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R O O M D O C U M E Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety Global Partnerships for Chemical Safety Contributing to the 2020 Goal The Problem of Environmental Contamination by Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Russia and Ukraine: A Survey Submitted by: Olga Speranskaya, Head of Eco-Accord Program on chemical Safety, Eco-Accord, in partnership with MAma-86-Kharkov NGO (Ukraine) and Volgograd Ecopress NGO (Russia) RR OO OO MM DD OO CC UU MM EE NN TT July 2008 ECO-ACCORD Center for Environment and Sustainable Development Strojenije 5, 23, Podsosenski Per., 105062, Moscow, Russia Tel:+7.495.225-1619; Fax+7.495.225-1618 E-mail: [email protected] Program on Chemical Safety of Eco-Accord Centre in partnership with MAMA-86- Kharkov NGO (Ukraine) and Volgograd Ecopress NGO (Russia) THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION BY CADMIUM, LEAD AND MERCURY IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE: A SURVEY For further information contact: Olga Speranskaya Head of Eco-Accord Program on Chemical Safety [email protected] THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION BY CADMIUM, LEAD AND MERCURY IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE: A SURVEY This document provides a survey of data and information collected by different governmental, research and non-governmental organisations and pertaining to analysis of environmental contamination by heavy metals and their health impacts. The document provides information on sources of releases of cadmium, lead and mercury to the environment, routes of human exposure and eco-toxicity of these heavy metals, as well as data from analytical reports on levels of environmental contamination in Russia and Ukraine by heavy metals. The project incorporated a special study of environmental contamination in Volgograd, including identification of releases of heavy metals from specific pollution sources. The report contains description of hot spots of heavy metals pollution and provides a comparative analysis of pollution from different sources. Besides that, the survey provides a brief analysis of applicable international legal acts in the sphere of management of heavy metals, as well as recommendations on mitigation of adverse health and environment impacts of heavy metals. 2 The project was implemented by the Program on Chemical Safety of Eco-Accord Centre in partnership with MAMA-86-Kharkov NGO (Ukraine) and Volgograd Ecopress NGO (Russia). Eco-Accord expresses its particular gratitude to the following experts for their assistance in development of this Survey: Tsitser O.Yu., the Leading Specialist of the Russian Technical Supervisory Authority (Russia). Vasilieva E.A., the Head of Volgograd Ecopress NGO. Voronovich N.V., Candidate of Science (Engineering), an expert of the RF System for Certification of Analytical Laboratories. Yanin E.P., Candidate of Sciences (Geology), V.I.Vernadskiy GEOKhI. Laperdina T.G., Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry), the Laboratory of Ecological Geochemistry (Moscow). Tatsiy Yu.G., Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), the Laboratory of Ecological Geochemistry (Moscow). Treger Yu.A., Professor, Director of "Synthesis and Design Bureau" of the Ministry of Industry and Sciences of Russia. Revich B.A., Professor, the Centre of Demography and Human Ecology of the Institute of Forecasts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tsiguleva O.M., Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry), the Coordinator of Waste and Chemical Security Program of MAMA-86 Ukrainian National Environmental NGO. Timchyenko O.I., Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor, the Chief of the Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory of A.N. Morzeev Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (a State Entity). Omelchenko E.M., Candidate of Sciences (Medicine), the Senior Research Associate of the Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory of A.N. Morzeev Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (a State Entity). Belitskaya E.N., Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor, the Chief of the General Hygiene Chair of Dnepropetrovsk State Medical Academy. Glavatskaya V.I., Candidate of Sciences (Medicine), a lecturer of the General Hygiene Chair of Dnepropetrovsk State Medical Academy. Golovkova T.A., Candidate of Sciences (Medicine), a lecturer of the General Hygiene Chair of Dnepropetrovsk State Medical Academy. Vigovskaya A.P., Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), the Leading Research Associate of the Council for Study of Production Forces of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Shumilo A.M., Candidate of Sciences (Law), Associate Professor, the Chair of EcoPravo-Kharkov City NGO. 3 Introduction In September 2006, in Budapest, the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Security approved the " Budapest Statement on Mercury, Lead and Cadmium ". The document noted worldwide health and environmental impacts of mercury, lead and cadmium. The Statement listed ongoing and planned international actions to reduce risks associated with mercury, lead and cadmium, with a particular focus on the Global UNEP Program on Mercury and activities on the global assessment of cadmium and lead. The document stressed the need to discuss local, regional and global actions on mercury, lead and cadmium, with a particular focus on needs of developing countries and economies in transition1. The majority of participants of the Fifth Forum were inclined in favour of the urgent need of further global actions in connection with application of heavy metals. Some of them argued that lead and cadmium do not have transportation-related properties that could necessitate application of international actions, and these problems might be better addressed at local and regional levels. In contrast, some other participants emphasised that already available data and information on lead and cadmium justify their categorisation as "substances capable for long-range transfer", thus making international actions appropriate. At the Firth IFCS Session, some participants argued in favour of development of a legally binding international instrument or a global convention on mercury and other metals. Some participants argued in favour of partnerships as an efficient tool to address existing mercury-related problems. Many participants stressed the need to engage additional countries and NGOs into partnership initiatives for addressing problems associated with heavy metals. They referred to relevant technical and economic options and solutions for immediate actions on mercury. On November 16, 2007, as a follow-up of decisions of the Fifth Forum, in Bangkok, the first meeting of the Ad hoc Open Ended UNEP Working Group on Mercury (OEWG) was held. The experts intended to launch development of a global action plan to control mercury pollution. UNEP Governing Council provided mandate to OEWG for survey and assessment of existing international legal instruments and opportunities for adoption of voluntary measures to control mercury pollution. Based on results of Bangkok discussions, OEWG requested the UNEP Secretariat to develop the following materials for the second meeting: • to analyse, whether a new mercury instrument should be a protocol to the Stockholm Convention, or a separate voluntary agreement; and analyse further countries' opportunities to continue development of such instruments for control of mercury pollution. 1 IFCS Forum V, The Budapest Statement on Mercury, Lead and Cadmium, para. 10 (IFCS/FORUM- V/05w, Executive Summary , para. 10 (2006) http://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/forums/forum5/report/en/index.html ) 4 • to identify, what mercury control measures might be applied at the national level and what measures could benefit from coordinated international efforts, regardless their nature (legally binding instruments or voluntary agreements). NGOs believe that the second OEWG session would allow to shape further actions at the global level. They believe that development of a global agreement on mercury pollution control becomes really possible. In response to the Forum request on heavy metals, a background document2 was drafted, that analyses the need of coordinated international actions to protect human health and environment from adverse impacts of lead, mercury and cadmium that spread due to international trade in goods and wastes, containing these heavy metals. The background document explores whether trade may generate problems that cannot be addressed by individual countries, wtherer there problems could lead to international concerns and whether coordinated international actions are necessary to resolve them. The background document and the Sixth Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety will contribute into the broad discussion on heavy metals, scheduled for 2009 (in the course of the International Conference on Chemicals Management and 25th session of the UNEP Governing Council). In line with documents of the Fifth IFCS Session, results of efforts to develop a global agreement on mercury and the background document on the need of coordinated international actions on trade in goods and waste containing lead and cadmium, Eco- Accord initiated development of the survey on situation in the sphere of environmental pollution by mercury, lead and cadmium, including their health impacts, in Russia and Ukraine. LEAD, CADMIUM AND MERCURY: PRODUCTION AND TRADE Ukraine and Russia have a broad range of sources of non-ferrous metals, inc. lead and mercury. Besides that, both countries produce cadmium, secondary lead and mercury. Lead In terms of explored lead reserves, the EECCA countries share the first place in the World with 22.4%
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