Fall 2015

PSYCHOLOGY OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 790-586 Mondays, 3:00 - 5:40, Hickman 313

Professor: Richard R. Lau Phone: (848) 932-6685 Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Tues, 2 - 4, 505 Hickman Hall; and by appointment.

To the extent that political scientists study individual political beliefs and behavior, they rely heavily on theories from . Studies of , political culture, and behavior, race, ethnicity and gender, etc., all rely to a greater or lesser extent on some psychological theory of individual behavior. This course looks explicitly at the interface between psychology and , especially public opinion and (as American politics is the area of politic science I know best). We will occasionally all read applications of to other subfields, however, and I encourage each of you to explore some of the political psychology literature from other subfields. I have chosen seven broad topic areas in which interesting research is being conducted in political psychology. For each of these seven areas, we will initially spend some class time -- in several cases an entire class period -- obtaining a general overview of psychological theory, and then spend a class or two looking at the research applying those psychological theories to . Again, the political science research will generally be in the area of American politics, but the psychology theories we learn should be applicable to research in other areas of political science as well, including certainly all of the subfields in our department.

Requirements The course assumes at least a passing acquaintance with research in American politics (as one would learn from the American politics proseminar), , international relations, and/or women and politics, as these are the substantive areas of political science which have most strongly utilized ideas and theories from psychology. Hence one or two of these proseminars, while not quite a prerequisite, are strongly recommended. Alternately, solid background in another social science (particularly but not exclusively psychology) can substitute for background in political science. Any seminar only works if all students read and think about the material before coming to class. This is the most important requirement of the class. We will take turns playing "discussion leader" for the different weeks. (See below). Whoever is in this role is responsible for making sure we all integrate the readings for that week to each other, to relevant political science research not on the syllabus, and to the psychological theories we have previously examined. As the supposed "expert" in psychology, I will generally play this role for the weeks we are looking at basic psychological theories (although if we have anybody from psychology in the class, they may play that role one week). Generally, students will take turns playing discussion leader for the political science applications.

-1- There are two writing assignments for this course.

1. First, each student will produce an annotated bibliography of optional articles or books from the reading from one week in the course. I assume it will be from one of the "political science" weeks, but (particularly for students from psychology) it does not have to be. Students will be the "designated discussion leader" the same week they produce their annotated bibliography. This bibliography should be copied and distributed to everyone in the class. The idea is to extend our collective exposure to the literature a little more. If you are looking at a number of articles, each annotation should be brief (about one paragraph, certainly no more than 200 words) and focus on either how this article expands upon or differs from the required reading for this week. We don’t need a thorough description of the research itself. On the other hand, if you are presenting a particular book to the rest of us, a more extension discussion of the methods and findings would be appropriate. Please talk to me before you do this extra reading, as I will probably have suggestions about what additional books or articles to look at. 2. Second, each student will write a research paper on some topic relevant to political psychology. This paper will review and critique the research in a particular area, with special attention paid to how faithfully the political science literature "maps onto" the psychological theory underlying it, and how directly it addresses issues of concern to political science. The paper will therefore discuss shortcomings of the current literature, and present either (a) a specific proposal for research on some aspect of political psychology; or (b) better yet, actually conduct empirical research as part of their paper. All students will give a brief presentation of their paper on the last day of class.

Grading: Class Participation, 50%; Annotated Bibliography of PS literature & Discussion thereof 10% Research Paper and Class Presentation 40% Required Reading The following books are on sale at the University and Cook-Douglass bookstores: Hall, Calvin S. 1954/1999. A Primer of Freudian Psychology. New York: Penguin. A Meridian Book. Hastie, Reid, and Robyn M. Dawes. 2009. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World, Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Huddy, Leonie, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy (Eds.). 2013. Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2006. How Voters Decide: Information Processing During Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mondak, Jeffrey J. 2010. Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

-2- COURSE OUTLINE AND READING ASSIGNMENTS Date Topic

Tues, Sept. 8 CLASS INTRODUCTION

I. PERSONALITY AND POLITICS: Freud and Contemporary Personality Theory

Reading: Huddy, Leonie, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy. 2013. “Introduction: Theoretical Foundations of Political psychology.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 1. Hall, Calvin S. 1954/1999. A Primer of Freudian Psychology. New York: Penguin. A Meridian Book. (Skim) Mondak, Jeffrey J. 2010. Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, Chapters 1 & 2.

Optional: Baumeister, Roy F., Ellen Bratslavsky, Mark Muraven, and Dianne M. Tice. 1998. “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and , 74(May): 1252-1265. Bem, D.J., and Allen, A. 1974. On Predicting Some of the People Some of the Time: the Search for Cross-situational Consistencies in Behavior. , 81, 506-520. Bem, D.J., and Funder, D.C. 1978. Predicting More of the People More of the Time: Assessing the Personality of Situations. Psychological Review, 85, 485-501. Buss, A.H. 1989. Personality as Traits. American , 44, 1378-1388. Costa, P.T., Jr., and R. R. McCrae. 1988. “Personality in Adulthood: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study of Self-Reports and Spouse Ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(): 853 - 863. Davis, P.J. 1987. Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 585-594. Digman, John M. 1997. “Higher-Order Factors of the Big Five.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1246-1256. Epstein, S. 1979. The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1097-1126. Epstein, S. 1980. The stability of behavior: II. American Psychologist, 35, 790-806. Fiske, S.T., and Taylor, S.E. 1991. Social (2nd. edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. (see especially chapter 6)

-3- *Fleeson, William. 2004. “Moving Personality Beyond the Person-Situation Debate.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(April): 83 - 87. Funder, David C., and Lisa A. Fast. 2010. “Personality in Social Psychology.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 1, Chapter 18, pp 668 - 697). Hoboken, NJ: John & Sons. Grice, James W.; Jackson, Bobby J.; McDaniel, Brenda L. 2006. “Bridging the Ideographic- Nomothetic Divide: A Follow-Up Study.” Journal of Personality, 74(August): 1191-1218. John, O.P., Hampson, S.E. and Goldberg, L.R. 1991. The basic level in personality-trait hierarchies: Studies of trait use and accessibility in different context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 348-361. Kenrick, D.T., and Funder, D.C. 1988. Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43, 23-35. Kenrick, D.T., and Stringfield, D.O. 1980. Personality traits and the eye of the beholder: Crossing some traditional philosophical boundaries in the search for consistency in all of the people. Psychological Review, 87, 88-104. Kline, P. 1987. The experimental study of the psychoanalytic unconscious. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 363-379. Kozhevnikov, M. 2007. “Cognitive Styles in the Context of Modern Psychology: Toward an Integrated Framework of Cognitive Style.” Psychological Bulletin, 133(3): 464 - 481. Maddi, S.R. 1997. Personality Theories: A Comparative Analysis. Homewood, Il: Dorsey. [An excellent review of a variety of personality theories.] McAdams, Dan P., and Jennifer L. Pals. 2006. “A New Big Five: Fundamental Principles for an Integrative Science of Personality.” American Psychologist, 61(April): 204 - 217. McClure, M. Joy; Jennifer A. Bartz, and John E. Lydon. 2013. “ Uncovering and Overcoming Ambivalence: The Role of Chronic and Contextually Activated Attachment in Two-Person Social Dilemmas.” Journal of Personality, 81(February): 103 - 117. McCrae, R.B., and Costa, P.T., Jr. 1997. “Personality Trait Structure as a Human Universal.” American Psychologist, 52, 509-516. Mischel, W. 1968. Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley. [This is the classic, almost paradigm-shifting book that dramatically changed the modern study of personality.] Mischel, W. 1979. On the interface of cognition and personality: Beyond the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 34, 740-754. Mischel, W. 1984. Convergences and challenges in the search for consistency. American Psychologist, 39, 351-364. Mischel, W., and Plaki, P.K. 1982. Beyond deja vu in the search for cross-situational consistency. Psychological Review, 89, 730-755. -4- Mischel, Walter, and Yuichi Shoda. 1995. “A Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality: Reconceptualizing Situations, Dispositions, Dynamics, and Invariance in Personality Structure.” Psychological Review, 102(2): 246 - 268. Monson, T.C., Hesley, J.W., and Chernick, L. 1982. Specifying when personality traits can and cannot predict behavior: An alternative to abandoning the attempt to predict single-act criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 385-399. Newman, Leonard S., Kimberley J. Duff, and Roy F. Baumeister. 1997. “A New Look at Defensive Projection: , Accessibility, and Biased Person .” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(May): 980-1001. Parisi, T. 1987. Why Freud failed: Some implications for neurophysiology and sociobiology. American Psychologist, 42, 235-245. Paunonen, Sampo V., and Michael C. Ashton. 2001. “Big Five Factors and Facets and the Prediction of Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(September): 524 - 539. Pervin, L., Editor. 1990. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guildord. Roberts, Brent W., Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt. 2001. “The Kids Are Alright: Growth and Stability in Personality Development from Adolescence to Adulthood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(October): 670 - 683. Ross, Lee, and Richard E. Nisbett. 1991. The Person and the Situation: Perspectives from Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill (see particularly chapters 4 and 5). Snyder, Mark, and Nancy Cantor. 1998. “Understanding Personality and Social Behavior: A Functionalist Strategy.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 635-679). Boston: McGraw Hill. Vansteelandt, Kristof, and Iven Van Mechelen. 1998. “Individual Differences in Situation- Behavior Profiles: A Triple Typology Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(September): 751-765. Wiggins, J. S. (Ed.). 1996. The Five-factor Model of Personality. New York: Guildord. Williams, John E., Marci L. Munick, Jose L., Saiz, and Deborah L. Formy Duval. 1995. "Psychological Importance of the 'Big Five': Impression Formation and Context Effects." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(August): 818-827. Zuckerman, M., Koestner, R., DeBoy, T., Garcia, T., Maresca, B.C., and Sartoris, J.M. 1988. To predict some of the people some of the time: A reexamination of the moderator variable approach in personality theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1006-1020.

-5- Date Topic Sept. 14 Personality and the Politics of Ordinary Citizens

Reading: Sullivan, John L., George E. Marcus, Stanley Feldman, and J.E. Piereson. 1981. “The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis.” American Political Science Review, 75(March): 92-106. Feldman, Stanley. 2003. “Enforcing Social : A Theory of Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology, 24(March): 41-74. Mondak, Jeffrey J. 2010. Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, chapters 3 - 7. Optional: Adorno, T, Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D., and Sanford, N. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper. Barker, David C., Jon Hurwitz, and Traci L. Nelson. 2008. “Of Crusades and Culture Wars: ‘Messianic’ Militarism and Political Conflict in the United States.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 307 - 322. Baumeister, Roy F. 1999. “The Intrinsic Appeal of Evil: Sadism, Sensational Thrills, and Threatened Egotism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3): 210-221. Bizer, George Y., Jon A. Krosnick, Allyson L. Holbrook, S. Christian Wheeler, Derek D. Rucker, and Richard E. Petty. 2004. “The Impact of Personality on Cognitive, Behavioral, and Affective Political Processes: The Effects of Need to Evaluate.” Journal of Personality, 72(October): 995-1028. Bloeser, Andrew J., Damarys Canache, Dona-Gene Mitchell, Jeffery J. Mondak, and Emily R. Poore. 2013. “The Temporal Consistency of Personality Effects: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey.” Political Psychology, 36 (June): 331 - 340.. Brandstatter, Hermann, and Karl-Dieter Opp. 2014. “Personality Traits (“Big Five”) and the Propensity to Political Protest: Alternative Models.” Political Psychology 35(August): 515 - 538. Brant, W.D., Larsen, K.S., and Langenberg, D. 1978. Authoritarian traits as predictors of candidate preference in the 1976 United States presidential election. Psychological Reports, 43, 313-314. Brewer, Paul R., Kimberly Gross, Sean Aday, and Lars Willnat. 2004. “International Trust and Public Opinion About World Affairs.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 93-109. Brewer, Paul R., and Marco Steenbergen. 2002. “All Against All: How Beliefs about Human Nature Shape Foreign Opinions.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 39 - 58. Campbell, B.A. 1981. On the Utility of in Political Science. Micropolitics, 1, 177- 190.

-6- Caprara, Gian V., Claudio Barbaranelli, and Phillip G. Zimbardo. 1999. “Personality Profiles and Political Parties.” Political Psychology, 20(March). Caprara, Gian V., Shalom Schwartz, Cristini Capanna, Michele Vecchione, and Claudio Barbaranelli. 2006. “Personality and Politics: Values, Traits, and Political Choice.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 1 - 28. Caprara, Gian, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Consiglio, C; Picconi, L; Zimbardo, Phillip G. 2002. “Personalities of and Voters: Unique and Synergistic Relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 849-856. Carney, Dana R., John T. Jost, Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter. 2008. “The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind.” Political Psychology, 29 (December): 807 - 840. Chirumbolo, Antonio, Alessandra Areni, and Gilda Sensales. 2004. “Need for cognitive closure and politics: Voting, political attitudes and attributional style.” International Journal of Psychology, 39(August): 245-253. Clarke, J.W., and Donovan, M.M. 1980. Personal needs and political incentives: Some observations on self-esteem. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 536-552. Cornelis, Ilse; Van Hiel, Alain; Roets, Arne; Kossowska, Malgorzata. 2009. “Age Differences in Conservatism: Evidence on the Mediating Effects of Personality and Cognitive Style.” Journal of Personality, 77(February): 51-88. Doty, R.M., Peterson, B.E., and Winter, D.G. 1991. Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978 - 1987. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 629-640. Duckitt, John. 1989. “Authoritarianism and Group Identification: A New View of an Old Construct.” Political Psychology, 10(1): 63-84. Duckitt, John, Boris Bizumic, Stephen W. Krauss, and Edna Heled. 2010. “A Tripartite Approach to Right-Wing Authoritarianism: The Authoritarianism-Conservatism- Traditionalism Model.” Political Psychology, 31(October): 685 - 716. Duncan, Lauren E., and Abigail J. Stewart. 2007. “Personal Political Salience: The Role of Personality in Collective Identity and Action.” Political Psychology, 28(April): 143 - 164. Elkins , David J., and Richard E. B. Simeon. 1979. “A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or What Does Political Culture Explain?” Comparative Politics, 11(January): 127 - 145. Federico, Christopher M., Emily L. Fisher, and Grace Deason. 2011. “Expertise and the Ideological Consequences of the Authoritarian Predisposition.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Winter): 686 - 708. Federico, Christopher M., and Michael R. Tagar. 2014. “Zeroing in on the Right: Education and the Partisan Expression of Authoritarianism in the United States.” Political Behavior, 36(September): 581 - 603. Funke, Friedrich. 2005. The Dimensionality of Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Lessons for the Dilemma between Theory and Measurement.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 195 - 218.

-7- Gallego, Alina, and Daniel Oberski. 2012. “Personality and Political Participation: The Mediation Hypothesis.” Political Behavior, 34 (September): 425 - 451. Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, Conor M. Dowling, and Shang E. Ha. 2010. “Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts.” American Political Science Review, 104(February): 111 - 133. Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, Conor M. Dowling, Connor Raso, and Shang E. Ha. 2011. “Personality Traits and Participation in Political Processes.” Journal of Politics, 73(July): 692 - 706. Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, Conor M. Dowling, and Costas Panagopoulos. 2013. “Big Five Personality Traits and Responses to Persuasive Appeals: Results from Voter Turnout Experiments.” Political Behavior, 35(December): 687 - 728. Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, and Conor M. Dowling. 2012. “Disagreement and the Avoidance of Political Discussion: Aggregate Relationships and Differences across Personality Traits.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(October): 849 - 874. Gerson, Gal. 2004. “Object Relations Psychoanalysis as Political Theory.” Political Psychology, 25(October): 769-794. Green, Donald P., Jack Glaser, and Andrew Rich. 1998. “From Lynching to Gay Bashing: The Elusive Connection Between Economic Conditions and Hate Crime.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(July): 82-92. Greenstein, Fred I. 1975. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. (particularly chs 1, 2, & 4). Greenstein, Fred I. 1975. “Personality and Politics.” In F.I. Greenstein and N.W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of political science (Vol. 2, pp. 1-92). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Greenstein, Fred I., and Lerner, M., editors. 1971. A Source Book the Study of Personality and Politics. Chicago: Markham. Ha, Shang E. Seohko Kim, and Se Hee Jo. 2013. “Personality Traits and Political Participation: Evidence from South Korea” Political Psychology, 34(August): 511 - 532. Hansen, D.J. 1989. Authoritarianism and candidate preference in the 1988 presidential election. Psychological Reports, 64, 914. Henry, P.J. 2011. “The Role of Stigma in Understanding Ethnicity Differences in Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology, 32(June): 419 - 438. Hetherington, Marc J., and Elizabeth Suhay. 2011. “Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans’ Support for the War on Terror.” American Journal of Political Science, 55(July): 546 - 560. Hetherington, Marc, and Jonathan D. Weiler. 2008. Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

-8- Hibbing, Matthew V., Melinda Ritchie, and Mary R. Anderson. 2011. “Personality and Political Discussion.” Political Behavior, 33(December): 601 - 624. Ingles, Alex. 1997. National Character: A Psycho-Social Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Johnston, Christopher D. 2013. “Dispositional Sources of Economic Protectionism.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Summer): 574 - 585. Johnston, Christopher D., and Julie Wronski. 2015. “Personality Dispositions and Political Preferences Across Hard and Easy Issues.” Political Psychology, 36 (February): 35-53. Jost, John T., Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Frank J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated .” Psychological Bulletin, 129(3): 339 - 375. Jugert, Philip, and John Duckitt. 2009. “A Motivational Model of Authoritarianism: Integrating Personal and Situational Determinants.” Political Psychology, 30(October): 693 - 720. Kalmoe, Nathan P. 2013. “From Fistfights to Firefights: Trait Aggression and Support for State Violence.” Political Behavior, 35(June): 311 - 330. Knudson, J.N. 1973. Personality in the study of politics. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of political psychology (pp. 28-56). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kruglanski, Arie W., Xiaoyan Chen, Mark Dechesne, Shira Fishman, and Edward Orehek. 2009. “Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers’ and the Quest for Personal Significance.” Political Psychology, 30(February): 331 - 358. Lasswell, Harold D. (1930/1977). Psychopathology and Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lavine, Howard, Milton Lodge, James Polichak, and Charles Taber. 2002. “Explicating the Black Box Through Experimentation: Studies of Authoritarianism and Threat.” Political Analysis, 10(Autumn): 343 - 361. Lavine, Howard, Milton Lodge, and Kate Freitas. 2005. “Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to Information.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 219 - 244. Leitner, L.M. 1983. Construct similarity, self-meaningfulness, and presidential preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 890-894. LeVine, R.A. 2001. “Culture and Personality Studies, 1918-1960: Myth and .” Journal of Personality, 69(6): 803-818. Lichter, S.R., and Rothman, S. 1982. The radical personality: Social psychological correlates of new left . Political Behavior, 4, 207-236. Martin, John Levi. 2001. “The Authoritarian Personality, 50 Years Later: What Lessons Are There for Political Psychology?” Political Psychology, 22(March): 1 - 26. McCann, S.J.H. 1990. Authoritarianism and preference for the presidential candidate perceived to be higher on the power motive. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 577-578.

-9- McClosky, Herbert. 1958. “Conservatism and Personality.” American Political Science Review, 52, 27-45. McClosky, Herbert, and Dennis Chong. 1985. “Similarities and Differences between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals.” British Journal of Political Science, 15(3): 329 - 363. McFarland, Sam. 2010. “Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Other Roots of Generalized Prejudice.” Political Psychology, 31(June): 453 - 478. McFarland, Sam G., Ageyev, V.S., and Abalakinna-Paap, M.A. 1992. Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1004-1010. Midlarsky, Elizabeth; Stephanie Fagin Jones, and Robin P. Corley. 2005. “Personality Correlates of Heroic Rescue During the Holocaust.” Journal of Personality, 73(August): 907 - 934. Mirels, Herbert L., and Janey B. Dean. 2006. “Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Attitude Salience, and Beliefs about Matters of Fact. Political Psychology, 27(December): 839 - 866. Mockabee, Stephen T. 2007. “A Question of Authority: Religion and Cultural Conflict in the 2004 Election.” Political Behavior, 29(June): 221 - 248. Mondak, Jeffery, and Karen D. Halperin. 2008. “A Framework for the Study of Personality and Political Behavior.” British Journal of Political Science, 38(): 335 - 362. Mondak, Jeffery J., Matthew V. Hibbing, Damarys Canache, Mitchell A. Seligson, and Mary R. Anderson. 2010. “Personality and Civic Engagement: An Integrative Framework for the Study of Trait Effects on Political Behavior.” American Political Science Review, 104(February): 85 - 110. Oesterreich, Detlef. 2005. “Flight into Security: A New Approach and Measure of the Authoritarian Personality.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 275 - 298. Perez, Efren O, and Marc J. Hetherington. 2014. “Authoritarianism in Black and White: Testing the Cross-Racial Validity of the Child Rearing Scale.” Political Analysis, 22(Summer): 398 - 412. Osborne, Danny, and Chris G. Sibley. 2015. “Within the Limits of Civic Training: Education Moderates the Relationship Between Openness and Political Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 36 (June): 295 – 313. Perrin, Andrew J. 2005. “National Threat and Political Culture: Authoritarianism, Antiauthoritarianism, and the September 11 Attacks.” Political Psychology, 26(April): 167 - 194. Peterson, Bill E., and Emily D. Gerstein. 2005. “Fighting and Flying: Archival Analysis of Threat, Authoritarianism, and the North American Comic Book.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 887 - 904. Peterson, Bill E., Kimberly A. Smirles, and Phyllis A. Wentworth. 1997. “Generativity and Authoritarianism: Implications for Personality, Political Involvement, and Parenting.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(May): 1202-1216.

-10- Rickert, Edward J. 1998. “Authoritarianism and Economic Threat: Implications for Political Behavior.” Political Psychology, 19(December): 707-720. Ridgeway, C. L. 2006. “Linking Social Structure and Interpersonal Behavior: A Theoretical Perspective on Cultural Schemas and Social Relations.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(March): 5-16. Sanford, N. 1973. Authoritarian personality in contemporary perspective. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of political psychology (pp. 139-170). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schallerm, Mark, Carrie Boyd, Jonathan Yohannes, and Meredith O'Brien. 1995. "The Prejudiced Personality Revisited: Personal Need for Structure and Formation of Erroneous Group Stereotypes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(March): 544-555. Schoen, Harald, and Siegfried Schumann. 2007. “Personality Traits, Partisan Attitudes, and Voting Behavior: Evidence from Germany.” Political Psychology, 28(August): 471 - 498. Schoen, Harald, and Markus Steinbrecher. 2013. “Beyond Total Effects: Exploring the Interplay of Personality and Attitudes in Affecting Turnout in the 2009 German Federal Election.” Political Psychology, 34(August): 533 - 557. Sibley, Chris G., Andrew Robertson, and Marc S. Wilson. 2006. “Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Additive and Interactive Effects.” Political Psychology, 27(October): 755 - 768. Smith, Allison G., and David G. Winter. 2002. “Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Party Identification, and Attitudes Toward Feminism in Student Evaluations of the Clinton- Lewinsky Story.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 355 - 384. Smith, M. Brewster. 1997. "The Authoritarian Personality: A Re-Review 46 Years Later. Political Psychology, 18(March): 159-164. Staub, Ervin. 1999. “The Roots of Evil: Social Conditions, Culture, Personality, and Basic Human Needs.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3): 179-192. Stenner, Karen. 2005. The Authoritarian Dynamic. New York: Cambridge University Press. Thorisdottir, Hulda, and John T. Jost. 2011. “Motivated Closed-Mindedness Mediates the Effect of Threat on Political Conservatism.” Political Psychology, 32(October): 785 - 812. Thorisdottir, Hulda, John T. Jost, Ido Liviatan, and Patrick E. Shrout. 2007. “Psychological Needs and Values Underlying Left-Right Political Orientation: Cross-National Evidence from Eastern and Western Europe.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(Summer): 175 - 203. Todosijevic, Bojan, and Zsolt Enyedi. 2008. “Authoritarianism without Dominant Ideology: Political Manifestations of Authoritarian Attitudes in Hungary.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 767 - 788. Van Hiel, Alain, and Ivan Mervielde. 2003. “The Measurement of and Its Relationship with Political Extremism.” Political Psychology, 24(December): 781-802.

-11- Van Hiel, Alain, Bart Duriez, and Malgorzata Kossowska. 2006. “The Presence of Left-Wing Authoritarianism in Western Europe and Its Relationship with Conservative Ideology.” Political Psychology, 27(October): 769 - 793. Weber, Christopher, and Christopher M. Federico. 2007. “Interpersonal Attachment and Patterns of Ideological Belief.” Political Psychology, 28(August): 389 - 416.

-12- Date Topic Sept. 21 and the Study of Political Elites

Reading: Winter, David G. 2013. “Personality Profiles of Political Elites.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 14. Post, Jerrold M. 2013. “Psychobiography: The Child is the Father of the Man.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 15. Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1978. “Personality Effects on American , 1898-1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory.” American Political Science Review, 72(June): 434-451 Simonton, Dean K. 1988. “Presidential Style: Personality, Biography, and Performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 928-936. Keller, Jonathan W., and Dennis M. Foster. 2012. “Presidential Style and the Political Use of Force.” Political Psychology, 33(October): 581 - 598. Optional: Ascher, William, and Barbara Hirschfelder-Ascher. 2003. Revitalizing Political Psychology: The Legacy of Harold D. Lasswell. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Balz, John. 2010. “Ready to Lead on Day One: Predicting Presidential Greatness from Political Experience.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 43(July): 487 - 492. Barber, James D. 1992. The Presidential Character (4th edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. jjj Brodie, F.M. 1974. Thomas Jefferson: An intimate history. New York: Norton. Caprara, Gianvittorio, Donata Francescato, Minou Mebane, Roberta Sorace, and Michele Vecchione. 2010. “Personality Foundations of Ideological Divide: A Comparison of Women Members of Parliament and Women Voters in Italy. Political Psychology, 31(October): 739 - 762. Carpenter, R.H., and Jordan, W.J. 1978. Style in discourse as a predictor of political personality for Mr. Carter and Other Twentieth Century Presidents: Testing the Barber paradigm. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 8, 67-78. jjj Constantins, E., and Crack, K.H. 1980. Personality and politicians: California party leaders, 1960-1976. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 641-661. Cowden, Jonathan A. 1999. “Self-Effacing and Self-Defeating Leadership: Adlai E. Stevenson.” Political Psychology, 20(December): 845-874. Dietrich, Bryce J., Scott Lasley, Jeffery J. Mondak, Megan L. Remmel, and Joel Turner. 2012. “Personality and Legislative Politics: The Big Five Trait Dimensions Among U.S. State .” Political Psychology, 33(April): 195 - 210.

-13- Dyson, Stephen Benedict. 2007. “Alliances, Domestic Politics, and Leader Psychology: Why Did Britain Stay Out of Vietnam and Go into Iraq?” Political Psychology, 28(December): 647 - 666. Elms, A.C. 1976. Personality in Politics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Elms, A.C. 1986. From House to Haig: Private life and public style in American foreign policy advisors. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 33-54. Feldman, Ofer. 1996. "The Political Personality of Japan: An Inquiry into the Belief Systems of Diet Members." Political Psychology, 17(December): 657-682. Ferguson, Margaret R., and Jay Barth. 2002. “”Governors in the Legislative Arena: The Importance of Personality in Success.” Political Psychology, 23(December): 759 - 786. George, A.L. 1974. Assessing presidential character. World Politics, 26, 234-282. [Far-ranging review of the 1st edition of Barber's book.] George, A.L., and George, J.L. (1956/1964). and Colonel House. New York: Dover. Gilbert, Robert E. 2006. “Psychological Illness in Presidents: A Medical Advisory Commission and Disability Determinations.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 55 - 76. Gilbert, Robert E. 2008. “Ronald Reagan’s Presidency: The Impact of an Alcoholic Parent.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 737 - 766. Glad, B. 1973. Contributions of psychobiography. In J. Knudson (Ed.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 296-321). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Glad, Betty. 2002. “Why Tyrants Go too Far: Malignant Narcissism and Absolute Power.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 1 - 38. Greenstein, Fred I. 1975. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. (particularly chs 3, 5, & 6). Greenstein, Fred I. 1987. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference, and Conceptualization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Greenstein, Fred I. 1998. “The Impact of Personality on the End of the Cold War: A Counterfactual Analysis.” Political Psychology, 19(March): 1-16. Greenstein, Fred I. 2011. “Barack Obama: The Man and His Presidency at the Midterm.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 44(January): 7– 12. Gruenfeld, Deborah H. 1995. "Status, Ideology, and on the U.S. Supreme Court: Rethinking the Politics of Political Decision Making." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(January): 5-20. Hermann, M.G. 1980. Assessing the personalities of Soviet politburo members. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 6, 332-352.

-14- Kearns, D. 1976. Lyndon Johnson's political personality. Political Science Quarterly, 91, 385- 410. Keller, Jonathan W., and Dennis M. Foster. 2012. “Presidential Leadership Style and the Political Use of Force.” Political Psychology, 33(October): 581 - 598. Kowert, Paul A. 1996. "Where Does the Buck Stop? Assessing the Impact of Presidential Personality." Political Psychology, 17(September): 421-452. Malici, Akan, and Johanna Malici. 2005. “The Operational Codes of Fidel Castro and Kim Il Sung: The Last Cold Warriors?” Political Psychology, 26(June): 387 - 412. McCann, Steward J.H. 1992. Alternative Formulas to Predict the Greatness of U.S. Presidents: Personological, Situational, and Zeitgeist. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 469-479. McCann, Steward H.J. 1997. "Threatening Times, 'Strong' Presidential Popular Vote Winners, and the Victory Margin, 1824-1964." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(July): 160-170. McCann, Steward J.H., and Stewin, L.L. 1987. Threat, authoritarianism, and the power of U.S. presidents. Journal of Psychology, 121, 149-157. O’Reilly, K.P. 2012 “Leaders’ and Nuclear Proliferation: A Political Psychology Approach to Proliferation.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 767 - 790. Popper, Micha. 2000. “The Development of Charismatic Leaders.” Political Psychology, 21(December): 729 - 745. Post, Jerrold M. 1991. “The Impact of Crisis-Induced Stress on Policy Makers.” In Alexander L. George (ed.) Avoiding War (Chapter 20). Boulder, CO: Westview. Post, Jerrold M. (Ed.). 2003. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Preston, Thomas, and Paul ‘t Hart. 1999. “Understanding and Evaluating Bureaucratic Politics: The Nexus Between Political Leaders and Advisory Systems.” Political Psychology, 20(March), 49-98. Qualls, J.H. 1977. Barber's typological analysis of political leaders. American Political Science Review, 71, 182-211. jjj Renshon, Stanley A. 1994. “A Preliminary Assessment of the Clinton Presidency.” Political Psychology 15(June): 374 - 394. Renshon, Stanley A. 2000. “After the Fall: The Clinton Presidency in Psychological Perspective.” Political Science Quarterly, 115(Spring): 41-66. Renshon, Stanley A. 2005. “George W. Bush’s Cowboy Politics: An Inquiry.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 585 - 614. Renshon, Stanley A. 2011. “Redemption, Fairness, and the Politics of Transformation in the Obama Presidency.” Political Psychology, 32(December): 1035 - 1058.

-15- Rohde, David W. 1979. Risk-bearing and progressive ambition: The case of the United States . American Journal of Political Science, 23, 1-26. Rosenberg, S. 1989. A study of personality in literary autobiography: An analysis of Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 416-430. Runyan, William M. 1984. Life and Psychobiography: Explorations in Theory and Method. New York: Oxford University Press. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1997. “Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton." Political Science Quarterly, 11(Summer): 179 - 190. Searing, Donald D. 1978. “Measuring Politicians' Values: Administration and Assessment of a Ranking Technique in the British House of Commons.” American Political Science Review, 72, 65-79. Searing, Donald D. 1995. “The Psychology of : A Causal Mechanism of Political Learning Through Persuasion and Manipulation.” Political Psychology, 16, 677-696. Sears, Robert R., and Lapidus, D 1973. “Episodic Analysis of Novels.” Journal of Psychology, 85, 267-276. Shepard, Graham H. 1988. “Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1969-84: A Second Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory.” International Studies Quarterly, 32(March): 91 - 123. Sigelman, Lee. 2002. “Two Reagans? Genre Imperatives, Ghostwriters, and Presidential Personality Profiling. Political Psychology, 23(December): 839 - 852. Simonton, Dean K. 1986. Presidential personality: Biographical use of the Gough adjective check list. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 149-160. Simonton, Dean K. 1990. Personality and politics. In L.A. Pervin, Editor, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 670-692). New York: Guildord. Simonton, Dean K. 1992. Comment: Presidential greatness and personality: A response to McCann (1992). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 676-679. Simonton, Dean K. 2006. “Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives.” Political Psychology, 27(August): 527 - 548. Steinberg, Blema. 1996. Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. Steinberg, Blema. 2005. “Indira Gandhi: The Relationship between Personality Profile and Leadership Style.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 755 - 790. Steward, A.J., Healy, J.M., Jr. 1986. The role of personality development and experience in shaping political commitment: An illustrative case. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 11-32.

-16- Tetlock, Philip E. 1981. Personality and isolationism: of senatorial speeches. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 737-743. Tetlock, Philip E. 1983. Accountability and complexity of thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 74-83. Tetlock, Philip E. 1983. Cognitive style and political ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 118-126. Tetlock, Philip E. 1984. Cognitive style and political beliefs systems in the British House of Commons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 365-375. Tetlock, Philip E. 1985. Integrative complexity of American and Soviet foreign policy rhetoric: A time-series analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1565-1585. Tetlock, Philip E. 1985. Integrative complexity of policy reasoning. In S. Kraus and R.M. Perloff (Eds.) Mass media and political thought. (pp. 267-289). Beverly Hills: Sage. Tetlock, Philip E. 1986. A value pluralism model of ideological reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 819-827. Tetlock, Phillip E., David Armor, and Randall S. Peterson. 1994. "The Slavery Debate in Antebellum America: Cognitive Style, Value Conflict, and the Limits of Compromise." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(January): 115-126. Tetlock, Philip E., Bernzweig, J., and Gallant, J.L. 1985. Supreme Court decision making: Cognitive style as a predictor of ideological consistency of voting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1227-1239. Tetlock, Philip E., Crosby, F., and Crosby, T.L. 1981. Political psychobiography. Micropolitics, 1, 191-213. Tetlock, Philip E., Hannum, K.A., and Micheletti, P.M. 1984. Stability and change in the complexity of senatorial debate: Testing the cognitive versus rhetorical style hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 979-990. Thoemmes, Felix J., and Lucian Gideon Conway III. 2007. “Integrative Complexity of 41 U.S. Presidents.” Political Psychology, 28(April): 193 - 226. Walker, Steven G. 1995. Psychodynamic processes and framing effects in foreign policy decision-making: Woodrow Wilson's operational code. Political Psychology, 16, 697- 718. Winter, David G. 1987. Enhancement of an enemy's power motivation as a dynamic of conflict escalation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 41-47. Winter, David G. 1987. Leader appeal, leader performance, and the motive profiles of leaders and followers: A study of American presidents and . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 196-203. Winter, David G. 1993. "Power, Affiliation, and War: Three Tests of a Motivational Model." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(September): 532-545.

-17- Winter, David G. 2005. “Things I've Learned About Personality From Studying Political Leaders at a Distance.” Journal of Personality, 73(June): 557-584. Winter, David G. 2007. “The Role of Motivation, Responsibility, and Integrative Complexity in Crisis Escalation: Comparative Studies of War and Peace Crises.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(May): 920 - 937. Winter, David G. 2011. “Philosopher King or Polarizing ? A Personality Profile of Barack Obama.” Political Psychology, 32(December): 1059 - 1081. BASE UNDERGRADUATE LECTURE AROUND THIS ARTICLE, AFTER STUDENTS HAVE READ THE HANDBOOK CHAPTER ... Zullow, H.M., Oettinger, G., Peterson, C., and Seligman, M.E.P. 1988. Pessimistic explanatory style in the historical record: CAVing LBJ, presidential candidates, and East versus West Berlin. American Psychologist, 43 673-682.

-18- Date Topic

Sept. 28 II. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

Reading: Sears, David O., and Christian Brown. 2013. “Childhood and Political Development.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 3. Stoker, Laura, and M. Kent Jennings. 2008. “Of Time and the Development of Partisan Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(July): 619 - 635. Jennings, M. Kent, Laura Stoker, and Jake Bowers. 2009. “Politics Across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 782 - 799. Osborne, Danny, David O. Sears, and Nicholas A. Valentino. 2011. “The End of the Solidly Democratic South: The Impressionable-Years Hypothesis.” Political Psychology, 32(February): 81 - 108. Mishler, William, and Richard Rose. 2007. “Generation, Age, and Time: The Dynamics of Political Learning during Russia’s Transformation.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(4): 822-834. Fox, Richard L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2014. “Uncovering the Origins of the Gender Gap in Political Ambition.” American Political Science Review, 108(August): 499 - 519.

Optional: A good introduction to the psychological literature on child development is provided by: Bornstein, M.H. and M.E. Lamb, editors. 1984. : An Advanced Textbook. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Political Socialization in Children: Adelson, J. 1972. “ The political imagination of the young adolescent.” In J. Kagan and R. Coles (Eds.), Twelve to sixteen: Early adolescence (pp. 106-143). New York: Norton. Arterton, F.C. 1975. Watergate and children's attitudes toward political authority revisited. Political Science Quarterly, 90, 477-496. Billingsley, K.R., and Tucker, C. 1987. Generations, status and party identification: A theory of operant conditioning. Political Behavior, 9, 305-323. Broh, C.A. 1979. Adler on the influence of siblings in political socialization. Political Behavior, 1, 175-200. Campbell, Bruce A. 1980. “A theoretical approach to peer influence in adolescent socialization.” American Journal of Political Science, 24, 324-344.

-19- Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 233 - 247. Campbell, David E. 2008. “Voice in the Classroom: How an Open Classroom climate Fosters Political Engagement among Adolescents.” Political Behavior, 30(December): 437 - 454. Caspi, Avshalom. 2000. “The Child Is Father of the Man: Personality Continuities from Childhood to Adulthood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(January): 158-172. Conway, M.M, Wyckoff, M.L., Feldbaum, E., and Ahern, D. 1981. The news media in children's political socialization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 164-178. Cook, Tim E. 1985. “The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories.” American Political Science Review, 79(December): 1079-1093 Dalton, R.J. 1980. “Reassessing Parental Socialization: Indicator Unreliability Vs. Generational Transfer.” American Political Science Review, 74, 421-431. Dalton, R.J. 1982. The Pathways of Parental Socialization. American Politics Quarterly, 10, 139-157. Davis, James A. 2004. “Did Growing Up in the 1960s Leave a Permanent Mark on Attitudes and Values? Evidence from the General Social Survey.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 68 (Summer): 161-183. Dennis, Jack. 1968. Major problems of political socialization research. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 12, 85-114. Dennis, Jack. 1973. Socialization to politics: A reader. New York: Wiley. Dolan, Kathleen. 1995. Attitudes, behaviors, and the influence of the family: A reexamination of the role of family structure. Political Behavior, 17, 251-264. Easton, David, and Dennis, Jack. 1965. The child's image of . The Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 361, 40-57. Easton, David, and Dennis, Jack. 1969. Children in the : Origins of Political Legitimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Epstein, R., and Komorita, S.S. 1966. Childhood prejudice as a function of parental ethnocentrism, punitiveness, and outgroup characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 259-264. Fine, G.A., and E. Eisenberg. 2002. “Tricky Dick and Slick Willy: Despised Presidents and Generational Imprinting.” American Behavioral Scientist, 46(4): 553 - 565. Fitzgerald, Jennifer. 2011. “Family Dynamics and Swiss Parties on the Rise: Exploring Party Support in a Changing Electoral Context.” Journal of Politics, 73(July): 783 - 796.

-20- Fitzgerald, Jennifer, and K. Amber Curtis. 2012. “Partisan Discord in the Family and Political Engagement: A Comparative Behavioral Analysis.” Journal of Politics, 74(January): 129 - 141. Forland, Tor Egil, Trine Rogg Korsvik, and Knut-Andreas Christophersen. 2012. “Brought Up to Rebel in the Sixties: Birth Order Irrelevant, Parental Worldview Decisive.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 825 - 838. Greenstein, F.I. 1960. “The Benevolent Leader: Children's Images of Political Authority.” American Political Science Review, 54, 934-942. Hatemi, Peter K., Carolyn L. Funk, Sarah E. Medland, Hermine M. Maes, Judy L. Silbert, Nicholas G. Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2009 “Genetic and Environmental Transmission of Political Attitudes Over a Life Time.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 1141 - 1156. Hershey, M.R., and Hill, D.B. 1975. “Watergate and preadults' attitudes toward the president.” American Journal of Political Science, 19, 703-726. Hess, R.D., and Torney, J.V. 1967. The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Chicago: Aldine. Jaros, D., Hirsch, H., and Fleron, F.J., Jr. 1968. The malevolent leader: Political socialization in an American sub-culture. American Political Science Review, 62, 564-575. Jennings, M. Kent. 2002. “Generation Units and the Student Protest Movement in the United States: An Intra- and Intergenerational Analysis.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 303 - 324. Jennings, M. Kent, and Niemi, Richard G. 1974. The Political Character of Adolescence: The Influence of Families and Schools. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Kozulin, A. 1986. The concept of activity in Soviet psychology: Vygotsky, his disciples and critics. American psychologist, 41, 264-274. Kraut, R.E., and Lewis, S.H. 1975. Alternate models of family influence on student political ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 791-800. Kraut, R.E., and Price, J.D. 1976. Machiavellianism in parents and their children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 782-792. Luskin, Robert C., McIver, John P., and Carmines, Edward G. 1989. “Issues and the Transmission of Partisanship.” American Journal of Political Science, 33, 440-458. Maddox, W.S. 1979. Presidential affect and chauvinism among children. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 426-433. Marsh, D. 1971. Political Socialization: The implicit assumptions questioned. British Journal of Political Science, 1, 453-466.

-21- McDevitt, Michael, and Steven Chaffee. 2002. “From Top-Down to Trickle-Up Influence: Revisiting Assumptions About the Family in Political Socialization.” , 19(July): 281 - 301. Merelman, R.M. 1969. The development of political ideology: A framework for the analysis of political socialization. American Political Science Review, 63, 750-767. Merelman, R.M. 1971. The development of policy thinking in adolescence. American Political Science Review, 65, 1033-1047. Merelman, R.M. 1980. Democratic politics and the culture of American education. American Political Science Review, 74, 319-332. [Comment by Jennings, rejoinder by Merelman follow.] Milburn, M.A., Conrad, S.D., Sala, F., and Carberry, S. 1995. Childhood punishment, denial, and political attitudes. Political Psychology, 16, 447-478. Pacheco, Juliana Sandell. 2008. “Political Socialization in Context: The Effect of Political Competition on Youth Voter Turnout.” Political Behavior, 30(December): 515 - 436. Piaget, Jean, and Weil, A.M. 1951. The development in children of the idea of the homeland and of relations with other countries. International Social Science Bulletin, 3, 561-578. Renshon, Stanley A., Editor. 1977. Handbook of political socialization: Theory and research. New York: Free Press. Ruble, Diane N., and Jacqueline J. Goodnow. 1998. “Social Development in Childhood and Adulthood. In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 741 - 787). Boston: McGraw Hill. Sangster, Roberta L., and Robert W. Reynolds. 1996. "A Test of Inglehart's Socialization Hypothesis for the Acquisition of Materialist/Postmaterialist Values: The Influence of Childhood Poverty on Adult Values." Political Psychology, 17(June):253-270. Sapiro, Virginia. 2004. “Not Your Parents’ Political Socialization: Introduction for a New Generation.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7: 1 - 23. Schuman, Howard, and Amy Corning. 2012. “Generational Memory and the Critical Period: Evidence for National and World Events.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Spring): 1 - 31. Schuman, Howard, and Willard L. Rodgers. 2004. “Cohorts, Chronology, and Collective Memories.” Public Opinion Quarterly,68(Summer): 217-254. Schwartz, D.C., and Schwartz, S.K., editors. 1975. New Directions in Political Socialization. New York: Free Press. Searing, Donald D., Schwartz, J.J., and Lind, A.E. 1973. The structuring principle: Political socialization and belief systems. American Political Science Review, 67, 415-432. Sears, David O. 1975. “Political Socialization.” In Fred .I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of Political Science (Vol. 2, pp. 93-127). Menlo Park, CA: Addison- Wesley. -22- Sears, David O., and Nicholas A. Valentino. 1997. “Politics Matters: Political Events as Catalysts for Preadult Socialization.” American Political Science Review, 91(March): 45-65. Sigel, R.S. 1968. Image of the president: Some insights into the political views of school children. American Political Science Review, 62, 216-226. Sigel, Roberta S., and Marilyn B. Hoskin. 1981. The Political Involvement of Adolescents. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Smith, Elizabeth S. 1999. “The Effects of Investments in the Social Capital of Youth on Political and Civic Behavior in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Political Psychology, 20(September): 553-580. Tapp, June L., and Kohlberg, L. 1971. Developing senses of law and legal justice. Journal of Social Issues, 27, 65-91. Tedon, Kent L. 1980. Assessing peer and parent influence on adolescent political attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 136-154. Tessler, Mark, Carrie Konold, and Megan Reif. 2004. “Political Generations in Developing Countries: Evidence and Insights from Algeria.” Public Opinion Quarterly,68(Summer): 184-216. Torney-Purta, Judith. 1994. “Dimensions of Adolescents' Reasoning about Political and Historical Issues: Ontological Switches, Developmental Processes, and Situated Learning.” In M Carretero and J.F. Voss (Eds.) Cognitive and instructional processes in history and the social sciences (pp. 103-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Valentino, Nicholas A., and David O. Sears. 1998. “Event-Driven Political Communication and the Preadult Socialization of Partisanship.” Political Behavior, 20(June): 129 - 154. van der Broek, Andries. 1999. “Does Differential Cohort Socialization Matter? The Impact of Cohort Replacement and the Presence of Intergenerational Differences in the Netherlands.” Political Psychology, 20(September): 501-524. Van Deth, Jan W., Simone Abendschon, and Meike Vollmar. 2011. “Children and Politics: An Empirical Reassessment of Early Political Socialization.” Political Psychology, 32(February): 147 - 174. Westholm, Anders. 1999. “The Perceptual Pathway: Tracing the Mechanisms of Political Value Transfer Across Generations. Political Psychology, 20(September): 525 - 552. Williams, C.B., and Minns, D.R. 1986. “Agent Credibility and Receptivity Influences on Children's Political Learning.” Political Behavior, 8(June): 175-200. Zellman, Gail L., and Sears, David O. 1971. Childhood origins of tolerance for dissent. Journal of Social Issues, 27, 109-136. Zweigenhaft, Richard L. 2002. “Birth Order Effects and Rebelliousness: Political Activism and Involvement with Marijuana.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 219 - 234.

-23- Political Socialization in

Abramson, Paul .R. 1979. “Developing Party Identification: A Further Examination of Life- Cycle, Generational, and Period Effects.” American Journal of Political Science, 23(February): 78-96. [Reply by Converse follows.] Alwin, Duane F., Ronald L. Cohen, and Theodore M. Newcomb. 1991. Political Attitudes over the Lifespan: The Bennington Women after Fifty Years. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Atkin, C.K., and Gantz, W. 1978. Television news and political socialization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 183-198. Beck, Paul A. 1976. “A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment.” In R.G. Niemi and H. Weisberg, (Eds.), Controversies in American voting behavior (1st edition, pp. 396-411). San Francisco: Freeman.

Bates, P.B., and Reese, H.W. 1984. “The life-span perspective in developmental psychology.” In M.H. Bornstein and M.E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental Psychology: An Advanced Textbook (pp. 493-532). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Beck, Paul A., and Jennings, M. Kent. 1982. “Pathways to Participation.” American Political Science Review, 76, 94-108. Beck, Paul A., and Jennings, M. Kent. 1991. “Family Traditions, Political Periods, and the Development of Partisan Orientations.” Journal of Politics, 53(3): 742-763. Butler, David, and Stokes, Donald. 1969. Political Change in Britain. New York: St. Martin's Press. Converse, Philip E. 1976. The Dynamics of Party Support: Cohort-analyzing Party Identification. Beverly Hills: Sage. Cutler, N.E. 1977. Demographic, social-psychological and political factors in the politics of aging: A foundation for research in political gerontology. American Political Science Review, 71, 1011-1025. Dalton, R.J. 1987. Generational change in elite political beliefs: The growth of ideological polarization. Journal of Politics, 49, 976-997. Delli Carpini, Michael X. 1986. Stability and Change in American Politics: The Coming of Age of the Sixties Generation. New York: New York University Press. Garramone, G.M., and Atkin, C.K. 1986. Mass communication and political socialization: Specifying the effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 76-86. Highton, Benjamin. 2001. “The First Seven Years of the Political Life Cycle.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(January): 202 - 209. Jennings, M.K. 1979. Another look at the life cycle and political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 755-771.

-24- Jennings, M.K. 1987. Residues of a Movement: The aging of the American protest generation. American Political Science Review, 81, 367-383. Jennings, M.K. and Markus, G.B. 1977. The effect of military service on political attitudes: A panel study. American Political Science Review, 71, 131-147. Jennings, M.K., and Markus, G.B. 1984. Partisan orientations over the long haul: Results from the three-wave political socialization panel study. American Political Science Review, 78, 1000-1018. Jennings, M. Kent, and Markus, Greg B. 1988. “Political Involvement in the Later Years: A Longitudinal Survey.” American Journal of Political Science, 32, 302-316. Jennings, M. Kent, and Niemi, Richard G. 1968. “The Transmission of Political Values from Parent to Child.” American Political Science Review, 62(1): 169-184. . Jennings, M. Kent, and Niemi, Richard G. 1981. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents. Princeton: Princeton University Press. McCraw, Robert R., Paul T. Costa, Jr., Fritz Ostendorf, Alois Angleitner, Martina Hrebickova, Maria D. Avia, Jesus Sanz, Maria L. Sanches-Bernardos, M. Ersin Kusdil, Ruth Woodfield, Peter R. Saunders, and Peter B. Smith. 2000. “Nature over Nurture: Temperament, Personality, and Life Span Development” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(January): 173-186. Milburn, Michael A., Miho Niwa, and Marcus D. Paterson. 2014. “Authoritarianism, Anger, and Hostile Bias: A test of Affect Displacement.” Political Psychology 35(April): 225 - 244. Nassi, A.J. 1981. “Survivors of the sixties: Comparative psychosocial and political development of former Berkeley student activists.” American Psychologist, 36, 753-761. Niemi, R.G., Ross, R.D. and Alexander, J. 1978. The similarity of political values of parents and college-age youths. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 503-520. Prior, Markus. 2010. “You’ve Either Got It or You Don’t? The Stability of Political Interest over the Life Cycle.” Journal of Politics, 72(July): 747 - 766.

Rapoport, Ronald B. 1981. The sex gap in political persuading: Where the "structuring principle" works. American Journal of Political Science, 25, 32-48. Rapoport, Ronald B. 1982. Sex differences in attitude expression: A generational explanation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 46, 89-96. Roberts, C.W., and Lang, K. 1985. Generations and ideological change: Some observations. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 460-473. Sears, David O. 1975. Political socialization. In F.I. Greenstein and N.W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of political science (Volume 2, pp. 127-153). Menlo Park, CA: Addison- Wesley. Sears, David O. 1983. On the persistence of early political predispositions: The roles of attitude object and life stage. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 79-116.

-25- Sears, David O., and Carolyn L. Funk. 1999. “Evidence of the Long-term Persistence of Adults' Political Predispositions. Journal of Politics, 61(1): 1-28. Sears, David O., and McConahay, John S. 1973. The Politics of Violence: The New Urban Blacks and the Watts Riot. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Shively, William P. 1979. The development of party identification among adults: Exploration of a functional model. American Political Science Review, 73, 1039-1054. Sigel, Roberta (Editor). 1989. Political Learning in Adulthood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sigel, Roberta S. 1992. “How Men and Women Cope When Gender Role Orientations Change.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 337 - 352. Stoker, Laura, and M. Kent Jennings. 1995. “Life-Cycle Transitions and Political Participation: The Case of Marriage.” American Political Science Review, 89(2): 421 - 433. Trevor, Margaret C. 1999. “Political Socialization, Party Identification, and the Gender Gap.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(Spring): 62-89. Watts, Meredith W. 1999. “Are There Typical Age Curves in Political Behavior? The ‘Age Invariance’ Hypothesis and Political Socialization.” Political Psychology, 20 (September): 477 - 500.

-26- III. COGNITION Date Topic Oct. 5 Social Cognition

Reading: Anderson, John R. 1996. “ACT: A Simple Theory of Cognition.” American Psychologist, 51 (April): 355-365. Schachter, Daniel L. 1999. "The Seven Sins of Memory." American Psychologist, 54(March): 192-203. Lieberman, Matthew D., and Darren Schreiber. 2003. “Is Like Riding a Bicycle? How Can Inform Research on Political Thinking.” Political Psychology, 24(December): 681 - 704. Dijksterhuis, Ap. 2010. “Automaticity and the Unconscious.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 1, Chapter 7, pp 228 - 267). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Optional: Anderson, John R., Michael d. Byrne, Scot Douglass, Christian Lebiere, and Yulin Qin. 2004. “An Integrated Theory of the Mind. Psychological Review, 111(4): 1036 - 1060. Augier, Mie, and James G. March (Eds.). 2004. Models of a Man: Essays in Memory of Herbert Simon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bargh, John A., and Ezequiel Morsella. 2008. “The Unconscious Mind.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(January): 73 - 79.

Baumeister, Roy F. 2008. “Free Will in Scientific Psychology.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(January): 14 - 19. Blair, I.V., Charles M. Judd, and J.L. Fallman. 2004. “The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(December): 763-778. Cantor, N., and Mischel, W. 1979. Prototypes in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, (Vol. 12, pp. 3-52). New York: Academic Press. Corneille, O., J. Huart, E. Becquart, and S. Bredart. 2004. “When Memory Shifts Toward More Typical Category Exemplars: Accentuation Effects in the Recollection of Ethnically Ambiguous Faces.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(February):236-250. Epstein, Seymour, Veronika Denes-Raj, and Rosemary Pacini. 1995. "The Linda Problem Revisited from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(November): 1124-1138.

-27- Fiske, Susan T. 1992. “Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from daguerreotype to laserphoto.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 877-889. Fiske, Susan T., and Linville, P.W. 1980. What does the schema concept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 543-557. Fiske, Susan T., and Pavelchak, M.A. 1986. Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect. In R.M Sorrentino and E.T. Higgins (Eds.) Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 167-203). New York: Guilford. Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor. 1991. Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor. 2008. Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture. Boston : McGraw-Hill. Gill, Michael J. 2004. “When Information Does Not Deter Stereotyping: Prescriptive Stereotyping Can Foster Bias Under conditions that Deter Descriptive Stereotyping.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 619-632. Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. 2001. “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Complementary Justifications for Gender Inequality.” American Psychologist, 56(February): 109 - 118. Golec, A., and Chris M. Federico. 2004. “Understanding Responses to Political Conflict: Interactive Effects of the Need for Closure and Salient Conflict Schemas.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(December): 750-762. Hastie, Reid. 1986. A primer of information-processing theory for the political scientist. In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp 11-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hastie, Reid, and Kumar, P.A. 1979. Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25-38. Hastie, Reid, and Bernadett Park. 1986. “The Relationship Between Memory and Judgment Depends on Whether the Judgment Task Is Memory-based or On-line.” Psychological Review, 93(July): 258 - 268. Higgins, E. Tory., and Bargh, J.A. 1987. Social cognition and social perception. In M.R. Rosenweig and L.W. Porter (Eds.) Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 369-425). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Higgins, E. Tory, and Sorrentino, R.M., editors. 1990. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Volume 2). New York: Guilford. Johnson, R. E., C. H. Chang, and R.G. Lord. 2006. “Moving From Cognition to Behavior: What the Research Says.” Psychological Bulletin, 132(3): 381-415. Judd, Charles M., and Park, B. 1993. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100 (January), 109-128.

-28- Jussim, Lee, Thomas E. Nelson, Melvin Manis, and Sonia Soffin. 1995. "Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Labeling Effects: Sources of Bias in Person Perception." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 228-246. Kunda, Ziva. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin, 108 (November): 480 - 498. Lepore, Lorella, and Rupert Brown. 1997. "Category and Stereotype Activation: Is Prejudice Inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72:(February): 275-287. Lieberman, Matthew D. 2010. “Social Cognitive Neuroscience.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 1, Chapter 5, pp 143 - 193). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Lyons, A, and Y. Kashima. 2003. “How Are Stereotypes Maintained Through Communication? The Influence of Stereotype Sharedness.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(December): 989-1005. Macrae, C. Neil, Alan B. Mine, and Galen V. Bodenhausen. 1994. "Stereotypes as Energy- Saving Devices: A Peek Inside the Cognitive Toolbox." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(January): 37-47. Markus, H., and Zajonc, R.B. 1985. The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.) The handbook of social psychology (Vol. I, 3rd ed., pp 137-230). New York: Random House. McConnell, Allen R., Steven J. Sherman, and David L. Hamilton. 1997. “Target Entitativity: Implications for Information Processing About Individual and Group Targets.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(April): 750-762. Moskowitz, Gordon B., Peter M. Gollwitzer, Wolfgang Wasel, and Bernard Schaal. 1999. “Preconscious Control of Stereotype Activation through Chronic Egalitarian Goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(July): 167 - 184. Pribram, K.H. 1986. The cognitive revolution and mind/brain issues. American Psychologist, 41, 507-520. Roser, Matthew, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. 2004. “Automatic Brains – Interpretive Minds.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2): 56 - 59. Schneider, D.J., Hastorf, A.H., and Ellsworth, P.C. 1979. Person perception (2nd edition). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Sherman, Jeffrey W., Angela Y. Lee, Gayle R. Bessendoff, and Leigh A. Frost. 1998. “Stereotype Efficiency Reconsidered: Encoding Flexibility Under Cognitive Load.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(September): 589-606. Sherman, Jeffrey W., S.J. Stroessner, F.R. Conrey, and O.A. Azam. 2005. “Prejudice and Stereotype Maintenance Processes: Attention, Attribution, and Individuation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(October): 607-622. Skinner, B.F. 1990. “Can Psychology Be a Science of Mind?” American Psychologist, 45, 1206- 1210.

-29- Smith, Elliot R. 1984. “Models of Social Inference Processes.” Psychological Review, 91, 392- 413. Smith, Elliot R. 1996. "What Do Connectionism and Social Psychology Offer Each Other?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(May): 893-912. Smith, Elliot R. 1998. "Mental Representation and Memory.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 391 - 445). Boston: McGraw Hill. Smith, Eliot R., and Jamie DeCoster. 1998. “Knowledge Acquisition, Accessibility, and Use in Person Perception and Stereotyping: Simulation with a Recurrent Connectionist Network.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(January): 21-35. Sorrentino, R.M., and Higgins, E.T., editors. 1986. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. New York: Guilford. Srull, T.K., and Wyer, R.S., Jr. 1989. “Person Memory and Judgment.” Psychological Review, 96, 58-83. Taylor, Shelley E., and Crocker, J. 1981. Schematic bases of social information processing. In E.T. Higgins, C.P. Herman, and M.P. Zanna (Eds.) Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 89-134). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Taylor, Shelley E., and Fiske, S.T. 1981. Getting inside the head: Methodologies for process analysis in attribution and social cognition. In J.H. Harvey, W. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (Eds.) New Directions in Attribution Research (Vol. 3, pp. 459-524). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Tormala, Zakary L., and Richard E. Petty. 200l. “On-Line Versus Memory-Based Processing.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(December): 1599 - 1612. von Hippel, William, John Jonides, James L. Hilton, and Sowmya Narayan. 1993. "Inhibitory Effect of Schematic Processing on Perceptual Encoding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(June): 921-935. Vonk, Roos, and Ad van Knippenberg. 1995. "Processing Attitude Statements from In-Group and Out-Group Members: Effects of Within-Group and Within-Person Inconsistencies on Reading Times." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 215-227. Wegner, Daniel M., and John A. Bargh. 1998. “Control and Automaticity in Social Life.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 446 - 496). Boston: McGraw Hill. Wyer, Robert S., Jr., and Srull, Thomas K., editors. 1984. Handbook of social cognition (Volume 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Subsequent volumes also contain many good papers.] Wyer, Robert S., Jr., and Srull, Thomas K. 1986. “Human Cognition in its Social Context.” Psychological Review, 93, 322-359. Wyer, Robert S., Jr., and Thomas K. Srull. 1989. Memory and Cognition in its Social Context. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

-30- Date Topic

Oct. 12 Candidate Impression

Reading: Lodge, Milton, Kathleen M. McGraw, and Patrick Stroh. 1989. “An Impression- Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review, 83(June): 399-420. Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review, 89(June): 309-326. McGraw, Kathleen M. 1991. “Managing Blame: an Experimental Test of the Effects of Political Accounts.” American Political Science Review, 85 (December): 1133-1158.

Mitchell, Dona-Gene. 2012. “It’s About Time: The Lifespan of Information Effects in a Multiweek Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(April): 298 - 311. Kam, Cindy D. 2007. “Implicit Attitudes, Explicit Choices: When Subliminal Priming Predicts Candidate Preference.” Political Behavior, 29 (September): 343 - 368. Mattes, Kyle, Michael Spezio, Hackjin Kim, Alexander Todorov, Ralph Adolphs, and R. Michael Alvarez. 2010. “Predicting Election Outcomes from Positive and Negative Trait Assessments of Candidate Images.” Political Psychology, 31(February): 41 - 58.

I want someone to do their annotated bibliography on Lodge and Taber’s new book: Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2013. The Rationalizing Voter. New York: Cambridge University Press. Optional: Abelson, R.P., Kinder, D.R., Peters, M.D., and Fiske, S.T. 1982. Affective and Semantic Components in Political Person Perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 619-630. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1987. “Candidate Choice Before the Convention: The Democrats in 1984.” Political Behavior, 9, 49-62. Adaval, Rashmi, Linda M. Isbell, and Robert S. Wyer, Jr. 2007. “The Impact of Pictures on Narrative- and List-Based Impression Formation: A Process Interference Model.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(May): 352 - 364. Bailenson, Jeremy N., Shanto Iyengar, Nick Yee, and Nathan A. Collins. 2008. “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Influence.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(5): 935 - 961.

-31- Banducci, Susan A., Jeffrey A. Karp, Michael Thrasher, and Colin Rallings. 2008. “Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low-Information Elections.” Political Psychology, 29(December): 903 - 918. Baumgartner, Jody C., Jonathan S. Morris, and Natasha L. Walth. 2012. “The Fey Effect: Young Adults, Political Humor, and Perceptions of Sarah Palin in the 2008 Presidential Election Campaign.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Spring): 95 - 104. Bianco, William t. 1998. "Different Paths to the Same Result: Rational Choice, Political Psychology, and Impression Formation in Campaigns." American Journal of Political Science,42(October): 1061-1081. Bizer, George Y., Zakary L. Tormala, Derek D. Rucker, and Richard E. Petty. 2006. “Memory- Based Versus On-Line Precessing: Implications for Attitude Strength.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(September): 646 - 653. Butemeyer, J., Rogers, R.R., Rosenwasser, S.M., and Silvers-Pickens, K. 1987. Attitudes toward women and men in politics: Perceived male and female candidates competencies and participant personality characteristics. Political Psychology, 8, 191-200. Campbell, J.E., and Meier, J.L. 1979. Style issues and vote choice. Political Behavior, 1, 203- 216. Caprara, Gian Vittorio, Claudio Barbaranelli, and Philip G. Zimbardo. 2002. “When Parsimony Subdues Distinctiveness: Simplified Public Perception of Politicians’ Personality.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 77 - 96. Caprara, Gian Vittorio, Michele Vecchione, Claudio Barbaranelli, and R. Chris Fraley. 2007. “When Likeness Goes with Liking: The Case of Political Preference.” Political Psychology, 28(October): 609 - 632. Carlin, Ryan E., Gregory J. Love, and Cecilia Martinez-Gallardo. 2015. “Cushioning the Fall: Scandals, Economic Conditions, and Approval.” Political Behavior, 37(March): 109 - 130. Citrin, J., Green, D.P., and Sears, David O. 1990. White reactions to Black candidates: When does race matter? Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 74-96. Crawford, Jarret T., Lee Jussim, Stephanie Madon, Thomas R. Cain, and Sean Tl Stevens. 2011. “The Use of Stereotypes and Individuating Information in Political Person Perception.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(April): 529 - 543. Doherty, Kathryn M., and James G. Gimpel. 1997. "Candidate Character vs. The Economy in the 1992 Election." Political Behavior, 19(September): 177-196. Einhorn, H.J., Komorita, S.S., and Rosen, B. 1972. Multidimensional models for the evaluation of political candidates. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 58-73. Federico, Christopher M., and Corrie V. Hunt. 2013. “Political Information, Political Involvement, and Reliance on Ideology in Political Evaluation.” Political Behavior, 35(March): 89 - 112.

-32- Fischle, Mark. 2000. “Mass Responses to the Lewinsky Scandal: Motivated Reasoning or Bayesian Updating?” Political Psychology, 21(March): 135-160. Foti, R., Fraser, S., and Lord, R. 1982. Effects of leadership labels and prototypes on perceptions of political leaders. Journal of , 67, 326-333. Fox, Richard L., and Eric R.A.N. Smith. 1998. “The Role of Candidate Sex In Voter Decision- Making.” Political Psychology, 19(June): 405-420. Franklin, C.H. 1991. Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S. Senate Incumbents. American Political Science Review, 85, 1193-1214. Fridkin, Kim L., and Patrick J. Kenney. 2011. “The Role of Candidate Traits in Campaigns.” Journal of Politics, 73(January): 61 - 73. Funk, Carolyn L. 1996. The impact of scandal on candidate evaluations: An experimental test of the role of candidate traits. Political Behavior, 18, 1-24. Funk, Carolyn L. 1997. "Implications of Political Expertise in Candidate Trait Evaluations." Political Research Quarterly, 50(September): 675-697. Gilbert, Daniel T. 1998. “Ordinary Personology.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 89 - 150). Boston: McGraw Hill. Gilens, Martin. 1988. Gender and support for Reagan: A comprehensive model of presidential approval. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 19-50. Glass, D.P. 1985. Evaluating political candidates: Who focuses on their personal attributes? Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 517-534. Glasgow, Garrett, and R. Michael Alvarez. 2000. “Uncertainty and Candidate Personality Traits.” American Politics Quarterly, 28(January): 26-4. Gonzales, Marti Hope, Margaret Bull Kovera, John L. Sullivan, and Virginia Chanley. 1995. "Private Reactions to Public Transgressions: Predictors of Evaluative Responses to Allegations of Political Misconduct." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(February): 136-148. Goren, Paul. 2002. “Character Weakness, Partisan Bias, and Presidential Evaluation.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(July): 627 - 641. [also negativity] Goren, Paul. 2007. “Character Weakness, Partisan Bias, and Presidential Evaluation: Modifications and Extensions.” Political Behavior, 29(September): 305 - 326. Hart, William, Victor C. Ottati, and Nathaniel D. Krumdick. 2011. “Physical Attractiveness and Candidate Evaluation: A Model of Correction.” Political Psychology, 32(April): 181 - 204. Hartman, Todd K., and Dama J. Newmark. 2012. “Motivated Reasoning, Political Sophistication, and Associations between President Obama and Islam.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 45(July): 449 - 455.

-33- Hayes, Danny. 2005. “Candidate Qualities through a Partisan Lens: A Theory of Trait Ownership.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 924 - 938. Highton, Benjamin. 2012. “Updating Political Evaluations: Policy Attitudes, Partisanship, and Presidential Assessments.” Political Behavior, 34(March): 57 - 78. Holbrook, Allyson L. Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, Wendi L. Gardner, and John T. Cacioppo. 2001. “Attitudes toward Presidential Candidates and Political Parties: Initial Optimism, Inertial First Impressions, and a Focus on Flaws.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 930 - 950. Horiuchi, Yusaku, Tadashi Komatsu, and Fumio Nakaya. 2012. “Should Candidates Smile to Win elections? An Application of Automated Face Recognition Technology.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 925 - 934. Huddy, Leonie, and Terkildsen, N. 1993. The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46, 503- 525. Jacobs, L.R., and Shapiro, R.Y. 1994. Issues, candidate image, and priming: The use of private polls in Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign. American Political Science Review, 88, 527-540. Kahn, Kim F. 1992. Does being male help?: An investigation of gender biases in U.S. presidential races. Journal of Politics, 52, 497-517. Kahn, Kim F. 1994. Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns if statewide campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 162-195. Kahn, Kim F. 1994. The distorted mirror: Press coverage of women candidates for statewide office. Journal of Politics, 56, 154-173. Kahn, Kim F., and Golderberg, E.N. 1991. Women candidates in the news: An examination of gender differences in U.S. senate campaign coverage. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 180-199. Kam, Cindy D., and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. 2013. “Name Recognition and Candidate Support.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(October): 971 - 986. Keeter, Scott. 1987. The illusion of intimacy: Television and the role of candidate personal qualities in voter choice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 344-359. Kelley, Stanley, Jr., and Thad W. Mirer. 1974. “The Simple Act of Voting.” American Political Science Review, 68(June): 572-591. Kenney, P.J., and Rice, T.W. 1988. Presidential pre-nomination preferences and candidate evaluations. American Political Science Review, 82, 1309-1320. Kim, Young Mie, and Kelly Garrett. 2012. “On-line and Memory-based: Revisiting the Relationship Between Candidate Evaluation Processing Models.” Political Behavior, 34(June): 345 - 368.

-34- Kinder, Donald R. 1986. “Presidential Character Revisited.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, eds., Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 233-256). Hillsboro, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Kinder, Donald R., Fiske, Susan T., and Wagner, Randal G. 198x. “Presidents in the Public Mind.” In ??? Kinder, Donald R., Peters, M.D., Abelson, R.P., and Fiske, S.T. 1980. Presidential prototypes. Political Behavior, 2, 315-338. Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. “Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?” Journal of Politics, 62(May): 414 - 429. Lane, Robert E. 1978. Interpersonal relations and leadership in a "cold society." Comparative Politics, 10, 443-459. Laustsen, Lasse. 2014. “Decomposing the Relationship betweenn Candidates’ Facial Appearance and Electoral Success.” Political Behavior, 36(December): 777 - 791. Lavine, Howard. 2001. “The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence Toward Presidential Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 915 - 929. Leeper, M.S. 1991. The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Quarterly, 19, 248-261. Leeper, Thomas J. 2014. “Cognitive Style and the Survey Response.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78 (Winter): 974 - 983. #Online model paper Lerman, Amy E., Katherine T. McCabe, and Meredith L. Sadin. 2015. “Political Ideology, Skin Tone, and the Psychology of Candidate Evaluations.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 79 (Spring): 53 - 90. Letzring, T.D., S.M. Wells, and David C. Funder. 2006. “Information Quantity and Quality Affect the Realistic Accuracy of Personality Judgment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(July): 111-123. Little, A.C., R. Pl Burriss, B.C. Jones, and S.C. Roberts. 2007. “Facial Appearance Affects Voting Decisions.” Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1)” 18 - 27. Lodge, Milton. 1995. “Toward a Procedural Model of Candidate Evaluation.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 111 - 140). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lodge, Milton, Stroh, P., and Wahlke, J. 1990. Black-box Models of Candidate Evaluation. Political Behavior, 12, 5-18. Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology, 26(June): 455 - 482. Lusk, C.M., and Judd, C.M. 1988. Political expertise and the structural mediators of candidate evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 105-127.

-35- MacDonald, S.E., Prothro, J.W., Rabinowitz, G., and Brown, K.J. 1988. Political evocation and styles of candidate evaluation. Political Behavior, 10, 117-135. McCaul, Kevin D., Rob E. Ployhart, Verlin B. Hinsz, and Harriette S. McCaul. 1995. "Appraisals of a Consistent Versus a Similar Politician: Voter Preferences and Intuitive Judgments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 292-299. McConnell, Allen R., Steven J. Sherman, and David L. Hamilton. 1994. "On-Line and Memory- Based Aspects of Individual and Group Target Judgments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(August): 173-185. McCurley, C., and Mondak, J.J. 1995. “Inspected by #1184063113: The influence of incumbents’ competence and integrity in U.S. House elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 39, 864-885. McDermott, Monika L. 1997. “Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(January): 270-283. McGraw, Kathleen M., Mark Fishle, Karen Stenner, and Milton Lodge. 1996. "What's in a Word? Bias in Trait Descriptions of Political Leaders." Political Behavior, 18(September): 263-288. McGraw, Kathleen M., Milton Lodge, and Jeffrey M. Jones. 2002. “The Pandering Politicians of Suspicious Minds.” Journal of Politics, 64(May): 362 - 383. McGraw, Kathleen M., and Marco Steenbergen. 1995. “Pictures in the Head: Memory Representations of Political Candidates.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 15 - 42). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. McGraw, Kathleen M., Lodge, M., and Stroh, P. 1990. On-line processing in candidate evaluation: The effects of issue order, issue importance, and sophistication. Political Behavior, 12, 41-58. McGraw, Kathleen M., Timpone, R., and Bruck, G. 1993. Justifying controversial political decisions: Home Style in the laboratory. Political Behavior, 15, 289-308. Merolla, Jennifer L., and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. 2009. “Terrorist Threat, Leadership, and the Vote: Evidence from Three Experiments.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 575 - 602. Miller, Arthur H., Wattenberg, M.P., and Malanchuk, O. 1986. “Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates.” American Political Science Review, 80, 521-540. Miller, Beth. 2010. “The Effects of Scandalous Information on Recall of Policy-Related Information.” Political Psychology, 31(December): 887 - 914. Mitchell, Dona-Gene. 2014. “Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Assessing How Timing and Repetition of Scandal Information Affects Candidate Evaluations.” Political Psychology, 35 (October): 679 - 702. Moskowitz, David, and Patrick Stroh. 1996. Expectation-Driven Assessments of Political Candidates." Political Psychology, 17 (December): 695-712.

-36- Nir, Lilach. 2011. “Motivated Reasoning and Public Opinion Perception.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Fall): 504 - 532. Nygren, T.E., and Jones, L.E. 1977. Individual differences in perceptions and preferences for political candidates. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 182-197. Peffley, M. 1989. Presidential image and economic performance: A dynamic analysis. Political Behavior, 11, 309-334. Plutzer, Eric, and John F. Zipp. 1996. "Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women." Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(Spring): 30-57. Rahn, Wendy M. 1993. “The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates.” American Journal of Political Science, 37, 472-496. Rahn, Wendy M. 1995. “Candidate Evaluation in Complex Information Environments: Cognitive Organization and Comparison Process.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 43 - 64). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Rahn, W.M., Aldrich, J.H., and Borgida, E. 1994. Individual and contextual variations in political candidate appraisal. American Political Science Review, 88, 193-199. Rahn, W.M., Aldrich, J.H., Borgida, E., and Sullivan, J.L. 1991. A social-cognitive model of candidate appraisal. In J.A. Ferejohn and J.H. Kuklinski (Eds.) Information and democratic processes (pp.136-159). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Rahn, W.M., Krosnick, J.A., and Breuning, M. 1994. Rationalization and derivation processes in survey studies of political candidate evaluation. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 582-600. Redlawsk, David P. 2001. “You Must Remember This: A Test of the On-line Model of Voting.” Journal of Politics, 63(February): 29 - 58. Rosenberg, S.W., Bohan, L, McCafferty, P.L., and Harris, K. 1986. The image and the vote: The effect of candidate presentation on voter preference. American Journal of Political Science, 30, 108-127. Rosenberg, S.W., and McCafferty, P. 1987. The image and the vote: Manipulating voters' preferences. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 31-48. Rosenberg, S.W., Kahn, S., and Tran, T. 1991. Creating a political image: Shaping appearance and manipulating the vote. Political Behavior, 13, 345-367. Rudolph, Thomas J. 2011. “The Dynamics of Ambivalence.” American Journal of Political Science, 55(July): 561 - 573. Sherman, R.C., and Ross, L.B. 1972. Liberalism-conservatism and dimensional salience in the perception of political figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 120- 127. Shultz, Cindy, and S. Mark Pancer. 1997. "Character Attacks and their Effects on Perceptions of Male and Female Political Candidates." Political Psychology, 18(March): 93-102.

-37- Shyles, L. 1984. Defining "images" of presidential candidates from televised political spot advertisements. Political Behavior, 6, 171-182. Sigelman, C.K., Sigelman, L., Walkosz, B., and Nitz, M. 1995. Black candidates, white voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 243-265. Smith, Elizabeth S., Ashleigh Smith Powers, and Gustavo A. Suarez. 2005. “If Bill Clinton Were a Woman: The Effectiveness of Male and Female Politicians’ Account Strategies Following Alleged Transgressions.” Political Psychology, 26(February): 115 - 134. Snyder, G.A. 1979. Assessing the candidate preference function. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 732-754. Stoker, L. 1993. Judging presidential character: The demise of Gary Hart. Political Behavior, 15, 193-224. Terkildsen, N. 1993. “When White Voters Evaluate Black Candidates: The Processing Implications of Candidate Skin Color, Prejudice, and Self-Monitoring.” American Journal of Political Science, 37(November): 1032 - 1053. Todorov, A., A.N. Mandisodza, A. Goren, and C.C. Hall. 2005. “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes.” Science, 308(5728): 1623 - 1626. Weber, Christopher, and Matthew Thornton. 2012. “Courting Christians: How Political Candidates Prime Religious Considerations in Campaign Ads.” Journal of Politics, 74(April): 400 - 413. Willis, G., and A. Todorov. 2006. “First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After 100 ms Exposure to a Face.” Psychological Science, 17(7): 592 - 598. Wyer, Jr., R.S., Budesheim, T.L., Shavitt, S., Riggle, E.D., Melton, R.J., and Kuklinski, J.H. 1991. “Images, issues, and ideology: The processing of information about political candidates.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 533-545.

See symposium on Political Scandal in American Politics, PS Political Science & Politics, 2014, 47(April): 7 short articles.

-38- Date Topic

Oct. 19 Political Cognition

Reading: Taber, Charles S., and Everett Young. 2013. “Political Information Processing.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 17. Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1984. “How People Organize Their Political World: A Schematic Model.” American Journal of Political Science, 28 (February): 95-126. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 951 - 971. Kim, Sung-youn, Charles s. Taber, and Milton Lodge. 2010. “A Computational Model of the Citizen as Motivated Reasoner: Modeling the Dynamics of the 2000 Presidential Election.” Political Behavior, 32(March): 1 - 28. Boudreau, Cheryl. 2009. “Closing the Gap: When Do Cues Eliminate Differences between Sophisticated and Unsophisticated Citizens?” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 964 - 976. Peterson, Michael Bang, and Lene Aaroe. 2013. Politics in the Mind’s Eye: Imagination as a Link between Social and Political Cognition.” American Political Science Review, 107(May): 275 - 293.

Optional: Albertson, Bethany L. 2011. “Religious Appeals and Implicit Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 32(February): 109 - 130.

Allen, R.L., Dawson, M.C., and Brown, R. 1989. “A Schema-based Approach to Modeling an African-American Racial Belief System.” American Political Science Review, 83, 421-442. Arceneaux, Kevin. 2008. “Can Partisan Cues Diminish Democratic Accountability?” Political Behavior, 30(June): 139 - 160. Arceneaux, Kevin, and Robin Kolodny. 2009. “Educating the Least Informed: Group Endorsements in a Grassroots Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(October): 755 - 770. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2003. “Not all Cues Are Created Equal: The Conditional Impact of Female Candidates on Political Engagement.” Journal of Politics, 65(November): 1040:1061. Baldassarri, D., and H. Schadee. 2006. “Voter Heuristics and Political Cognition in Italy: An Empirical Typology.” Electoral Studies, 25(3): 448-466.

-39- Bassili, John N. 1995. “On the Psychological Reality of Party Identification: Evidence from the Accessibility of Voting Intentions and of Partisan Feelings.” Political Behavior, 17, 339- 358. Bassili, John N. 1995. "Response Latency and the Accessibility of Voting Intentions: What Contributes to Accessibility and How It Affects Vote Choice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(July): 686-695. Bassili, John N., and B. Stacey Scott. 1996. "Response Latency as a Signal to Question Problems in Survey Research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(Fall): 390-399. Beer, F.A., Healy, A.F., Sinclair, G.P., and Bourne, L.E. Jr. 1987. “War Cues and Foreign Policy Acts.” American Political Science Review, 81(September): 701-717. Berinski, Adam, and Tali Mendelberg. 2005. “The Indirect Effects of Discredited Stereotypes in Judgments of Jewish Leaders.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 845 - 864. Bolland, J.M. 1985. “The Structure of Political Cognition: A New Approach to its and Measurement.” Political Behavior, 7, 248-265. Bolsen, Toby, James N. Druckman, and Fay Lomax Cook. 2014. “The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion.” Political Behavior, 36(June): 235 - 262/ Boudreau, Cheryl. 2009. “Closing the Gap: When Do Cues Eliminate Differences between Sophisticated and Unsophisticated Citizens?” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 964 - 976. Brockington, David. 2003. “A Low Information Theory of Ballot Position Effect.” Political Behavior: 25(March): 1-28. Burton, S., and Blair, E. (1991). Task conditions, response formulation processes, and response accuracy for behavioral frequency questions in surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 50-79. Boynton, G.R. and Lodge, M. 1990. Guest editors' note. Political Behavior, 12, 1-4. Carnes, Nicholas, and Meredith L. Sadin. 2015. “The ‘Mill Worker’s Son Heuristic: How Voters Perceive Politicians from Working-Class Families – and How They Really Behave in Office.” Journal of Politics, 77 (January): 285 - 298. Coan, Travis G., Jennifer L., Merolla, Laura B. Stephenson, and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. 2008. “It’s Not Easy Being Green: Minor Party Labels as Heuristic Aids.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 389 - 406. Cutler, Fred. 2002. “The Simplest Shortcut of All: Sociodemographic Characteristics and Electoral Choice.” Journal of Politics, 64(May): 466 - 490. Dancey, Logan, and Geoffrey Sheagley. 2013. “Heuristics Behaving Badly: Party Cues and Voter Knowledge.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(April): 312 - 325, DeSart, J.A. 1995. “Information processing and partisan neutrality: A reexamination of the party decline thesis.” Journal of Politics, 57, 776-795.

-40- Ditonto, Tessa M., Richard R. Lau, and David O. Sears. 2013. “AMPing Racial Attitudes: Comparing the Power of Explicit and Implicit Racism Measures in 2008.” Political Psychology, 34(August): 487 - 510. Druckman, James N. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1041 - 1066. Erber, Ralph, and Richard R. Lau. 1990. “Political Cynicism Revisited: An Information- Processing Reconciliation of Policy-based and Incumbency-based Interpretations of Changes in Trust in Government.” American Journal of Political Science, 34, 236-253. Fiske, Susan T., Kinder, Donald R., and Larter, W.M. 1983. “The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge Based Strategies in Political Cognition.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381-400. Friedman, Ronald S., and Barbara Sutton. 2013. “Selling the War? System-Justifying Effects of Commercial Advertising on Civilian Casualty Tolerance.” Political Psychology, 34(June): 351 - 368. Glaser, Jack, and Christopher Finn. 2013. “How and Why Implicit Attitudes Should Affect Voting.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 537 - 544. Hamill, Ruth, and Milton Lodge. 1986. “Cognitive Consequences of Political Sophistication.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 69-93). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hamill, Ruth, Milton Lodge, and Blake, F. 1985. “The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata.” American Journal of Political Science, 29, 850- 870. Herrmann, Richard. 1986. “The Power of Perceptions in Foreign Policy Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 30, 841-875. Holbrook, Thomas M. 2006. “Cognitive Style and Political Learning in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Campaign.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(3): 343-352. Hurwitz, John, and Mark Peffley. 1987. “How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?” American Political Science Review, 81, 1099-1121. Jacoby, William G. 1988. “The Sources of Liberal-Conservative Thinking: Education and Conceptualization.” Political Behavior, 10, 316-332. Jost, John T., Jim Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and F.J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin, 129(3): 339 - 375. Kam, Cindy D. 2005. “Who Toes the Party Line? Cues, Values, and Individual Differences.” Political Behavior, 27(June): 163 - 182. [Relevant to 4 Models] Kam, Cindy D., and Stephen M. Utych. 2011. “Close Elections and Cognition Engagement.” Journal of Politics, 73(October): 1251 - 1266. #Information Search Koch, Jeffrey W. 2001. “When Parties and Candidates Collide: Citizen Perception of House Candidates’ Positions on Abortion.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(Spring): 1 - 21.

-41- Ksiazkiewicz, Aleksander, and James Hedrick. 2013. “An Introduction to Implicit Attitudes in Political Science Research.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 525 - 531. Kuklinski, James H., Luskin, R.C., and Bolland, J. 1991. “Where Is the Schema? Going Beyond the "S" Word in Political Psychology.” American Political Science Review, 85, 1341- 1356. See also following rebuttals by Lodge and McGraw, Conover and Feldman, and Miller. Lau, Richard R. 1986. “Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp 95-125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Lau, Richard R. 1989. “Construct Accessibility and Electoral Choice.” Political Behavior 11(March): 5-32. Lau, Richard R. 1990. “Political Motivation and Political Cognition.” In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 297-329). New York: Guilford. Lau, Richard R., and Erber, Ralph E. 1985. “An Information Processing Perspective on Political Sophistication.” In S. Kraus and R. Perloff (Eds.) Mass Media and Political Thought (pp 17-39). Beverly Hills: Sage. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2008. “Older but Wiser? Effects of Age on Political Cognition.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 168 - 185. Leeper, Thomas J. and Rune Slothuus. 2014. “Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion Formation.” Advances in Political Psychology, 35, Supplement 1(February): 129 - 156. Lodge, Milton and Ruth Hamill. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” American Political Science Review, 80(June): 505-519. McDermott, Monika L. 2005. “Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts.” Journal of Politics, 67(February): 201 - 219. McDermott, Monika L. 2006. “Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(2): 249-258. McGraw, Kathleen M. 2000. “Contribution of the Cognitive Approach to Political Psychology.” Political Psychology, 21(December): 805 - 832. McGraw, Kathleen M., and M. Dolan. 2007. “Personifying the State.” Political Psychology, 28(June): 299 - 327. [relevant to online vs memory-based processing] Milburn, Michael A. 1987. “Ideological Self-schemata and Schematically Induced Attitude Consistency.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 383-399. Miler, Kristina C. 2009. “The Limitations of Heuristics for Political Elites.” Political Psychology, 30(December): 863 - 894.

-42- Miller, Arthur H. 1986. “Partisan in Transition.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 203-231). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Miller, Beth. 2013. “Failing to Recall: Examining the Effects of Trace Decay and Interference on Memory for Campaign Information.” Political Psychology, 34(June): 289 - 306. Mondak, Jeffrey. 1994. “Cognitive Heuristics, Heuristic Processing, and Efficiency in Political Decision Making.” In Michael Delli Carpini, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Shapiro (Eds) Micropolitics: New Directions in Political Psychology. Greenwhich, CT: JAI Press. Morris, James Pl, Nancy K. Squires, Charles S. Taber, and Milton Lodge. 2003. “Activation of Political Attitudes: A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology, 24(December): 727 - 746. Norpoth, Helmut, and Buchanan, B. 1992. Wanted: The education President. Issue trespassing by political candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 87-99. Petersen, Michael Bang, Martin Skow, Soren Seeritzler, and Thomas Ramsoy. 2013. “Motivated Reasoning and Political Parties: Evidence for Increased Processing in the Face of Party Cues.” Political Behavior, 35(December): 831 - 854. Richardson, B.M. 1988. “Constituency Candidates Versus Parties in Japanese Voting Behavior.” American Political Science Review, 82, 695-718. Richey, Sean. 2008. “The Social Basis of Correct Voting.” Political Communication, 25(4): 366 - 376. Rivers, Doug. 1988. “Heterogeneity in Models of Electoral Choice.” American Journal of Political Science, 32, 737-757. Roccato, Michele, and Cristina Zogmaister. 2010. “Predicting the Vote through Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: A Field Research.” Political Psychology, 31(April): 249 - 274. Rosenberg, Shawn W. 1988. “The Structure of Political Thinking.” American Journal of Political Science, 32, 539-566. Ryan, John Barry. 2011. “Social Networks as a Shortcut to Correct Voting.” American Journal of Political Science, 55(October): 753 - 766. Schaffner, Brian F., and Matthew J. Streb. 2002. “The Partisan Heuristic in Low-Information Elections.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Winter): 559 - 581. Sears, David O., Huddie, L, and Schafer, L.G. 1986. “A Schematic Variant of Symbolic Politics Theory.” In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears, (Eds.), Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 159-202). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Sharp, C., and Lodge, M. 1985. “Partisan and Ideological Belief Systems: Do They Differ?” Political Behavior, 7, 147-166. Slothuus, Rune, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2010. “Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Issue Framing Effects.” Journal of Politics, 72(July): 630 - 645.

-43- Taber, Charles S. 2003. “Information Processing and Public Opinion.” In David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp 433 - 476). New York: Oxford University Press. Tetlock, Philip E. 1993. “Cognitive Structural Analysis of Political Rhetoric: Methodological and Theoretical Issues." In S. Iyengar and M.J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in Political Psychology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Vertzberger, Yaacov Y.I. 1993. The World in their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

-44- Date Topic

Oct. 26 IV. (IMPLICIT) EMOTIONAL RESPONSES IN POLITICS

Reading: Brader, Ted, and George E. Marcus. 2013. “ and Political Psychology.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 6. Huddy, Leonie, Stanley Feldman, Charles Taber, and Gallya Lahav. 2005. “Threat, , and Support of Antiterrorism .” American Journal of Political Science, 49(July): 593 - 608. Valentino, Nicholas A., Ted Brader, Eric W. Groenendyk, Krysha Gregorowicz, and Vincent L. Hutchings. 2011. “Election Night’s Alright for Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation.” Journal of Politics, 73(January): 156 - 170.

Burdein, Inna, Milton Lodge, and Charles Taber. 2006. “Experiments on the Automaticity of Political Beliefs and Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 27(June): 359 - 371. Redlawsk, David P., Andrew J. W. Civettini, and Karen M. Emmerson. 2010. “The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’?” Political Psychology, 31(August): 563 - 594.

I want someone to do their annotated bibliography on Marcus et al’s book: Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael B. MacKuen. 2000. Affective and Political Judgment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Controversy: Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2008. Reassessing the Role of Anxiety in Vote Choice.” Political Psychology, 29(April): 275 - 296. (See also responses by Marcus et al, and Brader, to Ladd & Lenz, and rejoinder by Ladd and Lenz, in Political Psychology, 32, April.) Optional: A good recent summary of the psychological literature on emotions is provided by: Keltner, Dacher, and Jennifer S. Lerner. 2010. “.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 1, Chapter 9, pp 317 - 352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Also worth a look: Abelson, R., Kinder, D., Peters, M., and Fiske, S. 1982. Affective and semantic components in political person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 619-630.

-45- Arceneaux, Kevin. 2012. “Cognitive Biases and the Strength of Political Arguments.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(April): 271 - 285. Banks, Antoine J. 2014. “The Public’s Anger: White Racial Attitudes and Opinions Toward Health Care Reform.” Political Behavior, 36(September): 493 - 514. Banks, Antoine J., and Melissa A. Bell. 2013. “Racialized Campaign Ads: The Emotional Content in Implicit Racial Appeals Primes White Racial Attitudes.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Summer): 549 - 560. Banks, Antoine J, and Nicholas A. Valentino. 2012. “Emotional Substrates of White Racial Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(April): 286 - 297. Bar-Tal, Daniel. 2001. “Why Does Fear Override Hope in Societies Engulfed by Intractable Conflict, as It Does in the Israeli Society?” Political Psychology, 22(September): 601 - 628. Beukeboom, Camiel J., and Gun R. Semin. 2006. “How Mood Turns on Language.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(September): 553 - 566. Bickford, Susan. 2011. “Emotion Talk and Political Judgment.” Journal of Politics, 73(October): 1025 - 1037. Birnbaum, M.H. 1981. Thinking and feeling: A skeptical review. American Psychologist, 36, 99-101. Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(April): 388 - 405. Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. “What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 959 - 978. Branton, Regina, Erin C. Cassese, Bradford S. Jones, and Chad Westerland. 2011. “All Along the Watchtower: Aculturation Fear, Anti-Latino Affect, and Immigration.” Journal of Politics, 73(July): 664 - 679. Brewer, Paul R. 2001. “Value Words and Lizard Brains: Do Citizens Deliberate About Appeals to Their Core Values?” Political Psychology, 22(March): 45 - 64. Burden, Barry, and Casey A. Klofstad. 2005. “Affect and Cognition in Party Identification.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 869 - 886. Cacioppo, John T., Wendi L. Gardner, and Gary G. Berntson. 1999. The Affect System Has Parallel and Integrative Processing Components: Form Follows Function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(May): 839-855. Carstensen, Laura L., Derek M. Isaacowitz, and Susan T. Charles. 1999. "Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity." American Psychologist 54(March): 165-181.

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-48- Lupia, Arthur, and Jesse O. Menning. 2009. “When Can Politicians Scare Citizens into Supporting Bad Policies?” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 90 - 106. MacKuen, Michael, Jennifer Wolak, Like Keele, and George E. Marcus. 2010. “Civic Engagements: Resolute Partisanship or Reflective Deliberation.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(April): 440 - 458. Marcus, G.E. 1988. “The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates.” American Political Science Review, 82, 737-761. Marcus, George E., and Michael B. MacKuen. 1993. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns.” American Political Science Review, 87(September): 672-685. Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael B. MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Marcus, George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Daniel Stevens. 2005. “The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 949 - 964. Masters, R.D. and Sullivan, D.G. 1989. Nonverbal displays and political leadership in France and the United States. Political Behavior, 11, 123-156. McDermott, Rose. 2004. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspective on Politics, 2(December): 691 - 706. McHugo, G.J., Lanzetta, J.T., Sullivan, D.G., Masters, R.D., and Englis, B.G. 1985. Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive displays. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1513-1529. Mellers, B.A. 1981. Feeling more than thinking [Comment]. American Psychologist, 36, 802- 803. Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2004. “Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment.” Political Psychology, 25(August): 507-524. Miller, Patrick R. 2011. “The Emotional Citizen: Emotion as a Function of Political Sophistication.” Political Psychology, 32(August): 575 - 600. Morris, James Pl, Nancy K. Squires, Charles S. Taber, and Milton Lodge. 2003. “Activation of Political Attitudes: A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology, 24(December): 727 - 746. Nadeau, R., Niemi, R.G., and Amato, T. 1995. Emotions, issue importance, and political learning. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 558-574. Neely, Francis. 2007. “Party Identification in Emotional and Political Context: A Replication.” Political Psychology, 28(December): 667 - 688.

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-52- V. GROUPS Date Topic

Nov. 2 The Social Psychology of Groups and Group Relations

Reading: Yzerbyt, Vincent, and Stephanie Demoulin. 2010. “.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, Chapter 28, pp 1024 - 1083). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Eidelson, R.J., and J.I. Eidelson. 2003. “Dangerous Ideas: Five Beliefs that Propel Groups toward Conflict.” American Psychologist, 58(February): 182 - 192. Huddy, Leonie. 2013. “From Group Identity to Political Cohesion and Commitment.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 23. Klandermans, Bert, and Jacquelien van Stekelenburg. 2013. “Social Movements and the Dynamics of Collective Action.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 24.

Optional: Other good recent summaries of the social psychology literature on intergroup relations are provided by: Dovidio, John F., and Samuel L. Gaertner. 2010. “Intergroup Bias.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, pp 1084 - 1121). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. and Fiske, Susan T. 2010. “Interpersonal Stratification: Status, Power, and Subordination.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, pp 941 - 982). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Also worth a look: Blascovich, Jim, Natalie A. Wyer, Laura A. Swart, and Jeffrey L. Kibler. 1997. “Racism and Racial Categorization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(June): 1364- 1372. Bornstein, Tamar K., and Anthony Ziegelmeyer. 2004. “Individual and Group Decisions in the Centipede Game: Are Groups More ‘Rational’ Players?” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 599-605. Branscombe, Nyla R., Michael T. Schmidt, and Richard D. Harvey. 1999. “Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(July): 135-149. Brewer, Marilynn B. 1979. In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive- motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.

-53- Brewer, Marilynn B., and Rupert J. Brown. 1998. “Intergroup Relations.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 554 - 594). Boston: McGraw Hill. Brewer, Marilynn B., and Wendi Gardner. 1996. "Who Is This 'We'? Levels of Collective Identity and Self Representations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(July): 83-93. Brewer, Marilynn, Joseph G. Weber, and Barbara Carini. 1995. "Person Memory in Intergroup Contexts: Categorization versus Individuation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(July): 29-40. Burke, P.J. 2004. “Identities and Social Structure.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(March): 5-15. Cadinu, Maria Rosaria, and Myron Rothbart. 1996. "Self-Anchoring and Differentiation Processes in the Minimal Group Setting." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(April): 661-677. Cehajic, Sabina, Rupert Brown, and Emanuel Castano. 2008. “Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 351 - 368. Cota, Albert A., Charles R. Evans, Kenneth L. Dion, Lindy Kilik, and R. Stewart Longman. 1995. "The Structure of Group Cohesion." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(June): 572-580. Craemer, Thomas. 2008. “Nonconscious Feelings of Closeness toward African Americans and Support for Pro-Black Policies.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 407 - 436. Craemer, Thomas. 2010. “Possible Implicit Mechanisms of Minority Representation.” Political Psychology, forthcoming. Crocker, J. and Luhtanen, R. 1990. Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60-67. Deaux, Kay, Anne Reid, Kim Mizrahi, and Kathleen A. Ethier. 1995. "Parameters of Social Identity." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(February): 280-291. Dovidio, John F., and Samuel L. Gaertner. 2010. “Intergroup Bias.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, Chapter 29, pp 1084 - 1121). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Dovidio, John F., Samuel L. Gaertner, Alice M. Isen, and Robert Lawrence. 1995. "Group Representations and Intergroup Bias: Positive Affect, Similarity, and Group Size." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(August): 856-865.

Duckitt, John. 2003. “Prejudice and Intergroup Hostility.” In David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (Eds.). Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (Chapter 16, pp 559 - 600). New York: Oxford University Press.

-54- Duckitt, John, and Thobi Mphuthing. 1998. “Group Identification and Intergroup Attitudes: A Longitudinal Analysis in South Africa.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(January): 80-85. Ethier, Kathleen A., and Kay Deaux. 1994. "Negotiating Social Identity When Contexts Change: Maintaining Identification and Responding to Threat." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(August): 243-251.

Festinger, Leon. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison.” Human Relations, 7, 117-140. Fiske, Susan T. 2010. “Interpersonal Stratification: Status, Power, and Subordination.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, Chapter 26, pp 941 - 982). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Fiske, Susan T. 1998. “Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 357 - 411). Boston: McGraw Hill. Forgas, Joseph P., and Klaus Fiedler. 1996. "Us and Them: Mood Effects on Intergroup Discrimination." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(January): 28-40. Foster, Mindi D., and Kimberly Matheson. 1995. "Double Relative Deprivation: Combining the Personal and Political." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(November): 1167-1178. Gaertner, Lowell, and Chester A. Insko. 2000. “Intergroup Discrimination in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Categorization, Reciprocity, or Fear?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(July): 77 - 94. Halabi, Samer, John F. Dovidio, and Arie Nadler, 2008. “When and How Do High Status Group Members Offer Help: Effects of Social Dominance Orientation and Status Threat.” Political Psychology, 29(December): 841 - 858. Hannagan, Rebecca J., and Christopher W. Larimer. 2010. “Does Gender Composition Affect Group Decision Outcomes? Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment.” Political Behavior, 32(March): 51 - 68. Hegarty, Peter, and Felicia Pratto. 2001. “The Effects of Social Category Norms and Stereotypes on Explanations for Intergroup Differences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80(May): 723 - 735. Hewstone, Miles, Mir Rabiul Islam, and Charles M. Judd. 1993. "Models of Crossed Categorization and Intergroup Relations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(May): 779 - 793. Hyman, H.H., and Singer, E. (Eds.). Readings in Reference Group Theory and Research. New York: Free Press. Implicit Prejudice and Stereotyping: See special section of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, November 2001 (Volume 81).

-55- Islam, Mir Rabiul, and Miles Hewstone. 1993. "Intergroup Attributions and Affective Consequences in Majority and Minority Groups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(June): 936-950. Johnson, Amy L, Matthew T. Crawford, Steven J. Sherman, Abraham M. Rutchick, David L. Hamilton, Mario B. Ferreira, and John V. Petrocelli. 2006. “A Functional Perspective on Group Memberships: Differential Need Fulfillment in a Group Typology.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(November): 707 - 719. Jonas, K.J., and K. Sassenberg. 2006. “Knowing How to React: Automatic Response Priming From Social Categories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(May): 709-721. Joslyn, Mark R. 1997. “The Public Nature of Personal Opinion: The Impact of Collective Sentiment on Individual Appraisal.” Political Behavior, 19(December): 337-364. Klandermans, Bert., Merel Werner, and Marjoka van Doorn. 2008. “Redeeming Apartheid’s Legacy: Collective Guild, Political Ideology, and Compensation.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 331 - 350. Knowles, E.D., and K. Peng. 2005. “White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(August): 223 - 241. Krueger, Joachimm, and Russell W. Clement. 1994. "Memory-Based Judgments About Multiple Categories: A Revision and Extension of Tajfel's Accentuation Theory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(July): 35 - 47. Lau, Richard R. 1983. "A Preliminary Report on Social Identification, Reference Groups, and Political Behavior: The Importance of Social, Political, and Psychological Contexts." Paper delivered at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago. Lau, Richard R. 1989. "Individual and Contextual Influences on Group Identification." Social Psychology Quarterly, 52(September): 220 - 231. Lee, Yuch-Ting, and Victor Ottati. 1995. "Perceived In-group Homogeneity as a Function of Group Membership Salience and Stereotype Threat." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(June): 610 - 619. Levy, Sheir R., Steven J. Stroessner, and Carol S. Dweck. 1998. “Stereotype Formation and Endorsement: The Role of Implicit Theories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(June): 1421 - 1436. Linville, Patricia W., Gregory W. Fischer, and Carolyn Yoon. 1996. "Perceived Covariation Among the Features of Ingroup and Outgroup Members: The Outgroup Covariation Effect." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(March): 421 - 436. Mummendey, Amelie, Kessler, Thomas, Klink, Andreas, and Mielke, Rosemarie. 1999. “Strategies to Cope with Negative Social Identity: Predictions by Social Identity Theory and Relative Deprivation Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(February): 229 - 245.

-56- Mullen, B. 1991. “Group Composition, Salience, and Cognitive Representations: The Phenomenology of Being in a Group.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 297 - 323. Mussweiler, T. 2003. “Comparison Processes in Social Judgment: Mechanisms and Consequences.” Psychological Review, 110(3): 472 - 489. Newman, Benjamin J., Todd K. Hartman, and Charles S. Taber. 2014. “Social Dominance and the Cultural Politics of Immigration.” Political Psychology 35(April): 165 - 186. Noel, Jeffrey G., Daniel L. Wann, and Nyla R. Branscombe. 1995. "Peripheral Ingroup Membership Status and Public Negativity Toward Outgroups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(January): 127 - 137. Ostron, Thomas M., Sandra L. Carpenter, Constantine Sedikides, and Fan Li. 1993. "Differential Processing of In-Group and Out-Group Information." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(January): 21 - 34. Parker, Suzanne L., Glenn R. Parker, and James A. McCann. 2008. “Opinion Taking within Friendship Networks.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(April): 412 - 420. Robinson, W. Peter (ed.). 1996. Social Groups and Identities: Developing the Legacy of Henri Tajfel.” Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. Rothgerber, Hank. 1997. “External Intergroup Threat as an Antecedent to Perceptions of In- Group and Out-Group Homogeneity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1191 - 1205. Rothgerber, Hank, and Stephen Worchel. 1997. “The View from Below: Intergroup Relations from the Perspective of the Disadvantaged Group.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1191 - 1205. Ruggiero, Karen M., and Donald M. Taylor. 1997. "Why Minority Group Members Perceive or Do Not Perceive the Discrimination that Confronts Them: The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Control." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72:(February): 373 - 389. Ryan, Carey S., and Laura M. Bogart. 1997. “Development of New Group Members’ In-Group and Out-Group Stereotypes: Changes in Perceived Group Variability and Ethnocentrism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(October): 719 - 732. "The Self and the Collective." Special issue of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(October). Sellers, Robert M., Stephanie A. J. Rowley, Tabbye M. Chavous, J. Nicole Shelton, and Mia A. Smith. 1997. “Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A Preliminary Investigation of Reliability and Construct Validity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(October): 805 - 815. Shah, J. 2003. “Automatic for the People: How Representations of Significant Others Implicitly Affect Goal Pursuit.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 661 - 681

-57- Simon, Bernd, and David L. Hamilton. 1994. "Self-Stereotyping and Social Context: The Effects of Relative In-Group Size and In-Group Status." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(April): 699 - 711. Simon, Bernd, Claudia Hastedt, and Brigit Aufderheide. 1997. “When Self-Categorization Makes Sense: The Role of Meaningful Social Categorization in Minority and Majority Members’ Self-Perception.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(August): 310 - 320. Simon, Bernd, Pantaleo, Giuseppe, and Amelie Mummendey. 1995. "Unique Individual or Interchangeable Group Member? The Accentuation of Intragroup Differences Versus Similarities as an Indicator of the Individual Self Versus the Collective Self." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(July): 106 - 119. Smith, Eliot R., Julie Murphy, and Susan Coats. 1999. “Attachment to Groups: Theory and Measurement.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(July): 94 - 110. Stryker, Sheldon. 2007. “Identity Theory and Personality Theory: Mutual Relevance,” Journal of Personality, 75(December): 1083 - 1102. Tajfel, Henri. 1982. “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations.” Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1 - 39. Tong, Eddie M.W., and Weining C. Chang. 2008. “Group Entity Belief: An Individual Difference Construct Based on Implicit Theories of Social Identities.” Journal of Personality, 76(August): 707 - 732. Turner, John C. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Blackwell. VanVugt, M, and C.M. Hart 2004. “Social Identity as Social Glue: The Origins of Group Loyalty.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(April): 585 - 598. Vorauer, Jacquie D., Kelley J. Main, and Gordon B. O’Connell. 1998. “How Do Individuals Expect to be Reviewed by Members of Lower Status Groups? Content and Implications of Meta-Stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (October): 887 - 900. Vugt, Mark Van, and David De Cremer. 1999. “Leadership in Social Dilemmas: The Effects of Group Identification on Collective Actions to Provide Public Goods.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(April): 587 - 599. Waldzus, Sven, Amelie Mummendey, Michael Wenzel, and Ulrike Weber. 2003. “Towards Tolerance: Representations of Superordinate Categories and Perceived Ingroup Prototypicality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(January): 31 - 47. Wilder, David A. 1981. “Perceiving Persons as a Group: Categorization and Intergroup Relations.” In D.L Hamilton (ed.) Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 213 - 255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

-58- Date Topic

Nov. 9 Political Groups/Political Identities

Reading: Huckfeldt, Robert, Jeffery J. Mondak, et al. 2013. “Networks, Interdependence, and Social Influences in Politics.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 21. Miller, Arthur H., Gurin, P., Gurin, G., and Malanchuk, O. 1981. “Group Consciousness and Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science, 25(June): 494-511. Conover, Pamela J., and Virginia Sapiro. 1993. Gender, feminist consciousness, and war. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 1079-1099. Huckfeldt, Robert R., Jeanette Morehouse Mendez, and Tracy Osborn. 2004. “Disagreement, Ambivalence, and Engagement: The Political Consequences of Heterogeneous Social Networks.” Political Psychology, 25(February): 65-96. Siegel, David A. 2009. “Social Networks and Collective Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 122 - 138. Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. “What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 959 - 978.

Optional: Abdelai, Rawi, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair I. Johnston, and Rose McDermott. 2006. “Identity as a Variable.” Perspectives on Politics, 4(December): 695 - 711. Aldag, R.J., and Fuller, S.R. 1993. Beyond fiasco: A reappraisal of the phenomenon and a new model of group decision processes. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 533-552. Althaus, Scott L., and Kevin Coe. 2011. “Priming Patriots: Social Identity Processes and the Dynamics of Public Support for War.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Spring): 65 - 88. Baybeck, Brady. 2006. “Sorting Out the Competing Effects of Racial Context.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 386 - 396. Beck, Paul A. 1991. “Voters' intermediation environments in the 1988 presidential contest.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 371-394. Beck, Paul A. 2002. “Encouraging Political Defections: The Role of Personal Discussion Networks in Partisan Desertions to the Opposition Party and Perot Votes in 1992.” Political Behavior: 24(December): 309-338. Berelson, B.R., Lazarsfeld, P.F., and McPhee, W.N. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

-59- Bledsoe, T., Welch, S., Sigelman, L., and Combs, M. 1995. “Residential Contest and Racial Solidarity among African Americans.” American Journal of Political Science, 39(May): 434-458. Bolce, Louis, and Gerald De Maio. 1999. “The Anti-Christian Fundamentalist Factor in Contemporary Politics.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63 (Winter): 508-542. Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. “What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 959 - 978. Brader, Ted, Joshua A. Tucker, and Andrew Therriault. 2014. Cross Pressure Scores: An Individual-Level Measure of Cumulative Partisan Pressures Arising from Social Group Memberships.” Political Behavior, 36(March): 23 - 51. Brewer, Marilynn B. 2001. “The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 115 - 126. Chong, Dennis, and Dukhong Kim. 2006. “The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities.” American Political Science Review, 100(August): 335 - 352. Chong, Dennis, and Ruel Rogers. 2005. “Racial Solidarity and Political Participation.” Political Behavior, 27(4): 347 - 374. Citrin, Jack, Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami, and Kathryn Pearson. 2007. “Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?” Perspectives on Politics, 5(March): 31 - 48. Cohen, Geoffrey L. 2003. “Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(November): 808 - 822. Collett, Christian. 2005. “Bloc Voting, Polarization, and the Panethnic Hypothesis: The Case of Little Saigon.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 907 - 933. Conover, Pamela J. 1984. “The Influence of Group Identifications of Political Perception and Evaluation.” Journal of Politics, 46, 760-785. Conover, Pamela J. 1988. “The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking.” British Journal of Political Science, 18(January): 51-76. Conover, Pamela J., Donald D. Searing, and Ivor Crewe. 2004. “The Elusive Ideal of equal Citizenship: Political Theory and Political Psychology in the United States and Great Britain.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1036 - 1068. Cook, A.A. 1993. Feminist consciousness and candidate preference among American women, 1972-1988. Political Behavior, 15, 227-247. Davis, Thomas C. 1999. “Revisiting Group Attachment: Ethnic and National Identity.” Political Psychology, 20(March): 25-48.

-60- Dennis, Jack. 1987. Groups and political behavior: Legitimation, deprivation, and competing values. Political Behavior, 9, 323-373. Dixon, John , Kevin Durrheim, Ciolin G. Tredoux, Linda R. Trapp, Beverley Clack, Liberty Eaton, and Michael Quayle. 2010. “Challenging the Stubborn core of Opposition to Equality: Racial Contact and Policy Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 31(December): 830 - 856. Dunleavy, P. 1988. Group identities and individual influence: Reconstructing the theory of interest groups. British Journal of Political Science, 18, 21-49. Eulau, H. 1956. Identification with class and political role behavior. Public Opinion Quarterly, 20, 515-529.

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-61- Gurin, Patricia. 1985. “Women’s Gender Consciousness.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 49(2): 143 - 163. Gurin, P., Miller, A.H., and Gurin, G. 1980. Stratum identification and consciousness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 30-47. Gurin, P. and Townsend, A. 1986. Properties of gender identity and their implications for gender consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 139-148. Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007. “When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm.” Perspectives on Politics, 5(March): 49 - 62. Henry, P.J., Jim Sidanius, Shana Levin, and Felicia Pratto. 2005. “Social Dominance Orientation, Authoritarianism, and Support for Intergroup Violence Between the Middle East and America.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 569 584. Herrmann, Richard K., Pierangelo Isernia, and Paola Segatti. 2009. “Attachment to the Nation and International Relations: Dimensions of Identity and their Relationship to War and Peace.” Political Psychology, 30(October): 721 - 754. Hopkins, Nick. 2011. Dual Identities and Their Recognition: Minority Group Members’ Perspectives.” Political Psychology, 32(April): 151-270. Huckfeldt, Robert R. 1979. Political participation and the neighborhood social context. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 579-592. Huckfeldt, Robert R. 1986. Politics in context: Assimilation and conflict in urban neighborhoods. New York: Agathon Press. Huckfeldt, Robert R. 2014. “Networks, Contexts, and the Combinatorial Dynamics of Democratic Politics.” Advances in Political Psychology, 35, Supplement 1(February): 43 - 68. Huckfeldt, Robert R., Beck, Paul A., Dalton, R.J., and Levine, J. 1995. Political environments, cohesive social groups, and the communication of public opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 1025-1054. Huckfeldt, Robert R., and Jeanette Morehouse Mendez. 2008. “Moths, Flames, and Political Engagement: Managing Disagreement within Communication Networks.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 83 - 96. Huckfeldt, Robert R., and John Sprague. 1987. “Networks in Context: The Social Flow of Political Information.” American Political Science Review, 81(December): 1197 - 1216. Huckfeldt, Robert R., and John Sprague. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Pres Huddy, Leonie. 2001. “From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 127 - 156.

-62- Huddy, Leonie, Lilliana Mason, and Lene Aaroe. 2015. “Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity.” American Political Science Review, 109 (February): 1 - 17. Janis, Irvine L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Jelen, Ted G. 1992. Political Christianity: A contextual analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 692-714. Kenny, C.B. 1992. Political participation and effects from the social environment. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 259-267. Kinder, Donald R., and Allison Dale-Riddle. 2012. The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Klandermans, P.G. 2014. “Identity Politics and Politicized Identities: Identify Processes and the Dynamics of Protest. Political Psychology, 35(February): 1 - 22. Klar, Samara. 2014. “Partisanship in a Social Setting.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(July): 687 - 704. Klofstad, Casey A., Anand Edward Sokhey, and Scott D. McClurg. 2013. “Disagreeing about Disagreement: How Conflicts in Social Networks Affects Political Behavior.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 120 - 134. Koch, J.W. 1993. Assessments of group influence, subjective political competence, and interest- group membership. Political Behavior, 15, 309-326. Krause, George A., and James W. Douglas. 2013. “Organizational Structure and the Optimal Design of Policymaking Panels: Evidence from Consensus Group Commissions’ Revenue Forecasts in the American States.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 135 - 149. Barry project Lau, Richard R. 1989. Individual and contextual influences on group identification. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 220-231. Lazarsfeld, P.F., Berelson, B.R., and Gaudet, H. 1944. The People's Choice. New York: Columbia University Press. Leach, Colin Wayne, and Wendy R. Williams. 1999. “Group Identity and Conflicting Expectations of the Future in Northern Ireland.” Political Psychology, 20(December): 875-896. Leighley, Jan E. 1996. "Group Membership and the Mobilization of Political Participation." Journal of Politics, 58(May):447-463. Leighley, Jan E., and Arnold Vedlitz. 1999. "Race, Ethnicity, and Political Participation: Competing Models and Contrasting Explanations." Journal of Politics, 61(November): 1092 - 1114. Levin, Shana. 2004. “Perceived group Status Differences and the Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, and Religion on Social Dominance Orientation.” Political Psychology, 25(February): 31- 48.

-63- Levin, Shana, and Sidanius, Jim. 1999. “Social Dominance and Social Identity in the United Stats and Israel: Ingroup Favoritism or Outgroup Derogation?” Political Psychology, 20(March): 99-126. Lien, P. 1994. Ethnicity and political participation: A comparison between Asian and Mexican Americans. Political Behavior, 16, 237-264. Link, M.W., and Oldendick, R.W. 1996. Social construction and white attitudes toward equal opportunity and multiculturalism. Journal of Politics, 58, 149-168. Mangum, Maurice. 2003. “Psychological Involvement and Black Voter Turnout.” Political Research Quarterly, 56(1): 41 - . Masuoka, N. 2006. “Together They Become One: Examining the Predictors of Panethnic Group Consciousness Among Asian Americans and Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly, 87(5): 993-1011. McCauley, C. 1989. The nature of social influence in Groupthink: Compliance and internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 250-260. McClain, Paula. 2006. Presidential Address: “Racial Intergroup Relations in a of Cities: A Twenty-Year Perspective.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 757 - 770. McClain, Paula D., Jessica D. Johnson Carew, Eugene Walton, Jr., and Candis S. Watts. 2009. “Group Membership, Group Identity, and Group Consciousness: Measures of Racial Identity in American Politics?” Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 471-485. McClosky, H., and Dahlgren, H.E. 1959. Primary group influence on party loyalty. American Journal of Political Science, 53, 757-776. Miller, Warren E. 1956. “One-party politics and the voter.” American Political Science Review, 50, 707-725. Mitchell, W.C., and Munger, Michael C. 1991. Economic models of interest groups: An introductory survey. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 512-546. Monroe, Kristen R. 2001. “Morality and a Sense of Self: The Importance of Identity and Categorization for Moral Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(July): 491 - 507. Monroe, Kristen R. 2008. “Cracking the Code of Genocide: The of Rescuers, Bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 699 - 736. Mutz, Diana C. 1998. Impersonal Influence: How Perceptions of Mass Collectives Affect Political Attitudes. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mutz, Diana C., and Jeffrey J. Mondak. 1997. “Dimensions of Sociotropic Behavior: Group- Based Judgements of Fairness and Well-Being.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(January): 284-308.

-64- Nail, P.R.; Harton, H.C.; Decker, B.P. 2003. Political Orientation and Modern Versus Aversive Racism: Tests of Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998) Integrated Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4): 754-770. Oliver, J. Eric, and Tali Mendelberg. 2000. “Reconsidering the Environmental Determinants of Racial Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(October): 574-589. Oliver, J. Eric, and Janelle Wong. 2003. “Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(October): 567-582. Olsen, Marvin. 1970. “Social and Political Participation of Blacks.” American Sociological Review, 35(4): 682 - 697. Paolino, Philip. 1995. Group-salient issues and group representation: Support for Women candidates in the 1992 senate elections. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 294- 313. Paxton, Pamela, and Anthony Mughan. 2006. “What’s to Fear from Immigrants? Creating an Assimilationist Threat Scale.” Political Psychology, 27(August):549 - 568. Perez, Efren O. 2015. “Richochet: How Elite Discourse Politicizes Racial and Ethnic Identities.” Political Behavior, 37(March): 155 - 180. Petro, Gregory A. 2010. “The Minimal Cue Hypothesis: How Black Candidates Cue Race to Increase White Voting Participation.” Political Psychology, 31(December): 915 - 950. Pratto, Felicia, Jim Sidanius, Lisa M. Stallworth, and Bertram F. Malle. 1994. "Social Dominance Orientation: A Personality Variable Predicting Social and Political Attitudes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(October): 741-763. Price, Vincent. 1989. Social identification and public opinion: Effects of communicating group conflict. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 197-224. Putnam, Robert D. 1966. Political attitudes and the local community. American Political Science Review, 60, 640-654. Rapoport, R.B, Stone, W.J., and Abramowitz, A.I. 1991. “Do Endorsements Matter? Group Influence in the 1984 Democratic Caucuses.” American Political Science Review, 85, 193-204. Rhodebeck, L.A. 1981. Group deprivation: An alternative model for explaining collective political action. Micropolitics, 1, 239-267. Rhodebeck, L.A. 1993. The politics of greed? Political preferences among the elderly. Journal of Politics, 55, 342-364. Rhodebeck, L.A. 1994. Contextual determinants of feminist identity. Unpublished manuscript, SUNY Buffalo. Ross, Marc Howard. 2001. “Psychocultural Interpretations and Dramas: Identity Dynamics in Ethnic Conflict.” Political Psychology, 22(March): 157 - 178.

-65- Rubin, Mark, and Miles Hewstone. 2004. “Social Identify, System Justification, and Social Dominance: Commentary on Reicher, Jost, et al, and Sidanius et al.” Political Psychology, 25(December): 947-968. Sambanis, Nicholas, and Moses Shayo. 2013. “Social Identification and Ethnic Conflict.” American Political Science Review, 107(May): 294 - 325. Schatz, Robert T., Ervin Staub, and Howard Lavine. 1999. “On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind Versus Constructive Patriotism.” Political Psychology, 20(March): 151-174. Sears, David O., M. Fu, P.J. Henry, and K Bui. 2003. “The Origins and Persistence of Ethnic Identity Among the "New Immigrant" Groups.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(4): 419-437. Schildkraut, Deborah J. 2007. “Defining American Identity in the Twenty-First Century: How Much ‘There’ is There?” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 597 - 615. Shayo, Moses. 2009. “A Model of Social Identity with an Application to : Nation, Class, and Redistribution.” American Political Science Review, 103(May): 147 - 174. Shingles, Richard. 1981. “Black Consciousness and Political Participation: the Missing Link.” American Political Science Review, 75(1): 76 - 91. Sidanius, Jim, Felicia Pratto, and Lawrence Bobo. 1994. "Social Dominance Orientation and the Political Psychology of Gender: A Case of Invariance?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(December): 998-1011. Sidanius, Jim, Felicia Pratto, and Lawrence Bobo. 1996. "Racism, Conservatism, Affirmative Action, and Intellectual Sophistication: A Matter of Principled Conservatism or Group Dominance?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(March): 476-490. Siegel, David A. 2011. “When Does Repression Work: Collective Acton in Social Networks.” Journal of Politics, 73(October): 993 - 1010. Simon, Bernd, and Olga Grabow. 2010. “The Politicization of Migrants: Further Evidence that Politicized Collective Identity is a Dual Identity.” Political Psychology, 31(October): 717 - 738. Simon, Bernd, Michael Lowey, Stefan Stumer, Ulrike Weber, Peter Freytag, Corinna Habig, Claudia Kampmeier, and Peter Spahlinger. 1998. “Collective Identification and Social Movement Participation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(March): 646-658. Staton, Jeffrey K., Robert A. Jackson, and Damarys Canache. 2007. “Dual Nationality Among Latinos: What Are the Implications for Political Connectedness?” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 470 - 482. Staub, Ervin, and Daniel Bar-Tal. 2003. “Genocide, Mass Killing and Intractable Conflict: Roots, Evolution, Prevention, and Reconciliation.” Handbook, Chapter 20.

-66- Staub, Ervin. 2006. “Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory.” Political Psychology, 27(December): 867 - 894. Stokes, Atiya K. 2003. “Latino Group Consciousness and Political Participation.” American Politics Research, 31(4): 361 - 378. Suhay, Elizabeth. 2015. “Explaining Group Influence: The Role of Identity and Emotion in Political Conformity and Polarization.” Political Behavior, 37(March): 221 - 251. Tam Cho, Wendy K., and James H. Fowler. 2010. “Legislative Success in a Small World: Social Network Analysis and the Dynamics of Congressional Legislation.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 124 - 135. Tate, Katherine. 1991. “Black Political Participation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections.” American Political Science Review, 85(4): 1159 - 1176. Taylor, Marylee. 1998. "Local Racial/Ethnic Proportions and White Attitudes: Numbers Count." American Sociological Review. Tetlock, Philip E. (1979). Identifying victims of groupthink from public statements of decision makers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1314-1324. Tetlock, Philip E., Randall S. Peterson, Charles McGuire, Shi-jie Chang, and Peter Feld. 1992. “Assessing Political : A Test of the Groupthink Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 403-425. ‘t Hart, P. 1990. Groupthink in Government: A Study of Small Groups and Policy Failure. Rockland, MD: Swets and Zeitlinger, Inc. ‘t Hart, P. 1991. “Irving L. Janis' Victims of Groupthink.” Political Psychology, 12, 247-278. ‘t Hart, Paul, Eric K. Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds. Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-Making. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Theodoridis, Alexander G. 2013. “Implicit Political Identity.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 545 - 549. Turner, M.E., Pratkanis, A.R., Probasco, P., and Leve, C. 1992. Threat, cohesion, and group effectiveness: Testing a social identity maintenance perspective on groupthink. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 781-796. Uhlaner, C.J. 1989. “Rational Turnout: The Neglected Role of Groups.” American Journal of Political Science, 33, 390-422. Weimann, G. 1991. The influentials: Back to the concept of opinion leaders? Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 267-279. Welch, M.R., and Leege, D.C. 1991. Dual reference groups and political orientations: An examinations of evangelically oriented Catholics. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 28-56.

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-68- VI. POLITICAL DECISION MAKING Date Topic

Nov. 16 Behavioral Decision Theory

Reading: Hastie and Dawes. 2001. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. Chong, Dennis. 2013. “Degrees of Rationality in Politics.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 4. Redlawsk, David P, and Richard R. Lau. 2013. “Behavioral Decision Making.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 5. Quattrone, George A. and . 1988. “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice.” American Political Science Review, 82(September): 719-736. Optional: A good recent summary of the psychological literature on decision making is provided by: Gilovich, Thomas D., and Dale W. Griffin. 2010. “Judgment and Decision Making.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 1, pp 542 - 588). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Also worth a look: Abelson, R.P., and Deci, A. 1985. Decision making and decision theory. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.) the handbook of social psychology (3rd edition, Vol. 1, pp. 213-310). Ashworth, Scott, and Ethan Bueno de Mesquita. 2014. “Is Voter Competence Good for Voters?: Information, Rationality, and Democratic Performance.” American Political Science Review, 108(August): 565 - 587. Brandstatter, Edouard, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Ralph Hertwig. 2006. “The Priority Heuristic: Making Choices without Trade-Offs.” Psychological Review, 113(April): 409 - 432. Bar-Tal, Yoram, Liat Kishon-Rabin, and Nili Tabak. 1997. “The Effect of Need and Ability to Achieve Cognitive Structuring on Cognitive Structuring.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(December): 1158-1176. Bastardi, Anthony, and Eldar Shafir. 1998. “On the Pursuit and Misuse of Useless Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(July): 19-32. Carroll, John S., Eric J. Johnson. 1990. Decision research: A Field Guide. Beverly Hills: Sage. Conway, L.G., and M. Schaller. 2005. “When Authorities' Commands Backfire: Attributions About Consensus and Effects on Deviant Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(September): 311-326.

-69- Conway, Michael, and Sonstantina Giannopoulos. 1993. "Dysphoria and Decision Making: Limited Information Use for Evaluations of Multiattribute Targets." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(April): 613-623. Dawes, Robyn M. 1979. The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making. American Psychologist, 34, 571-582. Dawes, Robyn M. 1998. “Behavioral Decision Making and Judgment. In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume Two, 4th Edition, pp. 497 - 548). Boston: McGraw Hill. Dijksterhuis, Ap. 2004. “Think Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(November): 586 - 598. Dijksterhuis, Ap, and L. F. Nordgren. 2006. “A Theory of Unconscious Thought.” Perspectives on Psychological Science. Dijksterhuis, Ap, and Zeger van Olden. 2006. “On the Benefits of Thinking Unconsciously: Unconscious Thought Can Increase Post-Choice Satisfaction.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(September): 627 - 631. Eckles, David L., and Brian F. Schaffner. 2011. “Risk Tolerance and Support for Potential Military Interventions.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Fall): 5533 - 544. Einhorn, H.J., and Hogarth, R.M. 1978. Confidence in judgment: Persistence of the illusion of validity. Psychological Review, 85, 395-416. Einhorn, H.J., and Hogarth, R.M. 1981. Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 53-88. Ferreira, M.B., L. Garcia Marques, S. Jim Sherman, and J.W. Sherman. 2006. “Automatic and Controlled Components of Judgment and Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(November): 797-813. Frisch, D., and Clemen, R.T. 1994. Beyond expected utility: Rethinking behavioral decision research. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 46-54. Gigerenzer, Gerd. 2008. “Why Heuristics Work.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(January): 20 - 29. Granberg, Donald, and Thad A. Brown. 1995. "The Monty Hall Dilemma." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(July): 711-723. Highhouse, Scott, and Paul W. Paese. 1995. "Problem Domain and Prospect Frame: Choice Under Opportunity Versus Threat." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(February): 124-132. Hodges, Sara D. 1997. “When Matching up Features Messes up Decisions: The Role of Feature Matching in Successive Choices.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(June): 1310-1321.

-70- Jonas, Eva, Stefan Schulz-Hardt, Dieter Frey, and Norman Thelen. 2001. “Confirmation Bias in Sequential Information Search After Preliminary Decisions: An Expansion of Dissonance Theoretical Research on Selective Exposure to Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80(April): 557 - 571. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., and Tversky, A., editors. 1982. Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. 1972. Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. , 3, 430-454. Kam, Cindy D. 2007. “When Duty Calls, Do Citizens Answer?” Journal of Politics, 69(February): 17 - 29. Kameda, Tatsuya, and Ryo Tamura. 2007. “‘To Eat of Not to be Eaten?’ Collective Risk- Monitoring in Groups.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(March): 168 - 179. Kruger, Justin, and Matt Evans. 2004. “If You Don’t Want to be Late, Enumerate: Unpacking Reduces the Planning Fallacy” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 586-598. Levendusky, Matthew S., and Michael C. Horowitz. 2012. “When Backing Down Is the Right Decision: Partisanship, New Information, and Audience Costs.” Journal of Politics, 74(April): 323 - 338. Liberman, Nira, and Jens Forster. 2006. “Inferences from Decision Difficulty.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(May): 290 - 301. March, James G. 1978. “Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, and the Engineering of Choice.” Bell Journal of and Management Science, 9(Autumn): 587-606. MacDonald, Paul K. 2003. “Useful Fiction or Miracle Maker: The Competing Epistemological Foundations of Rational Choice Theory.” American Political Science Review, 97(November): 551-566. Nisbett, R.E., and Ross, L. 1980. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Payne, J.W., Bettman, J.R., and Johnson, E.J. 1992. “Behavioral Decision Research: A Constructive Processing Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 87-131. Scholten, Lotte, Dean van Knippenberg, Bernard A. Nijstad, and Carsten K.W. De Dreu. 2007. “Motivated Information Processing and Group Decision-Making: Effects of Process Accountability on Information Processing and Decision Quality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(July): 539 - 552. Slovic, P. 1995. “The Construction of Preference.” American Psychologist, 50 (5), 364-371. Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. 1977. “Behavioral Decision Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 1-39.

-71- Strack, Fritz, and Thomas Mussweiler. 1997. “Explaining the Enigmatic Anchoring Effect: Mechanisms of Selective Accessibility.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(September): 437-446. Trope, Yaacov, and Eric Pl Thompson. 1997. “Looking for Truth in All the Wrong Places? Asymmetric Search of Individuating Information About Stereotyped Group Members.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(August): 229-241. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1974. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science, 185, 1124-1131. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1981. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice.” Science, 211, 453-463. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1986. “Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions.” Journal of Business, 59, S251-S278. Wilson, Carole J. 2008. “Consideration Sets and Political Choices: A Heterogeneous Model of Vote Choice and Sub-national Party Strength.” Political Behavior, 30(June): 161 - 184.

-72- Date Topic

Nov. 23 Political Applications of Decision Theory

Reading: Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2006. How Voters Decide: Information Processing During Election Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sokhey, Anand Edward, and Scott D. McClurg. 2012. “Social Networks and Correct Voting.” Journal of Politics, 74(July): 751 - 764. Mintz, Alex, Nehemia Geva, Steven B Redd, and Amy Carnes. 1997. “The Effect of Dynamic and Static Choice Sets on Political Decision Making: An Analysis Using the Decision Board Platform.” American Political Science Review, 91(September): 553-566.

Boldero, Jennifer M., and E. Tory Higgins. 2011. “Regulatory Focus and Political Decision Making: When People Favor Reform Over the Status Quo.” Political Psychology, 32(June): 399 - 418. Optional: Allison, Graham T. 1971. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown. Allison, Graham T., and Philip D. Zelikow. 1999. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd edition). New York: Longman. Arceneaux, Kevin. 2012. “Cognitive Biases and the Strength of Political Arguments.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(April): 271 - 285. Badredine, Arfi. 2005. “Fuzzy Decision Making in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Set Approach (LFSA).” Political Analysis, 13(Winter): 23-56. Bailey, Michael A., and Forrest Maltzman. 2008. “Does Legal Doctrine Matter? Unpacking Law and Policy Preferences on the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review, 102(August): 369 - 384. Banducci, Susan A., Jeffrey A. Karp, Michael Thrasher, and Colin Rallings. 2008. “Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low-Information Elections.” Political Psychology, 29(December): 903 - 918. Barker, David C., and Susan B. Hansen. 2005. “All Things Considered: Cognitive Processing and Electoral Decision-making.” Journal of Politics, 67(May): 319 - 344. Baum, Matthew A., and Angela S. Jamison. 2006. “The Oprah Effect: How Soft News Helps Inattentive Citizens Vote Consistently.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 946 - 959. Bendor, Jonathan 1995. A model of muddling through. American Political Science Review, 89, 819-840.

-73- Bendor, Jonathan, and Hammond, T.H. 1992. Rethinking Allison's models. American Political Science Review, 86, 301-322. Bendor, Jonathan, Terry M. Moe, and Kenneth W. Shotts. 2001. “Recycling the Garbage Can: An Assessment of the Research Program.” American Political Science Review, 95(March): 169 - 190. Berejikian, J. 1992. Revolutionary collective action and the agent-structure problem. American Political Science Review, 86, 647-658. Berejikian, Jeffrey D. 2002. “Model Building with Prospect Theory: A Cognitive Approach to International Relations.” Political Psychology, 23(December): 759 - 786. Berejikian, Jeffrey D., and Bryan R. Early. 2013. “Loss Aversion and Foreign Policy Resolve.” Political Psychology, 34(October): 649 - 672. Boettcher III, William A. 2004. “The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion.” Political Psychology, 25(June): 331-362. Boldero, Jennifer M., and E. Tory Higgins. 2011. “Regulatory Focus and Political Decision Making: When People Favor Reform Over the Status Quo.” Political Psychology, 32(June): 399 - 418. Relevant to Sopher project ... Boudreau, Cheryl. 2009. “Making Citizens Smart: When Do Institutions Improve Unsophisticated Citizens’ Decisions?” Political Behavior, 31(June): 287 - 206. Boudreau, Cheryl, and Scott A. MacKenzie. 2014. “Informing the Electorate? How Party Cues and Policy Information Affect Public Opinion about .” American Journal of Political Science, 58(January): 48 - 62. Boudreau, Cheryl, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2010. “The Blind Leading the Blind: Who Gets Polling Information and Does It Improve Decisions?” Journal of Politics, 72(April): 513 - 527. Boucher, R.L., Jr., and Segal, J.A. 1995. “Supreme Court Justices as strategic decision makers: Aggressive grants and defensive denials on the Vinson Court.” Journal of Politics, 57, 824-837. Boyd, Christina L., Lee Epstein, and Andrew D. Martin. 2010. “Untangling the Causal Effects of Sex on Judging.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(April): 389 - 410. Braman, Eileen. 2006. “Reasoning on the Threshold: Testing the Separability of Preferences in Legal Decision Making.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 308 - 321. Bueno de Mesquita, B. 2004. “Decision-Making Models, Rigor and New Puzzles.” European Union Politics, 5(March): 125-138. Bueno de Mesquita B., and Rose McDermott. 2004. “Crossing No Mans Land: Cooperation From the Trenches.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 271-287. Collins, Paul M., Jr. 2008. “The Consistency of Judicial Choice.” Journal of Politics, 70(July): 861 - 873.

-74- Coronel, Jason C., Melissa C. Duff, David E. Warren, Kara D. Federmeier, Brian D. Gonsalves, Daniel Tranel, and Neal J. Cohen. 2012. “Remembering and Voting: Theory and Evidence from Amnesic Patients.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(October): 837 - 848. Cutler, Fred. 2002. “The Simplest Shortcut of All: Sociodemographic Characteristics and Electoral Choice.” Journal of Politics, 64(May): 466 - 490. Ditonto, Tessa M., Allison J. Hamilton, and David P. Redlawsk. 2014. “Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns.” Political Behavior, 36(June): 335 - 358. Druckman, James N. 2004. Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects.” American Political Science Review, 98(November): 671-686. Druckman, James N., Jordan Fein, and Thomas J. Leeper. 2012. “A Source of Bias in Public Opinion Stability.” American Political Science Review, 106(May): 430 - 455. Druckman, James N., and Rose McDermott. 2008. “Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice.” Political Behavior, 30(September): 297 - 322. Elms, D.K. 2004. “Large Costs, Small Benefits: Explaining Trade Dispute Outcomes.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 241-270. Epstein, Lee, Rene Lindstadt, Jeffrey A. Segal, and Chad Westerland. 2006. “The Changing Dynamics of Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 296 - 307. Erisen, Elif, and Cengiz Erisen. 2012. “The Effect of Social Networks on the Quality of Political Thinking.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 839 - 866. #correct voting Etheredge, Lloyd S. 1992. “Wisdom and Good Judgment in Politics.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 497 - 516. Fania, Maria. 2004. “Collective Action Meets Prospect theory: An Application to Coalition Building in Chile, 1973-75.” Political Psychology, 25(June): 363-388. Gaines, Brian J., James H. Kuklinski, Paul J. Quirk, Buddy Peyton, and Jay Verkuilen. 2007. “Same Facts, Different Interpretations: Partisan Motivation and Opinion on Iraq.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 957 - 974. Garrison, Jean A. 2001. “Framing Foreign Policy Alternatives in the Inner Circle: The President, His Advisors, and the Struggle for the Arms Control Agenda.” Political Psychology, 22(December): 775 - 808. Giles, Michael W., Thomas G. Walker, and Christopher Zorn. 2006. “Setting a Judicial Agenda: The Decision to Grant En banc Review in the U.S. Courts of Appeals.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 852 - 866. Glaser, James M. 2002. “White Voters, Black Schools: Structuring Racial Choices with a Checklist Ballot.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(January): 35 - 46.

-75- Griffin, Dana R.B. 2010. “Citizens, Representatives, and the Myth of the Decision-Making Divide.” Political Behavior, 35(June): 261 - 288. Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., D. Alex Hughes, and David G. Victor. 2013. “The Cognitive Revolution and the Political Psychology of Elite Decision Making.” Perspective on Politics, 11(June): 368 - 386. Helmke, Gretchen, and Mitchell S. Sanders. 2006. “Modeling : A Method for Inferring Judicial Goals from Behavior.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 867 - 878. Herstein, John A. 1981. “Keeping the Voter's Limits in Mind: A Cognitive Process Analysis of Decision Making in Voting.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 843- 861. Huang, Li-Ning, and Vincent Price. 2001. “Motivation, Goals, Information Search, and Memory about Political Candidates.” Political Psychology, 22(December): 665 - 692. Huber, Gregory A., Seth J. Hill, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2012. “Sources of Bias in Retrospective Decision Making: Experimental Evidence on Voters’ Limitations in Controlling Incumbents.” American Political Science Review, 106(November): 703 - 719. Huckfeldt, Robert. 2001. “The Social Communication of Political Expertise.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(April): 425 - 439. Janis, I.L., and Mann, L. 1977. Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment. New York: Free Press. Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Jervis, Robert. 1980. Political decision making: Recent contributions. Political Psychology, 1, 86-101. Jervis, Robert. 1986. “Representativeness in Foreign Policy Judgments.” Political Psychology, 7(September): 483 -505. Jervis, Robert. 2004. “The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 163-176. Johnson, Timothy R., Paul J. Wahlbeck and James F. Spriggs, II. 2006. “The Influence of Oral Arguments on the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review, 100 (February): 99 - 114. Kam, Cindy D. 2006. “Political Campaigns and Open-Minded Thinking.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 931 - 945. [Relevant to 4 Models] Kam, Cindy D. 2012. “Risk Attitudes and Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(October): 817 - 836. Kam, Cindy D., and Elizabeth N. Simas. 2010. “Risk Orientations and Policy Frames.” Journal of Politics, 72(April): 381 - 396.

-76- Kam, Cindy D., and Elizabeth N. Simas. 2012. “Risk Attitudes, Candidate Characteristics, and Vote Choice.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Winter): 747 - 760. Kanner, M.D. 2004. “Framing and the Role of the Second Actor: An Application of Prospect Theory to Bargaining.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 213-239. Kaw, M. 1990. Choosing sides: Testing a political proximity model. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 441-470. Keck, Thomas M. 2007. “Party, Policy, or Duty: Why Does the Supreme Court Invalidate Federal Statutes?” American Political Science Review, 101(May): 321 - 338. Keller, Jonathan W. 2005. “Constraint Respecters, Constraint Challengers, and Crisis Decision Making in : A Analysis of Kennedy versus Reagan.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 835 - 868. Kinne, Brandon J. 2005. “Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective.” International Studies Perspectives, 6(February): 114-128. Kruglanski, Arie W. 1992. “On Methods of Good Judgment and Good Methods of Judgment: Political Decisions and the Art of the Possible. Political Psychology, 13(September): 455 - 476. Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, and Robert R. Rich. 2001. “The Political Environment and Citizen Decision Making: Information, Motivation, and Policy Tradeoffs.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(April): 410 - 424. Lau, Richard R. 1995. “Information Search During an Election Campaign: Introducing a Processing-Tracing Methodology for Political Scientists.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 179 - 206). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Lau, Richard R., David J., Andersen, and David P. Redlawsk. 2008. “An Exploration of Correct Voting in Recent U.S. Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(April): 395 - 411. Lau, Richard R., and Levy, Jack S. 1998. “Contributions of Behavioral Decision Theory to Research in Political Science.” Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47(January): 29 - 44. Lau, Richard R. and David P. Redlawsk. 1997. "Voting Correctly." American Political Science Review, 91(September): 585-599. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 951 - 971. Lebo, Matthew J., and Daniel Cassino. 2007. “The Aggregated Consequences of Motivated Reasoning and the Dynamics of Partisan Presidential Approval.” Political Psychology, 28(December): 719 - 746. Levy, Jack S. 1992. “Introduction to Prospect Theory.” Political Psychology, 13, 171-186.

-77- Levy, Jack S. 1992. “Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems.” Political Psychology, 13(June): 283-310. Little, A.C., R. P. Burriss, B.C. Jones, and S.C. Roberts. 2007. “Facial Appearance Affects Voting Decisions.” Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1)” 18 - 27. Lupia, Arthur, and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press. McDermott, Rose. 1998. Risk Taking in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. McDermott, Rose. 2004. “Prospect Theory in Political Science: Gains and Losses From the First Decade.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 289-312. McKeown, Timothy J. 2001. “Plans and Routines, Bureaucratic Bargaining, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1163 - 1190. Mefford, D. 1990. Case-based reasoning, legal reasoning, and the study of politics. Political Behavior, 12, 125-158. Mintz, Alex. 2005. “Applied Decision Analysis: Utilizing Poliheuristic Theory to Explain and Predict Foreign Policy and National Security Decisions.” International Studies Perspectives, 6(February): 94-98. Mintz, Alex, Nehemia Geva, Steven B Redd, and Amy Carnes. 1997. “The Effect of Dynamic and Static Choice Sets on Political Decision Making: An Analysis Using the Decision Board Platform.” American Political Science Review, 91(September): 553-566. Morgan, T.C. 1990. Issue linkages in international crisis bargaining. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 311-333. Nicholson, Stephen P. 2012. “Polarizing Cues.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(January): 52 - 66. Olsen, Johan P. 2001. “Garbage Cans, New Institutionalism, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review, 95(March): 191 - 198. Pang, Xun, Barry Friedman, Andrew D. Martin, and Kevin M. Quinn. 2012. “Endogenous Jurisprudential Regimes.” Political Analysis, 20(Autumn): 417 - 436. Redlawsk, David P. 2002. “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration: Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making.” Journal of Politics, 64(November): 1021 - 1044. Renshon, Stanley A. 1992. “The Psychology of Good Judgment: A Preliminary Model with Some Applications to the Gulf War.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 477 - 496. Richards, Mark J., and Herbert M. Kritzer. 2002. “Jurisprudential Regimes in Supreme Court Decision Making.” American Political Science Review, 96(June): 305 - 320. Riggle, E.D.B., and Johnson, M.M.S. 1996. “Age differences in political decision making: Strategies for evaluating political candidates.” Political Behavior, 18, 99-118.

-78- Sabloff, P.L.W. 1995. The decision process of a professionalized : A cognitive approach. Political Behavior, 17, 403-432. Sauermann, Jan, and Andre Kaiser, 2010. “Taking Others into Account: Self-Interest and Fairness in Majority Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(July): 667 - 685. Schaub, Jr., Gary. 2004. “Deterrence, Compellence, and Prospect Theory.” Political Psychology, 25(June): 389-411. Scholz, John T. 1998. “Trust and Taxpaying: Testing the Heuristic Approach to Collective Action.” American Journal of Political Science, 42(April): 398-417. Schrodt, P.A. 1990. Parallel event sequences in international crises. Political Behavior, 12, 97-124. Segal, J.A., Epstein, L., Cameron, C.M., and Spaeth, H.J. 1995. “Ideological values and the votes of U.S. Supreme Clourt Justices revisited.” Journal of Politics, 57, 812-823. Simon, Herbert A. 1985. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” American Political Science Review, 79(June): 293-304. Songer, D.R., Cameron, C.M., and Segal, J.A. 1995. An empirical test of the rational-actor theory of litigation. Journal of Politics, 57, 1119-1129. Soroka, Stuart N. 2006. “Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 372 - 385. See also negativity. Stroh, Patrick K. 1995. “Voters as Pragmatic Cognitive Misers: The Accuracy-Effort Trade-off in the Candidate Evaluation Process.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 207 - 228). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Suedfeld, Peter. 1992. “Cognitive Managers and Their Critics.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 435 - 454. Sulkin, Tracy, and Nathaniel Swigger. 2008. “Is there Truth in Advertising? Campaign Ad Images as Signals about Legislative Behavior.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 232 - 244.

Sylvan, D.A., Goel, A., and Chandrasekaran, B. 1990. “Analyzing political decision making from an information-processing perspective: JESSE.” American Journal of Political Science, 34, 74-123. Taliaferro, J.W. 2004. “Power Politics and the Balance of Risk: Hypotheses on Great Power Intervention in the Periphery.” Political Psychology, 25(April): 177-211. Tetlock, Philip E. 1992. “Good Judgment in International Politics: Three Psychological Perspectives.” Political Psychology, 13(September): 517 - 540. Tetlock, Philip E. 1998. “Close-Call Counterfactuals and Belief-System Defenses: I Was Not Almost Wrong But I Was Almost Right.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (September): 639-652.

-79- Tetlock, Philip E. 2002. “Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors.” Psychological Review, 109(3): 451 - 471. Tetlock, Philip E. 2005. Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is it? How Can We Know? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Vertzberger, Yaacov Y.I. 1998. Risk Taking and Decisionmaking: Foreign Military Intervention Decisions. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Walker, Stephen J. 1995. “Psychodynamic Processes and Framing Effects in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Woodrow Wilson’s Operational Code.” Political Psychology, 16(December): 697-717. Yates, Jeff. 1999. “Presidential Bureaucratic Power and Supreme Count Justice Voting.” Political Behavior, 21 (December): 349-366. Zink, James R., James F. Spriggs II, and John T. Scott. 2009. “Courting the Public: The Influence of Decision Attributes on Individual’s Views of Court Opinions.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 909 - 925. Zorn, Christopher., and Jennifer Barnes Bowie. 2010. “Ideological Influences on Decision Making in the Federal Judicial Hierarchy: An Empirical Assessment.” Journal of Politics, 72 (October): 1212 - 1221.

-80- Date Topic

Nov. 30 VII. AND GENETIC INFLUENCES

Reading: Sidanius, Jim, and Robert Kurzban. 2013. “Toward an Evolutionarily Informed Political Psychology.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 7. Funk, Carolyn L. 2013. “Genetic Foundations of Political Behavior.” Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ch. 8. Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2005. “Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?” American Political Science Review, 99(May): 153 - 168. Smirnov, Oleg, Holly Arrow, Douglas Kennett, and John Orbell. 2007. “Ancestral War and the Evolutionary Origins of ‘Heroism’.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 927 - 940. Hatemi, Peter K. 2013. “The Influence of Major Life Events on Economics Attitudes in a World of Gene-Environment Interplay.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(October): 987 - 1007. Petersen, Michael Bang. 2012. “Social Welfare as Small-Scale Help: Evolutionary Psychology and the Deservingness Heuristic.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(January): 1 - 16.

I want someone (or ones) to do their annotated bibliography on either of these new books: Hatemi, Peter K., and Rose McDermott (Eds.). 2011. Man Is by Nature a Political Animal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Marcus, George E. 2013. Political Psychology: Neuroscience, Genetics, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Optional: [See: Entire issue of Political Psychology, 2012, 33(June)] Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2008. “Beyond Liberals and Conservatives to Political Genotypes and Phenotypes.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(June): 321 - 328. Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2008. “Twin Studies, Molecular Genetics, Politics, and Tolerance: A Response to Beckwith and Morris.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(December): 793-797. Alford, John R., Peter K. Hatemi, John R. Hibbing, Nicholas G. Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2011. “The Politics of Mate Choice.” Journal of Politics, 73(April): 362 - 379. Alford, John R., and John R. Hibbing. 2004. “The Origin of Politics: An Evolutionary Theory of Political Behavior.” Perspective on Politics, 2(December): 707 - 724.

-81- Arceneaux, Kevin, Martin Johnson, and Hermine H. Maes. 2012. “The Genetic Basis of Political Sophistication.” Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15(1): 34 - 41. Beckwith, Jon, and Corey A. Morris. 2008. “Twin Studies of Political Behavior: Untenable Assumptions?” Perspectives on Politics, 6(December): 785-792. Cesarini, David, Magnus Johannesson, and Sven Oskarsson. 2014. “Pre-Birth Factors, Post-Birth Factors, and Voting: Evidence from Swedish Adoption Data.” American Political Science Association, 108(February): 54 - 70. Charney, Evan. 2008. “Genes and .” Perspectives on Politics, 6(June): 299-320. Charney, Evan. 2008. “Politics, Genetics, and ‘Greedy Reductionism’.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(June): 337-343. Charney, Evan, and William English. 2012. “Candidate Genes and Political Behavior.” American Political Science Review, 106(February): 1 - 34. Charney, Evan, and William English. 2013. “ and the Science of Genetics.” American Political Science Review, 107(May): 382 - 395. Craemer, Thomas. 2007. “An Evolutionary Model of Racial Attitude Formation: Socially Shared and Idiosyncratic Racial Attitudes.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 614(1): 6 - 14. Dawes, Christopher T., and James H. Fowler. 2009. “Partisanship, Voting, and the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 1157 - 1171. Deppe, Kristen D., Scott F. Stoltenberg, Kevin B. Smith, and John R. Hibbing. 2013. “Candidate Genes and Voter Turnout: Further Evidence on the Role of 5-HTTLPR. American Political Science Review, 107(May): 375 - 381. Fowler, James H., and Christopher T. Dawes. 2013. “In Defense of Genopolitics.” American Political Science Review, 107(May): 362 - 374. Haidt, Jonathan. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Institutionalist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review, 108(4): 814 - 834. Hannagan, Rebecca J., and Peter K. Hatemi. 2008. “The Threat of Genes: A Comment on Evan Charney’s Genes and Ideologies”.“ Perspectives on Politics, 6(June): 329-335. Hatemi, Peter k., Nathan A. Gillespie, et al. 2011. “A Genome-Wide Analysis of Liberal and Conservative Political Attitudes.” Journal of Politics, 73(January): 265 - 270. Hatemi, Peter K., Carolyn L. Funk, Sarah E. Medland, Hermine M. Maes, Judy L. Silbert, Nicholas G. Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2009 “Genetic and Environmental Transmission of Political Attitudes Over a Life Time.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 1141 - 1156. Hatemi, Peter K., John R. Hibbing, Sarah E. Medland, Matthew C. Keller, John R. Alford, Kevin B. Smith, Nicholas G. Martin, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2010. “Not by Twins Alone: Using

-82- the Extended Family Design to Investigate Genetic Influence.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(July): 798 - 814. Hatemi, Peter K. Rose McDermott, Lindon J. Eaves, Kenneth S. Kendler, and Michael C. Neale. 2013. “Fear as a Disposition and an Emotional State: A Genetic and Environmental Approach to Out-Group Political Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(April): 279 - 293. Hibbing, John R. 2013. “Ten Misconceptions Concerning Neurobiology and Politics.” Perspective on Politics, 11(June): 475 - 489. Hibbing, John R., and John R. Alford. 2004. “Accepting Authoritative Decisions: Humans as Wary Cooperators.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 62-76. Jost, John T., H. Hannah Nam, David M. Amodio, and Jay J. Van Bavel. 2014. “Political Neuroscience: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship.” Advances in Political Psychology, 35, Supplement 1(February): 3 - 42. Kanazawa, Satoshi. 2009. “Evolutionary Psychological Foundations of Civil Wars.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 25 - 34. Kirzinger, Ashley E., Christopher Weber, and Martin Johnson. 2012. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Media Use and Communication Behaviors.” Human Communication Research, 38(2), 144 - 171. Lopez, Anthony C., and Rose McDermott. 2012. “Adaptation, Heritability, and the Emergence of Evolutionary Political Science.” Political Psychology, 33(June): 343 - 362. McDermott, Rose. 2004. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspective on Politics, 2(December): 691 - 706. McDermott, Rose, James H. Fowler, and Oleg Smirnov. 2008. “On the Evolutionary Origin of Prospect Theory Preferences.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 335 - 350. Medland, Sarah E., and Peter K. Hatemi. 2009. “Political Science, Biometric Theory, and Twin Studies: A Methodological Introduction.” Political Analysis, 17(Spring): 191 - 214. Neuberg, Steven L., Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller. 2010. “Evolutionary Social Psychology.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, Chapter 21, pp 761 - 796). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Orbell, John, and Tomonori Morikawa. 2011. “An Evolutionary Account of Suicide Attacks: The Kamikaze Case.” Political Psychology, 32(April): 297 - 322. Panagopoulos, Costas. 2014. “I’ve Got My Eyes on You: Implicit Social-Pressure Cues and Prosocial Behavior.” Political Psychology, 35(February): 23 - 34. Petersen, Michael Bang. 2015. “Evolutionary Political Psychology: On the Origins and Structure of Heuristics and Biases in Politics.” Advances in Political Psychology, 36 S1 (February): 45 - 78.

-83- Petersen, Michael Bang, Lene Aaroe, Niels Holm Jensen, and Oliver Curry. 2014. “Social Welfare and the Psychology of Food Sharing: Short-Term Hunger Increases Support for Social Welfare.” Political Psychology, 35 (December): 757 - 774. Settle, Jaime E., Christopher T. Dawes, Nicholas A. Christakis, and James H. Fowler. 2010. “Friendships Moderate an Association between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology.” Journal of Politics, 72 (October): 1189 - 1198. Smirnov, Oleg, Christopher T. Dawes, James H. Fowler, Tim Johnson, and Richard McElreath. 2010. “The Behavioral Logic of Collective Action: Partisans Cooperate and Punish More than Nonpartisans.” Political Psychology, 31(August): 595 - 616. Smith, Kevin B., John R. Alford, Peter K. Hatemi, Lindon J. Eaves, Carolyn Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2012. “Biology, Ideology, and Epistemology: How Do We Know Political Attitudes Are Inherited and Why Should We Care?” American Journal of Political Science, 56(January): 17 - 33. Smith, Kevin B., and Peter K. Hatemi. 2013. “OLS is AOK for ACE: A Regression-Based Approach to Synthesizing Political Science and Behavioral Genetics Models.” Political Behavior, 35(June): 383 - 408. Smith, Kevin B., Christopher W. Larimer, Levente Littvay, and John R. Hibbing. 2007. “Evolutionary Theory and Political Leadership: Why Certain People Do Not Trust Decision Makers.” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 285 - 299. Smith, Kevin B., Douglas R. Oxley, Matthew V. Hibbing, John R. Alford, and John R. Hibbing. 2011. “Linking Genetics and Political Attitudes: Reconceptualizing Political Ideology.” Political Psychology, 32(June): 369 - 398. Sturgis, Patrick, Sanna Read, Peter K. Hatemi, Gu Zhu, Tim Trull, Margaret J. Wright, and Nicholas G. Martin. 2010. “A Genetic Basis for Social Trust?” Political Behavior, 32(June): 205 - 230. Suhay, Elizabeth, and Toby Epstein Jayaratne. 2013. “Does Biology Justify Ideology? The Politics of Genetic Attribution.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Summer): 497 - 521. Tesser, Abraham. 1993. “The Importance of Heritability in : The Case of Attitudes.” Psychological Review, 100(1): 129-142.

Tingley, Dustin. 2014. “Face-Off: Facial Features and Strategic Choice.” Political Psychology, 35(February): 35 - 56. Uslaner, Eric M., 2008. “Where You Stand Depends Upon Where Your Grandparents Sat: The Inheritability of Generalized Trust.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Winter): 725 - 740. Verhulst, Brad, Lindon J. Eaves, and Peter K Hatemi. 2012. “Correlation not Causation: The Relationship between Personality Traits and Political Ideologies.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(January): 34 - 51. Watson, David, David Wiese, Jatin Vaidya, and Auke Tellegen. 1999. “The Two General Activation Systems of Affect: Structural Findings, Evolutionary Considerations, and Psychobiological Evidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(May): 820-838.

-84- Weber, Christopher, Martin Johnson, and Kevin Arceneaux. 2011. “Genetics, Personality, and Group Identity.” Social Science Quarterly, 92(December): 1314 - 1337.

Date Topic

Dec. 7 CLASS SUMMARY

Reading: Krosnick, Jon A., Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder. 2010. “The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Behavior.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, NEW and Gardner Lindzey (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (5th edition, Volume 2, Chapter 34, pp 1288 - 1342). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Student Presentations

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