Abstracts Aquaculture & physiology

14th International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes

22 ̶ 26 June 2020 Jyväskylä, Finland Aquaculture & physiology Oral presentation

Keynote speaker Aquaculture of coregonid species – quo vadis?

∗Jan Baer Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg, Germany The catches of whitefish, like Coregonus clupeaformis or Coregonus lavaretus, are fluctuating or sinking world- wide. But whitefish is well-known as a delicious food and the prices paid by consumers are high. In addition, the knowledge of how to produce whitefish and the worldwide aquaculture production is increasing, suggesting an overall supportive process. However, interviews with several experts from different countries point out that existing environmental laws, the established production of other freshwater species and the possible substitu- tion with imports hinder growing aquaculture production. The failure of establishing a whitefish aquaculture in Lake Constance, the second largest lake in central Europe, underlines this outcome: even under the situation of drastically decreasing fisheries yield but high demand, the chances to establish whitefish aquaculture in this area are nearly zero. Environmental laws, international agreements and statements from different NGOs are clearly against those intensions. In consequence, most whitefish consumed at Lake Constance are imported. This case highlights a common pitfall in environmental management: the negotiation of local production will inevitably have ecological and social ramifications in other parts of the world and will substitute a product of exceptionally high sustainability (locally produced fish) with imports from foreign countries. Aquaculture & physiology Oral presentation

Dependence of whitefish embryo development rate on the water pH

∗Natalya Smeshlivaya, Sergey Semenchenko Tyumen branch of VNIRO(Gosrybcenter), Russia The purpose is to assess dependence of the whitefish embryo development rate on the water pH. We have assessed dependence of time interval duration between successive fragmentations of blastodisk during syn- chronous fragmentations of peled blastodisk ”to” on the water pH. Each series of tests with stable pH in the range from 5 to 9 units with 1 unit increment ”to” was researched at temperatures 0.7; 1.3; 3.6; 6.0 and 8.5◦C;. We did follow-up observations of embryo development at a stable temperature of 3.5◦C with stable pH in the range from 5 to 9 units in each tests. In each series of tests with its respective temperature, pH increase was accompanied with statistically valid ”to” decrease. The ”to” decreased from 757 to 693 min at the temperature of 0.7◦C and pH increase from 5 to 9 units. When increasing the pH from 5 to 9 units the ”to” at the test temperatures changed from 8 to 13%, which gives an average of 11%. When pH increased in the range being studied, the relative duration of embryo development at the start of the eggs pigmentation decreased to 1.8%. The positive pH effect on the embryogenesis rate is partially neutralized in subsequent development. Aquaculture & physiology Oral presentation

Functional analysis of digestive enzymes of Siberian sympatric pair of whitefish

1 1 1 1 ∗Mikhail Solovyev , Elena Kashinskaya , Nikolai Bochkarev , Andrei Poplaukhin , Natalia Pustovalova 2, Francisco Moyano 3, Enric Gisbert 4 1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Novosibirsk, Frunze Str. 11, Russia 2Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Novosibirsk, Frunze Str. 11; Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova Str. 1, Russia 3Dpto. Biología y Geología, CEIMAR, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almeria, Edificio CITE II-B„ Spain 4IRTA-SCR, Unitat de Cultius Aqüícoles, 43540, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Crta. Poble Nou del Delta km 5.5„ Spain In Lake Teletskoye (Russia) Coregonus lavaretus forms one sympatric pair. This pair is formed by C. l. pid- schian (zoobentivorous) with less than 30 gill rakers on thefi rst brachial arch and C. l. pravdinellus (zooplank- tivorous) with more than 30 (average is 34) ones. The objective of the present work was to assess potential differences in the functional parameters of digestive enzymes in these whitefish that could reflect the differences in their feeding habits.

Thefi sh were caught in Lake Teletskoye (51◦79’N; 87◦26’E, West Siberia) by nets. Fish were dissected and guts were extracted and frozen in liquid nitrogen until analysis. The activity, pH and temperature optimums, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, distribution of alpha-amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed. The effect of different concentrations of Ca2+ on the activity of alkaline proteases in vitro experiment was estimated as well. The activity of all studied enzymes had the similar trends throughout the all parts of intestine of C. l. pidschian and C. l. pravdinellus, but the level of activities was different. All other assayed biochemical parameters of digestive enzymes were similar between studied whitefish. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no.19-74-10054. Aquaculture & physiology Oral presentation

Impact of increased long-term noise-exposure on coregonidfi shes

∗Yulia Sapozhnikova, ∗Anastasia Koroleva, Vera Yakhnenko, Marina Tyagun, Mikhail Makarov, Polikarp Gasarov, Olga Glyzina, Sergey Kirilchik, Lyubov Sukhanova Limnological Institute SB RAS, Russia For thefi rst time, we have shown the influence of the acoustic stress on hydrobionts at the cellular and molecular level in a complex experiment. Using coregonidfi shes as model aquacultural objects, we studied the effects of long-term increased low-frequency sound (up to 186 dB, 500 Hz, 18 days): there were local damage to the sensory hair cells of the macula sacculi, trends to decrease in telomere length of the medulla oblongata and increase in telomerase activity that can restore the length of telomeric DNA (ANOVA, Tukey HSD test, p=0.067). Thus, increased sound may be a peculiar trigger for senescence, which is relevant due to an increase in anthropogenic load on the aquatic environment in the natural environment and aquaculture. The obtained results can contribute to the development of approaches to the formation of effective aquaculture and solve problems of biodiversity conservation under anthropogenic load. This work was performed at the LIN SB RAS Collective Instrumental Center using the unique scientific installation Experimental Freshwater Aquarium Complex for Baikal Hydrobionts at LIN SB RAS supported by RFBR and the Government of Irkutsk Region, projects Nos. 17-44-388081 r-a and 17-44-388106 r-a, and within the framework of the State Task No. 0345- 2019-0002 (AAAA-A16-116122110066-1). Aquaculture & physiology Oral presentation

Simultaneous genetic improvement of growth and lipid deposition in European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus for profitable aquaculture

∗Antti Kause, Antti Nousiainen, Heikki Koskinen Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Finland European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretu) is the second most valuable farmedfi sh in Finland. A national selec- tive breeding programme is used to genetically improvefi sh traits to enhance competitiveness of aquaculture industry. We quantified the potential to simultaneously breed for improved growth rate while simultaneously controlling the genetic change in lipid deposition. An economic analysis has shown that excessive lipid deposi- tion reducesfi llet quality and can have significant effect on the profitability of farming operations. The data on 70 families with 2100 individually taggedfi sh showed thatfi llet lipid% is highly heritable, with a heritability of 0.37, but rapid growth is genetically related to increased lipid deposition. The genetic correlation between growth andfi llet lipid% is unusually high (r=0.59) compared to many other aquaculture species. This maybe because of the very recent domestication history of this naturally fatty salmonid species. The genetic trend analysis of over 20.000 individuals in four generations showed that growth rate has improved significantly but simultaneously also lipid deposition is increasing yet less than would without active selection against it. To conclude, genetic improvement of lipid deposition is possible, but due to strict genetic constraints, it is much more challenging than in other aquaculture species. Aquaculture & physiology Oral presentation

Whitefish brood stocks and their role in aquaculture of Russia

1 1 2 1 Valery Kostiunichev , Vera Bogdanova , ∗Anatoly Lukin , Aleksandr Korolev 1”GosNIORKH” named after L.S. Berg, Russia 2Federal Selection and Genetic Center for Fish Culture, Russia Brood stocks of different whitefishes are created in the North-West of Russia: Siberian Ob’ population of species: Coregonus muksun, Stenodus leucichthys nelma, Coregonus nasus , Coregonus peled (lake and river forms), as well as European populations of S. l. nelma (N. Dvina River) andfi ve forms of Coregonus lavaretus. The brood stocks of muksun, broad whitefish and lake form peled include more than 6 generations, the age of another stocks – from 2 to 4 generations. The most numerous among them are the lake peled – more than 15 thousfi sh and muksun – more than 10 thous. The stocks of broad whitefish and different whitefish forms count from 0,6 to 1,5 thous spawners. Cultivation whitefishes in cages during several generations does not effect their morphology considerably; they are noted a certain increase in altitude of body, the shortening of spinal and pektoralfi ns in certain cases. The technology of management of brood stocks allows to ensure sufficiently high fecundity and quality of posterity. The molecular- genetic estimation of spawners in the compare with the natural populations is conducted. The whitefish brood stocks are used mostly for artificial reproduction purposes to restock Siberian and European populations, and for commodity aquaculture. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

Cytomorphological and genetic indicators of the broad whitefish Coregonus nasus in aquaculture outside the areal

1 1 1 2 ∗Aleksandr Selukov , Oksana Zhigileva , Leonid Shuman , Julia Lukina 1Tyumen State University, Russia 2”GosNIORKH” named after L.S. Berg, Russia We examined the qualitative and quantitative composition of primordial germ cells (PGC) and the genetic variability of embryos of the broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) from natural population (the Ob River basin) and domesticated population breeding outside the natural distribution area (North-West of Russia). In the Broad whitefish, primary gonocytes during embryogenesis were represented by typical, binuclear, polymorphic nuclei cells, as well as PGCs in clusters. Mitoses were rare or absent. When hatching larvae, mitoses were not detected, primordial gonocytes acquired a typical structure and increased in number. The number of PGCs in larvae from aquaculture exceeded the number of PGCs of larvae from the natural population. The genetic variability of embryos of the Broad whitefish was studied by polymerase chain reaction of inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR-PCR). High polymorphism of the broad whitefish artificial population was revealed by DNA markers: the proportion of polymorphic bands was 89.4%, Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.32. Reproduction of the broad whitefish for several generations in aquaculture did not affect the overall level of polymorphism of neutral DNA markers. The data obtained indicate the preservation of the genetic diversity and reproductive potential of the Broad whitefish during its artificial breeding outside the natural distribution area. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

Developing sterile Nelma-Whitefish hybrid for Aquaculture

∗Petri Heinimaa, Juha Koskela Natural Resources Institute Finland, Finland Foodfi sh production in Finland has concentrated on farming Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and White- fish (Coregonus lavaretus s.l.). Nelma called also Sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys nelma) was imported to Fin- land in spring 2010 from Russia to expand the species variety for foodfi sh production. Nelma proved to be a potential species as its rearing in local conditions was found to be very successful. However the imported individuals showed a high degree of skeletal deformations thus causing f.ex. problems infi lleting. Hybrids between Nelma and Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) from the Finnish breeding programme were developed to avoid deformations and to improve the growth. The study on the growth of the hybrids versus parent species was carried out in the recycling aquaculture system (RAS) at Luke Laukaafi sh farm. The hybrid showed much better growth than Nelma and also slightly better growth than the Whitefish. At the same time also experiments to produce sterile/triploid hybrids was carried out and with the optimized protocol 100 % triploidization was achieved. This will give possibilities to farm the sterile hybrids also in net pens without negative impacts to local Whitefish populations in case of escapees. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

Development of natural food pond management in arctic Inari

∗Petri Heinimaa, Timo Rauhala Natural Resources Institute Finland, Finland Stocking of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus m. fera) one-summer-oldfi ngerlings has been important part of the compensation measures in the regulated Lake Inari and its tributaries since the initiation of the activities in 1976. The natural food ponds have been constructed in small lakes or on marshland areas varying in areal size from 3 to 79 hectares. The ponds are emptied of water for the winter and mainly watered by melting snow in spring. The ponds have occasionally been limed during the winter and annually fertilized slightly during the early part of summer (June-July). The fries have been stocked to the ponds in late May-June and harvested in late August-early October. The temperature condition have varied between years but the general trend has been towards higher amount of day degrees during the growing season. The size of thefi ngerlings has increased due to more experienced management of the ponds but also because there hasn’t been unexceptional cold weather in the early part of the growing season in recent years. All stocked fries have been Alitzarin Red-S otolith marked to be able to follow the success of stockedfi ngerlings in the Lake Inari where also strong natural reproduction still exists. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

Developmental Differences in Larval Cisco (Coregonus artedi)

∗Chris Olds, Kaley Genther, Ben Leonhardt U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USA Coregonines are one of the most valuable commercially harvestedfi sh species in Lake Huron. Species such as Cisco (Coregonus artedi) remain part of thefi shery in Ontario waters of Lake Huron and the North Shore in U.S. waters, however with the decline of certain invasive species they have not expanded their range back into Southern Lake Huron. As of 2015, a Cisco reintroduction program has begun to re-introduce Cisco back into Saginaw Bay. Understanding all factors that affect early life history development will help improve thefi sh condition and survivability upon stocking . In this study larvae were reared in the same conditions, only the tank colors differed. Cisco were sub-sampled every few days over an 18 week period from three tank colors: dark blue, light blue and white. Pigmentation and morphological differences were measured and recorded from each sub-sample collected. There were differences observed in these larvae based on the tank color they were reared in. Eye diameter and pigmentation variances are two of the measurements that appear to be associated with tank color. The results from this study show that tank color is an important factor in rearing Coregonines and should be a consideration for best aquaculture practices. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LIPIDS OF WILD AND CULTIVATED WHITEFISH (COREGONIDAE) EGGS

∗Anatoliy Lyutikov, Alla Shumilina Saint Petersburg branch of the FSBSI ”VNIRO”, Russia The work presents the results of studies of the fatty acid composition of lipids of growing eggs of whitefish – broad whitefish, peled and common whitefish, from wild world and aquaculture. It is shown that whitefish eggs obtained from producers grown under industrial conditions, differs significantly from wild eggs in quantitative and qualitative characteristics of lipids. Aquaculture eggs is characterized by a higher content of fat, monoenic fatty acids and n-6 fatty acids. The amount of n−3 fatty acids is at the same level both in aquaculture eggs and wild eggs, but docosahexaenoic acid is 1.8 times more in the eggs of culturedfi sh. In aquaculture eggs, up to 74% of the amount of all fatty acids are palmitic (16: 0), oleic (18: 1n-9), docosahexaenoic (22: 6n-3) and linoleic (18: 2n-6) acids, in wild eggs these acids account for an average of 46%. Significant differences in the lipid status of eggs of different origin depend primarily on the diet of producers. We associate the increase in n-6 fatty acids and the decrease in fatty acid diversity in aquaculture eggs with the use of artificial feeds, in which, recently, increasingly use plant components – substitutes forfi shfl our andfi sh oil. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF OXYGEN TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF PELED UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS AND IN EXPERIMENTS

1 1 1 2 1 ∗Vera Yakhnenko , Yulia Sapozhnikovaa , Igor Klimenkov , Nikolai Sudakov , Olga Glyzina , Marina Tyagun 1, Tatyana Avezova 1, Lubov Sukhanova 1 1Limnological Institute SB RAS, Russia 2bIrkutsk Research Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Russia The aimed the present study is characterization of morphologic and structural peculiarities of erythrocytes, hemoglobin quantitative characteristics, definition of functionally active mitochondria of ”wild”, ”aquarian” and ”experimental” peled Results Significant differences in functional and cytometric parameters of ”wild” and ”aquarian” peled red blood were not found out. Phenol intoxication did not change erythrocyte cytometric parameters, however, the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin content in erythrocytes and blood oxygen capacity increased significantly. Erythrocyte cell surface and cytoplasmic area of thefi sh from the control group were significantly larger in response to sound exposure than after exposure and during recovery. Erythrocyte cell surface and cytoplasmic area were not observed to recover in 24 hours, they slightly recovered in 5 days, and in 37 days, nearly full recovery was observed. During other periods, the core was not observed to change in size. Erythrocytes of the controlfi sh have functionally active mitochondria pool that is 20-30% more enriched. We found out up to three cathode and anode fractions in hemolysate of peled from the Belaya River whereas in ”aquarian” and ”experimental”fi sh anode fractions The work is supported by the RFBR grants №17-44-388106 and №17-44-388081. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

Reproduction and health of whitefishes in aquaculture

∗Vera Bogdanova, Julia Lukina ”GosNIORKH” named after L.S. Berg, Russia The reproductive qualities of spawners are great important in forming broodstocks. Cultivation of broodstocks of different whitefishes in Russian North-West due to GosNIORKh technology testifies to the high growth rate in cages cultivation. Spawners of Siberian populations (C. muksun, C. nasus, C. peled), as well as European populations (C. lavaretus, S.leucichthys nelma) in domesticated stocks significantly exceed the same-agedfi sh from natural populations in length and weight. The aquacultural Siberian whitefishes mature earlier than natural populations. European whitefishes mature in similar age comparing with natural populations, but with larger weight. The following patterns in the reproduction of whitefish in aquaculture are revealed: fecundity and egg size are increased and variability of reproductive features are decreased with age. Whitefishes fecundity is about 30-40, muksun – 50-60, broad whitefish – 40-70, nelma – 30-60, peled – 30-40 thous eggs. The most of whitefishes spawn annually. The effective reproductive period is for peled 3, for whitefish 4, for muksun 4-5, for broad whitefish 2-3 years. Whitefish reproductionon in aqaculture research are supported with whitefish health monitoring and developing of preventive recommendations. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

The use of biological traps for water treatment in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)

∗Cedomir Stevcic, Katja Pulkkinen, Juhani Pirhonen University of Jyväskylä, Finland In this project we are testing: (1) if microalgae can efficiently remove dissolved nutrients from whitefish (Core- gonus lavaretus) RAS wastewater and (2) iffi lter-feeders can remove those microalgae from the water. We compared nutrient removal efficiency of several temperate zone microalgae species in RAS wastewater, and all green microalge removed nutrients efficiently in 4 days. We also tested the effect of LED grow lights with 3 dif- ferent continuous spectra on growth and nutrient uptake efficiency for 4 green microalgae in RAS wastewater, and the tested microalgae grew and removed nutrients equally well under all tested spectra. We have also tested how well Daphnia magna canfi lter and grow with different microalgae cultured in RAS wastewater. Daphnia removed up to 80% of certain microalgae from RAS wastewater in two days and increased 2-4 times in weight when fed microalgae for 4 days. Our project aims to develop a suitable technique for nutrient trapping which would thus promote circular economy of RAS. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

Combined Marine Aquaculture” Trial of a Mussel Production Process in Combination with Coregonus Farming for Decentralized Aquaculture in Mecklenburg-Western Pommerania

∗Fabian Swirplies Landesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Fischerei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Institut für Fischerei, Germany With the help of this project, the sinking wild catches of Coregonus maraena off the coast of Western Pomerania are to be compensated in the future. The objective of this project is to create the conditions for increasing self- sufficiency in sea-side aquaculture products in M-V till 2022. A competitive, ecologically sustainable and socially responsible aquaculture for smallfi shing businesses in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern should be created. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) assesses a product in the individual activity sections, from production through use to disposal, and determines the measurable and potential value of potential environmental aspects and impacts. The focus is on thefi lter performance of the mussel and the compensation ratio between the nutrient input of thefi sh feed and the mussel production volume. The growth performance of Coregonus maraena is tested at an average salinity of 12 ppm. In addition, growth performance and meat quality are tested by different feeds. One focus is on the feeding offi shmeal substi- tute food. The further development of the carrier technology to the local prevailing wind conditions and the automation of the feeding and monitoring of the systems are an additional focus. Aquaculture & physiology Poster session

”Gold” muksun in aqaculture

Valery Kostiunichev, ∗Vera Bogdanova, Olga Apalikova ”GosNIORKH” named after L.S. Berg, Russia Golden colored muksun is extremely rare in natural populations. The identification of several unusualy colored spawners in domesticated muksun herd allowed to obtain offspring from them, which completely inherited the unusual coloring of the parents. Adult «gold» muksuns are distinguished by golden scales, the orange color of the head and base of thefi ns, bright red eggs (gray eggs in a ordinary form) and brightly coloredfl esh. A comparative analysis of the ND1 gene of the «gold» and wild individuals from water bodies of Siberia from Genbank revealed their close relationship. Currently, the broodstock is about 1,500 specimens. Cultivation and maintenance is carried out in cages. «Gold» muksun outperforms the usual 10-15% in growth rate. Mass maturation of females begins a year later than in ordinary muksun – at the age of 4+. The average weight of spawners aged 4+ is from 1.4 to 2 kg. At the age of 5+ – weight varies from 1.7 to 2.7 kg, body length – from 50 to 56 cm, the fecundityof females in the«gold» at this age is from 40 to 70 thous eggs. Work is underway to develop a new breed of muksun – «gold» – for commercial aquaculture.