Fall 2010

PSYCHOLOGY OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 790-586 Mondays, 11:30 - 2:10, Hickman 313 Professor: Richard R. Lau Phone: x2 6685 Office Hours: By appointment – feel free to drop in (Hickman 409)

Preliminary, Surely to be Revised before September, Syllabus

To the extent that political scientists study individual political beliefs and behavior, they rely heavily on theories from psychology. Studies of international relations, political culture, public opinion and voting behavior, and so on, all rely to a greater or lesser extent on some psychological theory of individual behavior. This course looks explicitly at the interface between psychology and politics, especially public opinion and voting behavior (as those are the areas of politic science I know best). Whenever possible, we will also consider applications of political psychology in the IR subfield. I have chosen five broad topic areas in which interesting research is being conducted in political psychology. For each of these five areas, we will initially spend some class time -- in most cases, an entire class period -- obtaining a general overview of psychological theory, and then spend a class or two looking at the research applying those psychological theories to political science. Again, the political science research will generally be in the area of American politics, but the psychology theories we learn should be applicable to research in other areas of political science as well, including certainly all of the subfields in our department. Requirements The course assumes at least a passing acquaintance with research in American politics (as one would learn from the American politics proseminar), international relations (as one would learn from the IR proseminar), and/or comparative politics (as one would learn from the Comparative proseminar), as these are the substantive areas of political science which have most strongly utilized ideas and theories from psychology. Hence one or two of these proseminars, while not quite a prerequisite, are strongly recommended. Alternately, solid background in another social science (particularly but not exclusively psychology) can substitute for background in political science. Any seminar only works if all students read and think about the material before coming to class. This is the most important requirement of the class. We will take turns playing "discussion leader" for the different weeks. (See below). Whoever is in this role is responsible for making sure we all integrate the readings for that week to each other, to relevant political science research not on the syllabus, and to the psychological theories we have previously examined. As the supposed "expert" in psychology, I will generally play this role for the weeks we are looking at basic psychological theories. Students will take turns playing discussion leader for the political science applications.

-1- There are two writing assignments for this course.

1. First, each student will produce an annotated bibliography of optional articles or books from the reading from one week in the course. I assume it will be from one of the "political science" weeks, but (particularly for students from psychology) it does not have to be. Students will be the "designated discussion leader" the same week they produce their annotated bibliography. This bibliography should be copied and distributed to everyone in the class. The idea is to extend our collective exposure to the literature a little more. If you are looking at a number of articles, each annotation should be brief (about one paragraph, certainly no more than 200 words) and focus on either how this article expands upon or differs from the required reading for this week. We don’t need a thorough description of the research itself. On the other hand, if you are presenting a particular book to the rest of us, a more extension discussion of the methods and findings would be appropriate. Please talk to me before you do this extra reading, as I will probably have suggestions about what additional books or articles to look at. 2. Second, each student will write a research paper on some topic relevant to political psychology. This paper will review and critique the research in a particular area, with special attention paid to how faithfully the political science literature "maps onto" the psychological theory underlying it, and how directly it addresses issues of concern to political science. The paper will therefore discuss shortcomings of the current literature, and present either (a) broad guidelines for future research in the area, or (b) a specific proposal for research on some aspect of political psychology. I would be delighted if students actually conducted some empirical research as part of their paper. Grading: Class Participation, 40%; Annotated Bibliography of PS literature & Discussion thereof 10% Research Paper 50% Required Reading The following books are on sale at the Douglass bookstore:

Hastie, Reid, and Robyn M. Dawes. 2001. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2006. How Voters Decide: Information Processing During Election Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press. Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sears, David O., Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (Eds.). 2003. Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

-2- Course Outline and Reading Assignments Date Topic

Sept 13 Class Introduction Reading: Sears, Huddy, and Jervis. 2003. “The Psychologies Underlying Political Psychology.” Handbook, Chapter 1.

I. PERSONALITY AND POLITICS Date Topic

Freud and Contemporary Personality Theory Sept 20 Hall, A Freudian Primer. [xeroxed] NEW Fleeson, William. 2004. “Moving Personality Beyond the Person-Situation Debate.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(April): 83 - 87.

Optional: Particularly good summaries of the personality field are provided by: Pervin, L., Editor. 1990. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guildord. and Snyder, Mark, and Nancy Cantor. 1998. “Understanding Personality and Social Behavior: A Functionalist Strategy.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 635-679). Boston: McGraw Hill. Also worth a look: Baumeister, Roy F., Ellen Bratslavsky, Mark Muraven, and Dianne M. Tice. 1998. “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(May): 1252-1265. Bem, D.J., and Allen, A. 1974. On predicting some of the people some of the time: The search for cross-situational consistencies in behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 506-520. Bem, D.J., and Funder, D.C. 1978. Predicting more of the people more of the time: Assessing the personality of situations. Psychological Review, 85, 485-501. Buss, A.H. 1989. Personality as traits. American Psychologist, 44, 1378-1388. Davis, P.J. 1987. Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 585-594. Digman, John M. 1997. “Higher-Order Factors of the Big Five.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1246-1256. Epstein, S. 1979. The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1097-1126.

-3- Epstein, S. 1980. The stability of behavior: II. American Psychologist, 35, 790-806. Fiske, S.T., and Taylor, S.E. 1991. Social cognition (2nd. edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. (see especially chapter 6) Grice, James W.; Jackson, Bobby J.; McDaniel, Brenda L. 2006. “Bridging the Ideographic-Nomothetic Divide: A Follow-Up Study.” Journal of Personality, 74(August): 1191-1218. John, O.P., Hampson, S.E. and Goldberg, L.R. 1991. The basic level in personality-trait hierarchies: Studies of trait use and accessibility in different context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 348-361. Kenrick, D.T., and Funder, D.C. 1988. Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43, 23-35. Kenrick, D.T., and Stringfield, D.O. 1980. Personality traits and the eye of the beholder: Crossing some traditional philosophical boundaries in the search for consistency in all of the people. Psychological Review, 87, 88-104. Kline, P. 1987. The experimental study of the psychoanalytic unconscious. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 363-379. Kozhevnikov, M. 2007. “Cognitive Styles in the Context of Modern Psychology: Toward an Integrated Framework of Cognitive Style.” Psychological Bulletin, 133(3): 464 - 481. Maddi, S.R. 1997. Personality theories: A comparative analysis. Homewood, Il: Dorsey. [A good review of a variety of personality theories.] Mischel, W. 1968. Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley. [This is the classic, almost paradigm-shifting book that dramatically changed the modern study of personality.] Mischel, W. 1979. On the interface of cognition and personality: Beyond the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 34, 740-754. Mischel, W. 1984. Convergences and challenges in the search for consistency. American Psychologist, 39, 351-364. Mischel, W., and Plaki, P.K. 1982. Beyond deja vu in the search for cross-situational consistency. Psychological Review, 89, 730-755. Monson, T.C., Hesley, J.W., and Chernick, L. 1982. Specifying when personality traits can and cannot predict behavior: An alternative to abandoning the attempt to predict single-act criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 385-399. Newman, Leonard S., Kimberley J. Duff, and Roy F. Baumeister. 1997. “A New Look at Defensive Projection: Thought Suppression, Accessibility, and Biased Person Perception.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(May): 980-1001. Parisi, T. 1987. Why Freud failed: Some implications for neurophysiology and sociobiology. American Psychologist, 42, 235-245.

-4- Paunonen, Sampo V., and Michael C. Ashton. 2001. “Big Five Factors and Facets and the Prediction of Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(September): 524 - 539. Roberts, Brent W., Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt. 2001. “The Kids Are Alright: Growth and Stability in Personality Development from Adolescence to Adulthood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(October): 670 - 683. Ross, Lee, and Richard E. Nisbett. 1991. The person and the situation: Perspectives from social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill (see particularly chapters 4 and 5). Vansteelandt, Kristof, and Iven Van Mechelen. 1998. “Individual Differences in Situation- Behavior Profiles: A Triple Typology Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(September): 751-765. Wiggins, J. S. (Ed.). 1996. The five-factor model of personality. New York: Guildord. Williams, John E., Marci L. Munick, Jose L., Saiz, and Deborah L. Formy Duval. 1995. "Psychological Importance of the 'Big Five': Impression Formation and Context Effects." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(August): 818-827. Zuckerman, M., Koestner, R., DeBoy, T., Garcia, T., Maresca, B.C., and Sartoris, J.M. 1988. To predict some of the people some of the time: A reexamination of the moderator variable approach in personality theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1006-1020.

-5- Date Topic

Sept 27 Personality and the Politics of Ordinary Citizens Reading: Sullivan, John L., George E. Marcus, Stanley Feldman, and J.E. Piereson. 1981. “The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis.” American Political Science Review, 75(March): 92-106. Feldman, Stanley. 2003. “Enforcing Social Conformity: A Theory of Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology, 24(March): 41-74. NEW Smith, Kevin B., Christopher W. Larimer, Levente Littvay, and John R. Hibbing. 2007. “Evolutionary Theory and Political Leadership: Why Certain People Do Not Trust Decision Makers.” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 285 - 299. NEW Carney, Dana R., John T. Jost, Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter. 2008. “The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind.” Political Psychology, 29 (December): 807 - 840.

Also worth a look: The classic summary of personality and politics , unfortunately out of print, is provided by: Greenstein, Fred I. 1987. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. If you can find this book, buy it. Adorno, T, Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D., and Sanford, N. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper. Barker, David C., Jon Hurwitz, and Traci L. Nelson. 2008. “Of Crusades and Culture Wars: ‘Messianic’ Militarism and Political conflict in the United States.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 307 - 322.

Baumeister, Roy F. 1999. “The Intrinsic Appeal of Evil: Sadism, Sensational Thrills, and Threatened Egotism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3): 210-221.

Bizer, George Y., Jon A. Krosnick, Allyson L. Holbrook, S. Christian Wheeler, Derek D. Rucker, and Richard E. Petty. 2004. “The Impact of Personality on Cognitive, Behavioral, and Affective Political Processes: The Effects of Need to Evaluate.” Journal of Personality, 72(October): 995-1028. Brant, W.D., Larsen, K.S., and Langenberg, D. 1978. Authoritarian traits as predictors of candidate preference in the 1976 United States presidential election. Psychological Reports, 43, 313-314. Brewer, Paul R., Kimberly Gross, Sean Aday, and Lars Willnat. 2004. “International Trust and Public Opinion About World Affairs.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 93-109. Brewer, Paul R., and Marco Steenbergen. 2002. “All Against All: How Beliefs about Human Nature Shape Foreign Policy Opinions.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 39 - 58.

-6- Campbell, B.A. 1981. On the utility of trait theory in political science. Micropolitics, 1, 177- 190. Caprara, Gian V., Claudio Barbaranelli, and Phillip G. Zimbardo. 1999. “Personality Profiles and Political Parties.” Political Psychology, 20(March). Caprara, Gian V., Shalom Schwartz, Cristini Capanna, Michele Vecchione, and Claudio Barbaranelli. 2006. “Personality and Politics: Values, Traits, and Political Choice.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 1 - 28. Caprara, Gian, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Consiglio, C; Picconi, L; Zimbardo, Phillip G. 2002. “Personalities of Politicians and Voters: Unique and Synergistic Relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 849-856.

Chirumbolo, Antonio, Alessandra Areni, and Gilda Sensales. 2004. “Need for cognitive closure and politics: Voting, political attitudes and attributional style.” International Journal of Psychology, 39(August): 245-253. Clarke, J.W., and Donovan, M.M. 1980. Personal needs and political incentives: Some observations on self-esteem. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 536-552. Constantins, E., and Crack, K.H. 1980. Personality and politicians: California party leaders, 1960-1976. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 641-661. Cornelis, Ilse; Van Hiel, Alain; Roets, Arne; Kossowska, Malgorzata. 2009. “Age Differences in Conservatism: Evidence on the Mediating Effects of Personality and Cognitive Style.” Journal of Personality, 77(February): 51-88. Doty, R.M., Peterson, B.E., and Winter, D.G. 1991. Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978 - 1987. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 629-640. Duncan, Lauren E., and Abigail J. Stewart. 2007. “Personal Political Salience: The Role of Personality in Collective Identity and Action.” Political Psychology, 28(April): 143 - 164. Funke, Friedrich. 2005. The Dimensionality of Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Lessons for the Dilemma between Theory and Measurement.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 195 - 218. Gerson, Gal. 2004. “Object Relations Psychoanalysis as Political Theory.” Political Psychology, 25(October): 769-794. Green, Donald P., Jack Glaser, and Andrew Rich. 1998. “From Lynching to Gay Bashing: The Elusive Connection Between Economic Conditions and Hate Crime.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(July): 82-92. Greenstein, Fred I. 1975. “Personality and Politics.” In F.I. Greenstein and N.W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of political science (Vol. 2, pp. 1-92). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Greenstein, Fred I., and Lerner, M., editors. 1971. A Source Book the Study of Personality and Politics. Chicago: Markham.

-7- Hansen, D.J. 1989. Authoritarianism and candidate preference in the 1988 presidential election. Psychological Reports, 64, 914. Ingles, Alex. 1997. National Character: A Psycho-Social Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Jugert, Philipp, and John Duckitt. 2009. “A Motivational Model of Authoritarianism: Integrating Personal and Situational Determinants.” Political Psychology, 30(October): 693 - 720. Knudson, J.N. 1973. Personality in the study of politics. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of political psychology (pp. 28-56). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kruglanski, Arie W., Xiaoyan Chen, Mark Dechesne, Shira Fishman, and Edward Orehek. 2009. “Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers’ Motivation and the Quest for Personal Significance.” Political Psychology, 30(February): 331 - 358. Lasswell, Harold D. (1930/1977). Psychopathology and Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lavine, Howard, Milton Lodge, James Polichak, and Charles Taber. 2002. “Explicating the Black Box Through Experimentation: Studies of Authoritarianism and Threat.” Political Analysis, 10(Autumn): 343 - 361. Lavine, Howard, Milton Lodge, and Kate Freitas. 2005. “Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to Information.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 219 - 244. Leitner, L.M. 1983. Construct similarity, self-meaningfulness, and presidential preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 890-894. LeVine, R.A. 2001. “Culture and Personality Studies, 1918-1960: Myth and History.” Journal of Personality, 69(6): 803-818. Lichter, S.R., and Rothman, S. 1982. The radical personality: Social psychological correlates of new left ideology. Political Behavior, 4, 207-236. Martin, John Levi. 2001. “The Authoritarian Personality, 50 Years Later: What Lessons Are There for Political Psychology?” Political Psychology, 22(March): 1 - 26. McCann, S.J.H. 1990. Authoritarianism and preference for the presidential candidate perceived to be higher on the power motive. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 577-578. McClosky, Herbert. 1958. Conservatism and personality. American Political Science Review, 52, 27-45. McCrae, R.B., and Costa, P.T., Jr. 1997. Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516. McFarland, S.G., Ageyev, V.S., and Abalakinna-Paap, M.A. 1992. Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1004-1010.

-8- Midlarsky, Elizabeth; Stephanie Fagin Jones, and Robin P. Corley. 2005. “Personality Correlates of Heroic Rescue During the Holocaust.” Journal of Personality, 73(August): 907 - 934.

Mirels, Herbert L., and Janey B. Dean. 2006. “Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Attitude Salience, and Beliefs about Matters of Fact. Political Psychology, 27(December): 839 - 866. Mockabee, Stephen T. 2007. “A Question of Authority: Religion and Cultural Conflict in the 2004 Election.” Political Behavior, 29(June): 221 - 248. Oesterreich, Detlef. 2005. “Flight into Security: A new Approach and Measure of the Authoritarian Personality.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 275 - 298. Perrin, Andrew J. 2005. “National Threat and Political Culture: Authoritarianism, Antiauthoritarianism, and the September 11 Attacks.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 167 - 194. Peterson, Bill E., and Emily D. Gerstein. 2005. “Fighting and Flying: Archival Analysis of Threat, Authoritarianism, and the North American Comic Book.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 887 - 904. Peterson, Bill E., Kimberly A. Smirles, and Phyllis A. Wentworth. 1997. “Generativity and Authoritarianism: Implications for Personality, Political Involvement, and Parenting.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(May): 1202-1216. Rickert, Edward J. 1998. “Authoritarianism and Economic Threat: Implications for Political Behavior.” Political Psychology, 19(December): 707-720. Ridgeway, C. L. 2006. “Linking Social Structure and Interpersonal Behavior: A Theoretical Perspective on Cultural Schemas and Social Relations.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(March): 5-16. Sanford, N. 1973. Authoritarian personality in contemporary perspective. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of political psychology (pp. 139-170). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schallerm, Mark, Carrie Boyd, Jonathan Yohannes, and Meredith O'Brien. 1995. "The Prejudiced Personality Revisited: Personal Need for Structure and Formation of Erroneous Group Stereotypes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(March): 544-555. Schoen, Harald, and Siegfried Schumann. 2007. “Personality Traits, Partisan Attitudes, and Voting Behavior: Evidence from Germany.” Political Psychology, 28(August): 471 - 498. Sibley, Chris G., Andrew Robertson, and Marc S. Wilson. 2006. “Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Additive and Interactive Effects.” Political Psychology, 27(October): 755 - 768. Smirnov, Oleg, Holly Arrow, Douglas Kennett, and John Orbell. 2007. “Ancestral War and the Evolutionary Origins of ‘Heroism’.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 927 - 940.

-9- Smith, Allison G., and David G. Winter. 2002. “Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Party Identification, and Attitudes Toward Feminism in Student Evaluations of the Clinton- Lewinsky Story.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 355 - 384. Smith, M. Brewster. 1997. "The Authoritarian Personality: A Re-Review 46 Years Later. Political Psychology, 18(March): 159-164. Staub, Ervin. 1999. “The Roots of Evil: Social Conditions, Culture, Personality, and Basic Human Needs.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3): 179-192. Thorisdottir, Hulda, John T. Host, Ido Liviatan, and Patrick E. Shrout. 2007. “Psychological Needs and Values Underlying Left-Right Political Orientation: Cross-National Evidence from Eastern and Western Europe.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(Summer): 175 - 203. Todosijevic, Bojan, and Zsolt Enyedi. 2008. “Authoritarianism without Dominant Ideology: Political Manifestations of Authoritarian Attitudes in Hungary.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 767 - 788. Van Hiel, Alain, and Ivan Mervielde. 2003. “The Measurement of Cognitive Complexity and Its Relationship with Political Extremism.” Political Psychology, 24(December): 781-802. Van Hiel, Alain, Bart Duriez, and Malgorzata Kossowska. 2006. “The Presence of Left-Wing Authoritarianism in Western Europe and Its Relationship with Conservative Ideology.” Political Psychology, 27(October): 769 - 793. Weber, Christopher, and Christopher M. Federico. 2007. “Interpersonal Attachment and Patterns of Ideological Belief.” Political Psychology, 28(August): 389 - 416.

-10- Date Topic

Oct 4 Psychobiography and the Study of Political Elites Reading: Winter. 2003. “Personality and Political Behavior.” Handbook, Chapter 4. Levy. 2003. “Political Psychology and Foreign Policy.” Handbook, Chapter 8.

NEW Shepard, Graham H. 1988. “Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1969-84: A Second Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory.” International Studies Quarterly, 32(March): 91 - 123. Simonton, Dean K. 1988. “Presidential Style: Personality, Biography, and Performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 928-936. McCann, Steward H.J. 1997. "Threatening Times, 'Strong' Presidential Popular Vote Winners, and the Victory Margin, 1824-1964." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(July): 160-170.

Optional: I would like two people to summarize for us: The special issue of Political Psychology, 2000, 21(September) on “At-a-Distance Psychological Assessment.” and Barber, James D. 1992. The Presidential Character (4th edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Also worth a look:

Ascher, William, and Barbera Hirschfelder-Ascher. 2003. Revitalizing Political Psychology: The Legacy of Harold D. Lasswell. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Brodie, F.M. 1974. Thomas Jefferson: An intimate history. New York: Norton. Carpenter, R.H., and Jordan, W.J. 1978. Style in discourse as a predictor of political personality for Mr. Carter and Other Twentieth Century Presidents: Testing the Barber paradigm. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 8, 67-78. Cowden, Jonathan A. 1999. “Self-Effacing and Self-Defeating Leadership: Adlai E. Stevenson.” Political Psychology, 20(December): 845-874. Dyson, Stephen Benedict. 2007. “Alliances, Domestic Politics, and Leader Psychology: Why Did Britain Stay Out of Vietnam and Go into Iraq?” Political Psychology, 28(December): 647 - 666. Elms, A.C. 1976. Personality in Politics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Elms, A.C. 1986. From House to Haig: Private life and public style in American foreign policy advisors. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 33-54.

-11- Etheredge, L.S. 1978. “Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1898-1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory.” American Political Science Review, 72(June): 434-451 Feldman, Ofer. 1996. "The Political Personality of Japan: An Inquiry into the Belief Systems of Diet Members." Political Psychology, 17(December): 657-682. Ferguson, Margaret R., and Jay Barth. 2002. “”Governors in the Legislative Arena: The Importance of Personality in Shaping Success.” Political Psychology, 23(December): 759 - 786. George, A.L. 1974. Assessing presidential character. World Politics, 26, 234-282. [Far-ranging review of the 1st edition of Barber's book.] George, A.L., and George, J.L. (1956/1964). Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House. New York: Dover. Gilbert, Robert E. 2006. “Psychological Illness in Presidents: A Medical Advisory Commission and Disability Determinations.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 55 - 76.

Gilbert, Robert E. 2008. “Ronald Reagan’s Presidency: The Impact of an Alcoholic Parent.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 737 - 766. Glad, B. 1973. Contributions of psychobiography. In J. Knudson (Ed.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 296-321). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Glad, Betty. 2002. “Why Tyrants Go Too Far: Malignant Narcissism and Absolute Power.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 1 - 38. Greenstein, Fred I. 1987. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Greenstein, Fred I. 1998. “The Impact of Personality on the End of the Cold War: A Counterfactual Analysis.” Political Psychology, 19(March): 1-16. Gruenfeld, Deborah H. 1995. "Status, Ideology, and Integrative Complexity on the U.S. Supreme Court: Rethinking the Politics of Political Decision Making." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(January): 5-20. Hermann, M.G. 1980. Assessing the personalities of Soviet politburo members. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 6, 332-352. Kearns, D. 1976. Lyndon Johnson's political personality. Political Science Quarterly, 91, 385- 410. Kowert, Paul A. 1996. "Where Does the Buck Stop? Assessing the Impact of Presidential Personality." Political Psychology, 17(September): 421-452. Malici, Akan, and Johnna Malici. 2005. “The Operational Codes of Fidel Castro and Kim Il Sung: The Last Cold Warriors?” Political Psychology, 26(June): 387 - 412.

-12- McCann, S.J.H. 1992. Alternative formulas to predict the greatness of U.S. presidents: Personological, situational, and Zeitgeist. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 469-479. McCann, S.J.H., and Stewin, L.L. 1987. Threat, authoritarianism, and the power of U.S. presidents. Journal of Psychology, 121, 149-157. Popper, Micha. 2000. “The Development of Charismatic Leaders.” Political Psychology, 21(December): 729 - 745. Post, Jerrold M. 1991. “The Impact of Crisis-Induced Stress on Policy Makers.” In Alexander L. George (ed.) Avoiding War (Chapter 20). Boulder, CO: Westview. Post, Jerrold M. (Ed.). 2003. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Preston, Thomas, and Paul ‘t Hart. 1999. “Understanding and Evaluating Bureaucratic Politics: The Nexus Between Political Leaders and Advisory Systems.” Political Psychology, 20(March), 49-98. Qualls, J.H. 1977. Barber's typological analysis of political leaders. American Political Science Review, 71, 182-211. Renshon, Stanley A. 1994. “A Preliminary Assessment of the Clinton.” Political Psychology 15(June): 374 - 394. Renshon, Stanley A. 2000. “After the Fall: The Clinton Presidency in Psychological Perspective.” Political Science Quarterly, 115(Spring): 41-66. Renshon, Stanley A. 2005. “George W. Bush’s Cowboy Politics: An Inquiry.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 585 - 614. Rohde, D.W. 1979. Risk-bearing and progressive ambition: The case of the United States House of Representatives. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 1-26. Rosenberg, S. 1989. A study of personality in literary autobiography: An analysis of Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 416-430. Runyan, William M. 1984. Life Histories and Psychobiography: Explorations in Theory and Method. New York: Oxford University Press. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1997. “Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton." Political Science Quarterly, 11(Summer): 179 - 190. Searing, Donald D. 1978. “Measuring Politicians' Values: Administration and Assessment of a Ranking Technique in the British House of Commons.” American Political Science Review, 72, 65-79. Searing, Donald D. 1995. “The Psychology of Political Authority: A Causal Mechanism of Political Learning Through Persuasion and Manipulation.” Political Psychology, 16, 677-696.

-13- Sears, Robert R., and Lapidus, D 1973. “Episodic Analysis of Novels.” Journal of Psychology, 85, 267-276. Sigelman, Lee. 2002. “Two Reagans? Genre Imperatives, Ghostwriters, and Presidential Personality Profiling. Political Psychology, 23(December): 839 - 852. Simonton, Dean K. 1986. Presidential personality: Biographical use of the Gough adjective check list. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 149-160. Simonton, Dean K. 1990. Personality and politics. In L.A. Pervin, editor, Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 670-692). New York: Guildord. Simonton, Dean K. 1992. Comment: Presidential greatness and personality: A response to McCann (1992). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 676-679. Simonton, Dean K. 2006. “Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives.” Political Psychology, 27(August): 527 - 548. Steinberg, Blema. 1996. Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. Steinberg, Blema. 2005. “Indira Gandhi: The Relationship between Personality Profile and Leadership Style.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 755 - 790. Steward, A.J., Healy, J.M., Jr. 1986. The role of personality development and experience in shaping political commitment: An illustrative case. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 11-32. Tetlock, Philip E. 1981. Personality and isolationism: Content analysis of senatorial speeches. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 737-743. Tetlock, Philip E. 1983. Accountability and complexity of thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 74-83. Tetlock, Philip E. 1983. Cognitive style and political ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 118-126. Tetlock, Philip E. 1984. Cognitive style and political beliefs systems in the British House of Commons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 365-375. Tetlock, Philip E. 1985. Integrative complexity of American and Soviet foreign policy rhetoric: A time-series analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1565-1585. Tetlock, Philip E. 1985. Integrative complexity of policy reasoning. In S. Kraus and R.M. Perloff (Eds.) Mass media and political thought. (pp. 267-289). Beverly Hills: Sage. Tetlock, Philip E. 1986. A value pluralism model of ideological reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 819-827.

Tetlock, Phillip E., David Armor, and Randall S. Peterson. 1994. "The Slavery Debate in Antebellum America: Cognitive Style, Value Conflict, and the Limits of Compromise." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(January): 115-126.

-14- Tetlock, Philip E., Bernzweig, J., and Gallant, J.L. 1985. Supreme Court decision making: Cognitive style as a predictor of ideological consistency of voting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1227-1239. Tetlock, Philip E., Crosby, F., and Crosby, T.L. 1981. Political psychobiography. Micropolitics, 1, 191-213. Tetlock, Philip E., Hannum, K.A., and Micheletti, P.M. 1984. Stability and change in the complexity of senatorial debate: Testing the cognitive versus rhetorical style hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 979-990. Thoemmes, Felix J., and Lucian Gideon Conway III. 2007. “Integrative Complexity of 41 U.S. Presidents.” Political Psychology, 28(April): 193 - 226. Walker, Steven G. 1995. Psychodynamic processes and framing effects in foreign policy decision-making: Woodrow Wilson's operational code. Political Psychology, 16, 697- 718. Winter, David G. 1987. Enhancement of an enemy's power motivation as a dynamic of conflict escalation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 41-47. Winter, David G. 1987. Leader appeal, leader performance, and the motive profiles of leaders and followers: A study of American presidents and elections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 196-203. Winter, David G. 1993. "Power, Affiliation, and War: Three Tests of a Motivational Model." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(September): 532-545.

Winter, David G. 2005. “Things I've Learned About Personality From Studying Political Leaders at a Distance.” Journal of Personality, 73(June): 557-584. Winter, David G. 2007. “The Role of Motivation, Responsibility, and Integrative Complexity in Crisis Escalation: Comparative Studies of War and Peach Crises.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(May): 920 - 937. . Zullow, H.M., Oettinger, G., Peterson, C., and Seligman, M.E.P. 1988. Pessimistic explanatory style in the historical record: CAVing LBJ, presidential candidates, and East versus West Berlin. American Psychologist, 43 673-682.

-15- II. POLITICAL COGNITION Date Topic

Oct 11 Social Cognition Reading: Anderson, J.R. 1996. “ACT: A Simple Theory of Complex Cognition.” American Psychologist, 51 (April): 355-365. Smith, Elliot R. 1998. "Mental Representation and Memory.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 391 - 445). Boston: McGraw Hill. Schachter, Daniel L. 1999. "The Seven Sins of Memory." American Psychologist, 54(March): 192-203.

Optional: Particularly good summaries of social cognition is provided by Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor. 1991. Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill. and Wyer, Robert S., Jr., and Thomas K. Srull. 1989. Memory and Cognition in its Social Context. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Also worth a look: Anderson, John R., Michael d. Byrne, Scot Douglass, Christian Lebiere, and Yulin Qin. 2004. “An Integrated Theory of the Mind. Psychological Review, 111(4): 1036 - 1060. Augier, Mie, and James G. March (Eds.). 2004. Models of a Man: Essays in Memory of Herbert Simon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bargh, John A., and Ezequiel Morsella. 2008. “The Unconscious Mind.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(January): 73 - 79.

Baumeister, Roy F. 2008. “Free Will in Scientific Psychology.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(January): 14 - 19. Blair, I.V., Charles M. Judd, and J.L. Fallman. 2004. “The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(December): 763-778. Cantor, N., and Mischel, W. 1979. Prototypes in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 12, pp. 3-52). New York: Academic Press. Corneille, O., J. Huart, E. Becquart, and S. Bredart. 2004. “When Memory Shifts Toward More Typical Category Exemplars: Accentuation Effects in the Recollection of Ethnically Ambiguous Faces.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(February):236-250.

-16- Epstein, Seymour, Veronika Denes-Raj, and Rosemary Pacini. 1995. "The Linda Problem Revisited from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(November): 1124-1138. Fiske, Susan T. 1992. “Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from daguerreotype to laserphoto.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 877-889. Fiske, Susan T., and Linville, P.W. 1980. What does the schema concept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 543-557. Fiske, Susan T., and Pavelchak, M.A. 1986. Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect. In R.M Sorrentino and E.T. Higgins (Eds.) Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 167-203). New York: Guilford. Gill, Michael J. 2004. “When Information Does Not Deter Stereotyping: Prescriptive Stereotyping Can Foster Bias Under conditions that Deter Descriptive Stereotyping.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 619-632. Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. 2001. “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Complementary Justifications for Gender Inequality.” American Psychologist, 56(February): 109 - 118. Golec, A., and Chris M. Federico. 2004. “Understanding Responses to Political Conflict: Interactive Effects of the Need for Closure and Salient Conflict Schemas.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(December): 750-762. Hastie, Reid. 1986. A primer of information-processing theory for the political scientist. In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp 11-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hastie, Reid, and Kumar, P.A. 1979. Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25-38. Hastie, Reid, and Park, B. 1986. “The Relationship Between Memory and Judgment Depends on Whether the Judgment Task Is Memory-based or On-line.” Psychological Review, 93, 258-268. Higgins, E. Tory., and Bargh, J.A. 1987. Social cognition and social perception. In M.R. Rosenweig and L.W. Porter (Eds.) Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 369-425). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Higgins, E. Tory, and Sorrentino, R.M., editors. 1990. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Volume 2). New York: Guilford. Johnson, R. E., C. H. Chang, and R.G. Lord. 2006. “Moving From Cognition to Behavior: What the Research Says.” Psychological Bulletin, 132(3): 381-415. Judd, Charles M., and Park, B. 1993. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100 (January), 109-128.

-17- Jussim, Lee, Thomas E. Nelson, Melvin Manis, and Sonia Soffin. 1995. "Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Labeling Effects: Sources of Bias in Person Perception." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 228-246. Kunda, Ziva. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin, 108 (November): 480 - 498. Lepore, Lorella, and Rupert Brown. 1997. "Category and Stereotype Activation: Is Prejudice Inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72:(February): 275-287. Lyons, A, and Y. Kashima. 2003. “How Are Stereotypes Maintained Through Communication? The Influence of Stereotype Sharedness.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(December): 989-1005. Macrae, C. Neil, Alan B. Mine, and Galen V. Bodenhausen. 1994. "Stereotypes as Energy- Saving Devices: A Peek Inside the Cognitive Toolbox." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(January): 37-47. Markus, H., and Zajonc, R.B. 1985. The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.) The handbook of social psychology (Vol. I, 3rd ed., pp 137-230). New York: Random House. McConnell, Allen R., Steven J. Sherman, and David L. Hamilton. 1997. “Target Entitativity: Implications for Information Processing About Individual and Group Targets.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(April): 750-762. Moskowitz, Gordon B., Peter M. Gollwitzer, Wolfgang Wasel, and Bernard Schaal. 1999. “Preconscious Control of Stereotype Activation through Chronic Egalitarian Goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(July): 167 - 184. Pribram, K.H. 1986. The cognitive revolution and mind/brain issues. American Psychologist, 41, 507-520. Roser, Matthew, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. 2004. “Automatic Brains – Interpretive Minds.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2): 56 - 59. Schneider, D.J., Hastorf, A.H., and Ellsworth, P.C. 1979. Person perception (2nd edition). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Sherman, Jeffrey W., Angela Y. Lee, Gayle R. Bessendoff, and Leigh A. Frost. 1998. “Stereotype Efficiency Reconsidered: Encoding Flexibility Under Cognitive Load.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(September): 589-606. Sherman, Jeffrey W., S.J. Stroessner, F.R. Conrey, and O.A. Azam. 2005. “Prejudice and Stereotype Maintenance Processes: Attention, Attribution, and Individuation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(October): 607-622. Skinner, B.F. 1990. “Can Psychology Be a Science of Mind?” American Psychologist, 45, 1206- 1210. Smith, Elliot R. 1984. “Models of Social Inference Processes.” Psychological Review, 91, 392- 413.

-18- Smith, Elliot R. 1996. "What Do Connectionism and Social Psychology Offer Each Other?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(May): 893-912. Smith, Eliot R., and Jamie DeCoster. 1998. “Knowledge Acquisition, Accessibility, and Use in Person Perception and Stereotyping: Simulation with a Recurrent Connectionist Network.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(January): 21-35. Sorrentino, R.M., and Higgins, E.T., editors. 1986. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. New York: Guilford. Srull, T.K., and Wyer, R.S., Jr. 1989. “Person Memory and Judgment.” Psychological Review, 96, 58-83. Taylor, Shelley E., and Crocker, J. 1981. Schematic bases of social information processing. In E.T. Higgins, C.P. Herman, and M.P. Zanna (Eds.) Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 89-134). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Taylor, Shelley E., and Fiske, S.T. 1981. Getting inside the head: Methodologies for process analysis in attribution and social cognition. In J.H. Harvey, W. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (Eds.) New Directions in Attribution Research (Vol. 3, pp. 459-524). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. von Hippel, William, John Jonides, James L. Hilton, and Sowmya Narayan. 1993. "Inhibitory Effect of Schematic Processing on Perceptual Encoding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(June): 921-935. Vonk, Roos, and Ad van Knippenberg. 1995. "Processing Attitude Statements from In-Group and Out-Group Members: Effects of Within-Group and Within-Person Inconsistencies on Reading Times." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 215-227. Wegner, Daniel M., and John A. Bargh. 1998. “Control and Automaticity in Social Life.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 446 - 496). Boston: McGraw Hill. Wyer, Robert S., Jr., and Srull, Thomas K., editors. 1984. Handbook of social cognition (Volume 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Subsequent volumes also contain many good papers.]

Wyer, Robert S., Jr., and Srull, Thomas K. 1986. “Human Cognition in its Social Context.” Psychological Review, 93, 322-359.

-19- Date Topic

Oct 18 Political Cognition Reading: Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1984. “How People Organize Their Political World: A Schematic Model.” American Journal of Political Science, 28 (February): 95-126. Berinski, Adam, and Tali Mendelberg. 2005. “The Indirect Effects of Discredited Stereotypes in Judgments of Jewish Leaders.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 845 - 864. NEED 2 OR 3 NEW ONES! Optional: I would like someone to summarize for us:

The special issue of Political Psychology,2003, 24(December), on Neuroscientific Contributions [Cacioppo & Visser, Schreiber, Taber and Lodge, Adolphs, etc.].

Also worth a look:

Allen, R.L., Dawson, M.C., and Brown, R. 1989. “A Schema-based Approach to Modeling an African-American Racial Belief System.” American Political Science Review, 83, 421-442.

Arceneaux, Kevin. 2008. “Can Partisan Cues Diminish Democratic Accountability?” Political Behavior, 30(June): 139 - 160. Arceneaux, Kevin, and Robin Kolodny. 2009. “Educating the Least Informed: Group Endorsements in a Grassroots Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(October): 755 - 770. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2003. “Not all Cues Are Created Equal: The Conditional Impact of Female Candidates on Political Engagement.” Journal of Politics, 65(November): 1040:1061. Baldassarri, D., and H. Schadee. 2006. “Voter Heuristics and Political Cognition in Italy: An Empirical Typology.” Electoral Studies, 25(3): 448-466. Bassili, John N. 1995. “On the Psychological Reality of Party Identification: Evidence from the Accessibility of Voting Intentions and of Partisan Feelings.” Political Behavior, 17, 339- 358. Bassili, John N. 1995. "Response Latency and the Accessibility of Voting Intentions: What Contributes to Accessibility and How It Affects Vote Choice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(July): 686-695. Bassili, John N., and B. Stacey Scott. 1996. "Response Latency as a Signal to Question Problems in Survey Research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(Fall): 390-399. Beer, F.A., Healy, A.F., Sinclair, G.P., and Bourne, L.E. Jr. 1987. “War Cues and Foreign Policy Acts.” American Political Science Review, 81(September): 701-717.

-20- Bolland, J.M. 1985. “The Structure of Political Cognition: a New Approach to its Meaning and Measurement.” Political Behavior, 7, 248-265. Boudreau, Cheryl. 2009. “Closing the Gap: When Do Cues Eliminate Differences between Sophisticated and Unsophisticated Citizens?” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 964 - 976. Brockington, David. 2003. “A Low Information Theory of Ballot Position Effect.” Political Behavior: 25(March): 1-28. Burton, S., and Blair, E. (1991). Task conditions, response formulation processes, and response accuracy for behavioral frequency questions in surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 50-79. Boynton, G.R. and Lodge, M. 1990. Guest editors' note. Political Behavior, 12, 1-4. Coan, Travis G., Jennifer L., Merolla, Laura B. Stephenson, and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. 2008. “It’s Not Easy Being Green: Minor Party Labels as Heuristic Aids.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 389 - 406. DeSart, J.A. 1995. “Information processing and partisan neutrality: A reexamination of the party decline thesis.” Journal of Politics, 57, 776-795.

Druckman, James N. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1041 - 1066. Erber, Ralph, and Richard R. Lau. 1990. “Political Cynicism Revisited: an Information- Processing Reconciliation of Policy-based and Incumbency-based Interpretations of Changes in Trust in Government.” American Journal of Political Science, 34, 236-253. Fiske, Susan T., Kinder, Donald R., and Larter, W.M. 1983. “The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge Based Strategies in Political Cognition.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381-400. Hamill, Ruth, and Milton Lodge. 1986. “Cognitive Consequences of Political Sophistication.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 69-93). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hamill, Ruth, Milton Lodge, and Blake, F. 1985. “The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata.” American Journal of Political Science, 29, 850- 870. Herrmann, Richard. 1986. “The Power of Perceptions in Foreign Policy Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 30, 841-875. Holbrook, Thomas M. 2006. “Cognitive Style and Political Learning in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Campaign.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(3): 343-352. Hurwitz, John, and Mark Peffley. 1987. “How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?” American Political Science Review, 81, 1099-1121. Jacoby, William G. 1988. “The Sources of Liberal-Conservative Thinking: Education and Conceptualization.” Political Behavior, 10, 316-332.

-21- Jost, John T., Jim Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and F.J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin, 129(3): 339 - 375. Koch, Jeffrey W. 2001. “When Parties and Candidates Collide: Citizen Perception of House Candidates’ Positions on Abortion.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(Spring): 1 - 21. Kuklinski, James H., Luskin, R.C., and Bolland, J. 1991. “Where Is the Schema? Going Beyond the "S" Word in Political Psychology.” American Political Science Review, 85, 1341- 1356. See also following rebuttals by Lodge and McGraw, Conover and Feldman, and Miller. Lau, Richard R. 1986. “Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp 95-125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Lau, Richard R. 1989. “Construct Accessibility and Electoral Choice.” Political Behavior 11(March): 5-32. Lau, Richard R. 1990. “Political Motivation and Political Cognition.” In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 297-329). New York: Guilford. Lau, Richard R., and Erber, Ralph E. 1985. An information processing perspective on political sophistication. In S. Kraus and R. Perloff (Eds.) Mass media and political thought (pp 17-39). Beverly Hills: Sage. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2008. “Older but Wiser? Effects of Age on Political Cognition.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 168 - 185. Lodge, Milton and Ruth Hamill. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” American Political Science Review, 80(June): 505-519. McDermott, Monika L. 2005. “Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts.” Journal of Politics, 67(February): 201 - 219. McDermott, Monika L. 2006. “Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(2): 249-258. McGraw, Kathleen M. 2000. “Contribution of the Cognitive Approach to Political Psychology.” Political Psychology, 21(December): 805 - 832. Milburn, Michael A. 1987. “Ideological Self-schemata and Schematically Induced Attitude Consistency.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 383-399. Miler, Kristina C. 2009. “The Limitations of Heuristics for Political Elites.” Political Psychology, 30(December): 863 - 894. Miller, Arthur H. 1986. “Partisan Cognitions in Transition.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 203-231). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Norpoth, Helmut, and Buchanan, B. (1992). Wanted: The education President. Issue trespassing by political candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 87-99.

-22- Redlawsk, David P. 2001. “You Must Remember This: A Test of the On-line Model of Voting.” Journal of Politics, 63(February): 29 - 58 Richardson, B.M. 1988. “Constituency Candidates Versus Parties in Japanese Voting Behavior.” American Political Science Review, 82, 695-718. Rivers, Doug. 1988. “Heterogeneity in Models of Electoral Choice.” American Journal of Political Science, 32, 737-757. Rosenberg, Shawn W. 1988. “The Structure of Political Thinking.” American Journal of Political Science, 32, 539-566. Schaffner, Brian F., and Matthew J. Streb. 2002. “The Partisan Heuristic in Low-Information Elections.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Winter): 559 - 581. Sears, David O., Huddie, L, and Schafer, L.G. 1986. “A Schematic Variant of Symbolic Politics Theory.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 159-202). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Sharp, C., and Lodge, M. 1985. “Partisan and Ideological Belief Systems: Do They Differ?” Political Behavior, 7, 147-166. Taber, Charles S. 2003. “Information Processing and Public Opinion.” In David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp 433 - 476). New York: Oxford University Press. Tetlock, Philip E. 1993. “Cognitive Structural Analysis of Political Rhetoric: Methodological and Theoretical Issues." In S. Iyengar and M.J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in Political Psychology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Vertzberger, Yaacov Y.I. 1993. The World in their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

-23- Date Topic

Oct 25 Candidate Impression

Reading: Kinder, Donald R. 1986. “Presidential Character Revisited.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, eds., Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 233-256). Hillsboro, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Lodge, Milton, Kathleen M. McGraw, and Patrick Stroh. 1989. “An Impression- Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review, 83(June): 399-420. NEED 1 OR 2 MORE McGraw. 2003. “Political Impressions: Formation and Management.” Handbook, Chapter 12.

Optional: Particularly good summaries of person perception research is provided by:

Gilbert, Daniel T. 1998. “Ordinary Personology.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 89 - 150). Boston: McGraw Hill.

Also worth a look: Abelson, R.P., Kinder, D.R., Peters, M.D., and Fiske, S.T. 1982. Affective and Semantic Components in Political Person Perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 619-630. Abramowitz, A.I. 1987. “Candidate Choice Before the Convention: the Democrats in 1984.” Political Behavior, 9, 49-62. Adaval, Rashmi, Linda M. Isbell, and Robert S. Wyer, Jr. 2007. “The Impact of Pictures on Narrative- and List-Based Impression Formation: A Process Interference Model.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(May): 352 - 364. Bailenson, Jeremy N., Shanto Iyengar, Nick Yee, and Nathan A. Collins. 2008. “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Influence.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(5): 935 - 961. Banducci, Susan A., Jeffrey A. Karp, Michael Thrasher, and Colin Rallings. 2008. “Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low-Information Elections.” Political Psychology, 29(December): 903 - 918. Bianco, William t. 1998. "Different Paths to the Same Result: Rational Choice, Political Psychology, and Impression Formation in Campaigns." American Journal of Political Science,42(October): 1061-1081.

-24- Bizer, George Y., Zakary L. Tormala, Derek D. Rucker, and Richard E. Petty. 2006. “Memory- Based Versus On-Line Precessing: Implications for Attitude Strength.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(September): 646 - 653. Butemeyer, J., Rogers, R.R., Rosenwasser, S.M., and Silvers-Pickens, K. 1987. Attitudes toward women and men in politics: Perceived male and female candidates competencies and participant personality characteristics. Political Psychology, 8, 191-200. Campbell, J.E., and Meier, J.L. 1979. Style issues and vote choice. Political Behavior, 1, 203- 216. Caprara, Gian Vittorio, Claudio Barbaranelli, and Philip G. Zimbardo. 2002. “When Parsimony Subdues Distinctiveness: Simplified Public Perception of Politicians’ Personality.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 77 - 96. Caprara, Gian Vittorio, Michele Vecchione, Claudio Barbaranelli, and R. Chris Fraley. 2007. “When Likeness Goes with Liking: The Case of Political Preference.” Political Psychology, 28(October): 609 - 632. Citrin, J., Green, D.P., and Sears, David O. 1990. White reactions to Black candidates: When does race matter? Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 74-96. Doherty, Kathryn M., and James G. Gimpel. 1997. "Candidate Character vs. The Economy in the 1992 Election." Political Behavior, 19(September): 177-196. Einhorn, H.J., Komorita, S.S., and Rosen, B. 1972. Multidimensional models for the evaluation of political candidates. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 58-73. Fischle, Mark. 2000. “Mass Responses to the Lewinsky Scandal: Motivated Reasoning or Bayesian Updating?” Political Psychology, 21(March): 135-160. Foti, R., Fraser, S., and Lord, R. 1982. Effects of leadership labels and prototypes on perceptions of political leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 326-333. Fox, Richard L., and Eric R.A.N. Smith. 1998. “The Role of Candidate Sex In Voter Decision- Making.” Political Psychology, 19(June): 405-420. Franklin, C.H. 1991. Eschewing obfuscation? Campaigns and the perception of U.S. senate incumbents. American Political Science Review, 85, 1193-1214. Funk, Carolyn L. 1996. The impact of scandal on candidate evaluations: An experimental test of the role of candidate traits. Political Behavior, 18, 1-24. Funk, Carolyn L. 1997. "Implications of Political Expertise in Candidate Trait Evaluations." Political Research Quarterly, 50(September): 675-697. Gilens, Martin. 1988. Gender and support for Reagan: A comprehensive model of presidential approval. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 19-50. Glass, D.P. 1985. Evaluating political candidates: Who focuses on their personal attributes? Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 517-534.

-25- Glasgow, Garrett, and Michael R. Alvarez. 2000. “Uncertainty and Candidate Personality Traits.” American Politics Quarterly, 28(January): 26-4. Gonzales, Marti Hope, Margaret Bull Kovera, John L. Sullivan, and Virginia Chanley. 1995. "Private Reactions to Public Transgressions: Predictors of Evaluative Responses to Allegations of Political Misconduct." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(February): 136-148. Goren, Paul. 2002. “Character Weakness, Partisan Bias, and Presidential Evaluation.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(July): 627 - 641. [also negativity]

Goren, Paul. 2007. “Character Weakness, Partisan Bias, and Presidential Evaluation: Modifications and Extensions.” Political Behavior, 29(September): 305 - 326. Hayes, Danny. 2005. “Candidate Qualities through a Partisan Lens:: A Theory of Trait Ownership.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 924 - 938. Holbrook, Allyson L. Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, Wendi L. Gardner, and John T. Cacioppo. 2001. “Attitudes toward Presidential Candidates and Political Parties: Initial Optimism, Inertial First Impressions, and a Focus on Flaws.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 930 - 950. Huddy, Leonie, and Terkildsen, N. 1993. The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46, 503- 525. Jacobs, L.R., and Shapiro, R.Y. 1994. Issues, candidate image, and priming: The use of private polls in Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign. American Political Science Review, 88, 527-540. Kahn, Kim F. 1992. Does being male help?: An investigation of gender biases in U.S. presidential races. Journal of Politics, 52, 497-517. Kahn, Kim F. 1994. Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns if statewide campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 162-195. Kahn, Kim F. 1994. The distorted mirror: Press coverage of women candidates for statewide office. Journal of Politics, 56, 154-173. Kahn, Kim F., and Golderberg, E.N. 1991. Women candidates in the news: An examination of gender differences in U.S. senate campaign coverage. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 180-199. Kam, Cindy D. 2007. “Implicit Attitudes, Explicit Choices: When Subliminal Priming Predicts Candidate Preference.” Political Behavior, 29(September): 343 - 368. Keeter, Scott. 1987. The illusion of intimacy: Television and the role of candidate personal qualities in voter choice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 344-359.

Kenney, P.J., and Rice, T.W. 1988. Presidential pre-nomination preferences and candidate evaluations. American Political Science Review, 82, 1309-1320.

-26- Kinder, Donald R., Fiske, Susan T., and Wagner, Randal G. 198x. “Presidents in the Public Mind.” In ???

Kinder, Donald R., Peters, M.D., Abelson, R.P., and Fiske, S.T. 1980. Presidential prototypes. Political Behavior, 2, 315-338. Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. “Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?” Journal of Politics, 62(May): 414 - 429. Lane, Robert E. 1978. Interpersonal relations and leadership in a "cold society." Comparative Politics, 10, 443-459. Lavine, Howard. 2001. “The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence Toward Presidential Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 915 - 929. Leeper, M.S. 1991. The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Quarterly, 19, 248-261. Letzring, T.D., S.M. Wells, and David C. Funder. 2006. “Information Quantity and Quality Affect the Realistic Accuracy of Personality Judgment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(July): 111-123. Little, A.C., R. Pl Burriss, B.C. Jones, and S.C. Roberts. 2007. “Facial Appearance Affects Voting Decisions.” Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1)” 18 - 27. Lodge, Milton. 1995. “Toward a Procedural Model of Candidate Evaluation.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 111 - 140). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review, 89(June): 309-326. Lodge, Milton, Stroh, P., and Wahlke, J. 1990. Black-box models of candidate evaluation. Political Behavior, 12, 5-18. Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology, 26(June): 455 - 482. Lusk, C.M., and Judd, C.M. 1988. Political expertise and the structural mediators of candidate evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 105-127. MacDonald, S.E., Prothro, J.W., Rabinowitz, G., and Brown, K.J. 1988. Political evocation and styles of candidate evaluation. Political Behavior, 10, 117-135. Mattes, Kyle, Michael Spezio, Hackjin Kim, Alexander Todorov, Ralph Adolphs, and R. Michael Alvarez. 2010. “Predicting Election Outcomes from Positive and Negative Trait Assessments of Candidate Images.” Political Psychology, 31(February): 41 - 58. McCaul, Kevin D., Rob E. Ployhart, Verlin B. Hinsz, and Harriette S. McCaul. 1995. "Appraisals of a Consistent Versus a Similar Politician: Voter Preferences and Intuitive Judgments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 292-299.

-27- McConnell, Allen R., Steven J. Sherman, and David L. Hamilton. 1994. "On-Line and Memory- Based Aspects of Individual and Group Target Judgments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(August): 173-185. McCurley, C., and Mondak, J.J. 1995. “Inspected by #1184063113: The influence of incumbents’ competence and integrity in U.S. House elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 39, 864-885. McDermott, Monika L. 1997. “Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(January): 270-283. McGraw, Kathleen M. 1991. Managing blame: An experimental test of the effects of political accounts. American Political Science Review, 85, 1133-1158. McGraw, Kathleen M., Mark Fishle, Karen Stenner, and Milton Lodge. 1996. "What's in a Word? Bias in Trait Descriptions of Political Leaders." Political Behavior, 18(September): 263-288.

McGraw, Kathleen M., Milton Lodge, and Jeffrey M. Jones. 2002. “The Pandering Politicians of Suspicious Minds.” Journal of Politics, 64(May): 362 - 383. McGraw, Kathleen M., and Marco Steenbergen. 1995. “Pictures in the Head: Memory Representations of Political Candidates.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 15 - 42). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. McGraw, Kathleen M., Lodge, M., and Stroh, P. 1990. On-line processing in candidate evaluation: The effects of issue order, issue importance, and sophistication. Political Behavior, 12, 41-58. McGraw, Kathleen M., Timpone, R., and Bruck, G. 1993. Justifying controversial political decisions: Home Style in the laboratory. Political Behavior, 15, 289-308. Merolla, Jennifer L., and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. 2009. “Terrorist Threat, Leadership, and the Vote: Evidence from Three Experiments.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 575 - 602.

Miller, Arthur H., Wattenberg, M.P., and Malanchuk, O. 1986. “Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates.” American Political Science Review, 80, 521-540. Moskowitz, David, and Patrick Stroh. 1996. Expectation-Driven Assessments of Political Candidates." Political Psychology, 17(December): 695-712. Nygren, T.E., and Jones, L.E. 1977. Individual differences in perceptions and preferences for political candidates. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 182-197. Peffley, M. 1989. Presidential image and economic performance: A dynamic analysis. Political Behavior, 11, 309-334. Plutzer, Eric, and John F. Zipp. 1996. "Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women." Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(Spring): 30-57.

-28- Rahn, Wendy M. 1993. “The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates.” American Journal of Political Science, 37, 472-496. Rahn, Wendy M. 1995. “Candidate Evaluation in Complex Information Environments: Cognitive Organization and Comparison Process.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 43 - 64). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Rahn, W.M., Aldrich, J.H., and Borgida, E. 1994. Individual and contextual variations in political candidate appraisal. American Political Science Review, 88, 193-199. Rahn, W.M., Aldrich, J.H., Borgida, E., and Sullivan, J.L. 1991. A social-cognitive model of candidate appraisal. In J.A. Ferejohn and J.H. Kuklinski (Eds.) Information and democratic processes (pp.136-159). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Rahn, W.M., Krosnick, J.A., and Breuning, M. 1994. Rationalization and derivation processes in survey studies of political candidate evaluation. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 582-600. Rosenberg, S.W., Bohan, L, McCafferty, P.L., and Harris, K. 1986. The image and the vote: The effect of candidate presentation on voter preference. American Journal of Political Science, 30, 108-127. Rosenberg, S.W., and McCafferty, P. 1987. The image and the vote: Manipulating voters' preferences. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 31-48. Rosenberg, S.W., Kahn, S., and Tran, T. 1991. Creating a political image: Shaping appearance and manipulating the vote. Political Behavior, 13, 345-367. Sherman, R.C., and Ross, L.B. 1972. Liberalism-conservatism and dimensional salience in the perception of political figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 120- 127. Shultz, Cindy, and S. Mark Pancer. 1997. "Character Attacks and their Effects on Perceptions of Male and Female Political Candidates." Political Psychology, 18(March): 93-102. Shyles, L. 1984. Defining "images" of presidential candidates from televised political spot advertisements. Political Behavior, 6, 171-182. Sigelman, C.K., Sigelman, L., Walkosz, B., and Nitz, M. 1995. Black candidates, white voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 243-265. Smith, Elizabeth S., Ashleigh Smith Powers, and Gustavo A. Suarez. 2005. “If Bill Clinton Were a Woman: The Effectiveness of Male and Female Politicians’ Account Strategies Following Alleged Transgressions.” Political Psychology, 26(February): 115 - 134. Snyder, G.A. 1979. Assessing the candidate preference function. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 732-754. Stoker, L. 1993. Judging presidential character: The demise of Gary Hart. Political Behavior, 15, 193-224.

-29- Terkildsen, N. 1993. “When White Voters Evaluate Black Candidates: The Processing Implications of Candidate Skin Color, Prejudice, and Self-Monitoring.” American Journal of Political Science, 37(November): 1032 - 1053. Todorov, A., A.N. Mandisodza, A. Goren, and C.C. Hall. 2005. “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes.” Science, 308(5728): 1623 - 1626. Willis, G., and A. Todorov. 2006. “First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After 100 ms Exposure to a Face.” Psychological Science, 17(7): 592 - 598. Wyer, Jr., R.S., Budesheim, T.L., Shavitt, S., Riggle, E.D., Melton, R.J., and Kuklinski, J.H. 1991. “Images, issues, and ideology: The processing of information about political candidates.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 533-545.

-30- Date Topic

Nov 1 Emotional Responses in Politics Reading: Marcus, Neuman, and MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. (Markus’s chapter in the Handbook provides a briefer overview of his basic argument.) NEW Taber, Charles, and Milton Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science, 50(October): 755 - 769.

Optional: A particularly good summary of the psychological literature on emotions is provided by: Zajonc, Robert B. 1998. “Emotions.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 591 - 632). Boston: McGraw Hill.

Also worth a look: Abelson, R., Kinder, D., Peters, M., and Fiske, S. 1982. Affective and semantic components in political person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 619-630. Bar-Tal, Daniel. 2001. “Why Does Fear Override Hope in Societies Engulfed by Intractable Conflict, as It Does in the Israeli Society?” Political Psychology, 22(September): 601 - 628. Beukeboom, Camiel J., and Gun R. Semin. 2006. “How Mood Turns on Language.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(September): 553 - 566. Birnbaum, M.H. 1981. Thinking and feeling: A skeptical review. American Psychologist, 36, 99-101. Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(April): 388 - 405. Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. “What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 959 - 978. Brewer, Paul R. 2001. “Value Words and Lizard Brains: Do Citizens Deliberate About Appeals to Their Core Values?” Political Psychology, 22(March): 45 - 64. Burden, Barry, and Casey A. Klofstad. 2005. “Affect and Cognition in Party Identification.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 869 - 886. Cacioppo, John T., Wendi L. Gardner, and Gary G. Berntson. 1999. The Affect System Has Parallel and Integrative Processing Components: Form Follows Function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(May): 839-855.

-31- Carstensen, Laura L., Derek M. Isaacowitz, and Susan T. Charles. 1999. "Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity." American Psychologist 54(March): 165-181.

Civettini, Andrew J. W., and David P. Redlawsk. 2009. “Voters, Emotions, and Memory.” Political Psychology, 30(February): 125 - 152. Clark, M.S., and Fiske, S.T., editors. 1982. Affect and cognition: The 17th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1986. “Emotional reactions to the economy.” American Journal of Political Science, 30, 50-78. DeSteno, D., Richard E. Petty, D. D. Rucker, Daniel T. Wegener, and J. Braverman. 2004. “Discrete Emotions and Persuasion: The Role of Emotion-Induced Expectancies.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(January): 43-56. Diener, E., and Emmons, R.A. 1984. The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1117. Dolan, Kathleen A., and Thomas M. Holbrook. 2001. “Knowing Versus Caring: The Role of Affect and Cognition in Political Perceptions.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 27 - 44.

Druckman, James N., and Rose McDermott. 2008. “Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice.” Political Behavior, 30(September): 297 - 322. Dunn, J. R., and M.E. Schweitzer. 2005. “Feeling and Believing: The Influence of Emotion on Trust.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(May): 736-748. Edwards, Kari, and William von Hippel. 1995. "Hearts and Minds: The Priority of Affective Versus Cognitive Factors in Person Perception." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(October): 996-1011. Forgas, Joseph P. 2007. “When Sad Is Better than Happy: Negative Affect Can Improve the Quality and Effectiveness of Persuasive Messages and Social Influence Strategies.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(July): 513 - 528. Friedman, H.S., DiMatteo, M.R., and Mertz, T.I. 1980. Nonverbal communication on television news: The facial expressions of broadcasters during coverage of a presidential election campaign. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 427-435. Goldstein, Miriam D., and Michael J. Strube. 1994. "Independence Revisited: The Relation Between Positive and Negative Affect in a Naturalistic Setting." Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 20(February): 57-64. Gray, Jeremy R. 2004. “Integration of Emotion and Cognitive Control.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2): 46 - 48. Green, Donald P., Peter Salovey, and Kathryn M. Truax. 1999. Static, Dynamic, and Causative Bipolarity of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(May): 856-867. Gross, Kimberly, and Lisa D’Ambrosio. 2004. “Framing Emotional Response.” Political Psychology, 25(February): 1-30.

-32- Huddy, Leonie, Stanley Feldman, Charles Taber, and Gallya Lahav. 2005. “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(July): 593 - 608. Huddy, Leonie, and Anna H. Gunnthorsdottir. 2000. “The Persuasive Effects of Emotive visual Imagery: Superficial Manipulation or the Product of Passionate Reason?” Political Psychology, 21(December): 745 - 778. Izard, Carroll E., Deborah Z. Libero, Priscilla Putnam, and O. Maurice Haynes. 1993. "Stability of Emotion Experiences and Their Relations to Traits of Personality." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(May): 847-860. Kuklinski, J.H., Riggle, E., Ottati, V., Schwarz, N., and Wyer, R.S., Jr. 1991. “ The cognitive and affective bases of political tolerance judgments.” American Journal of Political Science, 35, 1-27. Koziak, Barbara. 1999. “Homeric Thumos: The Early History of Gender, Emotion, and Politics.” Journal of Politics, 61(November): 1068 - 1091.

Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2008. Reassessing the Role of Anxiety in Vote Choice.” Political Psychology, 29(April): 275 - 296. Lang, P.J. 1995. “The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention.” American Psychologist, 50 (5), 372-385. Lanzetta, J.T., Sullivan, D.G., Masters, R.D. and McHugo, G.J. 1985. Emotional an cognitive responses to televised images of political leaders. In S. Kraus and R.M Perloff (Eds.) Mass media and political thought: An information-processing approach (pp. 85-116). Beverly Hills: Sage. Larsen, Jeff T., A. Peter McGraw, and John T. Cacioppo. 2001. “Can People Feel Happy and Sad at the Same Time?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(October): 684 - 696. Lazarus, R.S. 1982. Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37, 1010-1024.

Lazarus, R.S. 1984. On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124-129.

Lupia, Arthur, and Jesse O. Menning. 2009. “When Can Politicians Scare Citizens into Supporting Bad Policies?” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 90 - 106. Marcus, G.E. 1988. “The structure of emotional response: 1984 presidential candidates.” American Political Science Review, 82, 737-761. Marcus, George E., and Michael B. MacKuen. 1993. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns.” American Political Science Review, 87(September): 672-685. Marcus, George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Daniel Stevens. 2005. “The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 949 - 964.

-33- Masters, R.D. and Sullivan, D.G. 1989. Nonverbal displays and political leadership in France and the United States. Political Behavior, 11, 123-156. McDermott, Rose. 2004. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspective on Politics, 2(December): 691 - 706. McHugo, G.J., Lanzetta, J.T., Sullivan, D.G., Masters, R.D., and Englis, B.G. 1985. Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive displays. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1513-1529. Mellers, B.A. 1981. Feeling more than thinking [Comment]. American Psychologist, 36, 802- 803. Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2004. “Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment.” Political Psychology, 25(August): 507-524. Nadeau, R., Niemi, R.G., and Amato, T. 1995. Emotions, issue importance, and political learning. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 558-574. Neely, Francis. 2007. “Party Identification in Emotional and Political Context: A Replication.” Political Psychology, 28(December): 667 - 688. Neumann, Roland, and Fritz Strack. 2000. “Approach and Avoidance: The Influence of Proprioceptive and Exteroceptive Cues on Encoding of Affective Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(July): 39 - 48. Ottati. V.C., Steenbergen, M.R., and Riggle, E. 1992. The cognitive and affective components of political attitudes: Measuring the determinants of candidate evaluations. Political Behavior, 14, 423-442. Park, Jaihyun, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2000. “Mood and Heuristics: The Influence of Happy and Sad States on Sensitivity and Bias in Stereotyping.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(June): 1005 - 1023. Ragsdale, L. 1991. Strong feelings: Emotional responses to presidents. Political Behavior, 13, 33-66. Richards, Jane M., and James J. Gross. 2000. “Emotion Regulation and Memory: The Cognitive Costs of Keeping One’s Cool.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (September): 410 - 424. Roseman, I, Abelson, R.P., and Ewing, M.F. 1986. Emotion and political cognition. In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 279-294). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Rudman, Laurie A. 2004. “Sources of Implicit Attitudes.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2): 79 - 82. Rudolf, Thomas J., Amy Gangl, and Dan Stevens. 2000. “The Effects of Efficacy and Emotions on Campaign Involvement.” Journal of Politics, 62(November): 1189 - 1197. Russell, J. 1980. A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.

-34- Russell, James A., and Lisa Feldman Barrett. 1999. “Core Affect, Prototypical Emotional Episodes, and Other Things Called Emotion: Dissecting the Elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(May): 805-819. Small, Deborah A., and Jennifer S. Lerner. 2008. “Emotional Policy: Personal Sadness and Anger Shape Judgments about a Welfare Case.” Political Psychology, 29(April): 149 - 168. Small, Deborah A., Jennifer S. Lerner, and Baruch Fischhoff. 2006. “Emotion Priming and Attributions for Terrorism: Americans’ Reactions in a National Field Experiment.” Political Psychology, 27(April): 289 - 298. Sullivan, Denis G. 1996. "Emotional Responses to the Nonverbal Behavior of French and American Political Leaders." Political Behavior, 18(September):311-325. Sullivan, D.G. and Masters, R.D. 1988. "Happy warriors:" Leaders' facial displays, viewers' emotion, and political support. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 345-368. Tomkin, S.S. 1982. Affect theory. In P. Ekman (Ed.) Emotion in the human face (2nd ed., pp. 353-395). New York: Cambridge University Press. Valentino, Nicholas A., Krysha Gregorowicz, and Eric W. Groenendyk. 2009. “Efficacy, Emotions and the Habit of Participation.” Political Behavior, 31(September): 307 - 330. Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. “Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking and Learning via the Internet.” Political Psychology, 29(April): 247 - 274. Valentino, Nicholas A., Antoine J. Banks, Vincent L. Hutchings, and Anne K. Davis. 2009. “Selective Exposure in the Internet Age: The Interaction between Anxiety and Information Utility.” Political Psychology, 30(August): 591 - 614. Watson, D. and Tellegen, A. 1985. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235. Watson, David, David Wiese, Jatin Vaidya, and Auke Tellegen. 1999. “The Two General Activation Systems of Affect: Structural Findings, Evolutionary Considerations, and Psychobiological Evidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(May): 820-838.

Weinberger, Joel, and Drew Westen. 2008. “RATS. We Should Have Used Clinton: Subliminal Priming in Political Campaigns.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 631 - 652. Wells, Chris, Justin Reedy, John Gastil, and Carolyn Lee. 2009. “Information Distortion and Voting Choices: The Origins and Effects of Factual Beliefs in Initiative Elections.” Political Psychology, 30(December): 953 - 970. Wentura, Dirk, Klaus Rothermund, and Peter Bak. 2000. “Automatic Vigilance: The Attention- Grabbing Power of Approach- and Avoidance-Related Social Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(June): 1024 - 1037.

-35- Winkielman, Piotr, and Kent C. Berridge. 2004. “Unconscious Emotion.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(3): 120 - 123. Zajonc, R.B. 1980. Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175. Zajonc, R.B. 1981. A one-factor mind about mind and emotion. American Psychologist, 36, 102-103. Zajonc, R.B. 1984. On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123. Zevon, M.A., and Tellegin, A. 1982. The structure of mood change: An ideographic/ nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111-122.

-36- III. ATTITUDES, INFERENCE, AND PERSUASION Date Topic

Nov. 8 Attitude Theory Reading: Petty, Richard, and Duane T. Wegener. 1998. “Attitude Change: Multiple Roles for Persuasion Variables. In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 323 - 390). Boston: McGraw Hill. Billig. 2003. “Political Rhetoric.” Handbook, Chapter 7. Optional: Abelson, R.P. 1986. “Beliefs Are Like Possessions.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 16, 223-250.

Abelson, R.P. 1988. “Conviction.” American Psychologist, 43, 267-276. Abelson, R.P., Aronson, E., McGuire, W.J., Newcomb, T.M., Rosenberg, M.J., and Tannenbaum, P.H., editors. 1968. Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A Sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNally. Bassilli, John N. 1996. “Meta-Judgmental Versus Operative Indexes of Psychological Attributes: The Case of Measures of Attitude Strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(October): 637-653. Bassilli, John N., and Jean-Paul Roy. 1998. “On the Representation of Strong and Weak Attitudes About Policy in Memory.” Political Psychology, 19(December): 669-682. Bem, D.J. 1970. Beliefs, Attitudes, and Human Affairs. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Bizer, George Y., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2001. “Exploring the Structure of Strength-Related Attitude Features: The Relation between Attitude Importance and Attitude Accessibility.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(October): 566 - 586. Bobo, Lawrence. 1997. "Race, Public Opinion, and the Social Sphere. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(Spring): 1-15. Chaiken, Shelly, and Durairaj Maheswaran. 1994. "Heuristic Processing Can Bias Systematic Processing: Effects of Source Credibility, Argument Ambiguity, and Task Importance on Attitude Judgment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(March): 460- 473. Chaiken, S., and Stangor, C. 1987. Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 575-630. (particularly pp 575-603). Crites, Stephen L., Leandre R. Fabrigar, and Richard E. Petty. 1994. "Measuring the Affective and Cognitive Properties of Attitudes: Conceptual and Methodological Issues." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(December): 619-634.

-37- Eagly, Alice H., and Shelly Chaiken. 1998. “Attitude Structure and Function.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 269 - 322). Boston: McGraw Hill. Fazio, R. 1985. How do attitudes guide behavior? In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Volume 1, pp 204-243). New York: Guilford. Fazio, Russell H., Janet E. Ledbetter, and Tamara Towles-Schwen. 2000. “On the Costs of Accessible Attitudes: Detecting that the Attitude Object Has Changed.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(February): 197-210. Greenwald, Anthony G, and M.R. Banaji. 1995. “Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self- Esteem, and Stereotypes.” Psychological Review, 102(January): 4-27. Hartman, Todd K., and Christopher R. Weber. 2009. “Who Said What? The Effects of Solurce Cues in Issue Frames.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 537 - 559.

Holbrook, AL; Matthew K. Berent, Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and D.S. Boninger. 2005. “Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(May): 749-769. Katz, D. 1960. The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 163-204. Keele, Luke, and Jennifer Wolak. 2008. “Contextual Sources of Ambivalence.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 653 - 674. Kenny, C.B. 1994. The microenvironment of attitude change. Journal of Politics, 56, 715-728. Kiesler, C.A., Collins, B.E., and Miller, N. 1969. Attitude change: A critical analysis of theoretical approaches. New York: Wiley. Kraus, Stephen J. 1995. "Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(January): 58-75. Krosnick, J.A. 1989. Attitude importance and attitude accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 297-308. Krosnick, John A., David S Boninger, Yao C. Chuang, Matthew K. Berent, and Catherine G. Carnot. 1993. "Attitude Strength: One Construct or Many Related Constructs?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(December): 1132-1151. McGuire, M.J. 1985. Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson, (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd. edition, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House. Ostrom, T.M. 1989. Interdependence of attitude theory and measurement. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp 11-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Petty, R.E., and Cacioppo, J.T. 1981. Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: Brown.

-38- Petty, R.E., and Cacioppo, J.T. 1986. Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag. Posavac, Steven S., David M. Sanbonmatsu, and Russell H. Fazio. 1997. "Considering the Best Choice: Effects of the Salience and Accessibility of Alternatives on Attitude-Decision Consistency." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(February): 253-261. Pratkanis, A.R., Breckler, S.J., and Greenwald, A.G., editors. 1989. Attitude structure and function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [An excellent overview.] Pratkanis, A.R. 1989. The cognitive representation of attitudes. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp 71-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pratto, Felicia, Deborah G. Tatar, and Sahr Conway-Lanz. 1999. “Who Gets What and Why: Determinants of Social Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 20(March),127-150. Shavitt, S. 1989. Operationalizing functional theories of attitude. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp 311-338). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (particularly pp. 311-321). Skitka, Linda J., and Philip E. Tetlock. 1993. "Providing Public Assistance: Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying Liberal and Conservative Policy Preferences." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(December): 1205-1223. Smith, M.B. 1973. Political attitudes. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of political psychology (pp 57-82). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Smith, M.B., Bruner, J., and White, R. 1956. Opinions and personality. New York: Wiley. Tesser, Abraham. 1993. “The Importance of Heritability in Psychological Research: The Case of Attitudes.” Psychological Review, 100(January): 129-142.

-39- Date Topic

Nov. 15 Political Attitudes, Inference, and Persuasion Reading: Kinder. 2003. “Communication and Politics in the Age of Information.” Handbook, Chapter 11. Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1989. “Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes.” American Journal of Political Science, 33(November): 912-940. Nelson, Thomas E., and Donald R. Kinder. 1996. "Issue Frames and Group- Centrism in American Public Opinion." The Journal of Politics, 55 (November): 1055-1078. NEW Hatemi, Peter, Sarah Medland, Carolyn Funk, Hermione Maes, Judy Silberg, Nicholas Martin, and Lindon Eaves. 2009. “Genetic Influences on Social Attitudes over the Life Course.” Journal of Politics, 71 (July):

Also worth a look: Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. “Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?” American Political Science Review, 99(May): 153 - 168. Alvarez, R.M., and Franklin, C.H. 1994. “Uncertainty and Political Perceptions.” Journal of Politics, 56, 671-688. Arcuri, Lucian, Luigi Castelli Silvia Galdi, Cristina Zogmaister, and Alessandro Amadori. 2008. “Predicting the Vote: Implicit Attitudes as Predictors of the Future Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 369 - 388. Baumeister, Roy F., and Leonard S. Newman. 1994. "Self-Regulation of Cognitive Inference and Decision Processes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(February): 3- 19. Beckwith, Jon, and Corey A. Morris. 2008. “Twin Studies of Political Behavior: Untenable Assumptions?” Perspectives on Politics, 6(December): 785 - 792. [See response by Alford, Funk, and Hibbing immediately following.] Berent, Matthew K., and Jon A. Krosnick. 1995. “The Relation between Political Attitude Importance and Knowledge Structure.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 91 - 110). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Bizer, George YU., and Richard E. Petty. 2005. “How we Conceptualize Our Attitudes Matters: The Effects of Valence Framing on the Resistance of Political Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 553 - 568. [Negativity] Brannon, Laura A., Michael J. Tagler, and Alice H. Eagly. 2007. “The Moderating Role of Attitude Strength in Selective Exposure to Information.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(July): 611 - 617. Model 2

-40- Brewer, Paul R. 2002. “Framing, Value Words, and Citizens’ Explanations of Their Issue Opinions.” Political Communication, 19(July): 303 - 316. Budesheim, Thomas Lee, and Stephen J. DePaola. 1994. "Beauty or the Beast? The Effects of Appearance, Personality, and Issue Information on Evaluations of Political Candidates." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(August): 339-348. Charney, Evan. 2008. “Genes and Ideologies.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(June): 299 - 320. [See also responses by Alford, Funk and Hibbing, and Hannagan and Hatemi, that follow, and rejoinder by Charney.] Cobb, Michael D., and James H. Kuklinski. 1997. “Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(January): 88-111. Conover, P.J. 1981. Political cues and the perception of candidates. American Politics Quarterly, 9, 427-448. Conover, P.J., and Feldman, S. 1983. Candidates, issues and voters: The role of inference in political perception. Journal of Politics, 45, 810-839.

Conover, P.J., and Feldman, S. 1986. The role of inference in the perception of political candidates. In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (Eds.) Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 127-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Dillon, M. 1993. Argumentative complexity of abortion discourse. Public Opinion Quarterly, 57, 305-314. Druckman, James N., Cari Lynn Hennessy, Kristi St. Charles, and Jonathan Webber. 2010. “Competing Rhetoric Over Time: Frames Versus Cues.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 136 - 148. Feldman, S., and Zaller, J. 1992. The political culture of ambivalence: Ideological responses to the welfare state. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 268-307. Granberg, D., and Brent, E.E. 1974. Dove-hawk placements in the 1968 election: Applications of social judgment and balance theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 687-695. Granberg, D., and Brent, E.E. 1980. Perceptions of issue positions of presidential candidates. American Scientist, 68, 617-625. Granberg, D., and Jenks, R. 1977. Assimilation and contrast effects in the 1972 election. Human Relations, 30, 623-640. Green, D.P. l988. On the dimensionality of public sentiment toward partisan and ideological groups. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 758-780. Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Mark R. Joslyn. 2001. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy, and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.” Journal of Politics, 63(May): 520 - 543.

-41- Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Mark R. Joslyn. 2008. “Beliefs about the Origins of Homosexuality and Support for Gay Rights: An Empirical Test of Attribution Theory.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Summer): 291-310. Holsti, Ole R. 1996. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Huckfeldt, R. and Sprague, J. 1988. Choice, social structure, and political information: The informational coercion of minorities. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 467-482. Huckfeldt, Robert. John Sprague, and Jeffrey Levine. 2000. “The Dynamics of Collective Deliberation in the 1996 Election: Campaign Effects on Accessibility, Certainty, and Accuracy.” American Political Science Review, 94(September): 641 - 652. Hurwitz, J., and Peffley, M. 1987. The means and ends of foreign policy as determinants of presidential support. American Journal of Political Science, 31, 236-259. Jackman, Simon, and Paul M. Sniderman. 2006. “The Limits of Deliberative Discussion: A Model of Everyday Political Arguments.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 272 - 283. Jacoby, W.G. 1994. Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 336-361. Jacoby, William G. 2000. “Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(October): 750 - 767. Johnson, W. 2007. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behavior: Capturing All the Interplay.” Psychological Review, 114(2): 423-440. Judd, Charles M., and James W. Downing. 1995. “Stereotypic Accuracy in Judgments of the Political Positions of Groups and Individuals.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 65 - 90). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Judd, C.M., and Krosnick, J.A. 1982. Attitude centrality, organization, and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 436-447. Kenny, C.B. 1994. The microenvironment of attitude change. Journal of Politics, 56, 715-728. Kenney, P.J. 1993. An examination of how voters form impressions of candidates' issue positions during the nomination campaign. Political Behavior, 15, 265-288. Kinder, Donald R. 1978. Political person perception: The asymmetrical influence of sentiment and choice on perceptions of presidential candidates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 859-871. Krosnick, Jon A. 1988. “The Role of Attitude Importance in Social Evaluation: a Study of Policy Preferences, Presidential Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(August): 196-210. Krosnick, Jon A. 1990. Government policy and citizen passion: A study of issue publics in contemporary America. Political Behavior, 12, 59-92.

-42- Krosnick, Jon A. 1991. Psychological perspectives on political candidate perception: A review of research on the projection hypothesis. (Unpublished manuscript). Kuklinski, James H., Michael D. Cobb, and Martin Gilens. 1997. "Racial Attitudes and the 'New South.'" The Journal of Politics, 59(May): 323-349. Lau, Richard R., Richard A. Smith, and Susan T. Fiske. 1991. “Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion.” Journal of Politics, 53 (August): 644-675. Lavine, Howard, John L. Sullivan, Eugene Borgida, and Cynthia J. Thomsen. 1996. "The Relationship of National and Personal Issue Salience to Attitude Accessibility on Foreign and Domestic Policy Issues." Political Psychology, 17(June):293-316. Lerner, A.W., Rundquist, B.S., and Cline, M. 1984. The effect of misperception on strategic behavior in legislative settings: Social psychology meets rational choice. Political Behavior, 6, 111-128. Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review, 88(March): 63-76.

Malhotra, Neil.,and Alexander G. Kuo. 2008. “Attributing Blame: The Public’s Response to Hurricane Katrina.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 120 - 135. Markus, Greg B. 1982. Political attitudes during an election year: A report on the 1980 NES panel study. American Political Science Review, 76, 538-560. Nelson, Thomas E., and Jennifer Garst. 2005. “Value-Based Political Messages and Persuasion: Relationships among Speaker, Recipient, and Evoked Values.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 489 - 516. Nelson, Thomas E., Zoe M. Oxley, and Rosalee A. Clawson. 1997. "Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects." Political Behavior, 19(September): 221-246. Norpoth, H., and Buchanan, B. 1992. Wanted: The education president. Issue trespassing by political candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 87-99. Ottati, V.C. 1990. Determinants of political judgments: The joint influence of normative and heuristic rules of inference. Political Behavior, 12, 159-180. Ottati, V.C., Fishbein, M., and Middlestadt, S.E. 1988. Determinants of voters' beliefs about the candidates' stands on the issues: The role of evaluative bias heuristics and the candidates' expressed message. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 517-529. Pierce, R., and Converse, Philip E. 1990. Attitudinal sources of protest behavior in France. Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 295-316. Powell, L.W. 1989. Analyzing misinformation: Perceptions of congressional candidates' ideologies. American Journal of Political Science, 33, 272-293. Ray, Leonard. 1999. “Conversion, Acquiescence, or Delusion: The Contingent Nature of the Party-Voter Connection.” Political Behavior, 21 (December): 325-348.

-43- Rudolph, Thomas J. 2006. Triangulating Political Responsibility: The Motivated Formation of Responsibility Judgments.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 99 - 122. Sanders, Lynn, and Donald R. Kinder. 1991. “Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks.” Social Cognition, 8, 73-103. Schwarz, N., and Bliss, H. 1992. Scandals and the public's trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 574-579. Sigelman, Lee, and Conover, P.J. 1981. Knowledge and opinions about the Iranian crisis: A reconsideration of three models. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 477-491. Sniderman, P.M., Brody, R.A., and Tetlock, Philip E. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Taber, Charles S., Damon Cann, and Simona Kucsova. 2009. “The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments.” Political Behavior, 31(June): 137 - 156, Valentino, Nicholas A. 1999. “Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes during Evaluations of the President.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(Fall): 293-320. Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchins, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues the Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American Political Science Review, 96(March): 75 - 90. Wood, B. Dan, and Arnold Vedlitz. 2007. “Issue Definition, Information Processing, and the Politics of Global Warming.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(July): 552 - 568. Yoo, Sung-jin. 2010. “Two Types of Neutrality: Ambivalence versus Indifference and Political Participation.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 163 - 177. Zaller, John R.1987. “Diffusion of political attitudes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 821-834. Zaller, John R., and Stanley Feldman. 1992. “A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences.” American Journal of Political Science, 36, 579-616.

-44- IV. GROUPS Date Topic

Nov. 22 The Social Psychology of Groups and Group Relations Reading: Huddy. 2003. “Group Identity and Political Cohesion.” Handbook, Chapter 15. Duckitt. 2003. “Prejudice and Intergroup Hostility.” Handbook, Chapter 16. Eidelson, R.J., and J.I. Eidelson. 2003. “Dangerous Ideas: Five Beliefs that Propel Groups toward Conflict.” American Psychologist, 58(February): 182 - 192. Optional: I would like someone to summarize for us:

Turner, J.C. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Blackwell. Particularly good summaries of the social psychology literature on groups is provided by: Brewer, Marilynn B., and Rupert J. Brown. 1998. “Intergroup Relations.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 554 - 594). Boston: McGraw Hill. and Fiske, Susan T. 1998. “Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 357 - 411). Boston: McGraw Hill.

Also worth a look: Blascovich, Jim, Natalie A. Wyer, Laura A. Swart, and Jeffrey L. Kibler. 1997. “Racism and Racial Categorization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(June): 1364- 1372. Bornstein, Tamar K., and Anthony Ziegelmeyer. 2004. “Individual and Group Decisions in the Centipede Game: Are Groups More ‘Rational’ Players?” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 599-605. Branscombe, Nyla R., Michael T. Schmidt, and Richard D. Harvey. 1999. “Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(July): 135-149. Brewer, Marilynn B. 1979. In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive- motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324. Brewer, Marilynn B., and Wendi Gardner. 1996. "Who Is This 'We'? Levels of Collective Identity and Self Representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(July): 83-93.

-45- Brewer, Marilynn, Joseph G. Weber, and Barbara Carini. 1995. "Person Memory in Intergroup Contexts: Categorization Versus Individuation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(July): 29-40. Burke, P.J. 2004. “Identities and Social Structure.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(March): 5-15. Cadinu, Maria Rosaria, and Myron Rothbart. 1996. "Self-Anchoring and Differentiation Processes in the Minimal Group Setting." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(April): 661-677.

Cehajic, Sabina, Rupert Brown, and Emanuele Castano. 2008. “Forgive and Forget? Antece- dents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina.: Political Psychology, 29(June): 351 - 368. Cota, Albert A., Charles R. Evans, Kenneth L. Dion, Lindy Kilik, and R. Stewart Longman. 1995. "The Structure of Group Cohesion." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(June): 572-580. Craemer, Thomas. 2008. “Nonconscious Feelings of Closeness toward African Americans and Support for Pro-Black Policies.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 407 - 436. Crocker, J. and Luhtanen, R. 1990. Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60-67. Deaux, Kay, Anne Reid, Kim Mizrahi, and Kathleen A. Ethier. 1995. "Parameters of Social Identity." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 280-291. Dovidio, John F., Samuel L. Gaertner, Alice M. Isen, and Robert Lawrence. 1995. "Group Representations and Intergroup Bias: Positive Affect, Similarity, and Group Size." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(August): 856-865. Duckitt, John, and Thobi Mphuthing. 1998. “Group Identification and Intergroup Attitudes: A Longitudinal Analysis in South Africa.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(January): 80-85. Ethier, Kathleen A., and Kay Deaux. 1994. "Negotiating Social Identity When Contexts Change: Maintaining Identification and Responding to Threat." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(August): 243-251. Festinger, Leon. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison.” Human Relations, 7, 117-140. Forgas, Joseph P., and Klaus Fiedler. 1996. "Us and Them: Mood Effects on Intergroup Discrimination." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(January): 28-40. Foster, Mindi D., and Kimberly Matheson. 1995. "Double Relative Deprivation: Combining the Personal and Political." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(November): 1167-1178. Gaertner, Lowell, and Chester A. Insko. 2000. “Intergroup Discrimination in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Categorization, Reciprocation, or Fear?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(July): 77 - 94.

-46- Gibson, James L., and M.M. Howard. 2007. “Russian Anti-Semitism and the Scapegoating of Jews.” British Journal of Political Science, 37(2): 193 - 224.

Halabi, Samer, John F. Dovidio, and Arie Nadler, 2008. “When and How Do High Status Group Members Offer Help: Effects of Social Dominance Orientation and Status Threat.” Political Psychology, 29(December): 841 - 858. Hegarty, Peter, and Felicia Pratto. 2001. “The Effects of Social Category Norms and Stereotypes on Explanations for Intergroup Differences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80(May): 723 - 735. Hewstone, Miles, Mir Rabiul Islam, and Charles M. Judd. 1993. "Models of Crossed Categorization and Intergroup Relations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(May): 779-793. Hyman, H.H., and Singer, E. (Eds.). Readings in reference group theory and research. New York: Free Press. Implicit Prejudice and Stereotyping: See special section of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, November 2001 (Volume 81). Islam, Mir Rabiul, and Miles Hewstone. 1993. "Intergroup Attributions and Affective Consequences in Majority and Minority Groups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(June): 936-950. Johnson, Amy L, Matthew T. Crawford, Steven J. Sherman, Abraham M. Rutchick, David L. Hamilton, Mario B. Ferreira, and John V. Petrocelli. 2006. “A Functional Perspective on Group Memberships: Differential Need Fulfillment in a Group Typology.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(November): 707 - 719. Jonas, K.J., and K. Sassenberg. 2006. “Knowing How to React: Automatic Response Priming From Social Categories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(May): 709-721. Joslyn, Mark R. 1997. “The Public Nature of Personal Opinion: The Impact of Collective Sentiment on Individual Appraisal.” Political Behavior, 19(December): 337-364.

Klandermans, Bert., Merel Werner, and Marjoka van Doorn. 2008. “Redeeming Apartheid’s Legacy: Collective Guild, Political Ideology, and Compensation.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 331 - 350. Knowles, E.D., and K. Peng. 2005. “White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(August): 223-241. Krueger, Joachimm, and Russell W. Clement. 1994. "Memory-Based Judgments About Multiple Categories: A Revision and Extension of Tajfel's Accentuation Theory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(July): 35-47. Lau, Richard R. 1983. "A preliminary report on social identification, reference groups, and political behavior: The importance of social, political, and psychological contexts." Paper delivered at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.

-47- Lee, Yuch-Ting, and Victor Ottati. 1995. "Perceived In-group Homogeneity as a Function of Group Membership Salience and Stereotype Threat." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(June): 610-619. Levy, Sheir R., Steven J. Stroessner, and Carol S. Dweck. 1998. “Stereotype Formation and Endorsement: The Role of Implicit Theories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(June): 1421-1436. Linville, Patricia W., Gregory W. Fischer, and Carolyn Yoon. 1996. "Perceived Covariation Among the Features of Ingroup and Outgroup Members: The Outgroup Covariation Effect." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(March): 421-436. Mummendey, Amelie, Kessler, Thomas, Klink, Andreas, and Mielke, Rosemarie. 1999. “Strategies to Cope with Negative Social Identity: Predictions by Social Identity Theory and Relative Deprivation Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(February): 229-245. Mullen, B. 1991. Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations: The phenomenology of being in a group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 297-323. Mussweiler, T. 2003. “Comparison Processes in Social Judgment: Mechanisms and Consequences.” Psychological Review, 110(3): 472-489. Noel, Jeffrey G., Daniel L. Wann, and Nyla R. Branscombe. 1995. "Peripheral Ingroup Membership Status and Public Negativity Toward Outgroups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(January): 127-137. Ostron, Thomas M., Sandra L. Carpenter, Constantine Sedikides, and Fan Li. 1993. "Differential Processing of In-Group and Out-Group Information." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(January): 21-34.

Parker, Suzanne L., Glenn R. Parker, and James A. McCann. 2008. “Opinion Taking within Friendship Networks.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(April): 412 - 420. Robinson, W. Peter (ed.). 1996. Social Groups and Identities: Developing the Legacy of Henri Tajfel.” Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Rothgerber, Hank. 1997. “External Intergroup Threat as an Antecedent to Perceptions of In- Group and Out-Group Homogeneity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1191-1205. Rothgerber, Hank, and Stephen Worchel. 1997. “The View from Below: Intergroup Relations from the Perspective of the Disadvantaged Group.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1191-1205. Ruggiero, Karen M., and Donald M. Taylor. 1997. "Why Minority Group Members Perceive or Do Not Perceive the Discrimination that Confronts Them: The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Control." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72:(February): 373- 389. Ryan, Carey S., and Laura M. Bogart. 1997. “Development of New Group Members’ In-Group and Out-Group Stereotypes: Changes in Perceived Group Variability and Ethnocentrism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(October): 719-732.

-48- "The Self and the Collective." Special issue of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(October). Sellers, Robert M., Stephanie A. J. Rowley, Tabbye M. Chavous, J. Nicole Shelton, and Mia A. Smith. 1997. “Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A Preliminary Investigation of Reliability and Construct Validity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(October): 805-815. Shah, J. 2003. “Automatic for the People: How Representations of Significant Others Implicitly Affect Goal Pursuit.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 661-681 Simon, Bernd, and David L. Hamilton. 1994. "Self-Stereotyping and Social Context: The Effects of Relative In-Group Size and In-Group Status." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(April): 699-711. Simon, Bernd, Claudia Hastedt, and Brigit Aufderheide. 1997. “When Self-Categorization Makes Sense: The Role of Meaningful Social Categorization in Minority and Majority Members’ Self-Perception.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(August): 310-320. Simon, Bernd, Pantaleo, Giuseppe, and Amelie Mummendey. 1995. "Unique Individual or Interchangeable Group Member? The Accentuation of Intragroup Differences Versus Similarities as an Indicator of the Individual Self Versus the Collective Self." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(July): 106-119. Smith, Eliot R., Julie Murphy, and Susan Coats. 1999. “Attachment to Groups: Theory and Measurement.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(July): 94-110. Stryker, Sheldon. 2007. “Identity Theory and Personality Theory: Mutual Relevance,” Journal of Personality, 75(December): 1083-1102.

Tajfel, H. 1982. Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1- 39. Tong, Eddie M.W., and Weining C. Chang. 2008. “Group Entity Belief: An Individual Difference Construct Based on Implicit Theories of Social Identities.” Journal of Personality, 76(August): 707-732. VanVugt, M, and C.M. Hart 2004. “Social Identity as Social Glue: The Origins of Group Loyalty.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(April): 585-598.

Vorauer, Jacquie D., Kelley J. Main, and Gordon B. O’Connell. 1998. “How Do Individuals Expect to be Reviewed by Members of Lower Status Groups? Content and Implications of Meta-Stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (October): 887- 900. Vugt, Mark Van, and David De Cremer. 1999. “Leadership in Social Dilemmas: The Effects of Group Identification on Collective Actions to Provide Public Goods.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(April): 587-599. Waldzus, Sven, Amelie Mummendey, Michael Wenzel, and Ulrike Weber. 2003. “Towards Tolerance: Representations of Superordinate Categories and Perceived Ingroup Prototypicality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(January): 31 - 47.

-49- Wilder, David A. 1981. Perceiving persons as a group: Categorization and intergroup relations. In D.L Hamilton (ed.) Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 213-255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

-50- Date Topic

Nov. 29 Political Groups/Political Identities Reading: Klandermans. 2003. “Collective Political Action.” Handbook, Chapter 19. Miller, Arthur H., Gurin, P., Gurin, G., and Malanchuk, O. 1981. “Group Consciousness and Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science, 25(June): 494-511.

Tetlock, Philip E., Randall S. Peterson, Charles McGuire, Shi-jie Chang, and Peter Feld. 1992. “Assessing Political Group Dynamics: A Test of the Groupthink Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 403-425.

NEW Cohen, Geoffrey L. 2003. “Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence of Political Beliefs.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(November): 808 - 822. NEW Siegel, David A. 2009. “Social Networks and Collective Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 122 - 138.

Also worth a look: Abdelai, Rawi, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair I. Johnston, and Rose McDermott. 2006. “Identity as a Variable.” Perspectives on Politics, 4(December): 695 - 711. Aldag, R.J., and Fuller, S.R. 1993. Beyond fiasco: A reappraisal of the groupthink phenomenon and a new model of group decision processes. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 533-552. Baybeck, Brady. 2006. “Sorting Out the Competing Effects of Racial Context.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 386 - 396. Beck, Paul A. 1991. “Voters' intermediation environments in the 1988 presidential contest.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 371-394. Beck, Paul A. 2002. “Encouraging Political Defections: The Role of Personal Discussion Networks in Partisan Desertions to the Opposition Party and Perot Votes in 1992.” Political Behavior: 24(December): 309-338. Berelson, B.R., Lazarsfeld, P.F., and McPhee, W.N. 1954. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bledsoe, T., Welch, S., Sigelman, L., and Combs, M. 1995. Residential contest and racial solidarity among African Americans. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 434-458. Bolce, Louis, and Gerald De Maio. 1999. “The Anti-Christian Fundamentalist Factor in Contemporary Politics.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63 (Winter): 508-542. Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. “What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 959 - 978.

-51- Brewer, Marilynn B. 2001. “The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 115 - 126.

Chong, Dennis, and Dukhong Kim. 2006. “The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities.” American Political Science Review, 100(August): 335 - 352. Citrin, Jack, Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami, and Kathryn Pearson. 2007. “Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?” Perspectives on Politics, 5(March): 31 - 48.

Collett, Christian. 2005. “Bloc Voting, Polarization, and the Panethnic Hypothesis: The Case of Little Saigon.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 907 - 933. Conover, P.J. 1984. The influence of group identifications of political perception and evaluation. Journal of Politics, 46, 760-785. Conover, Pamela J. 1988. “The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking.” British Journal of Political Science, 18(January): 51-76. Conover, P.J., and Sapiro, V. 1993. Gender, feminist consciousness, and war. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 1079-1099. Conover, Pamela Johnston, Donald D. Searing, and Ivor Crewe. 2004. “The Elusive Ideal of equal Citizenship: Political Theory and Political Psychology in the United States and Great Britain.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1036 - 1068. Cook, A.A. 1993. Feminist consciousness and candidate preference among American women, 1972-1988. Political Behavior, 15, 227-247. Davis, Thomas C. 1999. “Revisiting Group Attachment: Ethnic and National Identity.” Political Psychology, 20(March): 25-48. Dennis, J. 1987. Groups and political behavior: Legitimation, deprivation, and competing values. Political Behavior, 9, 323-373. Dunleavy, P. 1988. Group identities and individual influence: Reconstructing the theory of interest groups. British Journal of Political Science, 18, 21-49. Eulau, H. 1956. Identification with class and political role behavior. Public Opinion Quarterly, 20, 515-529. Eulau, H., and Rothenberg, L. 1986. Life space and social networks as political contexts. Political Behavior, 8, 130-157. Gay, Claudine. 2004. “Putting Race in context: Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Black Racial Attitudes.” American Political Science Review, 98(November): 547-562. Gibson, James L. 2006. “Do Strong Group Identities Fuel Intolerance? Evidence from the South African Case.” Political Psychology, 27(October): 665 - 705.

-52- Gibson, James L. 2004. “Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(April): 201-217. Gibson, James L. 2008. “Group Identities and Theories of Justice: An Experimental Investigation into the Justice and Injustice of Land Squatting in South Africa.” Journal of Politics, 70(July): 700 - 716. Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2002. Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion. New York: Cambridge University Press. Giles, M.W., and Hertz, K. 1994. Racial threat and partisan identification. American Political Science Review, 88, 317-326.Glaser, J.M. (1994). Back to the Black belt: Racial environment and white racial attitudes in the South. Journal of Politics, 56, 21-41. Golebiowska, Ewa A. 2003. “When to Tell: Disclosure of Concealable Group Membership, Stereotypes, and Political Evaluation.” Political Behavior: 25(December): 313-338. Green, D.P. l988. On the dimensionality of public sentiment toward partisan and ideological groups. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 758-780. Guimond, S; Dambrun, M; Michinov, N; Duarte, S. 2003. “Does Social Dominance Generate Prejudice? Integrating Individual and Contextual Determinants of Intergroup Cognitions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 697-721. Gurin, P., Miller, A.H., and Gurin, G. 1980. Stratum identification and consciousness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 30-47. Gurin, P. and Townsend, A. 1986. Properties of gender identity and their implications for gender consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 139-148. Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007. “When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm.” Perspectives on Politics, 5(March): 49 - 62. Henry, P.J., Jim Sidanius, Shana Levin, and Felicia Pratto. 2005. “Social Dominance Orientation, Authoritarianism, and Support for Intergroup Violence Between the Middle East and America.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 569 584. Herrmann, Richard K., Pierangelo Isernia, and Paola Segatti. 2009. “Attachment to the Nation and International Relations: Dimensions of Identity and Their Relationship to War and Peace.” Political Psychology, 30(October): 721 - 754. Huckfeldt, Robert R. 1979. Political participation and the neighborhood social context. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 579-592. Huckfeldt, Robert R. 1986. Politics in context: Assimilation and conflict in urban neighborhoods. New York: Agathon Press. Huckfeldt, Robert R., Beck, Paul A., Dalton, R.J., and Levine, J. 1995. Political environments, cohesive social groups, and the communication of public opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 1025-1054.

-53- Huckfeldt, Robert R., and Jeanette Morehouse Mendez. 2008. “Moths, Flames, and Political Engagement: Managing Disagreement within Communication Networks.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 83 - 96. Huckfeldt, Robert R., Jeanette Morehouse Mendez, and Tracy Osborn. 2004. “Disagreement, Ambivalence, and Engagement: The Political Consequences of Heterogeneous Social Networks.” Political Psychology, 25(February): 65-96. Huckfeldt, Robert R., and John Sprague. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Pres Huddy, Leonie. 2001. “From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 127 - 156.

Janis, Irvine L. 1972. Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Jelen, T.G. 1992. Political Christianity: A contextual analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 692-714. Kenny, C.B. 1992. Political participation and effects from the social environment. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 259-267. Koch, J.W. 1993. Assessments of group influence, subjective political competence, and interest- group membership. Political Behavior, 15, 309-326. Lau, Richard R. 1989. Individual and contextual influences on group identification. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 220-231. Lazarsfeld, P.F., Berelson, B.R., and Gaudet, H. 1944. The people's choice. New York: Columbia University Press. Leach, Colin Wayne, and Wendy R. Williams. 1999. “Group0 Identity and Conflicting Expectations of the Future in Northern Ireland.” Political Psychology, 20(December): 875-896. Leighley, Jan. 1996. "Group Membership and the Mobilization of Political Participation." Journal of Politics, 58(May):447-463. Levin, Shana. 2004. “Perceived group Status Differences and the Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, and Religion on Social Dominance Orientation.” Political Psychology, 25(February): 31- 48. Levin, Shana, and Sidanius, Jim. 1999. “Social Dominance and Social Identity in the United Stats and Israel: Ingroup Favoritism or Outgroup Derogation?” Political Psychology, 20(March): 99-126. Lien, P. 1994. Ethnicity and political participation: A comparison between Asian and Mexican Americans. Political Behavior, 16, 237-264. Link, M.W., and Oldendick, R.W. 1996. Social construction and white attitudes toward equal opportunity and multiculturalism. Journal of Politics, 58, 149-168.

-54- Masuoka, N. 2006. “Together They Become One: Examining the Predictors of Panethnic Group Consciousness Among Asian Americans and Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly, 87(5): 993-1011. McCauley, C. 1989. The nature of social influence in Groupthink: Compliance and internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 250-260. McClain, Paula. 2006. Presidential Address: “Racial Intergroup Relations in a Set of Cities: A Twenty-Year Perspective.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 757 - 770. McClosky, H., and Dahlgren, H.E. 1959. Primary group influence on party loyalty. American Journal of Political Science, 53, 757-776. Miller, Warren E. 1956. “One-party politics and the voter.” American Political Science Review, 50, 707-725. Mitchell, W.C., and Munger, M.C. 1991. Economic models of interest groups: An introductory survey. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 512-546.

Monroe, Kristen R. 2001. “Morality and a Sense of Self: The Importance of Identity and Categorization for Moral Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(July): 491 - 507. Monroe, Kristen R. 2008. “Cracking the Code of Genocide: The Moral Psychology of Rescuers, Bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 699 - 736. Mutz, Diana C., and Jeffrey J. Mondak. 1997. “Dimensions of Sociotropic Behavior: Group- Based Judgements of Fairness and Well-Being.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(January): 284-308. Nail, P.R.; Harton, H.C.; Decker, B.P. 2003. Political Orientation and Modern Versus Aversive Racism: Tests of Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998) Integrated Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 754-770. Oliver, J. Eric, and Janelle Wong. 2003. “Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(October): 567-582. Paolino, P. 1995. Group-salient issues and group representation: Support for Women candidates in the 1992 senate elections. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 294-313. Paxton, Pamela, and Anthony Mughan. 2006. “What’s to Fear from Immigrants? Creating an Assimilationist Threat Scale.” Political Psychology, 27(August):549 - 568. Pratto, Felicia, Jim Sidanius, Lisa M. Stallworth, and Bertram F. Malle. 1994. "Social Dominance Orientation: A Personality Variable Predicting Social and Political Attitudes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(October): 741-763. Price, V. 1989. Social identification and public opinion: Effects of communicating group conflict. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 197-224. Putnam, R.D. 1966. Political attitudes and the local community. American Political Science Review, 60, 640-654.

-55- Rapoport, R.B, Stone, W.J., and Abramowitz, A.I. 1991. “Do Endorsements Matter? Group Influence in the 1984 Democratic Caucuses.” American Political Science Review, 85, 193-204. Rhodebeck, L.A. 1981. Group deprivation: An alternative model for explaining collective political action. Micropolitics, 1, 239-267. Rhodebeck, L.A. 1993. The politics of greed? Political preferences among the elderly. Journal of Politics, 55, 342-364. Rhodebeck, L.A. 1994. Contextual determinants of feminist identity. Unpublished manuscript, SUNY Buffalo. Ross, Marc Howard. 2001. “Psychocultural Interpretations and Dramas: Identity Dynamics in Ethnic Conflict.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 157 - 178. Rubin, Mark, and Miles Hewstone. 2004. “Social Identify, System Justification, and Social Dominance: Commentary on Reicher, Jost, et al, and Sidanius et al.” Political Psychology, 25(December): 947-968. Schatz, Robert T., Ervin Staub, and Howard Lavine. 1999. “On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind Versus Constructive Patriotism.” Political Psychology, 20(March): 151-174. Sears, David O., M. Fu, P.J. Henry, and K Bui. 2003. “The Origins and Persistence of Ethnic Identity Among the "New Immigrant" Groups.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(4): 419-437. Schildkraut, Deborah J. 2007. “Defining American Identity in the Twenty-First Century: How Much ‘There’ is There?” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 597 - 615.

Shayo, Moses. 2009. “A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class, and Redistribution.” American Political Science Review, 103(May): 147 - 174. Sidanius, Jim, Felicia Pratto, and Lawrence Bobo. 1994. "Social Dominance Orientation and the Political Psychology of Gender: A Case of Invariance?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(December): 998-1011. Sidanius, Jim, Felicia Pratto, and Lawrence Bobo. 1996. "Racism, Conservatism, Affirmative Action, and Intellectual Sophistication: A Matter of Principled Conservatism or Group Dominance?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(March): 476-490. Simon, Bernd, Michael Lowey, Stefan Stumer, Ulrike Weber, Peter Freytag, Corinna Habig, Claudia Kampmeier, and Peter Spahlinger. 1998. “Collective Identification and Social Movement Participation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(March): 646-658. Staton, Jeffrey K., Robert A. Jackson, and Damarys Canache. 2007. “Dual Nationality Among Latinos: What Are the Implications for Political Connectedness?” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 470 - 482. Staub, Ervin, and Daniel Bar-Tal. 2003. “Genocide, Mass Killing and Intractable Conflict: Roots, Evolution, Prevention, and Reconciliation.” Handbook, Chapter 20.

-56- Staub, Ervin. 2006. “Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory.” Political Psychology, 27(December): 867 - 894. Tam Cho, Wendy K., and James H. Fowler. 2010. “Legislative Success in a Small World: Social Network analysis and the Dynamics of Congressional Legislation.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 124 - 135. Taylor, Marylee. 1998. "Local Racial/Ethnic Proportions and White Attitudes: Numbers Count." American Sociological Review. Forthcoming. Tetlock, Philip E. (1979). Identifying victims of groupthink from public statements of decision makers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1314-1324. ‘t Hart, P. 1990. Groupthink in government: A study of small groups and policy failure. Rockland, MD: Swets and Zeitlinger, Inc. ‘t Hart, P. 1991. Irving L. Janis' victims of groupthink. Political Psychology, 12, 247-278. ‘t Hart, Paul, Eric K. Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds. Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-Making. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Turner, M.E., Pratkanis, A.R., Probasco, P., and Leve, C. 1992. Threat, cohesion, and group effectiveness: Testing a social identity maintenance perspective on groupthink. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 781-796. Uhlaner, C.J. 1989. “Rational Turnout: The Neglected Role of Groups.” American Journal of Political Science, 33, 390-422. Weimann, G. 1991. The influentials: Back to the concept of opinion leaders? Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 267-279. Welch, M.R., and Leege, D.C. 1991. Dual reference groups and political orientations: An examinations of evangelically oriented Catholics. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 28-56. White, Ismail K. 2007. “When Race Matters and When It Doesn’t: Racial Group Differences in Response to Racial Cues.” American Political Science Review, 101(May): 339 - 354. Wilcox, C., Sigelman, L., and Cook, E. 1989. Some like it hot: Individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 246-257. Wong, Cara, and Grace E. Cho. 2005. “Two-Headed Coins or Kandinskys: White Racial Identification.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 699 - 720. Zinni, Frank P., Jr., Laurie A. Rhodebeck, and Franco Mattei. 1997. Political Behavior, 19 (September): 247-281. Zuckerman, A.S., Valentino, N.A., and Zuckerman, E.W. 1994. A structural theory of vote choice: Social and political networks and electoral flows in Britain and the United States. Journal of Politics, 56, 1008-1033.

-57- V. POLITICAL DECISION MAKING Date Topic

Dec. 6 Behavioral Decision Theory Reading: Hastie and Dawes. 2001. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. Quattrone, George A. and Amos Tversky. 1988. “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice.” American Political Science Review, 82(September): 719-736. Optional: Abelson, R.P., and Deci, A. 1985. Decision making and decision theory. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.) the handbook of social psychology (3rd edition, Vol. 1, pp. 213-310).

Brandstatter, Eduard, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Ralph Hertwig. 2006. “The Priority Heuristic: Making Choices without Trade-Offs.” Psychological Review, 113(April): 409 - 432. Bar-Tal, Yoram, Liat Kishon-Rabin, and Nili Tabak. 1997. “The Effect of Need and Ability to Achieve Cognitive Structuring on Cognitive Structuring.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1158-1176. Bastardi, Anthony, and Eldar Shafir. 1998. “On the Pursuit and Misuse of Useless Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(July): 19-32. Carroll, John S., Eric J. Johnson. 1990. Decision research: A Field Guide. Beverly Hills: Sage. Conway, L.G., and M. Schaller. 2005. “When Authorities' Commands Backfire: Attributions About Consensus and Effects on Deviant Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(September): 311-326. Conway, Michael, and Sonstantina Giannopoulos. 1993. "Dysphoria and Decision Making: Limited Information Use for Evaluations of Multiattribute Targets." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(April): 613-623.

Dawes, Robyn M. 1979. The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making. American Psychologist, 34, 571-582. Dawes, Robyn M. 1998. “Behavioral Decision Making and Judgment. In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 497 - 548). Boston: McGraw Hill. Dijksterhuis, Ap. 2004. “Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(November): 586 - 598. Dijksterhuis, Ap, and L. F. Nordgren. 2006. “A Theory of Unconscious Thought.” Perspectives on Psychological Science.

-58- Dijksterhuis, Ap, and Zeger van Olden. 2006. “On the Benefits of Thinking Unconsciously: Unconscious Thought Can Increase Post-Choice Satisfaction.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(September): 627 - 631. Einhorn, H.J., and Hogarth, R.M. 1978. Confidence in judgment: Persistence of the illusion of validity. Psychological Review, 85, 395-416. Einhorn, H.J., and Hogarth, R.M. 1981. Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 53-88. Ferreira, M.B., L. Garcia Marques, S. Jim Sherman, and J.W. Sherman. 2006. “Automatic and Controlled Components of Judgment and Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(November): 797-813. Frisch, D., and Clemen, R.T. 1994. Beyond expected utility: Rethinking behavioral decision research. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 46-54.

Gigerenzer, Gerd. 2008. “Why Heuristics Work.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(January): 20 - 29. Granberg, Donald, and Thad A. Brown. 1995. "The Monty Hall Dilemma." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(July): 711-723. Highhouse, Scott, and Paul W. Paese. 1995. "Problem Domain and Prospect Frame: Choice Under Opportunity Versus Threat." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(February): 124-132. Hodges, Sara D. 1997. “When Matching up Features Messes up Decisions: The Role of Feature Matching in Successive Choices.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(June): 1310-1321. Jonas, Eva, Stefan Schulz-Hardt, Dieter Frey, and Norman Thelen. 2001. “Confirmation Bias in Sequential Information Search After Preliminary Decisions: An Expansion of Dissonance Theoretical Research on Selective Exposure to Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80(April): 557 - 571. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., and Tversky, A., editors. 1982. Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. 1972. Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 430-454. Kam, Cindy D. 2007. “When Duty Calls, Do Citizens Answer?” Journal of Politics, 69(February): 17 - 29. Kameda, Tatsuya, and Ryo Tamura. 2007. “‘To Eat of Not to be Eaten?’ Collective Risk- Monitoring in Groups.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(March): 168 - 179. Kruger, Justin, and Matt Evans. 2004. “If You Don’t Want to be Late, Enumerate: Unpacking Reduces the Planning Fallacy” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 586-598.

-59- Liberman, Nira, and Jens Forster. 2006. “Inferences from Decision Difficulty.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(May): 290 - 301. March, James G. 1978. “Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, and the Engineering of Choice.” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 9(Autumn): 587-606. MacDonald, Paul K. 2003. “Useful Fiction or Miracle Maker: The Competing Epistemological Foundations of Rational Choice Theory.” American Political Science Review, 97(November): 551-566.

Nisbett, R.E., and Ross, L. 1980. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Payne, J.W., Bettman, J.R., and Johnson, E.J. 1992. “Behavioral Decision Research: A Constructive Processing Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 87-131. Scholten, Lotte, Dean van Knippenberg, Bernard A. Nijstad, and Carsten K.W. De Dreu. 2007. “Motivated Information Processing and Group Decision-Making: Effects of Process Accountability on Information Processing and Decision Quality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(July): 539 - 552. Slovic, P. 1995. “The Construction of Preference.” American Psychologist, 50 (5), 364-371. Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. 1977. “Behavioral Decision Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 1-39. Strack, Fritz, and Thomas Mussweiler. 1997. “Explaining the Enigmatic Anchoring Effect: Mechanisms of Selective Accessibility.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(September): 437-446. Trope, Yaacov, and Eric Pl Thompson. 1997. “Looking for Truth in All the Wrong Places? Asymmetric Search of Individuating Information About Stereotyped Group Members.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(August): 229-241. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1974. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science, 185, 1124-1131. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1981. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice.” Science, 211, 453-463. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1986. “Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions.” Journal of Business, 59, S251-S278. Wilson, Carole J. 2008. “Consideration Sets and Political Choices: A Heterogeneous Model of Vote Choice and Sub-national Party Strength.” Political Behavior, 30(June): 161 - 184.

-60- `Date Topic

Dec. 13 Political Applications of Behavioral Decision Theory Reading: Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2006. How Voters Decide: Information Processing During Election Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Levy, Jack S. 1992. “Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems.” Political Psychology, 13(June): 283-310. NEW Boudreau, Cheryl. 2009. “Making Citizens Smart: When do Institutions Improve Unsophisticated Citizens’ Decisions?” Political Behavior, 31(June): 287 - 206. Optional: I would like someone to summarize for us: The recent symposium on prospect theory, appearing in Political Psychology, April and June, 2004. Also worth a look: Allison, Graham T. 1971. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown. Allison, Graham T., and Philip D. Zelikow. 1999. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd edition). New York: Longman. Badredine, Arfi. 2005. “Fuzzy Decision Making in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Set Approach (LFSA).” Political Analysis, 13(Winter): 23-56. Bailey, Michael A., and Forrest Maltzman. 2008. “Does Legal Doctrine Matter? Unpacking Law and Policy Preferences on the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review, 102(August): 369 - 384.

Banducci, Susan A., Jeffrey A. Karp, Michael Thrasher, and Colin Rallings. 2008. “Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low-Information Elections.” Political Psychology, 29(December): 903 - 918. Barker, David C., and Susan B. Hansen. 2005. “All Things Considered: Cognitive Processing and Electoral Decision-making.” Journal of Politics, 67(May): 319 - 344. Baum, Ma tthew A., and Angela S. Jamison. 2006. “The Oprah Effect: How Soft News Helps Inattentive Citizens Vote Consistently.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 946 - 959. Bendor, J. 1995. A model of muddling through. American Political Science Review, 89, 819- 840. Bendor, J., and Hammond, T.H. 1992. Rethinking Allison's models. American Political Science Review, 86, 301-322.

-61- Bendor, Jonathan, Terry M. Moe, and Kenneth W. Shotts. 2001. “Recycling the Garbage Can: An Assessment of the Research Program.” American Political Science Review, 95(March): 169 - 190. Berejikian, J. 1992. Revolutionary collective action and the agent-structure problem. American Political Science Review, 86, 647-658.

Berejikian, Jeffrey D. 2002. “Model Building with Prospect Theory: A Cognitive Approach to International Relations.” Political Psychology, 23(December): 759 - 786. Boettcher III, William A. 2004. “The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion.” Political Psychology, 25(June): 331-362. Boucher, R.L., Jr., and Segal, J.A. 1995. “Supreme Court Justices as strategic decision makers: Aggressive grants and defensive denials on the Vinson Court.” Journal of Politics, 57, 824-837.

Braman, Eileen. 2006. “Reasoning on the Threshold: Testing the Separability of Preferences in Legal Decision Making.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 308 - 321. Bueno de Mesquita B. 2004. “Decision-Making Models, Rigor and New Puzzles.” European Union Politics, 5(March): 125-138. Bueno de Mesquita B., and Rose McDermott. 2004. “Crossing No Mans Land: Cooperation From the Trenches.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 271-287. Collins, Paul M., Jr. 2008. “The Consistency of Judicial Choice.” Journal of Politics, 70(July): 861 - 873. Cutler, Fred. 2002. “The Simplest Shortcut of All: Sociodemographic Characteristics and Electoral Choice.” Journal of Politics, 64(May): 466 - 490. Druckman, James N. 2004. Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects.” American Political Science Review, 98(November): 671-686.

Druckman, James N., and Rose McDermott. 2008. “Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice.” Political Behavior, 30(September): 297 - 322. Elms, D.K. 2004. “Large Costs, Small Benefits: Explaining Trade Dispute Outcomes.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 241-270. Epstein, Lee, Rene Lindstadt, Jeffrey A. Segal, and Chad Westerland. 2006. “The Changing Dynamics of Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 296 - 307. Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1992. “Wisdom and Good Judgment in Politics.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 497 - 516. Fania, Maria. 2004. “Collective Action Meets Prospect theory: An Application to Coalition Building in Chile, 1973-75.” Political Psychology, 25(June): 363-388.

-62- Gaines, Brian J., James H. Kuklinski, Paul J. Quirk, Buddy Peyton, and Jay Verkuilen. 2007. “Same Facts, Different Interpretations: Partisan Motivation and Opinion on Iraq.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 957 - 974. Garrison, Jean A. 2001. “Framing Foreign Policy Alternatives in the Inner Circle: The President, His Advisors, and the Struggle for the Arms Control Agenda.” Political Psychology, 22(December): 775 - 808. Giles, Michael W., Thomas G. Walker, and Christopher Zorn. 2006. “Setting a Judicial Agenda: The Decision to Grant En banc Review in the U.S. Courts of Appeals.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 852 - 866. Glaser, James M. 2002. “White Voters, Black Schools: Structuring Racial Choices with a Checklist Ballot.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(January): 35 - 46. Helmke, Gretchen, and Mitchell S. Sanders. 2006. “Modeling Motivations: A Method for Inferring Judicial Goals from Behavior.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 867 - 878. Herstein, J.A. 1981. Keeping the voter's limits in mind: A cognitive process analysis of decision making in voting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 843-861. Hibbing, John R., and John R. Alford. 2004. “Accepting Authoritative Decisions: Humans as Wary Cooperators.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 62-76. Huang, Li-Ning, and Vincent Price. 2001. “Motivation, Goals, Information Search, and Memory about Political Candidates.” Political Psychology, 22(December): 665 - 692. Huckfeldt, Robert. 2001. “The Social Communication of Political Expertise.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(April): 425 - 439. Janis, I.L., and Mann, L. 1977. Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: The Free Press. Jervis, R. 1976. Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jervis, Robert. 1980. Political decision making: Recent contributions. Political Psychology, 1, 86-101. Jervis, Robert. 1986. “Representativeness in Foreign Policy Judgments.” Political Psychology, 7(September): 483 -505. Jervis, Robert. 2004. “The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 163-176. Johnson, Timothy R., Paul J. Wahlbeck and James F. Spriggs, II. 2006. “The Influence of Oral Arguments on the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review, 100 (February): 99 - 114. Kam, Cindy D. 2006. “Political Campaigns and Open-Minded Thinking.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 931 - 945.

-63- Kanner, M.D. 2004. “Framing and the Role of the Second Actor: An Application of Prospect Theory to Bargaining.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 213-239. Kaw, M. 1990. Choosing sides: Testing a political proximity model. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 441-470. Keck, Thomas M. 2007. “Party, Policy, or Duty: Why Does the Supreme Court Invalidate Federal Statutes?” American Political Science Review, 101(May): 321 - 338. Keller, Jonathan W. 2005. “Constraint Respecters, Constraint Challengers, and Crisis Decision Making in Democracies: A Case Study analysis of Kennedy versus Reagan.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 835 - 868. Kinne, Brandon J. 2005. “Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective.” International Studies Perspectives, 6(February): 114-128. Kruglanski, Arie W. 1992. “On Methods of Good Judgment and good Methods of Judgment: Politicl Decisions and the Art of the Possible. Political Psychology, 13(September): 455 - 476. Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, and Robert R. Rich. 2001. “The Political Environment and Citizen Decision Making: Information, Motivation, and Policy Tradeoffs.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(April): 410 - 424. Lau, Richard R. 1995. “Information Search During an Election Campaign: Introducing a Processing-Tracing Methodology for Political Scientists.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 179 - 206). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lau. 2003. “Models of Decision Making.” Handbook, Chapter 2. Lau, Richard R., David J., Andersen, and David P. Redlawsk. 2008. “An Exploration of Correct Voting in Recent U.S. Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(April): 395 - 411. Lau, Richard R., and Levy, Jack S. 1998. Contributions of behavioral decision theory to research in political science. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47(January): 29-44. Lau, Richard R. and David P. Redlawsk. 1997. "Voting Correctly." American Political Science Review, 91(September): 585-599. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 951 - 971. Lebo, Matthew J., and Daniel Cassino. 2007. “The Aggregated Consequences of Motivated Reasoning and the Dynamics of Partisan Presidential Approval.” Political Psychology, 28(December): 719 - 746. Model 2 Levy, Jack S. 1992. Introduction to Prospect Theory. Political Psychology, 13, 171-186. Little, A.C., R. Pl Burriss, B.C. Jones, and S.C. Roberts. 2007. “Facial Appearance Affects Voting Decisions.” Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1)” 18 - 27.

-64- Lupia, Arthur, and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press. McDermott, Rose. 1998. Risk Taking in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. McDermott, Rose. 2004. “Prospect Theory in Political Science: Gains and Losses From the First Decade.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 289-312. McDermott, Rose, James H. Fowler, and Oleg Smirnov. 2008. “On the Evolutionary Origin of Prospect Theory Preferences.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 335 - 350. McKeown, Timothy J. 2001. “Plans and Routines, Bureaucratic Bargaining, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1163 - 1190. Mefford, D. 1990. Case-based reasoning, legal reasoning, and the study of politics. Political Behavior, 12, 125-158. Mintz, Alex. 2005. “Applied Decision Analysis: Utilizing Poliheuristic Theory to Explain and Predict Foreign Policy and National Security Decisions.” International Studies Perspectives, 6(February): 94-98. Mintz, Alex, Nehemia Geva, Steven B Redd, and Amy Carnes. 1997. “The Effect of Dynamic and Static Choice Sets on Political Decision Making: An Analysis Using the Decision Board Platform.” American Political Science Review, 91(September): 553-566. Morgan, T.C. 1990. Issue linkages in international crisis bargaining. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 311-333. Olsen, Johan P. 2001. “Garbage Cans, New Institutionalism, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review, 95(March): 191 - 198. Redlawsk, David P. 2002. “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration: Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making.” Journal of Politics, 64(November): 1021 - 1044. Renshon, Stanley A. 1992. “The Psychology of Good Judgment: A Preliminary Model with Some Applications to the Gulf War.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 477 - 496. Richards, Mark J., and Herbert M. Kritzer. 2002. “Jurisprudential Regimes in Supreme Court Decision Making.” American Political Science Review, 96(June): 305 - 320. Riggle, E.D.B., and Johnson, M.M.S. 1996. Age differences in political decision making: Strategies for evaluating political candidates. Political Behavior, 18, 99-118. Sabloff, P.L.W. 1995. The decision process of a professionalized legislature: A cognitive anthropology approach. Political Behavior, 17, 403-432. Schaub, Jr., Gary. 2004. “Deterrence, Compellence, and Prospect Theory.” Political Psychology, 25(June): 389-411. Scholz, John T. 1998. “Trust and Taxpaying: Testing the Heuristic Approach to Collective Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 42(April): 398-417.

-65- Schrodt, P.A. 1990. Parallel event sequences in international crises. Political Behavior, 12, 97-124. Segal, J.A., Epstein, L., Cameron, C.M., and Spaeth, H.J. 1995. Ideological values and the votes of U.S. Supreme Clourt Justices revisited. Journal of Politics, 57, 812-823. Simon, Herbert A. 1985. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” American Political Science Review, 79(June): 293-304. Songer, D.R., Cameron, C.M., and Segal, J.A. 1995. An empirical test of the rational-actor theory of litigation. Journal of Politics, 57, 1119-1129. Soroka, Stuart N. 2006. “Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 372 - 385. See also negativity. Stroh, Patrick K. 1995. “Voters as Pragmatic Cognitive Misers: The Accuracy-Effort Trade-off in the Candidate Evaluation Process. In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 207 - 228). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Suedfeld, Peter. 1992. “Cognitive Managers and Their Critics.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 435 - 454. Sulkin, Tracy, and Nathaniel Swigger. 2008. “Is There Truth in Advertising? Campaign Ad Images as Signals about Legislative Behavior.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 232 - 244. Sylvan, D.A., Goel, A., and Chandrasekaran, B. 1990. Analyzing political decision making from an information-processing perspective: JESSE. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 74-123. Taliaferro, J.W. 2004. “Power Politics and the Balance of Risk: Hypotheses on Great Power Intervention in the Periphery.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 177-211. Tetlock, Philip E. 1992. :Good Judgment in International Politics: Three Psychological Perspectives.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 517 - 540. Tetlock, Philip E. 1998. “Close-Call Counterfactuals and Belief-System Defenses: I Was Not Almost Wrong But I Was Almost Right.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (September): 639-652. Tetlock, Philip E. 2002. “Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors.” Psychological Review, 109(3): 451 - 471. Tetlock, Philip E. 2005. Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is it? How Can We Know? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Vertzberger, Yaacov Y.I. 1998. Risk Taking and Decisionmaking: Foreign Military Intervention Decisions. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Walker, Stephen J. 1995. “Psychodynamic Processes and Framing Effects in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Woodrow Wilson’s Operational Code.” Political Psychology, 16(December): 697-717.

-66- Yates, Jeff. 1999. “Presidential Bureaucratic Power and Supreme Count Justice Voting.” Political Behavior, 21 (December): 349-366. Zink, James R., James F. Spriggs II, and John T. Scott. 2009. “Courting the Public: The Influence of Decision Attributes on Individual’s Views of Court Opinions.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 909 - 925.

-67- One very important topic in political psychology that we just don’t have time to cover is political socialization. I have nonetheless kept up with the literature, and if we did have a few more weeks, this is what the syllabus would look like:

II. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION Date Topic

May 5 Political Socialization in Children Reading: Sears. 2003. “Childhood and Adult Political Development.” Handbook, Chapter 3. Cook, Tim E. 1985. “The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories.” American Political Science Review, 79(December): 1079-1093 Sapiro, Virginia. 2004. “Not Your Parents’ Political Socialization: Introduction for a New Generation.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7: 1 - 23. Sears, David O., and Nicholas A. Valentino. 1997. “Politics Matters: Political Events as Catalysts for Preadult Socialization.” American Political Science Review, 91(March): 45-65. Jennings, M. Kent, Laura Stoker, and Jake Bowers. 2009. “Politics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 782 - 799. Optional: A good introduction to the psychological literature on child development is provided by: M.H. Bornstein and M.E. Lamb, editors. 1984. Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Also worth a look: Adelson, J. 1972. The political imagination of the young adolescent. In J. Kagan and R. Coles (Eds.), Twelve to sixteen: Early adolescence (pp. 106-143). New York: Norton. Arterton, F.C. 1975. Watergate and children's attitudes toward political authority revisited. Political Science Quarterly, 90, 477-496. Billingsley, K.R., and Tucker, C. 1987. Generations, status and party identification: A theory of operant conditioning. Political Behavior, 9, 305-323. Broh, C.A. 1979. Adler on the influence of siblings in political socialization. Political Behavior, 1, 175-200. Campbell, Bruce A. 1980. A theoretical approach to peer influence in adolescent socialization. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 324-344.

-68- Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 233 - 247.

Campbell, David E. 2008. “Voice in the Classroom: How an Open Classroom climate Fosters Political Engagement Among Adolescents.” Political Behavior, 30(December): 437 - 454.

Caspi, Avshalom. 2000. “The Child Is Father of the Man: Personality Continuities from Childhood to Adulthood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(January): 158-172. Conway, M.M, Wyckoff, M.L., Feldbaum, E., and Ahern, D. 1981. The news media in children's political socialization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 164-178. Dalton, R.J. 1980. Reassessing parental socialization: Indicator unreliability vs. generational transfer. American Political Science Review, 74, 421-431. Dalton, R.J. 1982. The pathways of parental socialization. American Politics Quarterly, 10, 139-157. Davis, James A. 2004. “Did Growing Up in the 1960s Leave a Permanent Mark on Attitudes and Values? Evidence from the General Social Survey.” Public Opinion Quarterly,68(Summer): 161-183. Dennis, J. 1968. Major problems of political socialization research. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 12, 85-114. Dennis, J. 1973. Socialization to politics: A reader. New York: Wiley. Dolan, K. 1995. Attitudes, behaviors, and the influence of the family: A reexamination of the role of family structure. Political Behavior, 17, 251-264. Easton, David, and Dennis, Jack. 1965. The child's image of government. The Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 361, 40-57. Easton, David, and Dennis, Jack. 1969. Children in the political system: Origins of political legitimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Epstein, R., and Komorita, S.S. 1966. Childhood prejudice as a function of parental ethnocentrism, punitiveness, and outgroup characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 259-264. Fine, G.A., and E. Eisenberg. 2002. “Tricky Dick and Slick Willy: Despised Presidents and Generational Imprinting.” American Behavioral Scientist, 46(4): 553-565. Greenstein, F.I. 1960. The benevolent leader: Children's images of political authority. American Political Science Review, 54, 934-942. Hershey, M.R., and Hill, D.B. 1975. Watergate and preadults' attitudes toward the president. American Journal of Political Science, 19, 703-726. Hess, R.D., and Torney, J.V. 1967. The development of political attitudes in children. Chicago: Aldine.

-69- Jaros, D., Hirsch, H., and Fleron, F.J., Jr. 1968. The malevolent leader: Political socialization in an American sub-culture. American Political Science Review, 62, 564-575. Jennings, M. Kent. 2002. “Generation Units and the Student Protest Movement in the United States: An Intra- and Intergenerational Analysis.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 303 - 324. Jennings, M. Kent, and Niemi, Richard G. 1974. The Political Character of Adolescence: The Influence of Families and Schools. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Kozulin, A. 1986. The concept of activity in Soviet psychology: Vygotsky, his disciples and critics. American psychologist, 41, 264-274. Kraut, R.E., and Lewis, S.H. 1975. Alternate models of family influence on student political ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 791-800. Kraut, R.E., and Price, J.D. 1976. Machiavellianism in parents and their children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 782-792. Luskin, R.C., McIver, J.P., and Carmines, E.G. 1989. Issues and the transmission of partisanship. American Journal of Political Science, 33, 440-458. Maddox, W.S. 1979. Presidential affect and chauvinism among children. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 426-433. Marsh, D. 1971. Political socialization: The implicit assumptions questioned. British Journal of Political Science, 1, 453-466. McDevitt, Michael, and Steven Chaffee. 2002. “From Top-Down to Trickle-Up Influence: Revisiting Assumptions About the Family in Political Socialization.” Political Communication, 19(July): 281 - 301. Merelman, R.M. 1969. The development of political ideology: A framework for the analysis of political socialization. American Political Science Review, 63, 750-767. Merelman, R.M. 1971. The development of policy thinking in adolescence. American Political Science Review, 65, 1033-1047. Merelman, R.M. 1980. Democratic politics and the culture of American education. American Political Science Review, 74, 319-332. [Comment by Jennings, rejoinder by Merelman follow.] Milburn, M.A., Conrad, S.D., Sala, F., and Carberry, S. 1995. Childhood punishment, denial, and political attitudes. Political Psychology, 16, 447-478.

Pacheco, Julianna Sandell. 2008. “Political Socialization in Context: The Effect of Political Competition on Youth Voter Turnout.” Political Behavior, 30(December): 515 - 436. Piaget, Jean, and Weil, A.M. 1951. The development in children of the idea of the homeland and of relations with other countries. International Social Science Bulletin, 3, 561-578.

-70- Renshon, S.A., Editor. 1977. Handbook of political socialization: Theory and research. New York: Free Press. Ruble, Diane N., and Jacqueline J. Goodnow. 1998. “Social Development in Childhood and Adulthood. In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 741 - 787). Boston: McGraw Hill. Sangster, Roberta L., and Robert W. Reynolds. 1996. "A Test of Inglehart's Socialization Hypothesis for the Acquisition of Materialist/Postmaterialist Values: The Influence of Childhood Poverty on Adult Values." Political Psychology, 17(June):253-270. Schuman, Howard, and Willard L. Rodgers. 2004. “Cohorts, Chronology, and Collective Memories.” Public Opinion Quarterly,68(Summer): 217-254. Schwartz, D.C., and Schwartz, S.K., editors. 1975. New directions in political socialization. New York: Free Press. Searing, Donald D., Schwartz, J.J., and Lind, A.E. 1973. The structuring principle: Political socialization and belief systems. American Political Science Review, 67, 415-432. Sears, David O. 1975. “Political Socialization.” In Fred .I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of Political Science (Vol. 2, pp. 93-127). Menlo Park, CA: Addison- Wesley. Sigel, R.S. 1968. Image of the president: Some insights into the political views of school children. American Political Science Review, 62, 216-226. Smith, Elizabeth S. 1999. “The Effects of Investments in the Social Capital of Youth on Political and Civic Behavior in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Political Psychology, 20(September): 553-580. Tapp, June L., and Kohlberg, L. 1971. Developing senses of law and legal justice. Journal of Social Issues, 27, 65-91. Tedon, Kent L. 1980. Assessing peer and parent influence on adolescent political attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 136-154. Tessler, Mark, Carrie Konold, and Megan Reif. 2004. “Political Generations in Developing Countries: Evidence and Insights from Algeria.” Public Opinion Quarterly,68(Summer): 184-216. Torney-Purta, Judith. 1994. “Dimensions of adolescents' reasoning about political and historical issues: Ontological switches, developmental processes, and situated learning.” In M Carretero and J.F. Voss (Eds.) Cognitive and instructional processes in history and the social sciences (pp. 103-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Uslaner, Eric M., 2008. “Where You Stand Depends Upon Where Your Grandparents Sat: The Inheritability of Generalized Trust.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Winter): 725 - 740. van der Broek, Andries. 1999. “Does Differential Cohort Socialization Matter? The Impact of Cohort Replacement and the Presence of Intergenerational Differences in the Netherlands.” Political Psychology, 20(September): 501-524. -71- Westholm, Anders. 1999. “The Perceptual Pathway: Tracing the Mechanisms of Political Value Transfer Across Generations. Political Psychology, 20(September): 525-552. Williams, C.B., and Minns, D.R. 1986. Agent credibility and receptivity influences on children's political learning. Political Behavior, 8, 175-200. Zellman, Gail L., and Sears, David O. 1971. Childhood origins of tolerance for dissent. Journal of Social Issues, 27, 109-136. Zweigenhaft, Richard L. 2002. “Birth Order Effects and Rebelliousness: Political Activism and Involvement with Marijuana.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 219 - 234.

-72- Date Topic

May 12 Political Socialization in Adults Reading: Sigel, Roberta (Ed.). 1989. Political Learning in Adulthood. Read everything Roberta has written (i.e., pp vii - xv; pp. 1-10, pp. 89-101; pp. 265-271; pp 379-385; pp. 458-471), plus one chapter from each of the book's four major sections. Beck, Paul A. 1976. “A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment.” In R.G. Niemi and H. Weisberg, (Eds.), Controversies in American voting behavior (1st edition, pp. 396-411). San Francisco: Freeman. Stoker, Laura, and M. Kent Jennings. 2008. “Of Time and the Development of Partisan Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(July): 619 - 635.

Hatemi, Peter K., Carolyn L. Funk, Sarah E. Medland, Hermine M. Maes, Judy L. Silbert, Nicholas G. Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2009 “Genetic and Environmental Transmission of Political Attitudes Over a Life Time.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 1141 - 1156. Optional: Again, for background reading in psychology, I suggest: Bates, P.B., and Reese, H.W. 1984. The life-span perspective in developmental psychology. In M.H. Bornstein and M.E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook (pp. 493-532). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Also worth a look: Abramson, Paul .R. 1979. “Developing Party Identification: A Further Examination of Life- Cycle, Generational, and Period Effects. American Journal of Political Science, 23(February): 78-96. [Reply by Converse follows.] Atkin, C.K., and Gantz, W. 1978. Television news and political socialization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 183-198. Beck, Paul A., and Jennings, M. Kent. 1982. Pathways to participation. American Political Science Review, 76, 94-108. Butler, David, and Stokes, Donald. 1969. Political change in Britain. New York: St. Martin's Press. Converse, Philip E. 1976) The dynamics of party support: Cohort-analyzing party identification. Beverly Hills: Sage. Cutler, N.E. 1977. Demographic, social-psychological and political factors in the politics of aging: A foundation for research in political gerontology. American Political Science Review, 71, 1011-1025. Dalton, R.J. 1987. Generational change in elite political beliefs: The growth of ideological polarization. Journal of Politics, 49, 976-997.

-73- Garramone, G.M., and Atkin, C.K. 1986. Mass communication and political socialization: Specifying the effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 76-86. Highton, Benjamin. 2001. “The First Seven Years of the Political Life Cycle.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(January): 202 - 209. Jennings, M.K. 1979. Another look at the life cycle and political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 755-771. Jennings, M.K. 1987. Residues of a movement: The aging of the American protest generation. American Political Science Review, 81, 367-383. Jennings, M.K. and Markus, G.B. 1977. The effect of military service on political attitudes: A panel study. American Political Science Review, 71, 131-147. Jennings, M.K., and Markus, G.B. 1984. Partisan orientations over the long haul: Results from the three-wave political socialization panel study. American Political Science Review, 78, 1000-1018. Jennings, M. Kent, and Markus, Greg B. 1988. Political involvement in the later years: A longitudinal survey. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 302-316. Jennings, M. Kent, and Niemi, Richard G. 1981. Generations and politics: A panel study of young adults and their parents. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Krosnick, Jon A., and Berent, M.K. 1993. Comparison of party identification and policy preferences: The impact of survey question format. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 941-964. McCraw, Robert R., Paul T. Costa, Jr., Fritz Ostendorf, Alois Angleitner, Martina Hrebickova, Maria D. Avia, Jesus Sanz, Maria L. Sanches-Bernardos, M. Ersin Kusdil, Ruth Woodfield, Peter R. Saunders, and Peter B. Smith. 2000. “Nature Over Nurture: Temperament, Personality, and Life Span Development” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(January): 173-186. Nassi, A.J. 1981. Survivors of the sixties: Comparative psychosocial and political development of former Berkeley student activists. American Psychologist, 36, 753-761. Niemi, R.G., Ross, R.D. and Alexander, J. 1978. The similarity of political values of parents and college-age youths. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 503-520. Rapoport, Ronald B. 1981. The sex gap in political persuading: Where the "structuring principle" works. American Journal of Political Science, 25, 32-48. Rapoport, Ronald B. 1982. Sex differences in attitude expression: A generational explanation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 46, 89-96. Roberts, C.W., and Lang, K. 1985. Generations and ideological change: Some observations. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 460-473. Sears, David O. 1975. Political socialization. In F.I. Greenstein and N.W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of political science (Volume 2, pp. 127-153). Menlo Park, CA: Addison- Wesley.

-74- Sears, David O. 1983. On the persistence of early political predispositions: The roles of attitude object and life stage. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 79-116. Sears, David O., and McConahay, John S. 1973. The politics of violence: The new urban blacks and the Watts riot. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Shively, William P. 1979. The development of party identification among adults: Exploration of a functional model. American Political Science Review, 73, 1039-1054. Sigel, Roberta S. 1992. “How Men and Women Cope When Gender Role Orientations Change.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 337 - 352. Trevor, Margaret C. 1999. “Political Socialization, Party Identification, and the Gender Gap.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(Spring): 62-89. Watts, Meredith W. 1999. “Are There Typical Age Curves in Political Behavior? The ‘Age Invariance’ Hypothesis and Political Socialization.” Political Psychology, 20(September): 477-500.

-75- Date Topic

May 19 CLASS SUMMARY Reading: Lane. 2003. “Rescuing Political Science from Itself.” Handbook, Chapter 21. Alford, John R., and John R. Hibbing. 2004. “The Origin of Politics: An Evolutionary Theory of Political Behavior.” Perspective on Politics, 2(December): 707 - 724.

Optional: Dawes, Christopher T., and James H. Fowler. 2009. “Partisanship, Voting, and the dopamine D2 Receptor Gene.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 1157 - 1171.

Kanazawa, Satoshi. 2009. “Evolutionary Psychological Foundations of Civil Wars.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 25 - 34. Medland, Sarah E., and Peter K. Hatemi. 2009. “Political Science, Biometric Theory, and Twin Studies: A Methodological Introduction.” Political Analysis, 17(Spring): 191 - 214.

Student Presentations

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