liSliiillll:.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COlJ National Bureau of Standard.
NBS Special Publication 737
Towards a Tribology Information System
John Rumble, Jr. and Lewis Sibley, Editors m he National Bureau of Standards 1 was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research to assure international competitiveness and leadership of U.S. industry, science arid technology. NBS work involves development and transfer of measurements, standards and related science and technology, in support of continually improving U.S. productivity, product quality and reliability, innovation and underlying science and engineering. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering.
The National Measurement Laboratory
Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards2 coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, • Analytical Chemistry industry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; provides calibration services; and manages the National Standard Reference Data System. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:
The National Engineering Laboratory
Provides technology and technical services to the public and private sectors Applied Mathematics to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research Electronics and Electrical in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and Engineering2 maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this Manufacturing Engineering research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement Building Technology capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; Fire Research develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code Chemical Engineering 3 changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:
The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology
Conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Information Systems Engineering Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of Systems and Software computer technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government Technology operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), Computer Security relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by Systems and Network managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, Architecture developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal Advanced Computer Systems participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The Institute consists of the following divisions:
The Institute for Materials Science and Engineering
Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference • Ceramics materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information • Fracture and Deformation 3 fundamental to the processing, structure, properties and performance of • Polymers materials; addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials • Metallurgy technologies; plans research around cross-cutting scientific themes such as • Reactor Radiation nondestructive evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and nondestructive evaluation; and broadly disseminates generic technical information resulting from its programs. The Institute consists of the following Divisions:
'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Gaithcrsburg, MD 20899. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. 'Located at Boulder, CO, with some elements at Gaithersburg, MD Research Information Center National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 AJ/3S£. Oct Ob
to*, is-?
NBS Special Publication 737
Towards a Tribology Information System
The Results of a Planning Workshop Held at the
National Bureau of Standards, July-August, 1985
Editors:
John Rumble, Jr., National Bureau of Standards Lewis Sibley, Tribology Consultants, Inc.
Sponsored by:
The U.S. Department of Energy The American Society of Mechanical Engineers The National Bureau of Standards
December 1987
U.S. Department of Commerce C. William Verity, Secretary
National Bureau of Standards Ernest Ambler, Director Library of Congress U.S. Government Printing Office For sale by the Superintendent Catalog Card Number 87-€19902 Washington: 1987 of Documents, National Bureau of Standards U.S. Government Printing Office, Special Publication 737 Washington, DC 20402 Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 737 127 pages (December 1987) CODEN: XNBSAV
Some commercial products and services were cited by participants in the Workshop. In no event does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National* Bureau of Standards of a particular product or service; nor does it imply that a product is necessarily the best available for the purpose it serves. .
FOREWORD
This report summarizes the findings of a planning workshop at the National Bureau of Standards during July and August 1985. Participants included both tribologists and computer database specialists with the aim of building a Tribology Information System. The idea for the workshop arose from discussions involving the U.S. Department of Energy, the Energy Conservation and Utiliza- tion Technology Division, the Research Committee on Tribology of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Metallurgy Division, the Ceramics Division, and the Standard Reference Data Program of the National Bureau of Standards
This planning group for the workshop included:
ASME Research Committee on Tribology Lewis Sibley, Tribology Consultants, Inc. Marshall Peterson, Wear Sciences Corporation
National Bureau of Standards A. William Ruff, Metallurgy Division John Rumble, Standard Reference Data
Department of Energy Terry Levinson, Conservation and Utilization Technology Division Don Shafer, Los Alamos National Laboratory
We would like to thank Steven Danyluk of NBS and the University of Illinois at Chicago for his careful reading of this manuscript, and Jeanne Bride of NBS for her fine job in its preparation.
John Rumble Lew Sibley
iii
SUMMARY
A workshop was held in July 1985 to address the needs for a computerized tribology information and data system, as well as possible implementation schemes. The meeting was sponsored by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Research Committee on Tribology, the Department of Energy, Energy Conservation and Utilization Technology Division, and the National Bureau of Standards. The views of a broad sector of industry, academia, and government were obtained over a four-week period through participation by about 60 individuals. Specific categories that were treated were design, numeric data, bibliography, research in progress, newsletter, and product directory. The principal discussion content and the recommendations in each subject category are summarized here. There was general agreement that a system of this type would be broadly useful to the engineering community for the pur- pose of design and materials selection, and for the research community as an important aid in information access and flow.
The workshop recommendations detailed four phases of development, starting with a demonstration prototype system and concluding with a full-scale oper- ating data and information base. Specific plans in each phase and for each subject area were developed and are presented here. While continual input will be sought from the technical community to refine those plans, it is hoped that immediate efforts can begin in at least some of the areas, and that system use will quickly develop to a significant level, both nationally and internationally.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Summary v
Table of Contents vii
Part A - A Tribology Data System
1 . Background and Recommendations 1
2. Phase 1 - A Demonstration System 5 3. Phase 2 - A Prototype System 7 4. Phase 3 - An Operational System 11 5. Phase 4 - The Ideal System 15
Part B - The Tribology Data Workshop
6. Workshop Goals and Description 19 7. Design Codes Database 21 8. Numeric Database for Solid Tribological Materials 29 9. Numeric Database on Lubricants 33 10. Bibliographic Database 39 11. Products and Services Database M5 12. Research in Progress Database 53 13. Electronic Newsletter 57
Part C - The Technical Plan
1M. Overview 59 15. System Architecture 61 16. System Development Tasks 81 References 107 Appendix A - Workshop Participants 109 Appendix B - Workshop Agenda 113 Appendix C - Description of Design Codes 119 Epilogue 129
vii 1 PART A - A TRIBOLOGY DATA SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Tribology, the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion, has evolved from the classical fields of lubrication, friction, and wear. Those are among the oldest technologies involved in mechanical de- vices, dating back to 3500 B.C. Tribo-elements are components of virtually every mechanical system. The performance of these bearings, clutches, seals, and other elements vitally affects the ability to control motion and criti- cally influences the reliability, life, and energy efficiency of all systems.
Today, mechanical systems are called upon to be better in every respect: they must last longer, be more energy-efficient, and cost less to produce. To meet these demands, engineers have turned to a number of recently devel- oped tools, namely, advanced materials, computers, and new design and manu- facturing techniques. While substantial changes have taken place in the last decade, there are many more to come.
In July 1985, a workshop was held to address the impact computerized information systems could have in tribology. Six different types of informa- tion that both tribologists and mechanical product designers use in their work were identified and discussed. These were:
bibliographic "factual" data (numbers, graphs, etc.) software for design of tribological elements research in progress product directories informal information exchange (electronic mail, newsletters, etc.)
In each of these areas, it was determined that a computerized service which made this information more easily and comprehensively available would be of value to persons involved in tribological work. So convincing was this result that many organizations have already pledged support to bring the highest priority items into existence.
The workshop was built upon the recommendations of an earlier meeting [1] held in January 1985. At that meeting, a broad overview of tribology was presented. One recommendation was that information services for tribology be improved and set up to utilize the power of computers. Because the report from the January meeting covers the field thoroughly, this report will not repeat the background material but rather will limit its focus to the ques- tions and issues related to information services only.
The Research Committee on Tribology of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Energy Conservation and Utilization Technology Division of the Department of Energy acted upon the recommendation noted above. The National Bureau of Standards was asked to organize a wide representation of tribologists, information scientists, and database experts. The organization and makeup of the workshop are described more completely in Appendix A.
1 The following summarizes the recommendations of the workshop and the reports from six working groups. The appendices include a detailed work plan for the first two phases of the recommendation.
Recommendations
Two primary information services are recommended to meet the needs of the two communities for tribological information. For the general mechanical design community, a factual database of properties of lubricants and characteristics of tribological components will be developed by experts. Only the "best" values as designated by experts in the fields will be included.
For tribological designers and researchers, a comprehensive information service focused on computer design models as well as access to the research literature on tribology is needed. (See Table 1-1.)
The workshop also recommended the following four-phase plan:
Phase Major Goal
I Demonstration of design codes II Prototype system of factual data and design codes III Operational system of factual data and design codes IV Complete comprehensive tribology information system
Each phase of Table 1-1 represents a major difference in level of funding, goals, and commitment by the tribology community. Phase I is intended to be strictly a demonstration project, resulting in a small package of design codes and access capabilities that could be demonstrated at trade shows and other meetings.
The second phase requires a greater commitment. The results of this phase will be a prototype tribology data system that could be used as a working tool by part of the tribology community. It will contain factual data in several areas of tribology as well as several design codes available in a uniform way. It is possible that the total work effort could be separated at this point as resources and interests demand. The user community would be drawn from the area covered.
The third phase of the system would see the completion of a comprehensive operational system that would have appeal to the broad community, though full implementation would only be aimed at a few areas. At the end of this phase, a self-supporting system would be achieved.
The fourth and final stage would result in a full information system that would in essence provide complete access to the information that tribologists need to support their work. It would also include some expert system capa- bility to allow for better design and selection of tribological components.
2 — 11 1 l
to
HI CJ « 0) CLH o r— !_ CO 0 h- CO X3 CO J_ CO CP - c Q. c U 60 11 CP co CO C G CD ,— cj 4_) CP s. H -H T3 CO r— •o bo CD £ O o to 3 tp to CL (too to c co T3 3 X bO i_ m 4-> ro c c CO CP to to T3 to •o o o to c 3 CD C CP •a tp £. c o a, m 0) to co to CO !-> CO fO CP X > c to o CO CO o !_ "O a> •H fO CO x: 0) x: X) CP c t>_ to CP m i I X -o a. !_ £h a. c CP 5_
CO o to CO £ e CO X) to c CO 4-> o o x> cp
CO to E >> CO rH O to to CO a co O CO 00 < CD u x: u CL
>> bO co O E CO rH CO CP 3 o O s_ J_ o X3 IP co 3
> CO tO "O t. 3 co CO tO c 4J 0) CP CO co -C CO .c rH CP T3 3 rH CO rH CO c O CP rH n CO CO CO CP Q. 3 CO o cp a c X o C« 4-1 s- in CO CO to to CO CP !_ £ tO c« o CO jj to tO CJ o -o sz CO o c CP CP t_ CO to x: a. "O rH to 3 a co to o tp CU o to 4-J E CP CP -H co rH t_ in •a rH c co to S_ CO S_
4-> C H o to O H E 3 c •rH 00 CP CO (_ c •H l_ to >. o em au So ma to •H 4-> 60 o CP to to rH O rH t. to CO 4-> to CO tp CP •rH rH O o +J >> CO -C T3 3 O a trH c Jj >> CO a •P xa •tH c to c CO CO CO I_ CD H •u CP 3 o CP 4-> CP t. co t_ 4J to rH E CP rH TD CO > to o CP 4-> CO 3 C 4-> -C O •D •rH o a CO 4J •C o CO O (0 a. O V) rH a CO d-, c x: Cu Vh C £- o to rH c o 3 x> o CP o O •H i_ c CO CD £1 co to t. to 4-> V > CO to to c XT rH CO cO CO CO c o o tP s_ o CO to !_ CD CD E 0) £ •H to t- 4-> CO "O CD CP CO CD 3 O rH CP 4-> D. CP s_ > CD E cr S, X •H X> •a •H E s_ CO •o o to o I_ CO tp CO 3 a O o o o 00 CK > X> C\J O tl-, o < Da
60 H x: C 4-> oo •«H o x: 03 Oi o 4-> H « CO CU o to 03 X 03 CD M Vh CP CD ce CO jJ o a IT CD C o to o to t. CD C o to O H to o E CD CD 4J 00 a cp CO E CO C rH 2 O o a -a O X3 O CD < O o 3 o o •o Cd !_ H CO U CD 03 O O CP •H CP -H E-h C HU> 03 c CP CO > 0) "»H o c CO o CfH J* CO 4-> C o 03 rH tO 03 X3 s_ (h CP CP CD •H CO CO !-> 0) 1 o !_ o to O O C tO CO 3 CD 4-> CJ CP tO X O o O O jj CD CJ CO CD x: CO < 3 < CO 13 O O T3 rH 9 O a. > H Q 2 co CD to co CD CO 1 03 CO •o 4-> 1 03 o X) O tO 1 •H CO H CO o a i 4-> CD x; co J-> i C •rH a CL CD CO c >. i •»H CO t_ rH c0 o CO a to a to 1 to CP u I- CO 0) O 1 x: tp 4-> X3 to X3 CJ to rH 1 o u 4-> +3 CO to tH c o CP to O 1 t_ to 03 O CL +J to H J_ a XI 1 c0 o rH =! to •rH rH tO CD rH •rH 1 CD t. to TJ to XI o Q c to t- 1 03 a. O Q tp H o > H 1 CD CP i- CO Lu a CO 2 1 cc 2 0u 3 CHAPTER 2 PHASE 1 - A DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM As with any complex information system, a prototype model is worth its weight in gold. Consequently, it was decided that a demonstration version of a tribology design data system would be developed and used for the following: to demonstrate at technical meetings and workshops to aid in fundraising to sharpen the ideas for later versions to involve important players immediately To this end, a great deal of effort went into defining a set of capabilities that would allow for achieving the above goals yet could be accomplished in a reasonable time. Further, wherever possible, the demonstration would build upon existing capabilities. The resulting demonstration project summarized in Table 2-1 is intended to show a system that makes available several design codes, provides access to representative bibliographic and research- in- progress databases, and has an electronic mail function. The demonstration will be implemented on an IBM PC computer that has access through modems via a commercial communications network to outside computers. The design codes would be available for demon- stration purposes only. A maximum of five tribology design codes would be put up along with a small amount of numerical data on materials and lubricants properties. There would be no attempt to make the codes uniform, but the user would choose among the codes and would be responsible for knowing how to execute each code. The selection of the codes would be the responsibility of the project man- ager, who also will have to make all arrangements for their use. The menu development and computer work will be done at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Access to bibliographic databases would center on the DOE Energy database, Base Tribo, and Metadex, available on the Chemical Abstract Service network. This would be provided as an automatic dial-up and log-on capability through the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) and included as an option on the menu interface discussed above. A value-added network will be used for communications. In addition, the same communications linkages would be employed to provide access to the DOE Research in Progress database maintained at OSTI and an electronic mail capability on the OSTI VAX. system. The resulting demonstration package should be interesting enough to whet the appetites of the potential user community. The work itself will be done in such a way as to be extendable to later stages, as discussed in the following chapters. 5 ( 00 C 41 4-1 CO to to 40 x CO 9 4-1 to CO o a a> >> o. lb to a co s. o a 3 o. C -D i to o 41 bo •H c 4-> o 4-1 'iH o (0 »H 3 O 41 e i •o 3 co o c o 4) •H *j o 5_ CE 3 CD 1 a. 8 CO B co 0) *J 4) S- ft co bO >> 3 00 O I 4J 41 >> o .o iH s > ft -O o £ 3 4> bo to 0) 13 ft 3 i-H h O to O > o 4-> O 4-1 h t_ !_ *-> CP T3 a. >. 4-> 01 4-1 (0 o to rH to E 0) to c 0) 0) 3 o C c 4) 4-1 o O •o L. < in O O tO 4-> CJ D. 4-1 c ft rH CO CO c O t— D O 60 4J f-* C 8 a> x: c_ co to to c 4-1 JO 4) a> 4-> a> to 3 o to to to 0> 5 rH c_ *> 01 0> a rH 41 4-> CO o CO T3 to -o rH c CO o 0) c 3 rH 01 -o co CO o -I id X5 c CO c tO ~H 3 E <0 (0 4-> bo a to > JO ft o to •H co 01 to 4-1 Q CO 4-> O 41 t_> 0) 0) CO 4-1 C -D C > c o o tj c O o E c CO a' o c_ a> HI a. l- C_ H ft j= 4-> 4J t, 01 o •— O O 41 CO O CI) X CO t. re JZ. 3 4) >> (0 B ft 41 4-1 41 > z 00 z 6 . CHAPTER 3 PHASE 2 - A PROTOTYPE SYSTEM The second phase of the database effort is aimed at building a prototype system that can be used by a small number of tribologists. From this use, experience can be obtained that will be important in guiding further develop- ments of a larger information system. Three parallel efforts are involved, concerned with factual or numerical databases, design codes, and supporting information. While there is some interdependence, the three efforts are sufficiently separate that each may progress based on funding and manpower available. The plan is summarized in Table 3"1 • While a major emphasis at the workshop was on providing better access to design codes, the need was to increase the availability of numeric data to support mechanical designs. Since the workshop, several groups, including government funding agencies, have highlighted the numeric database effort as being of highest priority to support their missions. The result has been to develop detailed plans to evaluate data and build databases in 10 important ar eas As indicated earlier, the plans for Phases II-IV are modular in nature and thus the separate parts are more relatively independent of one another. The first numeric database effort is proposed to support data evaluation work. The emphasis will be to aid experts who are collecting and evaluating data in several areas of tribology, but dissemination of these databases to the user community will not be done in this phase. For each area, a database designer will work with the evaluator to set up a data entry system making use of the convenience and flexibility of personal computers. Using a PC database management system such as dBase III, data entry screens will be designed and simple report generation and data manipulation added. Though it is desirable to have as much uniformity as possible between the terminology and formats for the same variables across databases, commonly called a con- sistent data dictionary, the need to set up procedures for up to 10 groups within a short time span may preclude this. Ten data areas have been identified (see Epilogue Figure E~3) that are con- sidered to be of high priority and related to one another. These were se- lected by the government steering committee from the broader list established by a technical advisory committee of experts (Table 3-2). The design code effort is intended to provide consistent easy access to a number of standard software packages presently in use for tribological de- sign. A major attempt will be made to ensure that the input variables have been made uniform with respect to their names, units, and formats. If feasible, a standard input format will be set up so that files of various input parameters could be used for more than one software package. The output formats would similarly be made uniform and consistent so that results for equivalent design situations are presented in a comparable way, though generated by more than one code. The number of codes will increase up to 12 as quality, funding, and time permit. 7 H 1 co * *o >, - t. 3 c (0 a o o CD 4-> id CO •a O c >> >, rH c >> nj o 60 L OJ !_ 4-3 to Li CD o o > o C *^ 4-3 • 4J C *2 c rH CO o 07 c H o o c Cw O «o 0) to r. CO o O CO J-5 nj Q. CD H 5- »H I_ .0 <-. —I >. -rH E -P 0J 2^ 4-3 •O CO CO X) > Q_J E CNJ 0J * 1 4-3 i-H C0 •tH -P CO CO i-H CO o c 3 >> CO iH CO c Cl 0) <_ CO 3 OJ C t. 60 Cth QJ -C tH 4-3 CO CO O o co *~ t- CO c_ Si •rH *^ cy co V a. o 4-3 a. 3 c _ X O E-i c V4 tH rH o a CO I. a. • CO c OJ 3 ~7n CO 4-3 > o CO CO CO 4-5 CO to 03 3 C fH o3 n Q. co tH rH CO O OJ CO On 4-> 4-3 t- CO 4J 3 CO 4-3 <0 CO c t. CO CO o Q i-H o 4-3 T3 QJ 60 Cm 3 cz "O V CO >> 3 O. o CtJ .-1 60 -O 4-3 E *" C -O O X o •rH T3 rH 0) OJ o c 0) 4-3 rH o £3 4-3 bO i-H CO 3 a rH w-i 03 X3 a. O •rH rH OJ CO 03 03 ro E 3 L rH OJ c 4) 0) •*H O H >*H n o o O t. o 3 CO a t. 13 t- (0 > a O CO CO >> OJ 0) O c 4-3 0) 60 a. qj p CkH CO CO co o •o c c o 0) 3 a) rH c o QJ 0) o i-t J3 O o o .O 4-3 0} cO CO CO 03 4-9 4-3 C4 4-3 tH co > ^C c — CO Si u CO f. T3 bo CO OJ 4-3 -rH o C E E •a CO C I- £_ 4-3 c>-, CO a 03 QJ o O O c o c «-l CO T3 QJ .c <^ a> o O t- 4) E- CO CO co 3 r^ 0J O CD CO 13 4-> S c jj tH o o O da > >> rH E O CO O) CO CU 0) 4-3 13 CO !- 3 a CJ 4-3 CO !_ C CO 4-3 a 0) CO o CO 4J o CO V) CO 4-> 03 60 (0 >> CO a. CO T3 o CO 0J CO CO T3 CO -C 8 Table 3-2 Government Steering Committee Steve Hsu NBS Said Jahanmir NSF Terry Levinson DOE Bobby McConnell USAF John Rumble NBS Technical Advisory Committee Prof. E. Klaus, Penn State University, Chairman Prof. F. Ling, RP1 Prof. H. Cheng, Northwestern University Prof. D. Dowson, Univ. of Leeds Prof. H. Czichos, BAM Mr. M. Peterson, Wear Sciences An important aspect of this work will be the start of an expert system inter- face to the design codes. The system is intended to provide a computerized guide to the selection and application of the various design codes. The effort will be on the order of a 1000 rule system, which should provide a significant range of choices and expertise. Two types of numeric databases will be developed: the first in support of the design codes, the second to collect and manage evaluated tribology data. In support of the design codes, the databases required to operate the codes will be provided primarily by the code writers both for material property and lubricant data. Because the codes will have uniform input, every effort will be made to create the ability for the database to be linked directly to the code execu- tion. This will allow for the least redundancy and greatest efficiency. The amount of data is not expected to be large, and most likely the user commu- nity will want to add to it. Therefore, a capability for adding and updating these databases in a controlled way will be made available. Consistency with the above-mentioned databases for support of the design codes is even more desirable, since then the evaluation work can be more easily interfaced with the codes themselves; however, the constraints again make this problematic at this phase. A further complication is that the tribology community itself has not yet established a definitive terminology. As the workshop clearly brought out, the tribology community has a strong need for information other than numeric data and design results. This is in the form of bibliographic references, summaries of ongoing research, and 9 access to product and people information. The demonstration phase of this program will have resulted in simple access to some of these, but a more concerted effort is planned under this phase. New bibliographic sources may be added to the system. For example, a recent compilation of Canadian literature sources will be added. Also, the exten- sive and well-regarded bibliographic services of the BAM will be accessible by a direct transfer. Arrangements for this work will be made by OSTI and BAM. To facilitate the use of the bibliographies, a general description of each database will be developed and made accessible as a user aid. In addition, work will begin on developing a comprehensive and consistent thesaurus so that literature-searching can be done with more precision. The research-in-progress database will be improved by the addition of de- scriptions of work now funded by the government, resulting from a present DOE project. A similar survey for private sector research will be initiated. Finally, two efforts will be mounted to make the information products and people related to tribology work more easily available. A directory of tri- bology consultants has been proposed. Also, work will be done to determine the feasibility of including information on directories of vendor informa- tion. The prognosis for future offerings in this area will be made. As was mentioned above, the work outlined falls into separate categories that can be funded and staffed independently of other work. Several government agencies have already indicated their interest and willingness to support particular efforts. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, through its Research Committee on Tribology, has expressed its desire to concentrate on the design code efforts. Industry would be involved through fund-raising efforts headed by ASME. The Department of Energy, through its Conservation Division, and OSTI are interested in the bibliographic and research-in-pro- gress efforts. Finally, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, and DOE, working with NBS, are interested in supporting the numeric database effort. Each of the three efforts is designed to take about 12 to 18 months and, when completed, would allow a significant number of users to access the various components. The capabilities would be minimal and would in fact be only a prototype. The numeric databases would not yet be available and the design codes would only have a simple menu interface. The bibliographic and related databases would be more advanced since they would be built on other efforts of DOE OSTI. At the end of this phase, the tribology community would have a good idea of the power and appeal of a more complete information system, and industry then should be in a position to provide sufficient funding to carry development further, as outlined in the next two chapters. 10 CHAPTER U PHASE 3 ~ AN OPERATIONAL SYSTEM The previous effort will result in the basis for an operational tribology information system and will have a projected user group on the order of 10 to 50 people. The next phase of the overall project is intended to make the system as friendly and complete as possible within a two-year period and with an investment of several millions of dollars. The primary task is to add new information sources and types and to provide a more intelligent interface to the system. The system itself would have nu- merous capabilities (Table 4-1) as before, with the feedback being provided by the user community. The bibliographic module would be improved so that multiple databases could be searched simultaneously. This will use tools developed by groups such as OSTI for other applications and will be easily adaptable to tribology. Work would be done to abstract and load into a separate database tribology litera- ture from the pre-1950 era which is now incompletely covered. The greatest change would be in the availability of new search tools, in particular, a common thesaurus and search language. Because the terminology in tribology is presently ill-defined, the development of the thesaurus will represent a great improvement in accessing the literature. The design codes would also show a significant gain, with the major develop- ment being an expert system of about 1000-1500 rules for component selection. This system would be aimed at directing users to the most appropriate design code(s) for a particular application. When this expert system is added to the already existing consistent set of codes, the design module would become a powerful tool to improve the quality of tribological design. Improvements would also be made to the numerical databases to support the design codes as well as to those for lubricant selection and component selec- tion. The first addition will be the provision of an easily accessible numerical database resulting from the evaluation work of the previous phase. Database access may be in conjunction with groups such as the National Mate- rials Property Data Network. It may take the form of diskettes for personal computers and/or larger databases on a network system. The advantage to this would be that, through the collective and cooperative efforts as coordinated by the MPD Network, tribologists would have access to a far wider range of data than would be possible for this project to provide on its own. During the third phase, the evaluation effort described earlier would be completed for the first 10 areas selected, and new coverage in new areas would begin. The research-in-progress database would be enhanced to cover tribology re- search abroad as well as in the U.S. 11 CD 13 3 Cm 1 O CO HP Cm c (— PM O to rH •o to rH sa in to a rH CO cfl o ,__( CO rH a CO -H •O CO o > TP Cr-I o ta va bO (0 CO CO CO user C- tD to Cm o 13 CO ro CO 13 CO c CD c > e co bo CO CO a) O co c_ c > CO t- 4-> 4-) tH CO X) p o. CO T3 JE CO c >. CO CO HP CO o O O CO o p CO rH 4-> •o tH O TD c t, >. 3 o J3 p o p •H a. c o lu o c co co u CO 3 o CO T3 p P bo CO. c c c !_ t, o bO cfl c CO O O CO rti a. o. co B o. c es up o -M -rH CO -rH P tH co •O rH -H X c P c CO t_ CO CO co CO CO o E CO p CD CO CO P CO P 5 Ch 0) CO a. -h -H O CO 3 u CO co 0) -rH o p P e .o 4-> CO co CO a CO c tr -rH CO CO >l 3 CO o c a. to rH f_ 4-> <0 CO CO o o Q. -rH CO CO o co n u Is O JO o -o 3 to C_ e 4-> rH H-> a. (0 >. O & CO ia Q. CJO rH 4-> CO (0 -M u CO >. C tH c Q CO c C_ to CO O CO -"H jT rH to II) tH CO > p c 3 -o H 4J o a p •M p o B CO -rH CO JO rH -rH CO P CO c CO 4-> > L a) 3 t. t_ CO B rH p 4-) CO O CO a. E CO o CO 13 CO o CO CO L C (0 «m o c 13 3 a> >> Du (- o co o o (0 CO C/l 2 < z 12 The development of more comprehensive access to product directories in computerized form will depend on the results of the studies done in the earlier work. If the economics and feasibility look promising, then it is envisioned that two types of product directories would be developed. Catalogs and consultants that would cover the following: - disposable materials - lubricants - coatings - a typical component industrial roller bearing The system would have the same electronic mail capability as before. At the end of the third stage, the system would be in an operational state and the user community could then be enlarged to include the tribology public at large. This would mean that decisions would have to be made about who would operate, maintain, and update the system, and provide training and support for those users. It has been noted that about 25~30 percent of the total costs of the system is needed for the last activity. Several possibilities exist for accomplishing these matters, including the MPD Network, ASME, or some other information vendor. There is a lot to be said for choosing one that deals primarily with the technical community so that they have experience with the particulars of that market place. By this stage, one could also say that a real tribology information system exists and that further developments then rest upon its acceptance and use by the tribology community. 13 CHAPTER 5 PHASE M - THE IDEAL SYSTEM Even though at the end of the third phase, the information system would be fully operational and available to the public, the workshop thought it was desirable to project into the future about what the ideal system would look like. The main components can be defined as: - an easy-to-use system that requires little training - the full realm of tribological data, all well documented and evaluated - expert systems to guide in the design and selection of tribological components Table 5-1 summarizes the key features of such a system. The system itself as seen by the user would have a natural language inter- face — that is, the user could pose questions in the form of sentences, a capability that is being developed by computer scientists for use in many areas during the next few years. The system would also have a distributed database capability that would allow the user to access desired databases in a consistent and transparent way regardless of location. Again, this would draw on technology that is being developed for many application areas. With respect to bibliographic sources, the access to these databases would also feature a natural language interface. Here the user is able to pose search strategy in normal sentences. Full text of data sources would be made available if they existed, and access would be provided to all the standards and codes relevant to tribology. A research-in-progress database would cover efforts both public and private for the U.S. and internationally. It would be updated in a more routine fashion than is now the case, and thus be more timely. A major enhancement for the ideal system would be with respect to the design codes and how the user would access them. The workshop projected the devel- opment of a series of expert systems such that several tribological concerns could be addressed. These would include failure analysis, component selec- tion, analysis of performance, and mathematical modeling. The development of such expert systems is clearly a large undertaking. The result in terms of better engineering for tribology would eventually pay for the initial investment, but the source of that investment is not clear. In the area of numerical data, the extension of evaluation activities to the broadest interests of tribology would be done. This would be a program that would have a long-term yield, but again the initial costs would be a problem. However, it is clear that computers have made it tractable to consider gener- ating data from well-controlled experiments and then developing models to extend these data to wider ranges of applicability. 15 ti t 13 •• CD 13 T3 C Z> CO i— D. 4J o X C c 4) CD •M 0) rH 43 0) •r-i > 3 o 60 co 0J T3 co CO CO C CO 0) CU cfl a CO 60 CO CO to CO a> c CD ra CU jj 43 C_ •M •o 43 4-> (0 CU (0 3 c O ra (0 13 o 4-> 43 o o 4-> > A ra ra co >, rH cy • 13 Cm 3 o rH o CO CO 4-» CD to 16 In terms of the data content, the ideal system would include tribology per- formance data from standard laboratory tests and field tests, as well as from research data. The methods for collection and evaluation of field data need to be worked out, but there are models in other areas which can guide devel- opments . Two other components of the ideal information system deserve mention. The news facility of such a system should include services such as bulletin boards, conferencing, meeting calendars, as well as mail itself. These capabilities clearly exist now but are not in any way combined and available to the tribology community. Finally, the concept of a complete computerized catalog and product directory was described as being of great appeal to the community. Clearly, the ulti- mate possibility includes the use of video discs or other image storage devices with the display of pictorial as well as textual information, similar to present-day catalogs. The day when this will be possible is rapidly approaching. Though the ideal information system as described above is still far into the future, even today almost every part of it has been implemented in one way or another. Two driving forces are at work: first, it is easier and cheaper to do these things each succeeding year; and second, the positive impact such a system would have on American industry is becoming more obvious. Surely it can be said that the workshop was looking into the future. But we also felt that the future is closer than we anticipate. 17 PART B - THE TRIBOLOGY DATA WORKSHOP CHAPTER 6 WORKSHOP GOALS AND DESCRIPTION As pointed out in the first chapter, the purpose of the workshop was to explore the feasibility of building and operating a computer-based informa- tion system to aid in the design and selection of tribology components and activities related to other aspects of tribology. During the organizing meetings for the workshop, it became apparent that such an information system would consist of the six components already mentioned: - design codes - numeric databases - bibliographic databases - research-in-progress information - newsletter - electronic product directory Accordingly, it was decided that the workshop would consist of a set of small working groups that would develop detailed plans about the exact contents of these components, the tasks necessary to complete the proposed work, and schedules and priorities. These working groups were made up of tribology experts as well as database and system designers. At the end of the workshop, a committee made up of the chairman of each working group, representative computer specialists, and representatives of various agencies interested in funding the work developed a consensus as to the actual recommendations for each of the proposed four stages of the infor- mation system. As the workshop began, two primary driving forces for a tribology information system became apparent: (1) the need to design and analyze the performance of various tribological components such as bearings, gears, seals, etc. (2) the need to provide for the selection of appropriate components by people designing and building mechanical products This is not to say that there is a clear division between the two activities, but rather that two audiences allow for the setting of priorities and for approaching various groups that are possible sources of funding the overall work. Unlike other materials data workshops, this particular workshop lasted sev- eral weeks with a minimum of overlap between the working groups to permit maximum interactions. The list of participants is given in Appendix A, and the agenda is given in Appendix B. Prior to the working group meetings, a one-day symposium was held to review other materials data activities and to provide a forum for an overview from 19 — the perspective of the tribology community. Over 50 representatives of U.S. industry, technical societies, and government agencies attended. The agenda for this symposium is also given in Appendix B. In the next seven chapters, the summary reports of the individual working groups are given. Notice that two separate groups on numeric databases met one for solid tribological materials and the other on lubricants. Following these chapters, three chapters contain more detailed plans for the computer aspects of the tribology information system, including fairly de- tailed schedules and task outlines. It must be recognized that as with any dynamic activity, the plans, sched- ules, priorities, and tasks given in this report are indicative rather than definitive. To accomplish the recommendations as given requires numerous resources, both of manpower and finances. The groups that provide the resources, of course, will finally determine what is done and when. But the overall framework is solid and well-thought-out, and stands as a fine accomplishment of the workshop participants. The combination of tribologists working closely with computer experts resulted in even the most elementary assumptions by each group being challenged and closely examined. The tribology information system started by these efforts will prove to be a valuable tool for American industry for many years. 20 CHAPTER 7 DESIGN CODES DATABASE Group Members: Lewis Sibley, Chairman William Anderson Herbert Cheng Bernard Hamrock Christie Michelsen Coda Pan Donald Shafer Tibor Tallian Robert Tucker Donald Wilcock Introduction The market pressures on design engineers to improve the energy efficiency and productivity of machines have increased substantially in recent years. For this reason, machine designers are actively seeking the latest available information on advanced materials and design methods developments to improve their products. There is a reservoir of advanced computerized design analysis codes available that is not being effectively used by designers. The reason for this is that these specialized design codes often are not readily accessible nor in a form that can be understood and used by design engineers. What is needed is an easily accessible interface between the designer and well evaluated databases that show how the latest materials developments affect the design and perfor- mance of machine components. The purpose of the design methods group was to define the orderly step-by-step development of such a service for tribologi- cal components such as bearings, gears, seals, etc. Overall Design Database Development The eventual primary users of a design database are identified as design engineers responsible for the design, performance, maintenance, failure analysis, and life cycle costs of machinery used in the broad range of indus- try. A more comprehensive system is envisioned than that required for the straightforward component replacement market. There will be aspects of the service of use to experienced tribologists , but the main aim of the system must be for the broader design engineering community at a reasonable price. Design Code Selection for Demonstration System The Computer Support Task Report (Chapter 15) gives proposed menus and logic diagrams for the demonstration prototype system showing what the user will see on the terminal when the service is called up and how the various parts will be tied together into a coherent system. For the design methods section in the demonstration stage, the menu consists of a front-end selection advi- sor based on the general guide developed by the Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU), as given in Figures 7-1 and 7-2, which is intended to help the user decide what type of component is suitable for the application under consideration. This guide is followed by a selected example of five typical types of component design codes: hydrodynamic oil film bearings, rolling bearings, gas-lubricated bearings, gears, and seals. 21 Note: Diometers ore given in inches on each curve. ' Except for Rolling Bearings, curves are drawn for bearings with width equal to diameter. A medium viscosity mineral oil is assumed for the hydrodynomic bearings. 10 10 10 10 10 10 Frequency of Rotation (rev/mm) Rubbing Bearings Oil Impregnated Porous Metol Bearings Rolling Bearings Hydrodynomic Oil Film Beonngs General guide to journal bearing type (From Engineering Sciences Data Unit) Figure 7-1 22 Rubbing Bearings Oil Impregnated Porous Metal Bearings Rolling Bearings Hydrodynomic Oil Film Bearings General guide to thrust bearing type (From Engineering Sciences Data Unit) Figure 7-2 23 . Component design codes that are already available and that have known operat- ing characteristics have been selected for use in the demonstration prototype system, as described below. No primary programming of design codes will be needed through the prototype phase. Wherever possible, codes in the public domain have been selected, although methods for the handling and security of proprietary codes are available if needed. For each code selected, an indi- vidual tribologist has been designated who has intimate familiarity with the code and its use for working closely with the system developers to incorpo- rate the code into the system, and then later for working with users in modifying the system to make it most effective and useful. An important consideration to be addressed is the interface of this tribology system with general and other mechanical design codes. Since there are important interactions of tribological components with other machine ele- ments, the definition of these interactions is a key part of the system that will need to be coordinated with the rest of the mechanical design community. The following specific component design codes are typical of those considered for incorporation into the demonstration prototype system: JBMTI, a hydrodynamic oil film journal bearing code from Mechanical Technology, Inc. (cognizant tribologist: Donald Wilcock, Tribolock, Inc.) EHDSTAR, a ball bearing design code including partial EHD oil film starvation from Tribology Consultants, Inc. (cognizant tribologist: Lewis Sibley, TCI) HIPRESSA, an externally pressurized air-lubricated journal bearing code from Columbia University (cognizant tribologist: Coda Pan of Columbia) TELSGEA, a spur gear analysis code from Northwestern University (cognizant tribologist: Herbert Cheng of Northwestern) SEALS, a mechanical face seal analysis code from Gordon S. Buck, P.E. (cognizant tribologist: Bernard Hamrock, Ohio State University) Design code catalog sheets for computer interfacing of each of these selected demonstration system codes are given in Appendix C, together with brief descriptions of JBMTI and EHDSTAR. Descriptions of the other three codes are also given in this appendix. It is planned that each design code will be standardized to conform to a single screen input and output, respectively, such as those given in Figure 7~3 for EHDSTAR. Numeric databases will be built into the system to enter the geometric characteristics of each compo- nent as a default in response to the input type designated, such as the internal dimensions of the 7007 angular contact ball bearing given in Figure 7-3. In the same way, the properties of the bearing material and lubricating oil will be supplied to the system user in response to input AISI and SAE number designations, respectively, or their equivalents. Of course, both special bearing geometries and special bearing material and lubricant proper- ties can be entered to override the default values. 24 Sample Input & Output Screens for Design Code EHDSTAR Copyright 1986 Trtbology Consultants, Inc. SAMPLE INPLT DATA : TCI BALL BEARING DESIGN PROGRAM BEARING SIZE & TYPE LUBRICANT TEMPERATURE & TYPE 7007 = SERIES & BORE SIZE 120 «= BFARING OPER TEMP (F) INPUT GEOMETRY 30 = SAE OIL DESIGNATION 15/. 3125 = NO. /DIAM OF BALLS (IN) LUBRICANT CONDITIONS 1.909 = PITCH DIAMETER (IN) 67.7 = VISCOSITY (CS) 15 = CONTACT ANGLE (DEG) .8 7 = SPECIFIC GRAVITY 5.6E-06 = COMPOSITE ROUGHNESS (IN) 1.43E-04 = PRESS VISC INDEX (IN2/LB) .52 = INNER RING CONFORMITY 2.6E-04 = AIR/OIL/SURF TENS (LB/IN) .53 = OUTER RING CONFORMITY OPERATING CONDITIONS MATERIAL TYPE 9000 = SPEED (RPM) 52100 = BALL MATERIAL DESIGNATION 2 = RADIAL LOAD (LB) 52100/52100 = IR/OR MATERIAL DESIGNATION 40 = THRUST LOAD (LB) MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1 = BALL MATERIAL LIFE FACTOR 3.0E+07 = BALL YOUNGS MODULUS (LB/IN2) 1 = IR MATERIAL LIFE FACTOR 3.0E+07 = IR YOUNGS MODULUS (LB/IN2) 1 = OR MATERIAL LIFE FACTOR 3.0E+07 = OR YOUNGS MODULUS (LB/IN2) CONTROL FLAGS .30 = BALL POISSONS RATIO B:7007.TAB = FILENAME TO SAVE .30 = IR POISSONS RATIO YES = ASSUME THRUST LOAD ONLY .30 = OR POISSONS RATIO YES = FIND FILM THICKNESS .281 = BALL DENSITY (LB/IN3) YES = FIND LIFE Fl = EXECUTE F2 = FILE LOAD F3 = QUIT F4 = FILE SAVE F5 = FILE OUT SAMPLE OUTPUT DATA: 7007 ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARING (FILE B: 7007. TAB) 15 BALLS DIAM = .3125 IN PITCH DIAM = 1 .909 IN CONTACT ANGLE = 15 DEG IR CONFORMITY = .52 OR CONFORMITY = .53 COMPOSITE ROUGHNESS = 5.6E-06 IN BALL MATERIAL = 52100 YOUNGS MOD = 3.0E+07 LB/IN2 POISSONS RATIO = .30 IR MATERIAL = 52100 YOUNGS MOD = 3.0E+07 LB/IN2 POISSONS RATIO = .30 OR MATERIAL = 52100 YOUNGS MOD = 3.0E+07 LB/IN2 POISSONS RATIO = .30 BALL DENSITY = .281 LB/IN3 LIFE FACTOR FOR BALL = 1 FOR IR = 1 FOR OR = 1 LUBRICATINC OIL SAE NO. = 30 SPECIFIC GRAV ITY = .868 TEMPERATURE = 120 F VISCOSITY (CS) @ 1 00 F = 1 .19E+02 @ 210 F = 1.20E+01 @ 120 F = 6.77E+01 PRESSURE VISCOSITY (IN2/LB) = 1.43e-04 SUR FACE TENSION (LB/IN) = 2 .6E-04 THRUST LOAD = 40 LB RADIAL LOAD = 2 LB SHAFT SPEED = 9.000E+03 RPM THRUST LOAD ONLY DATA FOR: OUTER RING INNER RING NORMAL CONTACT FORCE (LB) 10.2 8.5 CONTACT ANGLE (DEG) 15.1 18.3 ROLLING VELOCITY (FT/SEC) 36.7 36.6 MAXIMUM CONTACT PRESSURE (LB/IN2) 1.215E+05 1.222E+05 SEMI MAJOR CONTACT AXIS (IN) 1.531E-02 1 .7 36E-02 AXIS RATIO OF CONTACT ELLIPSE 5.8 9.0 EHD SPECIFIC OIL FILM THICKNESS RATIO .55 .48 OIL MENISCUS DISTANCE FROM CONTACT (IN) 7-20E-04 5.75E-04 OIL STARVATION FILM REDUCTION RATIO .06 .06 MATERIAL FATIGUE LIFE (HRS) = 3.60E+05 FOR BEARING 1.09E+06 4.91E+05 Figure 7~3 25 . The available documentation for each design code will be incorporated into HELP screens called up to assist the user in defining the input data and in interpreting the output results, when needed. In this way the user can become acquainted with the codes during initial use to any desired depth and avoid lengthy tutorials after familiarization with the code. In addition, depending on the range of parameter values obtained in any particular run, the system will flag special interpretive texts on the screen to advise the user of any unusual component performance characteristics to be expected under the conditions analyzed in that run. Prototype System Development More comprehensive available design codes will be added to the system later during the prototype development stage, such as the multiple bearing/shaft code SHABERTH described in Appendix C, since they will require more extensive adaptation to fit on the system than the initial demonstration codes. These analyses will include all kinds of roller bearings as well as ball bearings. The hydrodynamic bearing codes will also be expanded for various bearing types and applications using more advanced solution schemes than in the codes used in the demonstration system. In a similar way, more advanced gear analysis codes would be available including, if possible, a special code based on a comprehensive analysis of all kinds of gears already developed in industry using a lubricant properties database covering the full range of industrial lubricants. Also for the initial prototype system, a more comprehensive entry module will be developed. It is planned to incorporate into this module some of the artificial intelligence codes now being developed in industry for component selection and failure analysis, as they become available to this project. Since tribological design methodology is as important as hard data in gener- ating optimal engineering decisions, an artificial intelligence-based expert system is projected to serve as a methodology guide for the database user. The broad community of mechanical engineering users needs to apply tribologi- cal knowledge to specific, practical design or operating problems. This will be done with a Design Codes Entry Module having the following capabilities: 1 component selection 2. tribology design support 3. tribological failure diagnosis 4. operating decision support The component selection process will be organized as follows: 1 ) The user is queried as to the functional purpose of the component to be chosen and is asked for inputs on application conditions (constraints). It is planned to create a ruleset which associates classes of tri bo-components with these functional goals and constraints. The output will be a table of suitable choices, with some comments as to the limitations and advantages of each. The tribological literature (including trade literature) contains numerous application tables for tribo-components , and the assembly of a suitable ruleset does not appear to offer insurmountable difficulties. 26 2) If available, the user is next offered access to on-line catalog databases of tribo-components. Such catalogs are now being created by a number of major vendors and can be linked up as they become available. From the cata- log(s), the user can select one or more apparently suitable specific compo- nent types. If available on-line, the entry module reads in the characteristic catalog parameters given for each, retaining this information for future use. 3) The user is then offered access to engineering calculation programs or design codes as explained below. The full Design Codes Database will provide design support by means of a series of calculation programs for the dynamics, lubrication, life predic- tion, and heat balance of major tribo-components. The Entry Module will offer access to these calculation routines through two channels: a) directly, without interaction with the component selection routine, and b) within compo- nent selection and after catalog review. Tribology design support is con- ceived as a tool for the selection of materials, configurations, manufacturing methods, and operating rules useful during design of a special component adapted to meet a set of generically defined tribological require- ments. The art of building artificial intelligence systems for machine design is not as well advanced as that of diagnostic or list selection expert systems. The task of providing a design support system is thus a major development task in component technology. To be able to utilize such a system, a strong and comprehensive materials, configuration, and methods database must be available for access. Failure diagnosis expert systems for tribo-components are feasible. Diagnos- tic systems for other branches of engineering are in operation. Proprietary work on tribological diagnostic systems is under way. Thus, access to diagno- sis via the entry module will become feasible in time. The concept of pro- viding computerized support for operating decisions involving tribology was generated at the workshop and is certainly attractive. Such a system is intended to guide an engineer in charge of operating a machine or mechanical system towards operating and maintenance practices soundly based on tribo- logical principles. 27 CHAPTER 8 NUMERIC DATABASE FOR SOLID TRIBOLOGI CAL MATERIALS Group Members: William Ruff, Chairman Raymond Bayer Walter Grattidge Stephen Hsu Raymond Metcalf Marshall Peterson John Rumble Donald Shafer Paul Swanson Harald Tischer Gordon Wood Background A numerical database would be an important part of a Tribology Information System, and possible configurations were discussed at length during the workshop. Two sessions were held specifically for that purpose: one on numeric data for solid materials; the other on numeric data for lubricants. This chapter will describe the discussions for numeric data for solid materi- als. Members of the committee had differing viewpoints on the use of numeric tribological data, but all agreed that the issue was a very important one and that little was being done at present to satisfy the user needs. The data were identified in two categories: tribological data (friction, wear, etc.) and physical properties data (strength, toughness, etc.) on tribological materials. The materials of interest differed among the users present for these discussions. Some typical applications for numeric tribological data on solid materials include: general engaging tools and bearings exposed to abrasive contaminants - office equipment and recording systems It was pointed out that designers always need to know what has been used before and what the results were. They want to match the needs of the appli- cation with the properties of the tribo-materials. Properties such as sur- face characteristics, friction coefficient, and wear behavior were the prominent ones. Important issues were the application environment, geometry, lubricant coverage, roughness, temperature, load, and surface speed. Based on experience, it was felt that the industrial designer was an important customer, perhaps more so than the experienced tribologist. 29 User Community There was general agreement that nonexperts in tribology were in need of useful, evaluated tribological data. These included design engineers, prod- uct engineers, and support engineers involved in a broad range of activities in industry. It was also thought that tribologists would want access to such databases as they are assigned to help solve particular problems. In fact, a hierarchy of users was envisaged, and the details would have to be understood through some sort of specific questioning of prospective customers. In that way the database could be properly configurated. It was noted that the recent Industrial Research Institute meeting on tribology stated among its recommendations that a computerized database is needed where text, graphics, equations, and numbers can be obtained. Technical Plan A logical, systematic framework is needed to properly compile and store the tribological data in a computer-based system. A sample format sheet for data was developed following the well-known work of Horst Czichos in Germany. That approach was extended and modified based on the experience of those present. The recommended format is shown in Figure 8-1. It contains descriptors for the two materials involved in a tribo-contact and for the third component, be it gas, liquid, or solid. The test information is then indicated in detail. Finally, the results of wear measurements, friction determinations, and surface damage indications are given for the various test runs. While the sheet is intended for use in laboratory measurement programs, the approach can also be used to evaluate existing data, and could include field or ser- vice-type information as well. A separate consideration is appropriate for physical properties data for use in design codes and tribological models. It was felt that such data were already available from a number of different sources and could be assembled into this system for the users. The specific information needed would depend on the codes and models to be supported; these would be determined later. Five specific areas were identified to gain an understanding of the effort involved for numeric data on materials. They are listed below along with a description of the details involved. (1) Wear of Materials Conferences (ASME): 1977,1979, 1981, 1983, 1985 Approximately 500 articles on wear and friction Extract data from tables and figures Estimate one hour per article including some evaluation Total: 500 hours (2) Selected articles from the Wear Control Handbook Select five articles Articles also serve as tutorial source material Estimate 10 hours/article to extract data and evaluate Total: 50 hours 30 . , Laboratory Date Teat Series Publication MATERIAL 3rd BODY COMPONENT 1 SOLID GAS LIQUID General Name Trade Name Function (A.L.I.C) Chemical Composition Phusical Condition CA Code/Reqistru * Surface Treatment Geornetrg Roughness Condition(process) gyEpjy Rate Hardness Densitg RUN 1 RUN 2 RUN 3 Mechanism Use/ Application Load (N) Normal Pressure (MPa) Velocitq (m/s) Sliding Distance Motion Test Tupe Contact Area Contact Ratio Temperature Vear Vo11 Vear Vol2 Veight Loss! Weight Loss2 Dimension Lossl Dimension Loss2 Vear Rate Vear Coefficient Friction Curves Life Surface Damage _ Vear Debris (Tupe Size) Cleaning Methods Special Test Features Possible Format for Tribological Data Figure 8-1 31 (3) ASTM standard abrasive wear test data G-65 method; research reports and interlab test reports Estimate 250 standard tests and 500 nonstandard tests Estimate 15 minutes per test to code data without evaluation Total: 200 hours (4) Canadian wear tests in water Nuclear reactor program results on particular materials Estimate 1000 tests available Estimate 15 minutes to code data without evaluation Total: 250 hours (5) Additional sources for data were identified for future efforts. These included international journals on tribology, standard bench test data sources such as ASTM Research Reports, and private databases from cooperating laboratories in government and the private sector. It was emphasized that several important features were involved in addition to the data themselves. These include (1) an agreed database format, (2) use of consistent units in the base, (3) an agreed thesaurus of terms and unit conversions, (4) agreed software for computer access and data processing, and (5) determination of output forms such as tables and graphs. Interaction With Other Efforts The Design Task area will require support from the numeric data task in terms of values for parameters used in the design codes. Specific needs will be decided as the work proceeds. Sources for these data will be handbooks and existing physical properties databases. The Bibliographic Task area will be developing a Tutorial System consisting of "expert" articles for users of the total information system. It is in- tended that some of those articles come from the Wear Control Handbook and that the numeric data associated with them be placed into a numeric database for general use. The authors themselves would be responsible for the evalua- tion of the data. The Numeric Data Task on Lubricants would interact closely with this task in all aspects so that the same format and type of content would be involved. Remaining Issues Some of the more significant questions to be decided are summarized below. It will be essential to obtain early reaction from the tribological community and from prototype users so that these issues can be addressed. Identification of centers to provide and evaluate data Degree of evaluation appropriate for the different types of data Allocation of resources within the total package of needs Sources of financial support for database compilation Schemes other than the computer network for dissemination of data 32 . CHAPTER 9 NUMERIC DATABASE ON LUBRICANTS Group Members: E. E. Klaus S. M. Hsu S. Jahanmir Frances Lockwood J. Molgaard D. Shafer V. Weedeven This committee considered the following areas with respect to lubricants and lubricated systems: users, components, materials, lubricants, properties data, performance data, additives, and system. Some principal issues in considering these areas included data access (archi- tecture), data organization (format), data analysis, and data evaluation. The committee discussed the entire project of a computerized Tribology Informa- tion System as well as a thin slice or demonstration sample of the whole project. Based on the computerized information now available, the committee favored as a "thin slice" or prototype either lubricants for journal bearings or lubricants for rolling element bearings. The list of potential users is shown in Table 9-1. This list includes organizations as well as types of individuals. A Lubricated Components list is shown in Table 9-2. Lubricated Systems are shown in Table 9~3. Lubricant Types are shown in Table 9-4. Lubricant Additives are shown in Table 9-5. A list of Lubricant Properties is shown in Table 9-6. A list of materials with which these lubricants must be compati- ble is shown in Table 9-7 A failure analysis database is similar to that for designing to meet special requirements. In this case, structural analysis, materials properties, envi- ronment, operating conditions, parts and debris analysis, chemical analysis, and mechanism determination are needed along with the tribological database. A sample of a data sheet for the lubricant numeric database is shown as Table 9-8. The committee discussed formats for the database. It was suggested that the approach used in Neale's handbook on tribology [2] be given serious consideration. The committee considered the numeric database to be of major importance to the proposed system. The utility of the overall system probably hinges on the ability to produce a numeric database that proves easy to use by the people listed in Table 1. In order to meet this constraint, it appears that a large amount of interpretative and correlative work will be required on the numeric data. This comment applies equally to the thin slices suggested by the committee as well as the total database. The opinion was expressed that underfunding of the numeric database would lead to little effective use of the system. 33 Table 9-1 POTENTIAL USERS OF A COMPUTERIZED TRIBOLOGY INFORMATION CENTER ORGANIZATIONS INDIVIDUALS Government Research Labs Consultants Defense Bases Bearing Designers Research Laboratories Component Designers Industrial System Designers Application Engineer Research Labs Maintenance Engineer Development Department Maintenance Failure Analyst Sales Engineering Purchasing Agents Development Engineers Universities Lubricant Supplier Libraries Sales Engineer Consulting Consortia Table 9-2 LUBRICATED COMPONENTS Hydrodynamic Bearings Couplings Rolling Element Bearings Cams and Gears Material Working Clutches and Brakes Cutting Shaft and Face Seals Grinding Fluid Dampers Polishing Shock Absorbers Hydraulic Pumps Material Forming Casting Forging Rolling Drawing 34 Table 9-3 LUBRICATED SYSTEMS Reciprocating Engines Steam Turbines Tractor Hydraulics Gasoline Aircraft Hydraulics Diesel Automatic Transmissions Marine Diesel Hypoid Gear/Transaxles 2 Cycle Gear Reducers Gas Turbines Table 9-4 LUBRICANT TYPES Mineral Oils Silicates Animal Oils Silicones Vegetable Oils Perfluoro Polyethers Synthetics Halocarbons Polyalpha Olefins Water Base Alkylated Aromatics Water-Glycol Organic Acid Esters Greases Phosphate Esters Gases Polyglycol ethers Solid Lubricants Glycols Coatings Polyphenyl Ethers Surface Modification Table 9-5 LUBRICANT ADDITIVES Polymeric Viscosity Index Improvers Antiwear Oxidation Inhibitors Antifriction Corrosion Inhibitors Extreme Pressure Rust Inhibitors Pour Depressants Detergents Solubilizing Agents Dispersants Dyes 35 Table 9-6 LUBRICANT PROPERTIES PHYSICAL CHEMICAL Rheology Thermal Stability Volatility Hydrolysis Density Oxidation Stability Gas Solubility Neutralization Number Thermal Conductivity Electrical Properties Specific Heat Surface Tension Bulk Modulus Coefficient of Thermal sion PERFORMANCE Chemical Degradation Corrosion Solvency Low Temperature Properties Friction Wear Filterability Foaming Table 9-7 MATERIALS FOR LUBRICANT COMPATIBILITY Metals Wood Ceramics Hard Coats Composites Surface Modifications Polymers Others Elastomers 36 Table 9-8 NUMERIC DATABASE MATERIALS TEST CONDITIONS TRIBO DATA REFERENCE PROCEDURES Metals Temperature Wear Volume 1 API Cer amies Load Wear Volume 2 ASTM Composites Normal Pressure Weight Loss 1 Federal Test Elastomers Velocity Weight Loss 2 DIN Polymers Motion Type UOP Coatings and Sliding Dist CRC surfaces Test Type Dimension Change 1 Others Others Contact Ratio Dimension Change 2 Surface Damage Wear Rate Solids 1 and 2 Atmosphere Friction Curves Properties Moisture Wear Debris Lubricants Torque Additives Test Procedure Duration Corrosion Component Type Sample Treatment Oxidation System Type Film Thickness Low Temp Properties Simulation Contaminants Lifetime Base Line Reference Filterability Application Experience 37 CHAPTER 10 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE Group Members: F. Kennedy, Chairman P. Blau J. Fries W. Grattidge M. Peterson G. Reisz M. Schade Introduction It is important that the modern-day researcher and engineer stay abreast of technology in his field, but this task is made very difficult by the flood of scientific and technical information. Scientific and technical literature doubles approximately every 10 years, a growth rate that has prevailed since the end of WWII. In the field of tribology, the growth in the volume of scientific and engineering information is so great that most tribologists and design engineers can no longer read all the publications that may be relevant to them. Yet keeping current and informed is essential to developing state-of-the-art technology and advancing the science of tribology. Writing in the premier issue of Journal of Tribology , Donald Hays recently underscored the need to be aware of current technology. "There is an addi- tional technology gap which should be mentioned . . . The science exists, the technology is in place, but the potential user is unaware of the state of the art of the technology. In this case we run the risk of supporting a techni- cal program which recreates that which already exists. "[3] By not knowing about, and taking advantage of, recent developments in the field of tri- bology, research efforts are being duplicated and state-of-the-art tribologi- cal solutions are not being adopted. This can be very costly, especially in terms of energy losses, wasted materials, and machine downtime. Much of the world's science and engineering literature, including that dealing with tribology, is now covered by online bibliographic databases. Computer- based information retrieval from these online databases can significantly speed and ease the process of collecting bibliographic information. By making use of this tool an engineer can save time, enhance productivity, and aid in the transfer of technology. There is evidence that, for a number of reasons, tribologists and other engineers have not been taking advantage of this availability and that they are not completely aware of advances in the field of tribology. 39 . Anticipated Users of the System The potential users of the proposed Automated Tribology Information System could be grouped into five classifications: (1) tribology specialists (2) materials generalists (3) design engineers (4) librarians and other information specialists (5) students These different groups may be interested in different bibliographic informa- tion, with, for example, the first group being most concerned with technical journals and conference proceedings while the third group would require books and articles of a more applied nature. It was felt that an entire informa- tion system must aim to serve needs of the broad industrial community com- posed of groups (2) and (3) if it is to carry out its primary technology transfer role and to become self-supporting by developing reasonably priced subscriptions. The task group believed that the bibliographic needs of those industrial users could be served without compromising the requirements of the other, more specialized groups of potential users. Therefore, the biblio- graphic task group attempted to design a system that would serve well the entire spectrum of potential users of the ATIS, both in its prototype and final versions. It was believed that many of the users of other portions of the proposed Tribology Information System would benefit from easy access to bibliographic information while connected to the system. For example, users of the re- sear ch-in-progress module (who would probably be accessing a database very similar in nature to the bibliographic databases) may wish to search for publications resulting from the research-in-progress . Users of the numerical data module may wish to find more information about the article from which the data came or about the test standard used in gathering the data. Users of the design module could benefit from finding articles or reports describ- ing the computer codes being used or the theory behind them. For this rea- son, this task group believed that a bibliographic module should be an integral part of all versions of the system, beginning with the initial prototype It was proposed that the initial prototype be made available to a selected number of evaluators/users including people from all five of the groups mentioned above. These users would be asked to evaluate the bibliographic search system included in the prototype stage and to suggest improvements for later implementation. Available Bibliographic Sources in Tribology The published literature in tribology, consisting primarily of books, arti- cles in technical journals, reports, patents, and standards, has been expand- ing at a rapid rate in recent years. It is estimated that about 6000 technical papers and several hundred books and reports are being published annually dealing with some aspect of tribology. Although a guide to these sources of information was published in 1 97 ^ [4], the information has been 40 growing so rapidly that the guide is already out of date and, even if it weren't, it would be nearly impossible for anyone to keep up with all new published information in the field. To aid in the task of searching the literature for information about a topic, indexing and abstracting services were developed. These services usually include abstracts of each article and use prescribed index vocabulary (keywords) to describe the article's content. Within the past 15 years, many of the abstracting/indexing services have become available online, and it is these online bibliographic databases that were the focus of this task group's attention. A recent study showed that just over 20 of the widely accessible biblio- graphic databases have good coverage of the field of tribology [6]. Those databases, and a brief description of each, are listed in Table 10-1. All could be classified as bibliographic databases since they contain references to published articles, reports, or books, but not the full text of the arti- cles. Little technical literature is currently available in full-text (or source) databases, but this may change if source databases increase their coverage of engineering in response to requests from users. Most of the databases listed in Table 10-1 and their associated print counterparts cover technical journals or reports, but several are included which deal with other forms of technical literature such as dissertations, patents, or standards. Some are wide-ranging, and their coverage extends to all areas of engineering. For example, NTIS, COMPENDEX, and EI MEETINGS are broad databases which cover government reports, technical journals, and conference papers, respectively. Although they are frequently a good place to begin a search of the engineering literature, their coverage in any par- ticular area of tribology may not be as thorough as that given by a more specialized database. The narrower bibliographic databases, such as BHRA FLUIDEX, APILIT, and METADEX, all contain references to the worldwide technical literature, but each concentrates on the literature of a certain field (fluids, petroleum, and metals, respectively). In those three databases, journal articles are abstracted and indexed selectively, according to the subject scope and empha- sis of the database. Within their special areas of interest, the coverage of the narrow-range databases is apt to be quite comprehensive, although cover- age of a journal by a specialized database does not imply abstracting/index- ing of each article in every issue of a journal. Database TRIBO, the online equivalent of TRIBOLOGY INDEX, is the only database devoted specifically to tribology literature. It is produced in West Germany by BAM and includes extensive coverage of the tribology litera- ture of Eastern Europe and Asia [7]. A recent survey showed that TRIBO covered more of the non-US tribology journals than did any of the American databases listed in Table 1 [6]. Where most of the other bibliographic databases in Table 1 include abstracts and are indexed by a set of keywords, base TRIBO has no abstracts and employs a different classification scheme that includes tribological information about the articles. It is noted that there is a companion database to TRIBO, base RHEO, which deals with the 41 subject of rheology, or deformation and flow of materials, including lubricants. Its format and accessibility are similar to those of base TRIBO. Access to bibliographic databases as listed is generally provided by a com- mercial search service or database vendor. Four of the vendor services that are widely accessible within the U.S. —BRS (BRS, Inc.), DIALOG (Dialog Infor- mation Services, Inc.), SDC (SDC Information Services), and STN (Chemical Abstracts Service) — provide access to one or more of the databases listed. Database TRIBO is currently accessible only through a German online service, INKA Karlsruhe, which can be accessed from the U.S. through an international communications network. Sometime in 1 987 or 1 988 the TRIBO and RHEO databases are scheduled to become available in the U.S. on the STN network. The NASA database, which contains references to literature for aeronautics and astronautics, respectively, is completely accessible through NASA/RECON. The DOE Energy Data Base has a current one-year window available through OSTI/ITIS. Access is allowed primarily to staff or contractors of those agencies. Recently, however, two of the databases in the NASA family, IAA and STAR (AEROSPACE DATABASE), became available through Dialog while the most relevant of the DOE databases, DOE ENERGY, became available through both Dialog and STN. The OCLC database, which contains references to books held by the member libraries, is an enormous database, but it is only accessible to member organizations. Deficiencies of Available Bibliographic Sources As is clear from the above discussion, the currently available online biblio- graphic databases could satisfy most of the needs outlined in the introduc- tion above. Searches by members of this task group on tribological topics have shown that just about all recent tribology literature of any signifi- cance is indexed on one or more of the databases listed in Table 10-1. Be- cause of the different coverages of the various databases listed in the Table, however, it is usually necessary to search several databases to get references to all literature on a subject. This is relatively easily done at the present time if all of the databases of interest are served by the same vendor. If different vendor services need to be consulted, the search be- comes more complicated and requires computer access to each of the online search services. Another difficulty encountered in doing multiple-database searching is that the same article may be indexed with different keywords on different data- bases. In fact, the most comprehensive coverage of tribology is provided by database TRIBO, which uses a classification scheme quite different from the keyword indexing used by most other databases. Another problem with the available bibliographic databases can be seen in Table 10-1. None of the online databases covers literature published before the mid-1960s, and most cover only post-1970 publications. There are many significant tribology publications that are more than 15 years old, and a complete search of the literature ought to include those references. 42 Table 10-1 CURRENTLY AVAILABLE BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES DEALING WITH TRIBOLOGY Database Name and Producer Online Vendor Online Coverage Journals, Reports, & Books TRIBOLOGY INDEX (1972-date) BAM, Berlin INKA Karlsruhe COMPENDEX (1970-date) Engineering Information, Inc. BRS, Dialog, SDC NTIS (1964-date) National Technical Info. Serv. BRS, DIALOG, SDC METADEX (1966-date) ASM and The Metals Soc. Dialog, SDC, STN BHRA FLUIDEX (1974-date) BHRA Fluid Eng'g Centre Dialog EI ENG'G MEETINGS (1982-date) Engineering Information, Inc. Dialog, SDC CA SEARCH (1967-date) Chemical Abstracts Service STN (BRS, Dialog, SDC) APILIT (1964-date) American Petroleum Institute SDC NASA (1962-date) NASA and AIAA NASA/RECON (Dialog) SCISEARCH (1974-date) Inst, for Scientific Info. Dialog ISMEC (1973-date) Cambridge Scientific Abs. Dialog DOE ENERGY (current year) Department of Energy DOE/ITIS DOE ENERGY (1974-date) Dept. of Energy Dialog, STN SAE ABSTRACTS (1965~date) SAE SDC INSPEC (1969-date) Inst, of Electrical Eng'rs. BRS, Dialog, SDC DISSERTATION ABS. (1961 -date) Univ. Microfilms, Inc. BRS, Dialog ONLINE COMPUTER LIBRARY CNTR. CCLC CCLC Patents APIPAT (1950-date) Amer . Petroleum Inst. SDC CLAIMS/US PATENTS (1963-date) IFI/Plenum Dialog PATSEARCH (1970-date) Pergamon InfoLine Pergamon World Patents Index( 1 963-date) Derwent Dialog, SDC Standards INDUSTRY & INT 'L STANDARDS IHS BRS MILITARY & FED SPECS STDS IHS BRS STANDARDS & SPECS Nat'l Standards Assoc. Dialog 43 The bibliographic task group felt that all of the difficulties mentioned above require attention. Another problem that the group felt must be ad- dressed if the bibliographic module is to be attractive to design engineers is ease of use. At the present time, much bibliographic searching is done by librarians or other information specialists who have become familiar with the specialized vocabulary used in database searching. It was felt that the system must appeal to a broad spectrum of users, not just information spe- cialists, and that those users should not have to learn special search terms for each database. The users should be aided in their choice of databases to search and then should be able to do the search using "natural language," if possible. Bibliographic Tasks and Work Statements In order to remedy the deficiencies described above and to make bibliographic search capability an integral part of the Tribology Information System, this task group proposed that six major tasks be undertaken. These tasks would be divided into subtasks scheduled for completion at various stages in the development of the System. The tasks are described in Chapter 16 . 44 CHAPTER 1 1 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES DATABASE Group Members: William J. Anderson, Chairman Richard S. Fein, Chairman Christie Michelsen Lewis B. Sibley Robert C. Tucker Introduction There is a need for a products directory in a tribology information system because (1) no presently available directory is adequately broad and deep to meet the needs of tribologists , and (2) the computer can provide information on the sources of commercially available tribological products and of tribo- logically related services. The users of directory information were identified as application, mainte- nance, design, etc. engineers and purchasing agents. Directory information on products should be adequate to enable a user with a profile of product requirements to select a list of products satisfying the requirements. It should also provide the user with a contact address and phone number for suppliers of the suitable products; this would enable the user to contact suppliers for the price, availability, technical support, etc. information needed to make an economically and technically sound product choice. In many cases, users need help in design or decisions. Also, users sometimes need or find it attractive to hire services to supplement in-house skills or to provide additional help during periods of peak activity. Hence, there exists a need for a single directory of services directed explicitly at tribological needs. Technical Plan Table 11-1 shows the scope of the Products and Services Directory. However, even though the capability exists to make available catalogs or their sum- maries as well as the other information discussed below, there is the ques- tion of whether or not a real demand exists and if enough information could be included economically. Consequently, the first priority should be to contact the user community and the supplier community to better understand their participation. This could take the form of an initial relatively inexpensive solicitation of catalog information in computer-readable form (with the understanding that the vendor would be charged a fee for having a catalog in the information system, once on-line). In addition, business and economic issues should be settled before work begins. Table 11-2 lists the general contents of the Products and Services Directory. Tables 11-3 through 11-8 provide a noncomprehensive listing of at least the major subcategories for each of the types of products in the general contents. 45 Table 11-5 classifies surface and substrate materials by kind and fabrica- tion/manufacture technology. Table 11-6 classifies lubricants by the com- monly used kind, industry or application, and specification that is satisfied. At present, neither catalogs nor reference books contain adequate tribologi- cal data on commercially available materials and lubricants. Consequently, in addition to catalog data, the Directory activity should attempt to obtain the additional data that the product suppliers commonly will release to customers. This physical, chemical, and tribologically significant perform- ance data on commercial products would be incorporated into the Numeric Data Base module and substantially augment its value to System users. Procurement of these types of data appears to hinge on convincing at least one leading supplier in each major project grouping that his interests are served by pro- viding the data. Competitors are likely to then supply their data for com- petitive reasons. Lubricant and material recovery, reuse, and disposal are becoming increas- ingly important to tribologists and to manufacturers and users of tribo- logical devices. The increase in importance primarily results from hazardous waste regulations required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Implementation of the RCRA Amendments of 1984 over the next several years will increase the number of affected businesses tenfold. At present affected businesses are finding that the cost of handling lubricant and material waste exceeds the original cost. Table 11-8 lists major categories for waste handling. The services information in the Directory would be made more useful than the many existing directories (e.g., Yellow Pages, Thomas Register, Machine Design Reference Issues, Pollution Engineering, etc.) by thorough breakdown into tribologically important categories. Table 11-9 shows the listing format for service vendors. Legal Aspects of Technical Plan Directory information needs to be obtained, installed, and recovered with due regard to legal implications. From antitrust and restraint of trade consid- erations, it appears that all vendors must have the opportunity to provide information to the Directory. It also appears that requirements for product characteristics (product profile) produced by the ATIS Design module must generally be satisfied by products from a number of competing vendors. Opening Directory input to all vendors probably can be legally accomplished by advertising in the Commerce Business Daily and leading technical and trade publications in tribologically related fields. Product profile satisfaction by a number of (often many) competing products should not represent a problem. The type of product required as generated from the user's assessment of requirements or as output from the Design module generally will provide the user with the basis for selecting among products. The Directory will provide the user with a list of vendors whose products meet his/her performance requirements and enable a selection on the 46 basis of other requirements (price, availability, other technical considera- tions, etc.) than those needed for the tribological design. Liability to vendors and users is another legal consideration. It appears that potential problems may be eliminated by making the vendors responsible for the accuracy of their input. This could be accomplished by requiring that input data be supplied in machine-readable form. Table 11-10 summarizes the vendor data input requirements that appear to the Group to limit potential legal problems. Advice of counsel needs to be obtained before proceeding very far in detailed Directory planning. Table 11-11 is a first-cut attempt at a data input form that will satisfy both the Directory and Numeric Data Base requirements for products. The form needs considerable refinement to make sure that it is comprehensive, consis- tent with the Numeric Data Base input form, and is easy to use by vendors. Table 11-12 summarizes the types of user inputs and outputs from the Products and Services Directory. Financial Plan Monetary contributions from government and from major industrial manufactur- ers and major suppliers of products and services will support development of the Thin-Slice Prototype. In-kind contributions of machine-readable, spe- cific format catalog and additional numeric data will reduce the Directory cost manyfold. Full-scale implementation of the Products and Services Directory will be made self-supporting by the requirement for machine-readable input data and by imposition of data storage fees. It is anticipated that companies providing data will treat this as advertising. 47 ) Table 11-1 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES DIRECTORY Provide Engineers, Purchasing Agents, Etc. Sources of Tribological-Related Products and Services * Enough Product Technical Detail to Enable Selections Meeting Many Profile Requirements Contact Address/Phone for Price, Availability, Etc. * Technical Support Consultants Directory Name Field of Specialty Contact Address/Phone Table 11-2 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES DIRECTORY CONTENT * Components ( 1 * Predominantly Tribological Assemblies (1) * Materials (2) * Lubricants (2) * Lubrication Systems (1) * Lubricant Recovery/Reuse/Disposal * Consultation/Engineering Services * Maintenance Services * Coating Services * Lubricant and Material Recovery/Reuse/Disposal Services (1) Interacting with Design Data Base (2) Interacting with Numeric Data Base 48 Table 11-3 COMPONENTS Rolling Bearings Sliding Bearings Gears Seals Clutches Brakes Couplings Fluid Dampers Cams Valves Table 11-4 PRINCIPALLY TRIBOLOGI CAL ASSEMBLIES Gear Boxes Speed Increasers/Reducers Pumps Hydraulic Motors Compressors Etc. Table 11-5 MATERIALS - SURFACE /SUBSTRATE Substrate Metal * Overlay Type Coating Metal Heat Treatment Plating Porous Metal Thermal Spray Graphite Polymer PVD Cer amies Composites CVD Hardfacing (Fusion) Surface Treatment Welded Heat Brazed Mechanical Spark Transfer Diffusion Coating Car bur i zing * Polymer Bonded Material Nitriding 49 Table 11-6 LUBRICANT CLASSIFICATIONS * Kind Oil Grease Coolant Solid Self-Lubricating Material Additives * Industry/Application Classes Automotive Aviation Industrial Marine Gear Railroad Transmission and Torque Fluids Engine Oils Coolants Metal Cutting Metal Forming * Specification Military Major OEM SAE ASLE AGMA API Table 11-7 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS Wick Filter Splash Pumps Central Valves Liquid Pressure Regulators Mist Chip Detectors Oil/Grease Cups Condition Monitoring Heat Exchangers Leak Detection 50 Table 11-8 LUBRICANT AND MATERIAL RECOVERY, REUSE, DISPOSAL Collection Transportation Storage Disposal Treatment Systems Physical Recovery • • • Reconditioning Chemical Waste Treatment • • • Biological Table 11-9 SERVICES RECORD FORMAT * Name * Type of Service(s) * Location * Phone * Other Tribo-Related Information Table 11-10 INPUT REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPREHENSIVE DIRECTORY * Vendor Supplies Input Data in Machine-Readable Form * Open to All Vendors Willing to Meet Data Input Requirements (Data Storage Fee) 51 CD CD CO CO cO CO CD cn • CO o cO P CO p CO O w Q X Da 1/ O CO >> C •rH •rH P M 4-3 •rH •rH 0 o CO rH 4-> 03 •H 4-3 •rH S-. CD Cm CO -O o Q •H 4-> CO o 0 O rH a 0 a cd •rH (0 CO Q. >> p CO CO P P 00 H C > CO CO 1 i o < rH Q Q 4-3 4-> o CO O O O bO O a CD •rH O •rH X3 •o DC o o c rH £h O o o T3 •rH CO 0 S- t, H C t. o P a, O CD Oh 0 CO W > H O OS t I CO ] ow 1 H 13 0 Ou rH CO H CO Q o S3 < CC w CO CO OH :=> O. O 0 OS rH •rH Cm O Cu c o P •rH c c P o 0 CO •rH -p 0 s o -p o o 0 •rH CO 3 rH t. CrH o a > •rH •rH •rH o zs o rH L 0 cr 0 a CX CO 0 cx a OS CO s! + J 1 b S3 (H cc CO 52 CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH-IN-PROGRESS DATABASE Group Members: Marshall Peterson, Chairman Mark Fornwall Walt Grattidge Said Jahanmir Fran Lockwood Dora Moneyhun Don Shafer Background A Research-in-Progress database is being considered as part of a computerized Tribology Information System. This database would contain abstracts of cur- rent (unpublished) tribology research being conducted by government, indus- try, universities, and research institutes and would be available on-line to interested parties. Such a service would be of primary interest to research- ers and especially those who fund research in tribology so they could avoid duplication. Even more important, they could leverage their efforts by funding work in progress. Both government and industry would find it benefi- cial, but industry participation would be limited because of proprietary interests. Database Some RIP databases currently exist and are available on-line, such as the Smithsonian Scientific Information Exchange (now defunct) and the Defense Technical Information Center's Work Unit Information System. DOE also oper- ates a RIP database containing research relevant to energy. It seems logical to conclude that the DOE system should be used. This database is built on several sources of information. First, all the contractors including the national labs have a contractual requirement to submit yearly a form (538) describing research in progress. In addition, other sources of information are used to give good coverage of DOE research. Currently, there are 11,000 records on-line which are available through DOE/ITIS at OSTI or through Dialog using their Federal RIP database. The Federal RIP (from NTIS) con- tains 66,200 records from a variety of agencies. The DOE RIP is searchable by subject, author, organization, descriptors, and a variety of other fields. It allows continual updating. During the workshop, the panel studied and used the DOE RIP database. The available formats and a typical record are shown in Table 12-1. Use of the RIP database to conduct several searches indicated that it was completely satisfactory except that the subject thesaurus did not adequately cover the field of tribology. This was expected, however, since most databases were considered inadequate in this regard. The primary problem seems to be that certain words have special meanings for tribologists . Subsequent to the workshop, the subject thesaurus was reviewed. Neither tribology nor any of its related terms (bearings, friction, lubricants, synthetic lubricants, or 53 Table 12-1 AVAILABLE FORMATS 0 Full record 1 Accession number 2 Title, principal investigator data, contract no., project status, start date, funding and monitoring organizations, descriptors 3 Brief record: source, title, corporate source, contract no., project status, funding and monitoring organizations, BRCC code 4 Title, organization, project status 5 Title, principal investigator data, contract no., project status, start date, funding and monitoring organizations, subject category, abstract, publications 6 Title, organization, project status 7 Organization, project status, BRCC code TYPICAL RECORD , CO 4-3 CO CO CO L 5 T3 is CJ z CO