initial conditions for Mechanical Engineering and Transporta- the next round. The basic data is the same tion Institute confirms that this very training for each team. In 10 cycles the participants was very useful for the team work spirit in have to lead their country to the prosper- the beginning of the workshop. ity and wellbeing”, — says Alexander “We have to work out the model of sus- Karpov. The gamers are going to face the tainable development of the country where problem of resource deficiency, but with you can find not only effective combination the help of some guidelines they will take of economic and ecological aspects but the decisions concerning the resource also transport interchanges and building. distribution. Also they have to take into To my mind this principle resembles popu- consideration the influence of this distribu- lar computer strategy War Craft. It was very tion on the economic, socio-demographic useful for our team, because we learned and ecological factors. There is no direct how to work together and just knew each connection between the urban planning, other better”. but it introduces broader prospects”. «STRATAGEMA” was organized to According to the Alexander Karpov’s check different decisions by experimenta- recollections, in the period of game ap- tion. Such kind of experience can help to pearance in Russia the first gamers were work out the real policy of urban planning the leaders of ecological movements. In tasks (without taking into consideration the spite of their good professional experi- creativity of some ideas) and it also can ence, they withdrew this game, ruining help to face the side effects of obvious and their game-country. “They were not strong the only correct decisions. 71 72 PART 5 main events

International scientific- practical symposium In the Frame of the International Baikal Winter University of Urban Planning Design

13 experts from different countries do not exist. But, at the same time, they and estate prices are lower, which leads gave us some suburb development are an alternative, a promise of a beauti- to the area building development and schemes in their presentations. ful new world.” reclamation of its cheapest plots. This Fyodor Kudryavtsev, head of the Nabil Menhem, architect and way, the dependence on the traditional urban planning research laboratory in urban planner from Beirut (Lebanon), center is getting weaker, diminishing its the Moscow Architecture Institute, stated has a great working experience with importance. In Riyadh, creation of small that suburbanization is emerging of a governmental organizations and private districts (2 by 2 km2) was implemented. new lifestyle. sector. In different years, he participated These were a kind of tiny poles with “The process of suburbanization in the transport network development certain infrastructure. Over some period is diverse in different countries: the and urban planning of such cities as of time, they were developing success- environment of one-storey America Colombo (Sri-Lanka), Riyadh (Saudi fully, but when the population content of developing in terms of free territories Arabia), Bagdad (Iraq) etc. the district reached 70%, people began and highways differs from the European “While concentration and densifying moving.” model. However, in all the cases, the dis- are considered as natural antidote for Nabil Menhem noted that the appearance of a city and its well-defined uncontrolled building development, they topic of the International Baikal Winter boundaries is observed. Suburbs are seem to be out-of-date means. The Urban Planning University 13th session, formed off the authorities and, actually, reality is more obvious in the suburban Sustainable Suburban Development of off the settlements, in some sense, they territories where there is a lot of land Irkutsk, should be considered in a larger 73

sense, in the context of such towns as important role. To solve the problem of without the knowledge of urban planning Angarsk and Shelekhov that are becom- roads in the suburbs, a complete street bodies. The work of the participants of ing an agglomeration. scheme could be used. Currently, a law the year 2012 is an opportunity to un- In the course of the workshop a has been passed in the USA, due to derstand the process of suburbanization representative of the American transport which no street and no boulevard could better to create a general project of the school from the Architecture and Urban be considered proper if they do not pro- Irkutsk development. Planning University at Buffalo, Daniel vide safety for all the participants of the Hess, told about the complete streets traffic: pedestrians, cyclists, private and existing in the USA that could improve public transport means. On this purpose, the interaction between transport and the surface of the roads is leveled, the land-use. convenient parking lots are created and “I teach transport planning and city the efficient boundaries with the public history, these both subjects are closely transport are defined.” associated with suburbanization. Today, During the discussion of the ways of it is characterized by low population suburban development, the international density and low-rise buildings. In this experts coincided that suburbanization frame, public transport network does not is an unplanned process that takes place function well; private transport plays an on the basis of an individual decision 74 PART 5 main events

Suburbanization in Russia: new lifestyle plans

and local railways. However, in all cases an attribute of a new lifestyle supposing a we can speak about the disappearance permanent residence in the countryside. of a compact city with clear limits of a separate settlement unit. Old cities have The development of Moscow ag- vanished in amorphous by structure glomeration shows some signs corrobo- and homogeneous by spatial environ- rating this supposition: ment low density development that has become a new residence for the majority Variety of suburbanization forms: of population. new cottage settlements in place of agricultural lands; lawn-and-garden Decrease of natural landscape area, associations with capital structures built rise of individual transport role and par- regardless their location in agricultural tial degradation of old city areas became lands; houses in holiday villages made main negative consequences of these for permanent residence; rustic huts changes. used as summer cottages, etc.

We can see differences from Russia Preservation of the role of roads Fedor Kudryavzev already here: in our country fortified walls and railways as axes with new suburban Candidate of Architecture / were not city boundaries as Europeans areas are being developed along. Head of The Laboratory of urban development see it. Suburbs of a city alternated with studies / Urban Development department / agricultural lands, groves, etc., made Keeping flats in the city if there is a Institute of Architecture boundaries between natural and ur- country house or removal to suburbs Moscow. Russia banized landscapes quite unstable. It mainly of older generations, not of fami- is more exactly to speak about a high lies with children. integration degree of anthropogenic and natural components (nevertheless it did Simultaneous spread not only of Swift transformation of areas around not exclude negative impact of human suburbanized territories, but also of new cities that only recently gladdened city economic activities as felling, water Moscow districts and Moscow area cit- dwellers with fields and forests into a pollution, etc.). Later on environmental ies, often as isolated units. conglomerate of different functions types intermediate between city and vil- from cottages to storehouses make us lage were made up with holiday villages think about the core and direction of this and lawn-and-garden associations, process in Russia and about the depth of maybe urban-type settlements or col- changes in people’s lifestyle that are the lective farm centres. reason for it. Is it just a change of a shape of build-up and free areas constantly Another important difference con- occurring at city boundary or a decisive sists in seasonal migrations between passage to a new settlement pattern that urban and suburban areas that are supposes entirely different from those characteristic not only of nowadays, but that we had in previous ten years town also of previous epochs: it is enough to planning principles including type of remember noble families’ removal to influence on environment? their city house for winter or seasonal work of peasants. The point of suburbanization process seems to be obvious, but this process is Thus it may be supposed that in not the same in different countries: the western countries suburbanization has environment of «one-storey America» been developing as an alternative to that has been developing under condi- urban environment, in Russia as habitual tions of free areas and motorways differs pattern «in winter — flat in city, in sum- from the European one with a network mer — cottage in the country», as well as of historical and new cities, high-speed 75

In most cases move of Moscow tlement dwellers juristically are Moscow dwellers to suburbs is a forced measure residents, etc. And this leads to a social aimed at getting their own accommoda- infrastructure of municipal units that is tion. Often this accommodation is not not capable of providing a quality service a detached house, but a flat in a multi- in new suburb areas. storeyed building. As a result, there is a risk to repeat Appearance of so-called «distant one and the same negative scheme: country cottages» — country houses concentration of construction in subur- situated in neighbouring and more ban area — building-up all the free area remote regions intended for recurrent in its limits. In consequence of it natural residence without daily business trips to landscape and area reserves for building the capital — as reaction to worsening of transport and engineering infrastructure living conditions near Moscow. are getting destruct. Living conditions, in their turn, are getting worse. For lack of purposeful regulation policy of Moscow suburbs development as a New natural landscapes more re- united planning zone, differently directed mote from cities are being built up and suburbanization trends result in a chaotic will degrade with a time. Everyone wants and fragmentary planning structure of to have his own «peace of nature», and it settlements, gradual disappearance of leads to a situation when nobody has it. already established cultural landscapes We can suppose that a consequence of and damage to natural areas. this scheme will be a change of social attitude to surrounding landscape as such: Unlike western suburbia develop- from openness and desire to be a part with a permanent residence in a cottage, ment, the Russian one is not supported of it that becomes apparent in planning but on development of a traditional and by an adequate transport infrastructure structure of villages to a whole close- natural for our culture and climate pat- development, as a result new settle- ness and indifference that are shown by tern «city — country house». ment units are concentrated near old secured communities. highways like tree leaves on a branch This programme is to include such decreasing so low cohesion of network In this way, preservation of balance components as transfer from a complex of streets and preventing it from future between natural and anthropogenic area development to a complex devel- development. landscapes in suburbs of big cities is a opment of settlements; enclosure of subject of nature conservation measures communities ban; road network devel- Owing to peculiarities of Russian and town planning regulations, but it has opment; transformation of some natural legislation, in spite of evident territory to be a part of a larger programme of landscapes to suburban parks; and one changes, everything stays the same in formation of a certain lifestyle that makes of the most important components — the documents: lawn-and-garden it possible to live both in natural environ- creation of a safe and comfortable city associations’ areas continue to be a ment and in urban one. It seems neces- where dwellers would feel like home, not part of agricultural lands; cottage set- sary to focus not on «classic» suburbia like guests. 76 PART 5 main events

Suburbanization: ecology of suburban settlements

• 2 Swiss cantons (Geneva, Vaud), 2 So the future development has to tar- French departments (Ain, Haute-Savoie) get a growing proximity of work and hous- • 210 municipalities ing and well-directed investments in public • 1 area of 2000 sq km (like Paris or transport, while ensuring the attractivity of London) the territory. • 1 population of 880 000 inhabitants • 1 pool of 400 000 jobs The programme The cross-border conurbation is characterized by a high percentage of com- To prepare the future sustainable muters between the Swiss territory, where development a shared project has been are located most of the job opportunities, set up, including Swiss and French admin- and the French territory, with lower housing istrations, called « Projet d’agglomeration costs. Every day about 500.000 people franco-valdo-genevois». pass the border. The administration foresees a develop- The project is based on three steps: ment of the territory until 2030 of 200 000 1) Setting up a common memorandum Christian Horn more habitants and 100 000 more jobs. signed in 2007 by 18 Swiss and French the CEO of the Re-think office of the built With the ongoing trend of suburbanization partners environment and spatial separation of work and hous- 2) Realization of local and thematic Paris. France ing, the actual transport infrastructure studies with a focus on important axis would be incapable to absorb the ad- and centres. Each study implicates three Suburbanization is used to describe ditional traffic volume and life quality of multidisciplinary teams working in dialogue the growth of areas on the fringes of major the commuters and habitants would be with the local actors. cities. It describes an urban development strongly influenced. Necessary invest- 3) Consolidation and adjustment of that had been strongly accelerated by the ments in road infrastructure would not be the different local and thematic studies in automobile as a general commodity. First financially feasible. a general planning scheme. seen as a positive development of occi- dental cities, it became in the last decades a major concern in the context of the need for sustainability and life quality of cities. Suburbanization takes place today in most major cities worldwide. This abstract describes an initiative of the agglomeration of Geneva to analyse, understand and influence the future development of the agglomeration and redirect the ongoing suburbanization taking place in the agglomeration. It is not to be taken as a direct comparison with the situation of Irkutsk, but as a case study contributing to the debate.

The situation

Geneva is the main city of a cross- border conurbation at the junction between Switzerland (7.5m inhabitants) and France’s Rhone-Alpes Region (6m inhabitants). 77

In this process, step two has been will be aiming at qualitative implementation particularly is important for federating the of density, with nature never far away. local, international, private and public actors behind a shared project. Agriculture, nature and landscape Landscape quality is among the 1) Each study is carried out in two conurbation’s major assets. Guiding its stages by three multidisciplinary teams transformation, along with that of its ur- chosen by an international call for tenders, banisation and transport systems is thus a with each coming up with one or more core part of the urban project. The choice urban scenarios. of compact, land-frugal urbanisation will enable preservation of open spaces while 2) Each test study is piloted by a ‘col- accommodating the demands of agricul- lege’ of politicians, international experts ture, nature and landscape and offering and local professionals, with real backing citydwellers countryside that is close and from the administrative departments accessible. ence the process, a general awareness of concerned. The professionals are in the this subject by all local actors is necessary majority and oversee the works. Efficient public transport together with a shared project. A shared Large-scale investment is required to project based on a general scheme, with 3) At each step of the test studies, set up a sophisticated transport system detailed information on important zones of dialogue with civil society takes place appropriate to the scale of the conurba- development. The work of the participants in the form of ‘round tables’ allowing for tion: a regional rail network, tram routes, in the winter workshop 2012 is an occasion advanced discussion of projects. The test fast buses, feeder routes, interfaces, P+R for a better understanding of the subur- study concludes with a presentation and and B+R. banisation and a debate leading. an exhibition in one of the municipalities concerned. Priority for alternative travel modes A major alternative travel mode programme will be implemented to optimise Geneva conditions for pedestrians and two-wheel agglomeration users: high quality public spaces; safe, 2030 comfortable networks; traversing of gaps; efficient interfaces with public transport. The development plan for the agglomeration until 2030 is based on the following guidelines: Irkutsk Winter University Unity, cohesion, fairness 2012 The cross-border conurbation will be compact, multipolar and ecological. Urban Suburbanisation is not a planned development will take place in regional process. It happens every day, based on centres and on cross-border axes well individual and local decisions, mostly with- served by public and alternative transport. out the knowledge of the general planning The diverse urban forms of the 21st century commissions. To accompany and influ- 78 PART 5 main events

Return of landscape. Challenges in sustainable Planning

planning, historic preservation or urban For several years, living in the inner agriculture and forestry are in demand. So cities is everywhere being rediscovered. far, the measures taken, however, are char- However, new urban solutions are needed acterized by a technical approach that falls to satisfy the needs of inner city greenery, short. Rather, social and political issues offering private living spaces with direct ac- have to be tackled, such as consumption cess to open space, as space for relaxing patterns, lifestyles and behavioral change, and appropriation. In a globalized, technical that will lead out the considerations to a world, the longing for sensual, haptic per- more environmentally conscious planning ceptual spaces and the urban environment, and ecological construction from the the desire for deceleration is growing. At shadows. What we need is a discussion this point people do not wait any until we of a new urban-rural relationship, which is planner develop and finally agree on new centered on the question of the future of concepts, including guidelines and then cities and their landscapes. try to implement. No, the city dwellers fulfuil But from another side, the theme their basic needs in the urban environment of urban open spaces comes into the themselves — to mention here the phe- picture, too. Economic recession and de- nomena of temporary gardens, seasonal Barbara Engel mographic change point to limits to growth bars and recreational events or the guerilla Urban planner, City Development Office / and demand new urban models. A change gardening activities and others. Member of the architecture chamber of Berlin in thinking, a „departure“ is necessary from The described phenomena and Dresden. Germany such concepts, which set urban develop- developments suggest that landscape ment equal with quantitative growth. At architecture is no longer what it once this moment we are seeking help at the was. Landscape architects are no longer Return of the landscape — that was landscapers, to handle the growing void — responsible for ensuring that it is «a little the title of an exhibition curated by the open space — in the cities. Can landscape is good,» they are not only responsible for Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin 2010. The architecture concepts, where built struc- the operation of any desires, of the archi- focus of the discussion were urban plan- tures, architecture and urban structures tect, conservationist or walker, or even to ning strategies in the 20th Century and the fail, develop new conceptions, formative hide design errors. It is not their main issue search for new approaches: to dedevelop image as connecting platform, bringing to sell the garden — nature, landscape, the city of the 21st Century with taken into together divergent relicts of former playing selling it as a comfort-giving panacea. account the natural ressources and urban together structures such as buildings into a The landscape architecture already landscapes — with creative, sustainable viable new entity? emancipated and goes its own way. Narrow- solutions and a new, emotional approach. The following article shows with the Dresden case some new planning strategies and conceptions which reflect the new relationship between city and landscape.

Need of: paradigm shift of planning

The threatening, or you have to say, the existing climate catastrophe and knowledge of limited natural resources lead to a greater reflection on the use of landscape in the urbanized world. Here the local level, the responsibility of municipalities on climate protection and adaptation to climate change, plays a crucial part — innovative approaches to transportation and land use 79

Illustration 2: New Image and quality: the Landscape

Illustration 1: Conceptional Plan. Inner Planning Strategy Sresden Established shall a new neighborhood for living and working, provided with a so- ing the discipline, whether on environmental growth coefficient is seen as an opportu- called Central Park, which is surrounded or social or artistic elements is a too short nity to develop quality city with less density, by a structural frame.. Gradually, the plan consideration. Innovative landscape design while higher (free space), and therefore may be implemented, the transformation must focus on diversity and complexity. It’s provide is a principle of graded densities. begins with small steps such as cleaning about the design of public spaces, envi- Dresden is — together with eight other up the free space, making links of ways ronmental protection, regional planning, municipalities and four research institutes for pedestrians and cyclists. The existing agriculture and forestry and the control partner in an INTERREG IVC project that buildings will be preserved and integrated of natural resources. The combination of deals with the exchange of planning strat- into the new neighborhood structures. The approaches to yield to a new definition of egies and joint concept development of new address is created by the quality of freedom for the sustainable city. Needed is brownfields. The so-called B-TEAM Task open spaces, not achieved through the not only a new thinking of new landscape, Force meet in turn in each city to work out building structures. but to especially the city, the urban model for a selected district policy recommenda- of civilization. Perhaps the landscape plan tions that are subsequently resolved po- will do a pioneering force in urban planning? litically with a so-called brownfield Pledge. Wildernis in the City. New The view of specialists allows new per- positions of landscape archi- spectives from the outside, can be gener- tecture Projects and conceptions ated which new planning approaches. An essential component of the project is the Wildernis in the city — New positions Planning Policies in Dresden refer to careful documentation of results in order to in landscape architecture. Updating of the the above mentioned phenomena. The communicate the strategies of an informa- city’s architecture through the medium of new planning approaches range from tion platform to other municipalities. landscape architecture. This is a serious of city wide planning strategies, over master events and lecutres, lead and organised by plans to new communication formats. the city planning office in Dresden together Some are presented below: Transformation Robotoron with the Saxon Academy of Fine Arts which Area: Linger Park City discusses the meaning and potentials of open spaces in Dresden for the city de- Framework for development: Another project is the area of the velopment. The focus is on areas for which The Inner Planning Strategy former factory of Robotron electronics, the mid term perspective is not to build up which is located in proximity to the historic but to qualify the open spaces. Experts are The Inner City Planning Strategy city center, vis a vis the Town Hall, close to invited to evening lectures where they pre- which was approved, in 2008 by the City the central park of the adjacent Grosser sent their position on the issue of landscape Council gives clearly priority to the innere Garten. It is the area of the historic area architecture and planning. Prior to the developemnt. With 8 theses such as aim Pirnaische Vorstadt, a city district, which evening presentations public walking tours of mixed city with short distnandes and the was located outside the city walls and was are offered along brownfield sites, where framework for any urban and architectural also heavily damaged in the war. In the the speaker discusses with the participants development is defined. A special focus is 60s and 70s came here the voluminous the problems and potentials of the open also on the development of open spaces. solitary buildings of electronics Robotron, spaces. This refers to the discovery and On the one hand, the existing open spaces the center of the computer industry in the appreciation of open spaces and waste should be improved and adequate supply GDR and 15-storey residential towers. lands and the question how can short- of green spaces be provided in key areas. In contrast to the result of a competi- term access and interim uses and designs In addition, the green islands are linked in tion from the 90s, which provided for a achieved and implemented. the city, so that the green space is expe- maximum compaction of the site with of- rienced as ganzheilicher. A current (only) fice and retail buildings, the district will now moderate economic and demographic be organized differently in density and use. 8280 ЧАСТЬЧАСТЬPART 5 45 FACEBOOKFACEBOOK

Experts

Jean-MichelAlexander Mikhailov Guenod AndreyBarbara Bolshakov Engel VladimirChristian Nechitailo Horn CounsellorProfessor of Russian emeritus Academy at the High of ArchitectureSchool UrbanDoctor planner, of Architecture City Development / Professor Office / / the CEO ofAssosiate the Re-think professor office of the built and Buildingof Economics Sciences and /Business Professor / the/Department CEO MemberHead of of the the Department architecture of chamber the Architecture of Berlin Department of Architecturalenvironment design / Irkutsk ofof Management the Institute ofby the transport City and / Irkutsk Territories State and Urban planningDresden. / Irkutsk Germany State Technical State TechnicalParis. France University TechnicalParis. France University University Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

AndreyJuryi Trukhachev Krasilnikov MikhailAndrey PetrovichMakarov AlexanderVladimir Stegaylo Karpov Counsellor of RussianChief architectAcademy of Architecture PresidentPresident of theof the Non-profit Board of SROpartnership NP «Baikal National Director of architecturalDirector studio «Archcenter» and BuildingCJSC Sciences «ZhilGorProject» / Director of scientific SocietyUrban of Architects planner’s and Guild Engineers» / at the centreIrkutsk. of examinations Russia ECOM production associationIrkutsk. «SouthRussia Urban planning leading spesialistIrkutsk. at the PeterburgskiiRussia NIPIgrad St-Petersburg. Russia center» St-Petersburg. Russia Rostov-on-Don. Russia

AlexanderVladimir Chubuk Klevakin AlexanderSvetlana Seredenkina Kolesnikov OlegElena Pachenkov Naumova AssociateDeputy Director professor of direction / Candidate for Environmentalof Architecture AdviserCandidate of Department of Architecture of Land provision / Chief architectPhD social of the scientist Irkutsk / region NovosibirskProtection State and Academy Ecological of Architecture Safety of and Headand ofconstruction the planning of workshopthe Ministry in ofthe Property research deputyIrkutsk. director Russia at CISR housing and Civilcommunal Engineering services of Irkutsk Relations ofinstitute the Irkutsk region St-Petersburg. Russia Novosibirsk.Administration Russia Moscow.Irkutsk. Russia Russia Irkutsk. Russia 82 ЧАСТЬЧАСТЬ 45 FACEBOOK 81

Experts

Alexander Mikhailov Andrey Bolshakov Vladimir Nechitailo Riichi Miyake Dang Anrong El Cheikh Nabil Menhem Counsellor of Russian Academy of Architecture Doctor of Architecture / Professor / Assosiate professor Professor Professor Architect, Urban planner and Building Sciences / Professor /Department Head of the Department of the Architecture Department of Architectural design / Irkutsk Fuji Women’s University School of Archtecture / Tsinghua University Beirut. Lebanon of Management by transport / Irkutsk State and Urban planning / Irkutsk State Technical State Technical University Sapporo. Japan Beijing. China Technical University University Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Andrey Krasilnikov Andrey Makarov Vladimir Stegaylo Fedor Kudryavzev Daniel Baldwin Hess Nikolai Smirnov Chief architect President of the Board of SRO NP «Baikal Director of architectural studio «Archcenter» Candidate of Architecture / PhD / Associate Professor / Department of Supervisor of the session CJSC «ZhilGorProject» Society of Architects and Engineers» Irkutsk. Russia Head of The Laboratory of urban development Urban and Regional Planning / School of of Winter University / Main specialist of Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia studies / Urban Development department / Architecture and Planning / University at Buffalo Urban Planning Design Department, OJSC Institute of Architecture /State University of New York «Irkutskgipridornii» Moscow. Russia New York. USA Irkutsk. Russia

Vladimir Chubuk Svetlana Seredenkina Elena Naumova Vladimir Rasputin Igor Kozak Elena Grigoryeva Deputy Director of direction for Environmental Adviser of Department of Land provision Chief architect of the Irkutsk region Chief architect of the Irkutsk oblast Chairman of the Board of Irkutsk branch of the Vice president of Russian Union of Architects / Protection and Ecological Safety of and construction of the Ministry of Property Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia NGO Russian Union of Architects Corresponding Member of Russian Academy housing and communal services of Irkutsk Relations of the Irkutsk region Irkutsk. Russia of Architecture and Building Sciences Administration Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia 82 PART 5 FACEBOOK

Experts

Alexander Mikhailov Andrey Bolshakov Vladimir Nechitailo Counsellor of Russian Academy of Architecture Doctor of Architecture / Professor / Assosiate professor and Building Sciences / Professor /Department Head of the Department of the Architecture Department of Architectural design / Irkutsk of Management by transport / Irkutsk State and Urban planning / Irkutsk State Technical State Technical University Technical University University Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Andrey Krasilnikov Andrey Makarov Vladimir Stegaylo Chief architect President of the Board of SRO NP «Baikal Director of architectural studio «Archcenter» CJSC «ZhilGorProject» Society of Architects and Engineers» Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Vladimir Chubuk Svetlana Seredenkina Elena Naumova Deputy Director of direction for Environmental Adviser of Department of Land provision Chief architect of the Irkutsk region Protection and Ecological Safety of and construction of the Ministry of Property Irkutsk. Russia housing and communal services of Irkutsk Relations of the Irkutsk region Administration Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia 83

Nikolai Zukovskiy Ivan Khomutinnikov Mikhail Rozhanskiy Architect-urban planner / Director, Deputy director for Urban Policy FGG «Novyi Director «Architectural office N.L. Zhukovskogo» Gorod» / CEO of the LLC «Baikal Engineering of the INPO «Center for Independent Social Irkutsk. Russia company» Research and Education» Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Elena Khazikova Ruslan Khotulev Galina Sarapulova Chief architect of the Project / Urban Planning Chief architect of the Project / OJSC D.S. / Professor Academician of IAEMNPS Design Department / OJSC «Irkutskgipridornii» «Irkutskgipridornii» and European Academy of Natural History Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia

Evgenia Pulyaevskaya Nikolai Rusanovskiy Alexey Levashev Candidate of Architecture / Assosiate professor Chief architect of the Project / Ltd. design Candidate of Technical Science / Assosiate / Department of the Architecture and Urban institute «Sibgiprostroi» professor / Department of Management and planning / Irkutsk State Technical University Irkutsk. Russia Logistic / Irkutsk State Technical University Irkutsk. Russia Irkutsk. Russia 84 PART 6 PHOTOgallery

Opening and presentation of homeworks 85

Excursions 86 PART 6 PHOTOgallery

Labor everyday life 87 88 PART 6 PHOTOALBUM

Protection of presentations 89

Solemn closing of 13th sessions 90

Boris Litvinov The head of the International Winter University of Urban Planning and Design

Previously, Valery Kozlov, dean of the architec- bring together, to unite, to interest and to inspire ture department of the Irkutsk State University, and a sufficient number of different people of all the Boris Litvinov, historian of architecture and linguist, ages, working in multiple fields and having diverse has played a special role in creation of the Winter concerns. There was developed a creative ambi- University. The International Winter University of ence: intense, small-scale planning and research Urban Planning Design has already been existing work was combined with trips to the project spots, independently for 12 years. picnics on the Baikal, visits to the museums and The activity of the workshop is based on the different performances. experience of the summer workshops of the Euro- Mr. Litvinov has always been the life and the pean Urban Planning University where the original soul of all this. He could organize everything in such methods and strategies of the sessions tested over a way that all the difficulties were put aside and the the period of 29 years in different countries have results and the solved problems as well as unsolved been created. ones became clearer. The only impression he has In the past years, a stable image of the Winter always produced was the impression of festive University as a universal international training center mood. that does not have any counterparts in Russia The remembrance about him will always unite has been formed. For 12 years, Boris Litvinov has our further work, giving us hope to carry out the been and unchallenged head. He managed to tasks we are to fulfill.

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Отпечатано в Издательстве ФГБОУ ВПО «Иркутский государственный технический университет»

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