Ki n b a s ket Reseruo i r Com m erci al and Recreation Opportunities Study

Final Report

Prepared for Golden Area lnitiatives

By

..o"or,. GRowrH solurroNs rNc. 5)

April 2009 TABLE oF CoNTENTS

Executive Summary ". "" ...... ,...... ,...... ,., i ceneral lmpact ofth" n"."roli . : : . .. r Comparisors with Other Reservoirs ...... iii Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities . iv Economic and Environmental lmpacts v Conclusions and Recommendations- ...... vii

1 - lntroduction and Study Context,,...... 1 Development ofthe Kinbasket Reservorr. 1 General lmpact of the Reservoir . . . . 2 Observations from Site Visits by Consultants ...... 4 Study Objectives and Process...... 7 2 - Comparisons with Other Reservoirs ....,..,...... ,...... 9 Williston Lake Reservoir...... I Seton Lake Reservoir ... 12 Stave Lake and Haywood Lake Reservoirs ...... 13 Arrow Lakes Reservoir.. . . 15 Lake Revelstoke Reservoir 16 Overall Comparisons with Kinbasket Reservoir...... 17 3 - Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities ....-...... '19 Many Potential Outdoor Tourism-Recreation Opportunitres...... 19 Inadequate Public Access and Conditions of Reservoir lmpose Significant Constraints ...... 21 Priority Water-Based Outdoor Recreation Opportunities .21 Priority Shoreline and Adjacent Backcountry Opportunities 27 Built Infrastructure and Facilities Required to Realize Opportunlties...... 32 Opportunities in Other Sectors.. . 44 Conclusions Regarding Commercral and Recreation Opportunities . 45 4 - Review of Economic and Environmental lm pacts...... -.-...... ,....,.. 46 Community and Regional Economic lmpacts .. 46 Summary of Environmental lmpacts . . . .53 Remediation Efforts of BC Hydro...... 54 5 - Conclusions and Recommendations ...... ,...... ,.,...... ,..... 56 Overall lvlagnrtude of Negative lmpacts on Region ...... 56 Limited Potential ofCommercial and Recreation Opportunities.. .. 57 Support Needed For Key Opportunities ...... 58 Additional Opportunities for Mitigating Region's Economic Losses ...... 59 lnitial lmplementation Steps ...... 60 Appendix A - List of DocumenG Reviewed...... , ...-...... A-1 Appendix B - List of Persons Contacted / lnterviewed ...... ,...... B-1 Appendix C - Stakeholders Workshop ...... C-1 ExEcurvE Sumnannv

The Kinbasket Reservorr was created in 1973 with the completion ofthe Mica Dam (800 feet high). The dam was bu;ll for flood control and power generation and is a key project of the Columbia RNer Treaty The resulting huge reservoir covers a 216 kilometre stretch ofthe Rocky Mountain trench, extending from northwest of Golden all the way to Valemount and encompassing a total of 529 square kilomelres. This Study examines the ongoing impacts ofthis huge Reservoir and the realishc potential for commercial and recreation opportunities to help offset the significant economic losses lo [he region caused by creating the Reservoir.

GENERAL lMPAcr oFTHE RESERvoTR

Despite creating a large body of water lhat would seem to have great recreational potential the dramatically fluctuating water levels significantly reduce any such potential as large areas of the Reservoir are empty when water levels are low, sometimes for monlhs al a lime (see Figure 1).

Figure l: Kinbasket Reservoir Monthly Water Level Fluctuatlons,l9T6-2004

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l:EE:EE:-Eiiaal

9**"*-",*,*- Executlve Summary

The photographs in Figure 2 show close-up views ofthe exlremely unallractive mudflats that are prevalent when the water levels are low

Flgure 2: Photographs of Klnbaskel Reservolr at Low water

a- -{:.JE T -;kfqtl

Source: Photos by Ron Oszusl

ln addition, there is considerable industrialwaste at some localions like Bush Harbour This ranges from rusted old tugboats to abandoned buildings lo abandoned tanker trucks and other debris. Therefore, there are several major constraints on the recreational use and potential ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir including:

. Significant fluctuations in water levels a Exlensive debris throughout much of the Reservoi - in the water and along the shores

t Road access to shoreline areas is inadequate for recreational use . lnsufficient year-round maintenance ofexisting roads a High winds on Reservoir reduces the potentialfor recreational boating and sporl fishing activity

a Limited development oftrails, compounded by the access problem . Lack of suitable infrastructure to facilitate water-based recreational activities (e.g - boat launches, docks)

Crcation ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir has had a number ofolher significant negative local impacls including the following:

t Reduction in forestry sector activity and ils economic impacts on the regton

9*-".*-'---'" Executive Summary

. Elimination of previously existing and fuiure north-south transportation routes a Destruclron of localtourism and recreation resources along the original lakes and rivers

a Loss of land and resources for community and regional economic developmenl a Resulting reduced taxation base, with correspondingly reduced services and communrly infiastructure a Significant negative envrronmental impacts including landscape degradation and the loss of riparian zones, wellands and habitat, as well as significant losses of wildlife, waterfowl, and fish stocks

ln spite of all these negative impacts, there appears to have been little effort on the part of BC Hydro and the Province to make the investments required to realize the limited commercial and recreational potentialthat does exist with the Reservoir This is particu{arly evident when examining what has occurred with other reservoirs across the province

CoMpARtsoNs wtrH OTHER RESERVoTRS

The reservoirs thal we examined as comparative cases forthis Study, based on available informatron, are:Arrow Lakes Reservoir; Willislon Lake Reservoir; Se{on Lake Reservoir; Stave Lake and Hayward Lake Reservoirsi and Lake Revelstoke Reservoir. A su mmary of the comparisons is shown below in Figure 3

Figure 3: Comparison of Kinbasketwith Othe. BC Roservoirs

40-55 n 12n 620ft 35R

Landinq (19

lD**"***-*- Executive Summary

Source: Sludy team analysis

As indicated, the key points of comparison to the Kinbasket Reservoir are as follows:

i Annual water levelfluctuations in allcases are substantially less than for the Kinbasket Reservoir and in some cases less than 1 metre, making these other reservoirs much better suited to year-round recreational use.

. Debris management is nowhere near as severe an issue as it is for the Kinbasket Reservoir

a Virtually all ofthe other reservoirs have better road access along major porlions of the shoreline, in some cases via provtncially maintained paved highways

t All ofthe other reseryoirs have a much more significant and effeclive public investment in tourism-recreation facilities including interpretive centres, campgrounds, boat launches, kails, swimming beaches, etc

a Water-based and shoreline recreational activilies and opportunities are much more prolific for most of these other reservoirs

Some ofthe other reseryoirs have successful recreational real eslate developments along portions oflhe shoreline.

PoTENTTAL CoMMERctALAND REcREAT|oN OppoRTUNtrtEs

The majority of the opportunities considered are ouldoor tourism and recreation activities and rnfrastructure facilities that would support these activities We have subdivided these into three main cateoories as follows: Executive Summary

t Water-based outdoor recreation opportunities . Shoreline and adjacent backcountry opportunities . Built infraskucture and facilities.

ln Figure 4 we have presented a list of the range of the realistic potential opportunities in each ofthe three categories

Flgure 4: Klnbasket Reaeruolr and A.ea Recreatlonal Opportunltles

Category Potential Opportu n ity WaterBased Activities Boaling - molo zed and sail Kayak ng/canoeing n selecled areas Sporl fshing (summer) Posslbe summertour boal operalions (day tours) Shoreline / Back-country Hiking, backpacking and nalure inlerpretalion Herlage toursm interprelation and exped Uons

ATvs / l\4otorlzed lrailbikes Back-Couniry Sk ing and Snowmobilrng Access roadsto Bush Harbour, Esplanade Bay and other

Boat aunch and dockins facililies at Bush Harbour Public carnpsrcund facililies al Bush Harbour Upgraded recreallon 6ile and boat launch at Esplanade Bay Otherenhanced public recrealion sites, campgrounds and

Eikng and interp€tive lrails Possible roofed accornmodallon faci lies wherc pennitted Possible small-scale rural rccreationa real eslate

Possible weir development

Source: Study tean analysis

ln the full Study Final Report, each ofthese opportunities is described in more detail, along with the cofiesponding issues, limitations and constraints, plus the implementation requiremenls.

EcoNoi c AND ENvtRoNMENTAL lirpAcrs

ln Figure 5 we have summarized preliminary order of magnitude eshmales of the overall economic losses that can be quantifled

fD**"***^*" Executive Summary

Flgure 5: Overall Econonic Losses from Creation ofthe Ktnbasket Reservotr

Type of lmpact $ 1994 $ 2009

Loss of timber potenlial $3,380 000 $7 030,400 Wi dlife, walerfow lish slocks losses $2,099,000 $4,365,920 Loss oiolher tourismiecreation revenue Total Capitallzed lmpacts Loss oftimber potenl al $48,290 000 $100443,200 Wild fe, waterfowl, flsh stocks losses $29,950 000 $62 478,029 Loss of olhe. tou rism-recreation revenue $6,860 590 $14 287,000 Loss ol Big Bend Highway Total $91,500,590 $190,513,329

Source: Sludy tean calctlations based on dala in the reportj cotden and Area llica Reporl 1994 A 5% annua inflallon iaclor was used to derive ihe 2009 n umbem

This does not take into account the economic value of other significant losses initially incurred as a result of lhe flooding ofthe Reservoir including:

. Timber actually lost during the flooding and poorly utilized timber during the flooding

. Losses resulting from disrupted transportation network a Loss of biodiversity (affects flora, fauna and tourism)

a Loss of connectivity behveen adjacent national parks (affects wildlife and tourism).

The significant environmental impacts, which are over and above the economic impacts, include the following: . A loss of riparian habitat . Loss ofwetlands and lakes

a Significant loss of forest cover ofvarious types and ages (28,500 hectares)

a Significant loss of wildlife including black bear, moose, mountain goats, caribou, deer, elk and many other species a Loss of migrant and resident waterfowl population . Significant loss offish stocks

ln addition to these significant impacts on the natural environment, the overall landscape has been dramatically altered. During the months when water Executlve Summary

levels are low, quite an unsightly mud flats with numerous lree stumps is the result - clearly a very inhospitable looking natural environment.

CoNcLUstoNs ANo REcoiTMENDATToNS

The potential impacts of tourism-recreation development will only partially offset the significant economic losses that have been identified a Annual economic losses as a result of Kinbasket Reservoir are estimated at $'12.4 million. . lf the priority opportunities identified in this Study are fully developed, the potential annual economic impacts could be up to $4 million i Grants-in-lieu of taxes to Golden and Area A that are related to the Kinbasket Reseruoh amount to little more than $200,000 annually a The ongoing annual economic losses still exceed the existing and potential offsetting benefits by more than $8 million annually. a Other means of acqiriring offsetting benefits should also be pursued.

To realize the key recreation opportunities identified in this Study, continued investmenl is required in the following types of initiatives, in addition to the signiflcant public sector investments that have already been designated: a Considerable additional debris clean-up - while this is ongoing, much more is requked a Enhanced access roads to and along the shoreline, where appropriate, and improved road maintenance i Stump removal is still a high priority, especially in the high use areas besl suited to water craft, to improve navigational safety a Further re-vegetation efforts are required along the shoreline t Permanent boat Iaunches and related marine facilities must be built . Additional trails development a Upgrading of Provincial Recreation Sites and Campgrounds a lnvestment in new campground facilities (e g - Bush Harbour)

fD**".*.-.".'- Executlve Summary

Several steps need to be followed to initiale implementation and create momentum:

. Ensure that BC Hydro follows{hrough on starting conskuction of the boat launch at Bush Harbour in the spring of2009. . Work with BC Hydro, I\rinistry of Forests and [rinistry of Transportation to secure funds for access roads upgrading and maintenance a Work to have the Fish and Wildlife Recovery Program extended to cover the Kinbasket Reservoir

. Secure partners (e.9.- BC Hydro, Regional District, lvlinistry of Tourism, Sport and the A(s) and access funding for campground and day use area development at Bush Harbour

. Work with the Columbia Shuswap Regional District (CSRD) and other partners to develop/upgrade other parks and recreation areas in close proximity to Kinbasket reseruoir.

. Liaise with Golden Back Country Recreation Advisory Committee (GBRAC) and private secior operators regarding the various possible commercial tourism-recreation opportunities

The critical next step to initiate the implementation process is the formation of an lmplementation Committee, to move forward on the various issues and recommendations outlined in this Study

viii I 1 - lurnooucroN AND Stuoy Corurexr

This Study addresses the polential for commercial and recreation opportunities on and around the Kinbasket Reservoir as a means of partially compensating for the substantial initial and ongoing economic losses the region has incurred as a result of creation ofthe Reservoir ln its current state the Reservoir offers little tourism and recreation potential, as access lo the Reservoir is severely limited and there has been little investment in any recreational infrashucture

DEvELopMENT oF THE KTNBASKET REsERvotR

The Kinbasket Reservoir is the second largest water reservoir entirely in BC (Williston Lake is the largest) and was created in 1973 with the completion of the Mica Dam, considered lo be North America's highest earthfill embankment dam (800 feet high) The dam was built for flood control and power generation and is a key project ofthe Columbia River Treaty. The resulting huge reseruoir covers a 216 kilomeke sketch oflhe Rocky Mountain kench, extending from northwest of Golden all the way to Valemount and encompassing a total of 529 square kilometres (see Frgure 1 1, below)-

Figure l.l: Klnbasket Reservoir Location Map

Soutce Colunba Shuswap Regianal District lntroduction and Study Context 9**""*''*-"'^ Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

A large section ofthe Reservoir is within Electoral Area A ofthe Columbia Shuswap Regional District (CSRD) and is the focus of the current Study lt is clearly a critical component ofthe region's biophysicalresources and has potential for expanded commercial and recreation uses.

GENERAL ]]I.IPACT OF THE RESERVOIR

Despite creating a large body ofwater that would seem 10 have great recreational potential, the dramatically fluctuating water levels significantly reduce any such potential as large areas of the Reservoir are empty when water levels are low, sometimes for monlhs at a time (as shown in Figure 1 2)

Figure 1.2: Minimum, Maximum and Mean Monthly Water Level Fllictuations on the Klnbasket Reservoir, l9T6-2004

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BC Hydro has little operationalflexibility to change lhis pattern as it would affect downstream flood control capabilities

An aerialview ofthe resulting mud flats is shown in this photograph (taken by Tim Grey) Additional photographs in Figure 1 3, show close-up views ofthe

lntroduction and Study Context Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Flgure 1.4: Photographs of Shoreline Debris Accumulation

Saurce Photas by John Muray (Oclaber 2A08)

ln addition to the preceding problems, creation of the Reservoir in lhe first place resulted in significant economic and environmental losses for the region that have never been adequalely compensated for

OBSERVAT|oNS FRoM SlTE VrslTs By CoNSULTANTS

On October 22, 2008, key members ofthe consulling team travelled with officials of Golden Area lniliatives to several locations along the Kinbasket Reservoir in order to have a first-hand appreciation ofthe commercial and recreational potential. The following paragraphs and photographs (taken by John Murray, leader ofthe consulting team) provide a brief summary ofour findings on thal excursion.

Access Road to Bush Harbour

This is a gravel road that has been maintained by Louisiana Pacific Forestry Operations during the spring, sLrmmer and fall Chatter Creek Lodge has a road use permit to use and maintain it during the winler months (mainly snow- ploughing)- ll is essentially a fairly good gravel road throughout most of its length, although not that appealing to local residents or tourists who are not in kucks or 4-wheel drive vehicles. ln order to be appealing forwide-ranging tourism and recrealion access, the road would need to be significantly upgraded at a minimLrm wilh additionalgraveland grading throughout, plus widening in some areas. lt is likely that chip seal or pavemenl would be needed to make the Bush Harbour area a realtourism and recreational asset for the region

lntroductlon and Study Context 9,--""**--*- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Other observations regarding the access road include: a Virtually no signage and certainly no signage advising of any recreational opportunities or even the existence of Kinbasket Lake Reseruoir . Various rough spots, tight corners and narrow stretches that would nol meet provincial road 6tandards and offer only minimal safety and comfort t lnadequate numbers of pull-offs, turnaround spots, and scenic lookouts for use as a lourism asset.

Bush Harbour

We drove as far as Bush Harbour on the Forest Service Road and then walked fairly extensively around that area for about an hour 10 have a close look at ils existing state and .*Etnr---!-! r$ ,.

lntroduction and Study Context ta.-*"*-"*'*'- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

. "Rock Cut" viewpoinl. We travelled a little further along the road to the rock cut and the viewpoint lookrng east over Bush Arm up to the Columbia lcefields Subsequent to our visit we understand that this section of the road has been closed as a result of safely concerns Assuming it is repaired, this location would make an ideal l5r.--,.,,- touristoriented scenic viewpoint +-- over the reservoir, perhaps even a location for a small interpretive exhibiusign about the ReseNoir.

Esplanade Bay Recreation Area

We stopped at the recreation area which includes picnic lables and outhouse facilities, in a beautiful scenic location overlooking the Reservoir. There is also a small gravel boat launch near the picnic area. This makes an ideal recreation site and would be well-suited for further upgrading and enhancement, as has been proposed in the Regional Diskict's Parks Plan- When the water levels are high, this makes a stunningly scenic location for a picnic and day-use area

Esplanade Bay Cottage Society

We drove into the grounds ofthis cluster ofcottages located adjacenl lo Esplanade Bay on leased land These are generally fairly rustic and modest facilities, ideal as wilderness recreation getaways for residents of the region This appears to be an excellent use for areas ofthe shoreline that are already accessible by road The wilderness cabins, which have no electricily and sewage systems, appear 10 be much less intrusive on the natural environment than the high-end resort recreational residential developments located in areas such as the Okanagan

Kinbasket Lake Resort

We drove back to the main highway and then drove no(h on lhe highway to the access to Kinbasket Lake Resort, which is on the Columbia Reach Thrs resort offers wilderness camping and cabin facilities on the shore ofthe Reservoir The originalmain lodge building is lntroductlon and Study Context 9,-*"****-- Klnbasket ReservolrCommercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

currently being used as the owner's personal lakeside residence, allhough would have potential as a small B&B/lodge (has been used as such in the past).

With water levels high, the setting is very picturesque and scenic (need a water elevation of at least 2,325 ft-) The grounds are partially landscaped with lots of picnic tables, attractively situated shoreline cabins, a small gravel boat launch, and dock facilities. The owner is intending to undertake further upgrading to the shoreline and dock facihties The resort atkacts campers and anglers during the summer and early fall. The primary disadvantage of the location of the resort is its close proximity to the mainline railway track There are apparently numerous lrains each day and at night travelling along this section of rail, although none did while we were there.

Overall Conclusion Regarding Site Visits

ln conclusion, it was clearly apparent that the sites we visited and the aaeas we travelled through have considerable incremental tourism and recreational potential, provided significant investments are made in enhancing the road access and signage ln addition, investments would need to be made in upgrading day-use and 6ampjng facilities at appropriate sites such as Esplanade Bay and Bush Harbour This tourism/recreational potential is best realized during periods when the wate. level is high

STUoY OBJEcflvEs AND PRocESs

The overall purpose ofthe current consulting project is to identify the range of potential added value uses that could be sourced from or linked to the portion of the Kinbasket Reservoir within Area A. The principal project objectives include the following: 1. To undertake a literature review of relevant studies, reporls and planning documents that may be helpful for assessing the added value commercial and recreation potential associated with the Kinbasket Reservoir 2. To undertake a benchmark review of potentially similar water storage reservoirs with adapted usage protocols for commercial and recreational opportunities 3. To visit key sites along the Kinbasket Reservoir (via Golden access) to determine accessibility and infrastructure developmenl issues 4 To undertake appropriate consultations with stakeholders regarding the incremental commercial and recreation potential associated with the Reservoir. lntroduction and Study Context 9**"****"* Klnbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

5 To prepare a Study Final Report docLrment that encompasses all of the findings, conclusions and recommendalions with regard to added value commercial and recreation potential, as well as the associated conskaints and Iimitations

The following chapters ofthis document reporl on the findings, conclusions and recommendations of this study

lntroduction and Study Context 9*.-,"*-"'"--,- 2 - CoMpARrsoNs wtrH Orxen ReseRvorRs

We have been investigating the comparative context for other reservoirs within BC in order to better undersland the followingi a The variations in water levels from month to month in comparable reseruoirs, as well as BC Hydro's ability to accommodate local community and/or businesses' needs with regard 10 limiting water level fluctuations during certain time periods

i lnvestments made by BC Hydro rn tounsm and recreation related facilities and infrastructure such as campgrounds, day-use recreation ateas, visitor/interpretive centres, boat launches, beaches and trails t lnvestments made by BC Hydro and/or the Province in relation to providing road access along the shoreline of the reservoirs

The reseryoirs that we examined as comparative cases for this Study, based on available information, are' a Atrow Lakes Reservoir . Wlllislon Lake Reservoir a Seion I ake Reservoir a Stave Lake and Hayward Lake Reservoirs . Lake Revelstoke Reservok

On the following pages each ofthese reservoirs is reviewed in terms ofthe water levels and debris management investments in access and tourism- recrealion facilities, and the extent of impacts versus benefits As these reservoirs were developed al different points in time in various parts ofthe province,lhe information available on each from BC Hydro varies by reseryotr,

WLLtsroN LAXE RESERVoTR

This reservoir is the largest lake in British Columbia and ls located in Northern BC lt was created by the building of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River, west of Hudson's Hope lt covers a vast section ofthe Rocky Mounlain Trench, extending 200 kilomekes northwest fiom the Mackenzie area to the remote l\4uskwa-Kechika Wilderness Area, along the

Gomparisons with Other Reservoirs 9,-*""*,"**'" Klnbasket Reseruoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Parson and Finlay Reaches These join to meet the Peace Reach which extends 100 kilomekes east to the WAC Bennett Dam near Hudson's Hope

Water Level Fluctuations and Debris Management

The Williston Lake Reservoir water license is for a low of 2106 8 ft in elevation to a maximum of2205 ft. Typically this reservoir is operated betlveen elevations of 2150 ft and 2205 ft. with overall water level fluctuations of 40-55 ft , depending upon yearly inflows and system needs Approximately 5070 ofthe inflows are from the melting of snow pack and lhe remarnder from spring and summer rainfall

Flgure 2,'l: Williston Lake reservoir HistoricalWater Level Elevatlons

Debris management rs not as big an issue as it is for Kinbasket Reservoir, although there is an effort to manage debris resulting from the operation of the Williston Lake Reservoir, primarily as a result of shoreline erosion Some other sources, such as foreshy practices, also conlribule to the accumulation ofdebris Therefore, localized debris management is undertaken in connection with rmplementing the various management plans for the Reservoir Debris management ilself is not included as a separate

Comparisons with Other Res6rvoirs 10 9**".-""*,.-.* Kinbasket ReservolrCommercial and Recreation Oppoitunities Study

management plan, but is a requiremenl within various implementation projects The overall effectiveness ofdebris management is monitored

lnvestments in Access and Tourism-Recroation Facilities

There is some road access along the shores of the Reservoir, including paved and gravel road access on the east side ofthe main reservoir extending well north of I\,'lackenzie to the Parsnip Reach and Finlay Forks, via the Parsnip West Foresl Service Road on the east side of the reservoir Road access from Mackenzie Access to the west side ofthe Parsnip Reach is via the Finlay Forest Service Road

Road access to the Peace Reach is via Hudson's Hope and the WAC Bennell Dam and then a gravel road along a section ofthe north shore of Peace Reach (west of Hudson's Hope), extending as far as To[wood Lodge. This is a privately-owned high-end wilderness adventure iodge, featuring a wide range of outdoor activities including fishing, hunting, hiking, and boating in the summer, as wellas getaways and heli-skiing in the winter Adjacent to the Lodge, a wilderness recaeation real estate development has been initiated, with more than 80 lots for sale in the flrst t\,vo phases of development (the majority were sold prior to the current economic downturn), and a planned third phase with an additional 200 lots.

There are two significant BC Hydro tourism-recreation developmentsl a Alexander Mackenzie's Landing. This is a multi-use recreational area situated on the shore of the Williston Lake Reservoir near the town of Mackenzie lt provides opportunities for a number of recreational activities including camping, picnicking, hiking, motor boating, fishing, canoeing and swimming Facilities located at the site include the following: . '19-unit campground . Day-use picnic area (10 picnic tables) . Pedestrian trails . Sandy beach ' Boat launch . Firewood corral . Event seating area . Four pit toilets . Grassed open space . Display signs and shelters

Comparisons with Other Reservoirs 11 9**."-***"- Kinbasket Reservoir Gommercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

. WAC Bennett Dam Visitors Centre. This centre overlooks the Willislon Lake Reservoir near the Dam and offers interpretive exhibits, an audio- visualtheatre, and a small caf6 lt is open from mid-May to early September from 10am to 6pm daily. There are also indoorwashroom facilities and plenty of parking. While the Centre is a local tourism and recreational asset, it clearly has an important role in corporate public relations and community relations for BC Hydro

SEToN LAKE RESERVoTR

This Reservoir is located on Highway 99 north of Pemberton and approximately 5 km southwest of Lillooet The Selon Dam is the final dam of the Bridge River Hydroeleclric development and came into service in 1956

Water Level Fluctuations and Debris Management

Water level fluctuations in the Seton Lake Reservoir are not a significant issue as the levels have a very narrow operating range between the elevations of235 96 and 236.33 metres, a fluctuation of only about 1 foot Debris management also does not appear to be an issue

lnvestments in Access and Tourism-Recreation Facilities

The Duffy Lake Road, which is now part of provincial Highway 99, provides excellent access along the shoreline The Lake, with its very stable water levels turquoise green colour and spectacular mountain backdrop, is ideal for tourism-recreation. There are a number of recreational amenities lhal have been developed to cater to local recreation users and tourists including: a Seton Beach. This is a day-use area that offers a fine sandy beach and shoreline access for picnicking, boating, canoeing, hiking, swimming and fishing lt is a very attractive recreation area, which also has washrooms and change rooms available

a Seton viewpoint. This is a spectacular viewpoint overlooking the lake with its turquoise waters and snow-capped mountains in the background. It is in the area of a local First Nation archaeological srte and there is a small self-gLrided interpretive trail provrding information about the history ofthe Lillooet area and some of its modern day features

. Seton Dem Fish Ladder. This is to facilitate chinook coho and steelhead salmon which are found in the Seton River. The fish need to pass the Seton Generaling Station to their spawning grounds. ln addition to a role in fisheries enhancement, the fish ladder is a point of interest for visitors

Comparisons with Other Reservoirs 12 9**"***-** Kinbasket ReservolrCommercial and Recrealion Opportunities Study

a Seton Dam Campground. This campground offers 45 campsites, hiking trails, firewood, drinking water and a pay phone. Each site has picnic tables and a fire ring and everything is maintained in a fairly naturalrustic state

. Naxwit Picnic Area. This is located 3 km west of Lillooet, fairly close to the Seton Dam campsite lt is a day-use area with '14 picnic tables, washrooms, drinking water and interpretive signs relating some ofthe history and ecology of the area. Plenty of parking is available for cars, RVs and even tour buses

These facilities are either directly on Highway 99, or have excellent access to it via paved or gravel access roads. They have been developed and upgraded over a long time period and in total represent millions of dollars in capital investment According to BC llydro, during 2006, 2007 and 2008 alone, the annual expenditures for two of these components were in the following range:

. Seton Dam Campground: $60,000-$77,000 . Seton Beach: $32,000-$35,000

STAVE LaKE AND HAywooD LAKE REsERvotRs

These two reservoirs are part ofthe Stave River system and are localed in the north central Fraser Valley between ltlaple Ridge and Nlission, approximately 60 km east ofVancouver.

Water Level Fluctuations and Debris Management

Local recreational stakeholders at Stave Lake Reservoir define the recreatronal season as extending from Victoria Day to Labour Day From May 15 to September 7, the preferred elevation of Stave Lake Reservoir for recreational activities is between 80 0 and 81.5 m. During this period, the level of Stave Lake Reservoir is targeted at 76 metres or higher, and is targeled at between 80 0 and 81 5 metres for a minimum of 53 days Therefore, the overallwater levelfluctuation during the prime tourism- recreation season is in the range of 5.5 metres or less, so toutism-recreation activities are relatively unaffected.

At Hayward Lake Reservoir during the spring (February 15 to N/lay 15) and the fall(October l5 to November 30), the normal minimum operating levelis 39.5 metres. At other times, the normal minimum operatrng level at Hayward Lake Reservoir is 4'l 08 metres. Therefore, water level fluctuations are very s,ight, typically less than 2 metres. The reservoir may occasionally be drawn

Comparisons with Other Reservoirs 13 9**.*".*-*- Kinbasket Reservoir Commerclal and Recreation Opportunlties Study

down to 33 metres for maintenance of facilities, archaeological access, or other unusual crrcumstances,

Debris management does not appear to be a major issue The ongoing management issues are primarily concerned with fisheries productivity and water quality (turbidity is an issue for local residents drawing drinking water from the Reservoir).

lnvestments in Access and Tourism-Recreation Facilities

Some significant recrealion sites and facilities have been developed at these reservoirs, as described in the following paragraphsi a Stave Lake Reservoir Recreation Area. Boating, picnicking, fishing, camping and hiking are the principal aclivities offered at this reservoir. Specific facilities include the following: . Boat launch with concrete ramp to low water and floating docks . Beach and picnic area . Six-unit campground and lodge facility (Stave Lake Reservoir Lodge and Campsite). . Stave Lake Reservoir Lodge and Campsite. This consists of a heated lodge building with hot and cold running water, two dormitory-style sleeping areas and a small supervisor's bedroom. This building can accommodate up to 50 persons overnight and has two separate bathrooms with flush toilets, sinks and showers, as well as a dlning room, common area and kitchen facilities. lt is available for use by reqistered non-profit youth groups.

Adjacent to the Lodge is a campsite with six satellite gravel tent pads and a large cooking shelter. There are two pit toiiets located nearby and the capacity oflhe camping area is 40 persons. a Slave River - Ruskin Picnic Site. This recreation area includes a beach and picnic area, hiking trait access, information displays, and a fish spawning channel complete with viewing bridge It is ideal for swimming, boating, fishing and hiking a Haywood Leke Reservoir Recrealion Area. Activities available here include boating, swimming, fishing, picnics, hiking and mountain bikrng This recreatlon area includes a number of amenities as follows: . Open grass play areas . Gazebo picnic she,ter . Car-top boat access ramp to high water

Comparlsons wlth Other Reservoirs 14 ta*"-""-**"*- Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunltles Study

. go-metre long developed beach . Washroom facility complete with change rooms and beach shower . Hiking and mountain biking trails . lnformation displays ' Drinking water Stave Falls Visitors Centre. This is located at the powerhouse at Stave Falls and includes interactive games and historic displays lhat explain the story of hydro power in British ColLrmbia. lt is possible 10 lake self-guided tours through the faciljty and staff are available to answer questions There is a so-seat theatre, Powerhouse Gift Shop, full wheelchair accessibility and close proximity to BC Hydro's recreation sites

Trails around Haywood Lake Reservoir. There is the 1 0km Reservoir Trarlthal connects with the 6 km Railway Trail, providing a 16 km walk around the Haywood Lake Reservoir The Railway Trail on the west side ofthe reservoir accommodates both hiking and mountain biking (non- motorized), while the Reservoir Trail on the east side is restricted to hiking

ARRow LAxEs REsERvorR

This 230 km long reservoir was formed when the original Arrow Lakes and Columbia River were restrained behind the Hugh Keenleyside Dam This Dam is located 80 km west of Castlegar.

Water Level Fluctuations and Debris Management

The Arrow Lakes appear to be much beller suited for water-based and shoreline recreational uses lhan the Kinbasket Reservoir, primsrily because annualwaler level fluctuations are generally no more than 20 mekes (max. elevation of440 7 metres or 1446 ft.; min. elevation of420 metres or f377.9 ft ), significantly less than lha[ which occurs at the Kinbasket Reservoir. As a Iesult, the lakes are ideal for all kinds of boating and water sports activities

While there is some debris in the lakes, it is nol nearly the significant hazard that it is in the Kinbasket Reseryoir BC Hydro does nol allow debris 10 pass through its dams, although there is always some potential for floating debris, submerged debris and shoals, depending on the water levels in the Afiow Lakes. A Woody Debris IVlanagement Plan has been recommended for the Arrow Lakes Reservoir to enhance lhe quality of recreation on the reservoir and improve navigalional safety This plan covers new debrrs that enters the system from tributaries or is laken offthe reservoir banks during hrgh water

Comparisons with Other Reservolrs 15 9,**.*"-*-*- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

lnvestments in Access and Tourism.Recreation Facilities

The Hugh Keenleyside Dam Navigational Lock was developed by BC Hydro to allow passage of all properly equipped water craft, both recreational and commercial

\ly'hile there are no recreational areas specifically operated by BC Hydro, there are a significant number managed by BC Parks, the Ministry of Forests and local municipal governments. These include: Syringa Creek Provincial Park, Blanket Creek Provincial Park, McDonald Creek Provincial Park, Sheller Bay Provincial Park, Edgewood Park, Fauquier Park, Burton Historical Park, Taite Creek Recreation Site, Octopus Creek Recreation Site, Sunshine Bay Recreation Site, Bowman Point Recreation Site, Begbie Falls Recreation Site, Akolkolex Falls Recreatrcn Site, Eagle Bay Recreation Site, and Nakusp Recreation Area Blanket Creek Provincial Park was developed originally by BC Hydro and is now a Class A Provincial Park with 63 vehicle accessible campsites, an extensive day use area with 32 picnic tables and parking for 120 cars, along with washrooms and other facilities/amenities.

Boat launches are available at several locations including some provincial parks and commercial marinas. Many millions of dollars have been invested over the years in recreational infraskucture by BC Hydro and the province

LAKE REvELSToKE REsERvorR

Revelstoke Dam resulted in the creation of Revelstoke Reservoir, which is 130 km long and is licensed to store 1 5 mil[on acre-feet ofwater lt extends northwest from the City of Revelstoke to the Mica Creek Dam that holds back the Kinbaskel Reservorr.

Water Level Fluctuations and Debris Management

The reservoir is normally kept within '1 5 metres ofthe maximum elevation throughout the year to maximize power generation and mainlain a small buffer for operationalflexibility This levelis maintained by regulating output at the l\lica Dam and Revelstoke Dam so that the two facilities are operated in balance The Revelstoke Reservoir is rarely below 571 5metresor1,875 ft in elevation The water License allows for a maximum elevation of 573 metres or 1,880 ft and a minimum elevation of 554 5 metres or'18'19 ft. Therefore, fluctuations in water levels are not an issue compared with the Kinbaskel Reservoir

Debris management is not identified as a major issue the way it is for the Kinbasket reservoir and to a lesser extent for the Arrow Lakes Reseruoir.

Comparisons with Oth6r Reservoirs 16 9**"*""--** Kinbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recreation OpportunitiesStudy

lnvestments in Access and Tourism-Recreation Facilities

This Reservoir, which is below the lMica Dam, is substantially better than Kinbasket Reservoir, from a recreational opporlunitie6 point of view, for the fotlowing reasons: t Significantly less water level fluctuations and less debris a Paved road access along lhe entire eastern side of the Reservoir a Some excellent recreation areas, such as Martha Creek Provincial Park, which was developed originally by BC Hydro It is righl on the shore of the Reservoirwith 25 paved campsites, concrete boal launch with wharf, swimming beach, playground, picnic area and other amenities; plus '10 other boat launches along east side of Reservok . Revelstoke Dam Visitor Centre with interactive displays and showcase exhibits, open daily from the end of l\Iay to mid-October.

OvERALL CoMpARtsoNs wrH KtNBASKET REsERvotR

Overall points of comparison between Kinbasket and the other Reservoirs is shown below in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Comparlson of Klnbasket wlth Other BC Reservoirs

4055fl 1-2li 620fr 35ff

Landing (19

Comparisons with Other Reseruolrs 17 9**"***-*- Kinbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recreation Opportunltles Study

Saurce: Study lean analysis

As indicated, the key points of comparison to the Kinbasket Reservoir are as follows

. Annualwater level fluctuations in all cases are substantially less than for the Kinbasket Reservoir and in some cases less than 1 metre, making these other reservoirs much better suited to year-round recreational use.

. Debris management is nowhere near as severe an issue as it is for the Kinbasket Reservoir

a Virtually all ofthe other reservoirs have better road access along major portions of the shoreline, in some cases via provincially marntained paved highways a All ofthe other reservoirs have a much more significant and effective public investment in tourism-recreation facilities including interprelive centres, campgrounds, boat launches, kails, swimming beaches, etc. . Water-based and shoreline recreational activities and opportunities are much more prolific for most ofthese other reservoirs

. Some of the other reservoirs have successful recreational real estate developments along portions ofthe shoreline

Comparisons with Other Reservoirs 18 3 - PoTENTIAL CoMMERGIAL AND REGREATIoN Opponrurtrtes

There are many exisling and potenlial commercial and recreation opportunities associated with the Kinbasket Reservoir and immediately surrounding region ln the course ofthe research, analysis and consultation of this Study, we have identified afull range of possibilities. lnthischapterof the report we have indicated the signrflcant conshaints and limitations associated with commercial and recreational opportunities and then discussed rn more detarl the priority opportunilies that should be pursued during the coming years.

MANy PoTENTtAL OuroooR TouRtsM-REcREATToN OppoRTUNrTlEs

The majority ofthe opportun[ies considered are outdoor tourism and recreation activities and infraskucture facilities that would supporl these activities We have subdivided these into three main categories as follows: a Water-based outdoor recreation opportunities a Shoreline and adjacent backcountry opportunities a Built infrastructure and fucilities

ln Figure 3.1 we have presented a list ofthe range of realistic possible opportunities in each ofthe three categones

Flgure 3.1: KlnbasketReservolrandArea Recreatlonal Opportunltles

Potential Viability / Category Possible Opportunity lJtilization Water-Based Activities Boaling moiorized and sail ' High rf rnfrastruclure provided Kayak ns/ca noeins n selected ' High ifsignlflcanl debis clean up

sporl Ishing (s!mme0 , High if Reseryoir wellslocked wlth apprcp ale species . Low or ni because of unsupported rce in Reservoir Poss ble summer lour boat ' l4oderale to high iilhe righl operalions (day lours) entrepreneur takes lh s on Shoreline / Back'country Hiking backpack ng and nature ' H gh if lrailheads and imils enhanced newtrarls developed Hertage lourism nierpretation ' Hlgh, f histoiclrails and siles can be acessed and interpreied

Potentlal Commeaclal and Recreation Opportunities 19 ra**"***-,-- Kinbasket ReservolrCommercial and Recieation Opportunities Study

Potential Viability Category Possible Opportunity / Utilization Shoreline / Back-country ' High using exsting lrails and Forcst SeN ce Roads IVIo!niain biking . High llselected non-motorized tra s designated for ihis ATVS / [4olorized lrailbikes ' High iiselecled Forest Seruice Roads designated for this Back Country Skiing and . l4oderale lo high ln carefully Snowmobiling Access roads lo Bush Harbour. High iffunding can be sourced Esplanade Bay and other areas lpgrad ng and ongorns

Boat launch a.d docking H gh fundrng can be sourced facrl es at Bush Harbour developmenl and maintenance Public campground fac lities at High iftunding can be sourced Bush Harbour deve opmenl and operations Upgraded recreation site and High ffunding can be soured boal aunch at Esplanade Bay deve opment and mainienance Otherenhanced p!bllc High ffund ng can be sourced recreation sites, campgrcunds developmentand operalions

Hikng and interpreilve tra s High iff!nd n9 can be sourced development and marnlenance Possible rooied accomrnodation lloderale lo hrgh ior a iew more facilities where permitled small back-co!nlry lodges Possib e large-scale walerfronl Lowornl because of unsu[abe localions shoreine, lack oi

Possible smal'scale rural I\4oderate to high for @lrages/ recrealional rea estate cabins ai a few selecled ocalions, where pennitted under GBRAP Likey nil because of unsuilable recreationa real eslale ioml ons, shoreline, ack of deve opments (like okanagan) access, and lack of market in this

Posslble wEir developmenl High ifdevelopment and operatronal iunding can be accessed, slakeho der support obiained and environmental

Saurce: Sludy tean analysis

Those opportunities above thal are shown as having "moderate to high" or "high" potentialviability and/or utilization have been included as priority opportunities in the subsequent analysis ofthis chapter.

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 20 9-*"**--""* Kinbasket ReservoirCommerclal and Recreation Opportunities Study

INADEQUATE PuBLtc AccESs ANo CoNDrroNs oF REsERVotR lMposE StGNTFTcANT CoNsrRAtNTs

lfthere were stable water levels, good boat launches and no debris, there would be a significant economic benefit to the Golden area of this Reservoir - local businesses would seli all kinds of products to recreational lake users (everything from jet skis, lo supplies, outdoor gear and food). The potential success ofany ofthe tourism-recreation opportunities (shown in Figure 4 f) is affected by a series of consiraints and limitations associated with the Kinbasket ReseNoir These are as follows: . Road access to shoreline areas is inadequale for recreational use - the currenl roads are really only suitable for kucks and 4-wheel drive vehicles.

. There is insufficient year-round maintenance ofthe existing roads

a Significant fluctuations in water levels mean that major portions of the Reservoir are essentially empty for at least three months ofthe year, primarily during the spring and early summer . There is exlensive debris lhroughout much of the Resetuoir - in the water and along the shores - which is hazardous for boating and detracts from the appeal ofwater or shoreline oriented recreational activities a Occasional high winds on the Reservoir reduce the potential for recreational boating and sport fishing activity. a The lack of suitable infrastructure to facilitate wateFbased recreational activities (e.9.- boat launches, docks) discourages many potential users and makes it difficult for current users

a While various initiatives have been undertaken to stock the Reservotr with various species of fish, the results so far have not enabled sustainable sport fishing.

a There is only limited development of recreational trails, which is compounded by the access problem

PRtoRtry WATER-BASED OuToooR REcREAT|oN OppoRTUNtTlES

Based on the research, analysis and consultation of this Study there appear to be foLrr priority water-based outdoor recreation opportunities that, with the appropriate inveslment in supporting infrastructure, have good potentialfor success on the Kinbaskel Reservoir These include boating, sport fishing (which also encompasses boating), canoeing/kayaking in selected areas (e g lhe more sheltered bays), and possible summer tour boat operations.

Potential Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunities 21 9**"****-- Klnbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Each ofthese opportunities is discussed in the following paragraphs. Most include a description ofthe opportunity, the issues, constraints and limitations associated wrth it, and then the requirements for implementing ihe opportunity

Boating - Motorized and Sail

ln spite of relatively unfavourable conditions at times, a significanl amount of boating does take place on the Kinbasket Reservoir. The principal market segments for boating activity on the Reservoir include:

a Local and regional residents who are boating enlhusiasts and/or anglers

t Visitors and tourisb with a desire to boat and/or Iish in a scenic mountein setting, although those from long distances would not likely bring their boats and would have to rent.

a HouseboateB. This is an entirely different market niche but one that has been successful on larger lakes in other parts ofthe province such as on the Shuswap lt may be possible to map out safe travel routes along the Reservoir, when water levels are sufficienl, and various bays and anchorages that could be used for day and overnight stops The wind is always a concern, however, so this oppo(unity would need to be considered carefully. For such an operation to be viable docking facil ies would need to be available, ideally where there is still water at low water levels.

,ssueq Corstraiats and Limitations

lssues, constraints and limitations associated with boatinq on the Reservoir include the following:

. Approximately half the time it is not possible to get a boat in the lake because of low water levels, combined with poor access and launch ramps.

a To fish the lake in the spring it is necessary to drive to the l\rica Dam to launch a boat - this is not possible from the Golden side i The debris makes the lake kuly dangerous, so continuing to clean-up the debris on an ongoing basis will make a real difference. The debris problem is at its worst during full pondage.

t Some ofthe debris flows in flom the rivers and in some cases lrees fall in because of the generally unstable shoreline ofthe reservoir, so debris clean-up is an ongoing requirement.

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 22 9,**.**,*.,"-- Kinbasket Reseruoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

. Stumpage around the private campsites should be addressed so that the seasonal residents can clear a path to enable their boats to get in and out at low water. . High winds on the wide open portrons of the Reservoh are a major problem, particularly when they come from the north. Summer thunderslorms can cause large waves and make boating exttemely unsafe, . When the water levels are higher during the summer and winds are from the south, the wind problem is not as much of a concern t There is a concern among local stakeholders that more than three decades after flooding the Reservoir there are still no proper boat ramps and boat mooring facililies . lt is most difficult to get a boat in and oul during lhe early spring because of all the mud, so generally it is the end of June before boaters can get a boat in from the Golden side of the Reservoir.

I m ple menlalio n Req u i rem en ts

Boating activities can only be successful if appropriate infrastructure is provided This includes boal launches at key locations as well as docking facilitres Careful mapping of the reseruoir would need to be done to provide navigational guides and identify sheltered bays that are prolected from challenging wind and weather conditions and can be "harbours of refuge" These should be available every 10-,l5 km along the shores ofthe reservoir, ideally, to provide for safe boating. Later in this chapter the infrastructure requirements are addressed, along with other priority opportunities

Sport Fishing

Fishing was a popular outdoor recreational activity in this section of the Columbia Valley prior to the flooding of the Kinbasket Reservoir. Frshing does occur on the reservoir during the spring, summer and fall, particularly when the water levels are high and boating condrtions are better Specres that have been available include bull troul, ling cod, rainbow trout, kokanee and whitefish At high water il is possible to launch boats at BLrsh Harbour and Esplanade Bay

Sport fishing is a popular activity in the Kootenay region and a comprehensive freshwater sport fishing survey done in 2000 indicated 648,000 angler days in the Kootenay region of BC The vast majodty of the fish caught were rainbow lroul, cutthroal kout, and Kokanee. Adequate stocking ofthese species in Kinbasket Reservoir would, based on the data,

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 23 9**"*-"*-*- Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

attracl a recreational sport fishery to the area, particularly if boating access was made easier and boating conditions made safer with significant debris removal

,ssues, Corsarairras and Lifi itations

The issues, constraints and limitations associated with frshing on the Reservoir includel

a Water levelfluctuations are clearly a serious problem for boat access, compounded by poor existing boat launches and no adequate low water access,

i Fishing is generally considered to be better in the northern part ofthe reservoir than in the southern end, and the north end seems to be better in the spring and summer, while the south is better in the fall-

. The fishing is not as good as it used to be because of the draw-down in lhe water levels The rainbow trout are close to extinct because they are shore-spawning fish and all of the draw-downs ofthe water level by the dam have decimated the populations a There is clearly more work needed to restore suilable fish populations

I m pl em o ntatio n Requi remen ts

In order for a recreational fishery to thrive on the Kinbasket Reservoir the initial issue that needs to be addressed is stocking the reservoir with adequate fish This will involve a number of steps including the following:

1. Further studies ofthe mosl appropriate fish species to introdLrce and analysis of any issues related to fish habitat and the fluctuating waler levels rn the reservoir (This is a key activity specified in the Columbia River Prcject Water Use Plan.) 2. Once studies have been completed, an adequate stocking program needs to be iniliated and sustained on an ongoing basis in order to facilitate good recreational fisheries and shoreline vegetation. 3 Boating access to the reservoir needs to be improved through improved boat launches and some docking facilities and suitable harbours of refuge and anchorages, which will require a significant investment on the parl of various partners.

4. Road access to the key boat launching points needs to be enhanced, which is clearly an issue for all recreational uses ofthe reservoir.

There have been many studies of the fishery for Kinbasket Reservoir and various stocking programs over the years. Clearly in view of the lack of Potential Commercial and **""'."'.*.,"-- Recreatlon Opportunities 24 I Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

sustainability of the preceding initialives, further work needs 10 be done and this needs to be brought foMard as a priority undet lhe Water Use Plan. There may be a need to tap into additional fLrnding for a more ambitious stocking program to help create a suilable recrealional fishery on the Kinbasket Reservoir

Kayaking/Canoeing in Selected Areas

Canoeing and kayaking are popular recreation activities throughout BC and across Canada because ofthe proliferation of lakes, rivers and coastline across the country An analysis undertaken for the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) in 2003 indicated that, among Canadians and Americans who have travelled in Canada dunng the previous 2 years, there were approximalely 7 million canoeists and kayakers among the adult populalion (18 and over) - 2 6 million in Canada and 4 4 million in the U S. The demographic profile (shown in Figure 3 2) indicates tha[ canoeists and kayakers tend to be young or middle aged, fairly well educated and with above average household incomes

Figure 3.2: Demographlc Profiles of Ca noeists/Kayake rs, 2000

Characteristics Canadians Americans

54% 55y. 46% 45% Age (18+) 10 - 34 years 46% 29% 35 - 54 yeals 46% 4A% a% 1A%

UnNersty graduate 29% 42%

Under $60,000 59r/a 43% $60,000, $99,999 33% s100,000 + '14% $59,000 Cdn $71,600 US Household Composition 61% 61% Any leens/children 3A% 30%

source Canaclian lourism Conmisston

Portions of the Kinbasket Reservoir are ideal for kayaking and canoeing particularly the more sheltered bays and inlets Once again access is an

Potentlal Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 25 9-*"**'**'- Klnbasket Reservolr Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities Study

issue as road access is generally required to access potential launching locatrons along the shoreline

The primary target markets for this activity would be:

. Local and regional canoeists and kayakers who bring and launch their own canoes and kayaks . The visitor and tourist market who also bring their own canoes or kayaks . The longer dislance tourists who do not bring their own canoes and kayaks and would have an interest in possible renlals and guided exculstons

lssues, Constrainb and Limihtions

The issues, 60nstraints and limitations associated with the development of kayaking and canoeing aclivity in the Kinbaskel Reservoir are very similar to those noled earlier for boating and relate to the difficulty of road access along the shoreline ofthe reservoir, and the actual conditions out on the reservoir. particularly with regard to debris and potential high winds. From a kayakrng pornt ofview it would be necessary to use a sea kayak as they are much more seaworthy under windy conditions and in rougher waters. The debris is less of a hazard for canoeists and kayakers than it is for power boaters, but it is nevertheless a problem as extensive debris along the shoreline makes for an unappealing paddle.

I m pl ementation Requirem ents

The primary requirements are better road access to areas such as Bush Harbour and Esplanade Bay where il would be easy to launch canoes and kayaks, as well as provision of other day use facilities in these locations. These requirements are addressed in the Built lnfrastructure and Facilities section of this chapter

Possible Tour Boat Operations

Scenic boat tours are a popular activity among sightseers in the Canadian Rockies There are severaloperations on scenic mountain lakes such as l\,,laligne Lake near Jasper and Lake Minnewanka near Banff. Lake Minnewanka was substantially enlarged on 2 occasions when Hydro dams were built at the west end of the lake The boat tours have been successful for many years and they offer a 1.5 hour inlerpretive tour ofthe lake and surrounding area, providing information about the landscape, flora and fauna ofthe surrounding mountains The season runs from May to October and the charge for the boat tour is $44 for adults and $19 for children.

Potential Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunities 26 9,-*"*",.,",--,'- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Kinbasket Reservoir is a huge body ofwater and would provide lots of interesting scenery for a similar boat tour during the summer Operations would need to be tailored to the water level and it is conceivable that, in addition to scheduled and charter boat cruises, it may be possible to operate a passenger shuttle service or ferry service across the Reseruoir during the peak summer season (e g - cruise from Bush Harbour to Valemount).

This type of initiative would require an experienced operator and upfront capital investment in a suitable day-tour cruise boat- The boat would need to meet Coast Guard safety requiremenls for tour boats. lt would be important that there are suitable docking facilities for the vessel in a location that would enable it to operate for much ofthe late May through early October period, which is the prime season for this type of activity

,ssu€s, Corrs&aints end Limitations

The major constraints and limitations for this type ofoperation are similar to those noled eadier for boating and relate to debris on the reservoir and the need for docking facilities. A reasonable size tour boat capable ofcarrying 2040 passengers would generally be sea-worthy enough for the Krnbasket Reservoir under normalsummer conditions, bulthe lype ofvesselwould need to be selected carefully and well-equipped with radios, sonar, radar, GPS and other modern navigational equipment. lfiplem.ntation

Tree trunk removal in shallow areas may be necessary to facilitate navigation of a tour boal and other recreational watercrafi

PRtoRtw SHoRELTNE AND ADJACENT BAcKcouNTRY OppoRTUNrnEs

The backdrop of spectacular mountains around the Kinbasket Reservoir make it allractive for land-based outdoor recreation aclivities along the shoreline and rn the adlacent backcountry- During the summer months it is idealfor shoreline and backcountry hiking, backpacking and various types of nature interpretation and heritage interpretation excursions During the winter backcountry skiing and snowmobiling have a strong appeal in this region

Shoreline and Back-Country Hiking, Backpacking and Nature lnterpretation

Hiking and backpacking is a significant outdoor tourism-recreation market niche An analysis of this market prepared for the Canadian Tourlsm Commission (CTC) in 2003 indicated a total of 11 2 million North Amerlcans

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunitles 2T 9**"***-** Klnbasket Reservolr Commerclal and Recreatlon Opportunities Study

as of2000, who had taken an overnight leisure trip in Canada during the previous two years, are hikers and backpackers Ofthese 11 2 million adult hikers and backpackers, 4 5 million were Canadian residents and 6 7 million were US residents Hrking in general is an extremely popular and growing recrealion activity Therefore, there is considerable market potential throughout the region for additional hiking / backpacking opportunities. The principal market segments for ihe Kinbasket Reservoir include the following: a Local and regronal hikers and backpackers a Local and regronal nature enthusiasts who have an interest in hiking along lhe shoreline or in the backcountry to observe the natural environment - everything from trees and plant life to birds and wildlife . Visitors and lourists to the region who are hikers and backpackers who willexplore and hike on their own . Visitors and tourists who are interested in guided interpretive hikes that could be offered by new or already established outdoor adventure and ecotourism operators in the region

ln Figure 3 3 we have shown the demographic profiles for this hikers/ backpackers market, which indicates that the majority are in young and mrddle aged groups, are fairly well-educated, with above average incomes

Flgure 3,3: Demographic Profiles ot Hikers/Backpackers, 2000

Characteristics Canadians

4A% 52% 42yn Age (18+) 18 - 34 years 43ya 31% 35 - 54 years 44% 45%

39 years Education Universitv qraduale 27% 40%

Under $60,000 6Ar/a 51% $60 000 - $99,999 24% 30% $100 000 + 1A% '19% $54,400 Cdn $65,400 US Ho'rsehold Composition 65% 66% Any teens/childrEn 35% 2B% Saurce Cana.lan Tauisn Cannissian

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 28 9**"**.--*- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunltles Study

,ssues, Corskarrras and Limitatiorrs

The principal issues, conskaints and limitations associated with these largely trails dependent activities includel

a There are no officialtrails to the high mountain areas, although one group did put a lot of effort into the trail to Fairy Meadows Hut about six years ago - more recently the road into that area has been closed so no further work has been done on that trail, although some adventurous hikers/climbers use iI from time to time.

. ln generallhe lrails development potentral is primarily for backcountry mountain hikes over lairly rugged te ain a Additional commercial recreation activity would require a better access road and more parking at Bush Harbour, assuming this is the main access point for possible commercial recreation activities

lmple mentatio n Requ i re me nts

There are already a number of existing lrails adjacent to the Kinbasket Reservoir, although for the most part these are hidden from view except to lhose who know the kails. There is a need for trailhead signage and some trails upgrading in order to have a broader appeal. Like any recreation activity there is a need to make enough of an investment in order to enable a good hiking experience The key implementation steps here would be:

1 . Work with the Parks and Recreation Department of the CSRD to identity existing trails that could be better marked and upgraded, parlicularly those that are accessible from the Bush Harbour and Esplanade Bay area, as well as other existing recreation sites near the Kinbasket Reservoir

2 [,4arshall funding resources to engage in the trails upgrading project, soliciting contributions from various partners including the CSRD, BC Hydro, the province and possibly corporate sponsors such as local forestry companies

It will be important that any kails development and upgrading projects are compatible with the Regional District's Parks P/a n fot Area A, as well as lhe GBRAC

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 29 9**"*-.-"*'- Kinbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recrcation Opportunltles Study

Heritage Tourism lnterpretation and Expeditions

The Kinbaskel Reservoir and surrounding area have a rich pioneering history, going back to the first European explorers and settlers in the area IVIost notable is David Thompson who explored the area in 1811 ltispossibleto follow his historic route through the region Oneofthe mostfamous locations is Boat Encampment, which was located on the "Big Bend" ofthe Columbia River and was the rendezvous for the famous "Fur Brigades" These fur traders worked for the Hudson's Bay Company, the North West Company and the Pacific Fur Company I\lany other famous historicalfigures rncluding Sir Alexander l\rackenzie, Simon Fraser, Captain John Palliser, Sir James Heclor, Walter Moberly and Sir Sanford Fleming also kaversed the regron rn search of suitable passes for roads and railways.

Sections of the original historic routes can still be located in the mounlains and valleys adjacent to the Kinbasket Reservoir lt may be possible to develop historic treks or expeditions along these routes with interpretive guides who would bring alive the history of the area Some of these could be day hikes from developed day use areas, such as that proposed for BLrsh Harbour, while the more adventurous could do multr day expeditions into the ba6k country.

The more recent history of Hamber Provincial Park and the building ofthe "Big Bend Highway" through the area could also be interpreted This was a key section of the Trans Canada Highway when it was first completed in '1940 and opened by the Honourable T.D Pattullo, the Premier of Brilish Columbia, who declared the following:1

Today, by the tenclezvous frcm the ea est clays the Fut Bigades (note David Thompson, Boat Encampment - 1811), we set the seal upon another splendid accofiplishment- ln the seNice of our people we have bridged broad rivers and flowing lrdes Now, with the opening of this grandly scenic section of Transcanada Highway, we remove anothet stubbom barierto uninlerrupted travel and make another notable contribution to the cause of progrcss a human intercourse

,ssues, Constrarrrs and Limitations

Currently there is liltle in the way of signed and well-maintained trails that follow these historic routes Even access lo lhe trailheads is difficult because of the generally poor road access in the reglon There is also a lack of any

1 Golcien Memories 2OOo, p 52

Potential Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunities 30 9**"****-- Klnbasket ReservolrCommerclal and Recreation Opportunitles Study

directional or interpretive signage that would identify such routes or the historrc significance of the area.

Forthe most part there are no comfortable tourist accommodations rn the immediate area, which would limit the market to the more adventurous travellers willing to travel "offthe beaten path".

I m plementation Requirem enta

For this opportunily to be pursued effectively investments would need to be made in some infrastructure includingl a Trailhead signage a Developed hiking trails following the historic routes . Signage at trailheads and along the roules at key intervals i Viewpoints with interpretive signage at historic and scenic locations.

Beyond this basic infraslructure, other requirements include: a Development of suitable maps and brochures ofthese historic routes for use by those on self-guided hikes and expeditions . Encouragement of local outdoor adventure and ecotourism operators to incorporate these hentage tourism packages into lheir offerings . Promotion ofthese heritage tourism oppo(unities by local and regional tounsm organizations such as Tourism Golden

Back-Country Skiing and Snowmobiling

These are the winter recreation activities with the best potential and include skitouring, calskiing, heli-skiing and snowmobiling Any possible encouragement of these aclivities would need to be done in a way that conforms to GBRAC and minimizes conflict between motorized and non- motorized activities.

Currently, Chatter Creek Lodge offers winter adventure packages featuring ski touring, cat skiing, heli-skiing and snowmobiling. These activities are best expenenced in the backcountry by using guided operators such as Chatter Creek Lodge. The snowmobiling experience that Chatter Creek Lodge offers is considered to be extremely high quality. Mica Heli-skiing is another backcountry lodge in the region focused on high-end heli-skiing vacations Another operator is lcefall Lodge, which is a comfortable backcountry lodge located 60 km north of Golden lt is situated easl of Bush Arm, up past the Valenciennes River valley at an elevation of 6,300 ft., just west of Banff

Potentlal Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities 31 9**"****-- KinbasketReservoirCommercial and Recreatlon Opportunlties Study

National Park lt is accessed by heli6opter and features hut-based ski touring and ski mountaineering, as well as mountaineering and hiking in the summer. These are successful niche operators and if access to the regton is improved, there may be potential for a few additronal operators in the region, although not likely in the short term.

For backcountry ski touring and snowmobiling, trails development is an important rssue and this could be unde(aken to cater to day users who live in the region and not be associated wth any lodge operalions. Snowmobile kails need to be coordinated with the Golden Snowmobile Trails Society (GSTS). Snowmobiling around the shoreline and in the accessible backcounky does have good potential. Backcountry ski trails could follow some ofthe hiking trails developed for summer use.

,ssues, Corsfarals and Limitations

The primary constraint in developing backcountry skiing and snowmobiling adjacent to the reservoir is the limited road access ln winter the road is really only maintained for use by the one operator, Chatter Creek Lodge, who pays for the clearing and maintenance of the road. Currently, it is essentially a one-lane road with little in the way ofturnarounds or parking available Good road access at least to Bush Harbour would be essential to enable more extensive sk touring and snowmobiling aciivity aroLrnd the reservoir.

There are, of course, GBRAC guidelines for winter activities that would need to be adhered to when any additional trails or recreational actNities are being considered.

Another constraint is water levels, as the water levels frequently drop after ice has formed leaving unsupported ice that is dangerous if inadvertently used by skiers, snowmobilers or snowshoers

lm p le menlatio n Requ i remenls

As with summer trails development, there will be a need to access funding resources to expand on snowmobihng and backcountry skitouring trails adjacent to the Reservoir. Cross-country ski trails could tie-in with summer hiking trails, while snowmobile trails could focus more on the use ofexisting logging roads (which may also be used by skiers). lt will be important to separate the motorized and non-motorized uses

BUtLT INFRASTRUCTURE AND FAcrLrflEs REeurREo ro REAL|ZE OppoRTUNtnEs

It is important to recognize that there is a significant cost associated with the design and operation of the Kinbasket Reservoir as a recrealional area - il

Potential Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunities 32 I -*""'.",.'"-^,'" Kinbasket ReservoirCommerclal and Recreatlon Opportunltles Study

simply does not work well as is. Therefore, significant investments need to be made in suitable infrastructure that will enable the safe access to and use ofthe water and adjacent shoreline and back-country for recreational purposes. At minimum, the following investments in infrastructure and built facilities need to be made 10 realize the area's recreational potential: a lmproved access road to Bush Harbour, Esplanade Bay and other high potential recreational areas a Boat launch and docking facilities al Bush Harbour . Public campground facilities at Bush Harbour a Upgraded recreation site and boat launch at Esplanade Bay . Other enhanced public recreation sites, campgrounds and boat launches . Hiking and inlerpretive kails a Possible roofed accommodation facilities where permitted t Possible small-scale recreational real estate opportunities a Str.rdy of possible weir development

Each ofthese opportunities is described on the following pages.

lmproved Access Road to Bush Harbour, Esplanade Bay and olher Areas

There is widespread sentiment among local users and stakeholders that road access to the shores ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir is highly inadequale, particularly compared to that for other reservorrs rn the province The primary access from the Golden area is via the Forest Service Road from Donald to Bush Harbour

. There is general concern that there is no security of access to this area as the road has been primarily maintained by Louisiana Pacific lflhey shut down their forestry operations in the area, there will be no road maintenance whatsoever.

t Road maintenance is a big concern and at the very least re-grading is needed with addilional gravel The road is narrow and windy with few turnaround spots and very little parking available . The section of road from km 45 to km 65 could be significantly improved as it is currently extremely narrow and in need of places to pull out, to park and to turn around.

Potontial Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Klnbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

i The Sullivan Road was decommissioned, so there is no access to the mountainous terrain-

a The Bush Forest Service Road past the rock cut is now closed which means all access to the higher snowmobiling areas is now closed. a ln general there are very few places where you can access the lake by road.

Local users and stakeholders feel that BC Hydro and/or the Province should be required to maintain this access road and that there should be an ongoing budget for mainlenance, rather than depending on Louisiana Pacific during the summer and Chatter Creek Lodge in the winter. lt could be improved, widened and then maintained to provincial standards Short term road enhancement opportunities include: t lnstall guard rails and signage where needed i lmprove access year-round (including winte4. a Ensure that upgraded standards of maintenance are adhered to - there should be a prescribed standard that the road is maintained to in both summet and winter a Add signage to help create sufficient awareness of Kinbasket Reservoir - currently there is no signage indicating the Reservoir's exislence ln lhe short-term there is a need for signage to bring attention to exisling activities/services available at the Reservoir (e.9.- the existing boat ramps, Forestry Recreation Areas and campgrounds) Creating awareness helps to make it easier for investors/entrepreneurs to develop business opportunities associated wilh the existing and potential recreation aclivities.

,ssues, Corskalnls and Limitations

These are as follows:

. Probabty the biggest limitation here is accessing the significant capital dollars and operating/maintenance dollars required for a significantly upgraded road to Bush Harbour, Esplanade Bay and other areas with high tourism-recreation potential

t This funding issue is also tied up in jurisdictional issues, as cLrrrenlly the road is designated as a Forest Service Road with any ongoing capital and maintenance costs the responsibility ofthe users in conjunction with the Ministry of Forests

Potontial Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities 34 9**"*"---*- Kinbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

. Some seclions ofthe road wrll be extremely expensive to repair/upgrade, such as the Rock Cut area which has recently been closed because of slide hazards

I m plefi entatlo n Req u I remen ts

The following process needs to be undertaken in order to implement this opportunily:

'1 . Sort out jurisdictional issues regarding the road and work towards recognizing it as a provincial secondary road, which is open to a multiplicity of users including forestry companies, other businesses, local residenls and tourists/visitors-

2 Work with the province, BC Hydro and existing users to access infrastructure funding for a major upgrade

3- Determine jurisdiclional and user responsibility with regard to ongoing road maintenance once upgraded, ensuring that it is either an ongoing provincial responsibility or there is a clear contribution formula for each of the pa(ners involved

4 Undertake an engineering assessment and feasibility study for road uPgrading. 5 Tender out the road upgrading contract. 6 lmplement a signage program that includes appropriate road safety signs, mileage updates (e g "Bush Harbour 45 km"), and signage identifying tourism and recreation facilities and services

Boat Launch and Docking Facilities at Bush Harbour

Public use of the Bush Harbour area by boaters requires clean-up and development of some infrastructure BC Hydro held a meeting on September 10, 2008 in Golden to discuss and gather feedback on draft designs for improvements at the Golden end of Kinbasket Reservoir. BC Hydro ts required to improve recreational boat access to the Kinbasket Reservoir, as directed by the provincial Comptroller of Water Rights (CWR) through the Columbia River Water Use Plan. The purpose of the meeting was to finalize the designs for improvements at Bush Harbour for submission lo the CWR. The Bush Harbour draft design presented included the following components: t New parking lot and access road a New pit toilet at parking area a A totally new boat launch ramp with a concrete top

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunitles 35 9**"**-*-- KinbasketReservoirCommercial and Recreatlon Opportunltles Study

. The toe ofthe new ramp would be at elevalion724.6 m (2377 4 ft), Whereas the existing informal ramp ends al 734 6 m (2410 1 ft) . There would be a lurnaround partway down the ramp - at 744 m (2440 s ft) a A floating walkway a The addition of a breakwaler for wind protection (see below)

The September 1O'h meeting participants were generally supportive of the proposed design, but felt that some adjustments were needed because of strong north winds at the site. ln particular, they felt it is important to add a breakwater to protect from the wind and floating woody debris and to adjust the ramp location within the bay to gain more wind protection ldeaily the floating walkway will be substantial enough to serve as a floatrng dock - otherwise a floating dock should be added 10 the design in order to handle temporary mooring requiremenls when the water level is sufficient

I m ple menlatio n Req u i reme nts

BC Hydro staft and a representalive from Moffatt and Nichol visited the site on September 11, 2008, accompanied by interested meeting participants, to better understand localconditions. This project rs essentially in progress towards implementation and the next steps are as follows:

1 Moffatt and Nichol will submit a final design for Bush Harbour that incorporates the suggested adjustments to the Comptroller of Water Rights for his approval

2 Once approved, conskuction can be tendered by BC Hydro 3 lf everything proceeds quickly, actual construction will take place during the spnng of2009 when water levels are low enough to facilitate this

4. Therefore, the new boat laLrnch (if everylhing moves quickly) could be ready for use during the summer of 2009 - otherwise everything would likely be delayed until2010.

Public Campground and Day Use Facilities at Bush Harbour

There is slrong support by localtourism and recreation stakeholders for development of a proper campground facility at Bush Harbour Clearlythis would Iequire an improved access road The localion is perceived as a natural since there are large cleared areas along the shoreline, and when water levels are high it is an exkemely scenrc setting Localstakeholders and elected officials feel strongly that Bush Harbour is in an unacceptable state at present and that the Province should have stepped in long ago and

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunltles 36 9,-*"-.-,.,---.'- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

maintained a proper campground with toilets and liller control, as wellas putting in a proper boat launch Key aspects for any such development should in6ludel

a The Bush Harbour campground should be an integrated project within an overall park development and a proposed boat launch project - this would create a focal point for outdoor recreation activity for regional residents and tourists. Discussions with the CSRD indicate that this is compatible with their Parks Plan, so they would be a willing partner . lt will be impoiant to amass a sufficient budget to properly develop the Bush Harbour area for high quality outdoor recreation

a There are currently no services available at Bush Harbour in terms of fuel or any other supplies and ultimately some of this may be needed to develop it as a full-fledged recreation area

Recommended Facilities and Amenities

The specific facilities that should be developed to cater to local/regional recreation users and tourists/visitors are the following: a 50-100 campsites separaied by trees and shrubs for privacy, including rustic RV 6iles with limited services (similar to a Provincial Park campground) a At minimum each campsite should have water, a picnic table, barbecue or stone campflre pit, and possibly an electrical hook-up a Washrooms and showers in 1 or 2 buildings a Sewage pump-out station for trailers and RV's a Possibly a small campground otfice cabin with small shop/snack bar selling sundry items, fishing tackle, light snacks, soft drinks and juices a Firewood storage and garbage area . Appropriate landscaping, blending with the natural landscape of the site . Tastefully designed gateway and directionalsignage.

The campground should be adjacent to a day use area (for the use ofday visitors and campers) with the following facilities: . Picnic tables and toilel facilities . Playing field . Children'splayground

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunlties 3T 9-*"*""**-- Kinbasket Reservolr Commerclal and Recrcatlon Opportunities Study

r lnterpretive sign showing map of local land area features (e g old growlh forest) Hrstorical aspects and sites could be inlerpreted, such as: . David Thompson historicalplaque . Boat encampment . History of construction ofthe Big Bend Highway. . Trailheads and trails - enhancement ofthe exisling should be underlaken with appropriate signage and trail upgrading where needed New hiking and interprelive kails emanating from the area could be developed over time.

Some ofthe preceding could be added overtime as campground and recreation area utilization warrants and funds are available. lnitial development costs for the program described above would likely be at leasl in the $500,000 to $1 million range

I m plem enlatl on Roqulrem enls

This development could be done in partnershrp with the CSRD and is compatible with the CSRD Area A Parks Plan. The implementation steps are as followsi

1 . Undertake a preliminary concepufeasibility study to determine in more detail the physical feasibility of developing the recommended facilities and amenilies, capitalcosts including site preparation, servicing, construction and landscaping, identirying any environmental issues or concerns, and examining potential operational costs and revenues

2. Determine partners involved in the development and operations of the proposed campground and day-use area. A key partner is likely to be the CSRD Area A and presumably BC Hydro could be tapped into as an importanl investment partner in order to realize recreational benefits of the reservoir, and it may be possible to partner with l\rinistry of Tourism, Sport and the Arts to leverage funds for improvements to recreation sites

3. The Park could potentially be managed by the CSRD, in which case it would require a Licence of Occupation or lease with the province 4 Tender development and 60nstruction. 5. ldentify and arrange a concession with a park operator (unless the CSRD wishes to operate it directly) 6 lnitiate operations ofthe campground and day-use area, ideally structuring user fees to cover operating costs.

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 38 9,**.-"-.,.--,'". Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Upgraded Recreation Site and Boat Launch at Esplanade Bay

There is currently a small Forestry Recreation Sile at Esplanade Bay lt is setup as a day-use area with picnic tables and outhouses. When the reservoir water level is high, il is an extremely scenic setting with a panoramic view. There are also rustic campsites and a gravel boat launch available here The site is essentially user-maintained and in need of upgrading. Possible upgrading would include the following elements: . Addilional picnic tables and fire rings for day users a Additional/upgraded outhouse facilities a Upgraded boat launch a Appropriate signage a Enlarged parking area.

lmp le menlal io n Requ i re ments

This may again work best f the Regional District were to acquire a Licence of Occupation or lease with the province, in order to take over management of the site Other key implementation steps would include:

1 . Getting cost estimates for the proposed improvements from local contractors

2 Acquiring the capitalfunds to make the improvements, tapping into partners such as BC Hydro and Ministry ofTourism, Sport and the Arts. 3. Tender a contract for making the site improvements.

4. lf practical, consider implementing a nominal user fee for overnight camping to recover some ofthe operating costs

Other Enhanced Public Recreation Sites, Campgrounds and Boat Launches

The CSRD has an extensive Parks Plan that was completed in 2007. lt identifies many olher possible parks and recreational areas lhroughout Electoral Area A lhat could be acquired and/or upgraded and then managed by the Regional District. Of the many sites they have identified, approximately a dozen are along the shoreline or near the access road to Kinbasket Reservoir from Golden. ln Figure 3.4 we have listed eight parks, Iecleational and conservation areas that are being considered for management by the CSRD that should be included as priorilies for development in the context ofthis Study

Potential Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities 39 9**"****-- Kinbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

Figure 3.4: Priority Parks Oevelopmentfor Area'A' N6ar Kinbasket Reseruoir

Esiima[ed Estimated Park Classification and Current Land Operating Name of Park

East of Dona d $10,000 $25,000 $3,000 $5,000 Columb a RiverAccess TCH Donald MOT $25,000-$50,000 $3,000-$5,000 Susan Lake Recreation $10,000-$25,000 $3,000-$5,000 Site

Free F owng Columb a '15 km sirelch of River Lom TCH to Kinbaskei

Granl Cedars 33I km norlh of $5 000-s10 000 $3,000-$5,000 Do.ad Brsh River FSR 5 km wesl of Dona d $2s 000-$50,000 $3,000-$5,000 SpecialFeature Parks Bush Arm Hotspring Blsh Arrn, near rnouth $2s 000-$50,000 $3 000-$5 000

$5,000-$10,000 $3 000 $5 000 CPR - - TotalEstimated costs for Priority Parks $105,000 $21,000 $220,000 $35,000

Source: Analysis of informalion tn various tabbs of Elecloral Area 'A' Parks Plan Final Report, Colunbia Shuswap Raoional Districl, Mav 2007.

As shown in Figure 3 4, we have identified the type of park, localion, cur.ent landowner, and estimated development and operating costs, as determined by the CSRD in lls Electaral Area'A' Parks Plan

We are recommending that these park developments be designated as high priority (intended to be implemented with one to three years), because they will have the mosl short term impact on enhancing lhe recreational potentral of the Kinbasket Reservoir and surrounding shoreline and adjacent backcountry

Low Level ReseNoir Access

The Compkoller of Water Rights did not approve improvements at [he existing Nixon Creek boat launch because ofthe current uncertainty of access road maintenance. However, at the September 10, 2008 Kinbasket Reservoir slakeholders meeting, BC Hydro committed to completing a study to investigate the feasibility of alternative boat launch sites to provide low level reservorr access lvleeting participants suggested Game Creek, north of

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 40 9-*""'.-.'---.- Klnbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunities Study

Surprise Rapids as a potential site. This study will include determining the maintenance stalus of existing roads

Hiking and lnterpretive Trails

There are already a considerable number of hiking trails in the area, although many of these are not identified with trailhead signage and require some upgrading in order to appeal 10 a broader cross-seclion of users

. This type oftrail enhancement should be encouraged, especially where a trail offers particularly scenic terrain and/or access to unique natural features (e g Giant Cedars, Bush Arm Hotspring and Canyon).

a Trails accessing unique natural features could be developed as interpretive trails with appropriate interpretive signage at key intervals and at the siles of unique nalural features and panoramic vrews.

a As noted earlier in this chapter, there are some 7 million Canadian and American travellers who are hikers/backpackers that can be tapped into, beyond use by local and regional residents.

Possible Roofed Accommodation Facilities Where Permitted

Some high-end outdoor adventure/ecotourism lodges do exist like Chatter Creek Mountain Lodge and the Mica Heli-Guides Lodge. lt is recognized that there may be some potential for other backcountry lodges, although it will be important tha{ they be located in areas that are compatible with the cBRAP.

. Fishing oriented lodges are not likely to be viable unless the fishing can be substantially improved

. One backcountry lodge development is currently under way at the old Bush River logging camp The plan is to build a 2o-bedroom lodge plus 4-5 cabins Amenities will include running water and electricity The lodge is being built during the summer of 2009. lt is hoped 10 appeal to anglers, hunters, climbers, hikers and ATV enthusiasts during the spring/summer/fall, as well as snowmobilers in winter.

It is important to note that only small-scale backcountry lodge accommodation facililies, similar to those that already exist, are the only type of roofed accommodalions lhat could be considered for the area, because of its relatively limited access and the fact that the nearby main communities such as Golden and Revelstoke have a significant supply of much larger scale accommodations to satisry the needs ofthe tourism market.

Potentlal Commercial and Recreation Opportunltles 9*-"****-- Kinbasket Reservok Commercial and Recreation Opportunitles Study

Large scale resorts such as those in lhe Okanagan would not be suitable along the Kinbasket Reservoir as they would not be compatible with cBRAP, nor would they be viable from a financial perspective Any significant lakefront resort, similar to those in the Okanagan, requires that lake levels are always consjstent with a slable shoreline, which is simply not the case for the Kinbasket Reservoir.

Possible Small-Scale Recreational Real Estate Opportunities

Outdoor recreatron oriented real estate developments may potentially be a commercially viable opportunity, as long as the Alberta market is strong. The concept would be development of waterfront or water-view lots along some of the more scenic and accessible shoreline areas oflhe Reservoir. built at least 25 feet above the high water level to ensure a non-developed shoreline area is maintain for the transit of wildlife and to enable public access along the shore, where appropriate lmproved road access is clearly the critical consideration with regard to any type of recrealional real estate development

There are already precedents for a limited amount of recreational real estate The Esplanade Bay coltage society is an example of an existing small recreational real estate development, which slarted in 1981 based on a '10- year land lease that has been renewable

a These are rustic cottages wilh water systems fed from a skeam and us ng outhouses with no septic systems

. There are 20 members of this Cot-cem Camp Soctety, which is a non- profit society and each ofthe 20 members has a lot with cabin or kailer, but with no concrete foundations or basements - the buildings are cons,dered non-permanenl

a Apparently crealing a new similar camp society is considered to be impossible as the provincial government will not give out more ofthese leases,

At Williston Lake there is a significant precedent for reservoir shoreline real estate developmenl at ToMood Estates on Peace Reach, a 45-minute drive west of Hudson's Hope. I\,4ore than 40 lots have been sold to date, mainly at prices ranging from $'100,000 to $300,000 or more for developed lols with access to hydro and water. The development is relalively low density and of a rustic rural recreational characler, in contrasl to lhe high density recreational realestale developments prevalent in such areas as the Okanagan and at major mountain ski resorts

ln addition, both the Arrow and Revelstoke Reservoirs have leased land that has been developed into remote strata sites where it is possible to pay an

Potential Commerclal and Recreatlon Opportunities 42 9-*".,.-.'**'" Kinbasket ReservoirCommercial and Recreation Opportunities St!dy

annual fee to locate a trailer on a temporary basis. This concept would provide a less expensive opportunity for local residents than the current hvo cottage developments on the Reservoir

For Kinbasket Reservoir, the primary market would Iikely be for small-scale rustic rural recreational cottage properties, In contrast to the high end housing and condos being developed at Kicking Horse. lt would be important to adhere to strict guidelines in any possible consideration of recreational property development Such guidelines might include the following, among others. . Consideration could only occur in limited areas permissible under the GBRAP zoning and already accessible by road and in proximity to existing and potential recreational and cottage developments . There would be no inkusion on any sensitive natural environments or wildlife habitat t Site conditions would permil holding tanks or septic tanks to handle sewage . Hydro power may or may not be available, depending upon proxim{y of existing lines and ability to connect with minimal environmental intrusion. . Market potenhal for any such developmenls would need to be demonstrated clearly, before any such lands could be set aside for sale or lease.

Any potential recreational real eslate developments would need to be compatible with any existing regional and communily land use management plans, such as GBRAC and Official Plans. Development of any recreational real estate plans would need to adhere to all appropriate environmental assessment, community consultation and land use planning requirements within the Regional District

One possible location that could be considered is a Iarge point of land to the west of Bush Harbour across Succour Creek lnlet This area has great exposure to the main harbour area, Gold River and down into the Columbia Reach, so would be convenient and in a very scenic locale when water levels are high. The land is more gently sloping than much ofthe Reseryoir's shoreline, making it better-suited to this type of development. Proper road access would need to be provlded, in order to make this land su table as recreational real estate.

Potential Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunltles 43 9**"*-"--*- Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreatlon Opportunlties Study

Study of Possible Weir Development

ln order to better conholwater levels for recreation use some stakeholders advocate development of a weir project, possibly at Surprise Rapids or some other suitable location- The concept would be to controlwater levels better by segregating a smaller portion ofthe Lake where the water level could be conkolled.

. However, it is unclear whelher this is physically possible and at what cost. . lfthis idea is to be seriously considered, a feasibility study needs to be undertaken. Perhaps the weir development could be integrated with a small independent power project The study could examine whelher or not it would be possible to build a structure that could be used for power generation and stabillzing the lake levels, allwithout losing the mandate to controlthe water supply ofthe lower dams. The possible power generation could provide revenue to offset development and operating costs of the weir

a Perhaps governmenl could finance the high upfront capital costs of such a project and sell lakefront property to help recoup the cost This is similarto what was proposed to finance a possible causeway to replace the Upper Arrow Lake ferry on the Arrow Lakes Reservoir

It is important to recognize that any such weh development would divide a section ofthe existing reservoir, so boat access would be restricted to the water behind the weir, unless some type of a navigahon lock could be established, which would likely be a hugely expensive proposition

OPPoRTUNTIES tN OTHER SEcroRs

The focus ofthis StLrdy is on lhe recreational potential of the reservoir, including commercialoppoftunities associated with the recreation and tourism potential The other principal land uses which are appropriate for the area surrounding the reseryoir are forestry, which has always been actively pursued in and around the reservoir, plus the possrbility of rndependenl power projects in the adjacent river valleys, if this were permitted.

Ongoing and lncremental Forestry

The primary forestry operator in the region is Louisiana Pacific which harvesls considerable timber using the Bush Harbour Forest Service access road This company is the successor of Evans Forest Products which existed when the resetuoir was first flooded As noted earlier in lhis report, the costs offoreslry operations were significantly impacled by the creation of the

Potentlal Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities Y Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

reservoir, plus there was a significant loss of forest resources at lower elevations. The primary ongoing and incremental forestry economic opportunities in the region around the Kinbasket Reservoir include the following:

a lncremental forest harvesling, based on annual allowable cuts for the licensees t Development of additional value-added wood products businesses in the area, making use of local timber.

Possible Consideration of lndependent Power Proiects

lndependent power projects may be possible in the adjacent river valleys and in the case of development of a weir project. Assessment of this type of opportunity is beyond the scope ofthe current Study and may not be compatible with the GBRAP At the very least any such developments tend to be very controversial and would need to proceed through an extensive consultation and environmental assessment process before they could be considered for approval Given the significant negative impacts on the region ofthe existing hydro power development, this type of opportunity may be inappropriate to even consider, except in lhe case ofthe possible weir development

CoNcLUstoNs REGARDTNG CoMMERctALANo REcREATtoN OppoRTUNrIEs

The focirs ofthis analysis has been on the tourism and recreation actrvities and commercial opportunities that hold potenlial in and around the Kinbasket Reservoir. t The analysis has demonskated that there is some significant incremental tourism and recreational potential, but significanl capital investments are required in improved access and some basic recreationalfacilities and amenities a lnvolvement of private sector operators would be required to provide the corresponding services needed to facilitate use by Iocaland regional residents and tourists/visitors. a These businesses woLrld make a contribution to the local economy, although the overall economic impacls of all of this activity would still be on a much smaller scale than the losses incurred to the local and regional economy that conhnue on an ongoing basis as a result of the creation of the reservoir.

Potential Commercial and Recreation Opportunities 45 9-*"***"*- 4 - REVIEW oF EcoNoMIc AND ENVIRoNMENTAL IMPACTS

The scope and magnitude of the significant economic and environmental impacts that have resulled from the flooding ofthe Kinbasket ReseNoir have been examined in a number of studies over the years since the 1970s. The economic and environmental impacts stem primarily from the flooding ofthe huge land area that is now the reservoir As a result, consderable lands were losl for impo(ant economlc uses such as forestry and tourism Existing regional transportation routes were cut off by the flooding ofthe reservoir and the loss of taxable land base has had significant impacts for community and regional economic development and financial viability

CoMMUNtry ANo REGToNAL EcoNotr c lMpAcrs

We have summarized the economic impacts tn the following categories: a Community economic development a Forestry i Regional transportation a Tourism and recreation

Details of each are outl,ned in the following paraqraphs. lt is important to note that the economic impact numbers for 1994 that have been used in this Study are those that were put forward in the 1994 study entitled: Golden Area Mica Repoi 1994: The effects of the Mica Dam and Kinbasket Reservoir an the Town of Golden and Area, prepared by Paul Hambruch, December1994. We have also inclirded the principal findings and conclusions from that study in the remainder ofthis chapter, along with our own obseruations and updates to 2009.

While the results ofthe 1994 study appear reasonable and plausible, we have not attempted to verii/ in detailthe methodology and assumptions used to develop the economic impact estimates in that report To extrapolate the 1994 numbers to 2009, we applied an annual inflation factor of 5% While it is possible to debate what inflation factor should be used for each year, we believe that this broad-based projecton provides an understanding ofthe order of magnitude of the curlent annual economic losses associated with the creation of the Kinbasket Reservoir

Revlew of Economic and Environmentallmpacts 9**"**-**- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreatlon Oppo(unities Study

Community Economic Development

Creation ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir resulted in a reduced populatron base, reduced taxation base and reduced services and rnfraslruclure for the region The loss offorestry, tourism and recrealion resources have meant reduced business opportunities for Golden and area. This, in turn, causes loss of potential taxation revenues, all ofwhich has a negative impact on community economic development-

Grants in lreu oftaxes are intended as partial compensalion for these laxation and business opportun;ty losses. However, they do not come close to compensating the community and residents ofthe region forthe significant and ongoing losses of tax revenue, buslness opportunilies and economic development potential for the region Also, lhere seems to be inequity in financial compensalion provided (via the grants in lieu of taxes) between Golden and Valemount, as the lalter community receives much higher grants overall, including a Grant for Generating Facilities that Golden does not receive (although there are no generating facilities in Valemount)

lmpacts on Forestry Sector2

The principal loss to forestry is the significant loss of resources, as well as increasing costs of harvesting because of changes in accessrbility to the remainrng resources

a Loss of 105,000 acres of productive forest land from Golden to Mica in Electoral Area A. These were lower elevation forest lands which have the highest growth and productivity rates and have been permanently lost This was mainly hemlock, fir and cedar and would nol have been impacted by lhe pine beetle. This productive forest land could have provided a consistent timber supply to local mills that have incurred significant viabilily problems ovet the years. ' The resulhng loss of income to the economy of Golden and area was estimated at $3.38 million annually in 1994 dollars . If this amount is capitalized for the period'1973 through 1994 (at1%) the total value ofthe lost timber resources exceeds $48 million. . lnflating thrs figure to 2009, using a lower capitalization rate that would be applicable in recent years, results in an overall loss to the region's economy since 1973 in the range of$100 million, for forestry alone

'zThe 1994 numbers and basic conclusions in this section are frorn lhe repoat Golden Area Mica Repon 1994: The effects of the Mica Dam and Kinbasket ReseNair on lhe Town of Golden and Area, pteparcd by Pau Hambruch, December 1994

Review oI Economic and Environmentallmpacts 9**"***'-'- KinbasketReseruohCommerclal and Recreatlon Opportunities Study

. Higher forestry operational costs to tap inlo remaining resources in region. This is as a result ofthe remaining resources around the Kinbasket Reservoir being in higher elevation and steeper slope areas where tree productivity is lower, operating costs are higher and the risks of significant negative environmental impacts are greater. For the foreshy companies the costs of accessing timber have increased substantiallyl

. 1n addition to the higher elevation, longer distance incremental access costs, forestry companies have been forced to pay for ongoing maintenance of the access roads on either side of [he reservoir, which replaced the old Big Bend Highway, a provincial road. . lt is estimated that the cost, as of 1994, of maintaining the Sullivan-Bend main road on lhe east side of the reservoir is a $1 37 per cubic meke of timber harvested, and is even higher for the West Columbia Forest Service Road to Wayne Creek at $2.40 per cubic metre. i Tightening environmental restrictions as a result of significant habiiat loss. This means forestry companies are not able to harvest in a number of the more easily accessible valleys, as these areas need to be preserved as wildlife habitat, given the significant loss of such habitat with the flooding of the reservoir.

. Overall annual loss of forestry sector income to Golden and a.ea is $6 to $8 million per year (in 2009 dollars). This is as a result of the lost forestry opportu n ities j ust described and does not include the negative impacts of lower profilability, as a result ofthe higher timber harvesting costs imposed by the flooding oflhe reservoir

Regional Transportation lmpacts

As noted ear[er, the Big Bend Highway was a transportation corridor through the area now occupied by the Kinbasket Reservoir and was a provincial highway extending 1l7kmfrom Donald to Boat Encampment. Until 1961,this was really the main route through the region This area was flooded by the reservoir and necessitated that road access be provided on both sides ofthe reservoir, in order to access resources along the shoreline oflhe reservoir.

a The loss of infraskucture to the region is estimated at $6 4 as of 1994, which, when inflated to 2009 dollars would be more than $13 million a The replacement ofthis once fine highway with rough, poorly maintained narrow forest service roads is completely inadequate,

. This provides extreme limitations lo tourism and recreation use and access lo the region, as well as imposing the earlier noted higher costs on forestry companres

Review of Economic and Envkonmental lmpacts 4B 9**"**-*-- Kinbasket Reservolr Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

. The flooding ofthe reseNorr has also elimrnates a north-south route from Valemount down to the Revelstoke and Golden areas through the Canoe Valley Evans Forest Products built a road through to Valemount in 1965

Tourism and Recreation

ln spite ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir offering a large body ofwater and scenic views, when at full pondage, which has a certain amount oftourism and recreation potential, it should be noted that this area ofthe Columbia River Valley already had a number of attractive lakes and rivers which provrded water based recreation opportunities and scenic views The historic photos (in Figures 4 1 and 4 2) show aerial views of Kinbasket Lake and Boat Encampment prior to flooding and highiight the extreme natural beauty of the area at that time

Figure 4.1: AerialViewof Kinbasket Lake P.ior to Flooding

Source Wenalchee Valley Museun-J- A Weaver Colleclion, CounesyCalunbia Basin rrust

Figure 4.2: AerialVisw of Boat Encampment Priorto Flooding

Source Wenatchee Valley Museum J A Weaver Calleclion, Coudesy Colunbia Basin Ttust

The tourism and recrealion opportunities on the Kinbasket Reservoir are severely limited as a result ofthe following factors'

Review of Economic and Environmentallmpacts 49 9,**""*",.,",--". Klnbasket Reservolr Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities Study

a Highly inadequate access other than for 4-wheel drive vehicles t lvluch of the reservoir experiences challenging boating conditions as a result offloating debris, wind conditions and the narrow water profile a Steep banks around the reservoir preclude shoreline access and use . Widely fluctuating water levels, which can vary in elevation annually by up to 155 ft., means extensive areas ofthe Reservoir are empty and become mud flats particularly during the spring . The fluctuating ievels also constantly replenish and mobilize debns which is an extreme problem throughout the Reservoir

A fu(her limitation on the tourlsm polential is the fact that little or no infiaskucture has been provided for recreahonal users with only rudimentary boat launches and ramps (gravel) that have generally not been properly maintained and do not provide access lo the water at lower water elevations Other constraints on tourism and recreation includel i The significant size reduction of Hamber Provincial Park - reduced from 203,000 hectares to only 24,000 hectares, a reduction of almost 90% The magnitude ofthis loss cannot be Lrnderestimated as in 1990, what is left of the Park was included in the internationally significanl Canadian Rocky Mountain Patks UNESCO World Heitage Site.3 Therehasbeenno rnvestment in other provincial parks near the Kinbasket Reservoir, yet other major reservoirs in BC have benefltted from significant investment in one or more Provincial Parks along their shorelines i Loss of key potential circle touring rouies, The opportunity for a number of circle recreation tours that would have included some or all of the Big Bend Highway has also been losl, and it is well known in the tourism industry that circle touring routes are much more attractive to tourists than one-way roules that require returning over the same Ioute- . Substantialfishing and hunting opportunities have been lost. This is as a result ofthe significant land base habitat loss, loss of rivers and lakes in the Columbia River Valley, and the inadequate fisheries program in the Kinbasket Reservoir a Significant loss of potenlial for recreational property development. A cerlain amounl of lhis could have occurred along the shorelines of the original lakes and rivers in the area that was flooded by the Kinbasket Reservoir. The new reservoir is a much more unfriendly environment for recreational property development because of the fluctuating water levels

3 See the following UNESCO web pages for more details: whc.unesco.oro/en/lisu3o4 ; !E !JJ!9E wcmc.oro/orotected areas/data^i/h/rockies-html

Review of Economic and Environmentallmpacts 50 9**""-*-*"- Kinbasket ReservoirCommerclal and Recreatlon Opportunilies Study

and challenging boating conditions, along with the steep shorelines and the need to maintain lower levels in a natural state for wildlife habital, in place of the large areas of habitat lost in the valley bottoms. i Wildlife, waterfowl and fish stocks lost represent multi-million dollar annual losses to area's tourism indusiry. This is as a result of habitat destroyed by the Kinbasket Reservoir, resulting in very significant wildlife, waterfowl and fish population declines in the region. . The '1994 Economic lmpact Study quanlified these losses, recognizing that hunter-days and angler days in the region have been substantially reduced and various tourism and recreation surveys over the years have quantified the dollar impact of these hunter and angler days.a . lt is also recognized that the lost wildlife, waterfowl and fish populations have an impact on the non-consumptive tourism market niches such as ecotourism, catch and release fishinq, and wildlife photo safaris . The 1994 study aflempted to quantify both lypes of impacts in terms of lost tourism and recreation revenue and the results are shown in Figure 4.3 along with the estimated annual impact in 2009 dollars. As shown, these losses totalled almost $30 million as of 1994, which is in the range of $62 million annually as of 2009

FIgure 4.3: Estimated Annual Economic lmpacts Assoclated with Loss of Wildlife, Waterfowl and FIsh Stocks

Type of lmpact $'1994 $ 2009

$'1,590 000 $3 307,200 $464 000 $965,120 Loss of Fish Stocks Total $2,099,000 $4,365,920

$22,810,000 $47,420,352 $6,600,000 $13,720 926 Loss oiFsh Stocks $643.000 TotEl $29,950,000 $62,478,029

Sour@ Slucly leam calculalons and data in lho reporl Golden and Area [4ica Reporl 1 994

a Extremely negative visual impacts of reservoir at low water levels. When the water levels are drawn down on the Kinbasket Reservoir, the result is massive unsightly expanses of mud, stumps and shoreline debris

4 Golden Arca Mica Repoft 1gg4: The effecls ot the Mica Dan and Knbasket ReseNoion the Town of Galden and Area, prepated by Paul Hambruch, December 1994.

Review oI Economic and Environmentallmpacts 51 9,**.*-"*--,* Kinbasket R€servoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

zones As a result, for some months ofthe year, the low water levels present an unsightly and unattractive view for any tourism and recreation users visrtrng the area. Even at high water levels the extensive shoreline and floating debris detracts from the visual appearance ofthe reseruoir The viewscape impacts have a devastatrng footprint effect that extends well beyond the dimensions ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir itself, negatively impacting on tourism and recreation use in the surrounding region . This further loss of tourism and recreation use is not easily quantified but could easily amount to more than $1 million annually for the overall region including Area A and Town of Golden . For example, the loss of as few as 100 users per day during 90 days when [he water level is low wor]ld kanslate inlo a loss of user-days of 9,000 annually, likely resulting in a loss of tourism and recreation revenue to the region in excess of $1 million.

Overall Economic Losses

ln Figure 4 4 we have summarized the overall economic Iosses that can be quantified, as discussed in the preceding paragraphs

Figure 4.4: OvorallEconomic Losses from Creation ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir

Type of lmpact $ 1994 $ 2009

Loss of I mber potentia $3 380,000 $7,030,400 Wildlife, waterfowl, fish stocks osses $2 099,000 $4,365,920 Loss ofoiher touism-recreal on revenue Total $5,959,770 $12,396,320 Capitallzed lmpacts Loss of I mber potentia s48 290,000 $100,443 200 Wldlife, waterfowl, fish siocks osses $29,950,000 $62,4T4,029 Loss of oiher tourisrn-recreallon revenue $6,860 590 $14,287 000 Loss of Big Bend Highway Total $91,500,590 $.190,513,329

Saurco: Study lean calculations; dala in Figure 2 1 ; data i, lhe repo4 Golden and Area IVIica Report 1994

This does not take into account the economic value of other significant losses initially incirrred as a result of the flooding of the Reservoir including: . Timber actually lost during the flooding . Poorly utilized timber during the flooding i Losses resulting from disrupted transportation network

Rcview of Economic and Environmental lmpacts 52 9**"***-,-- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

a Loss of biodiversity (affects flora, fauna and tourism) a Loss of connectivity bet\,veen adjacent national parks (affects wildlife and tourism).

SuMMARy oF ENvTRoNMENTAL lMpAcrss

Many of the environmental impacts ofthe flooding ofthe reservoir have already been noted in connection with the economic impacts. However, it is worth re- emphasizing the significance ofthe negative environmental impacts ofthe creation of the reservoir These include the following: . Loss of riparian habitat. lt is estimated that approximately 500 km of stream and waler body edges thal supported deciduous trees and shrubs, grasses, perennial herbs and emerging vegetation (as well as consrderable wildlife and birds) were flooded by the reservoir. a Loss of open water sloughs and lakes encompassing approxrmately 400 heclares of permanent wetlands supporting emergent and sub-emergent aquatic plants were flooded by the reservoir, along with some f '100 heclares of seasonal wetlands. . Loss of approximately 28,500 hectares of forest cover ofvarious types and ages as a result of flooding the reservoir, although a portion was harvested prior to floodrng.

Other types of wildlife habitat areas were also flooded including 385 hectares of dry meadows. lt is important to note that all of these types of landscapes represented important habitat for a wide variety of plants, wildlife, waterfowl and fish. The loss oflhese areas of habitat resulted in significant losses in wildlife populations, waterfowl populations and fish . Wildlife populations in lhe region prior to flooding of the reseryoir were significant and were estimated to include 3,000 black bear, 2,000 moose, 1,000 mountain goats, along with well over 1,000 caribou, deer and elk, among many other species. The estimated population losses of such species primarily range from 3070 to 70% and in some cases smaller mammals such as beavers, mink, otters and muskrats were almost completely lost. a Loss of migrant end resident weterfowl populations. Prior to flooding of the Krnbasket Reservoir it \,!as estimated that some 600,000 mErant and 13,000 resident waterfowl made annual use ofthe welland habitat within the region, along with more than 120,000 other non'game, migrant, aquatic

5 These findings are docu nerled in Golden Area Mica Repoft 1gg4: The elfecls of the Mica Dam and Kinbasket ReseNoh on the Town of Aoben an(lArea, prepared by Paul Harfbruch, December 1994

Review of Economic and Environmental lmpacts 53 9**"*-'"--".'- Kinbasket Reservoir Gommercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

birds. These resident and seasonal populations were largely lost to lhe region, resulting in significant losses to tourism and recreation. . Significantfish slocks lost. Priorto flooding ofthe reservoirthere were approximately 450 km ofskeam and 110 km oftributaries capable of supporting fish within the region Fishing was popular in the original Kinbasket Lake and significant populations of Dolly Varden, Rainbow Trout, Mountain Whitefish and Ling existed in the system So far the fisheries development programs have failed to adequately compensate for this, along with the hazards of actually fishing on the reservoir because of debris and the wind conditions.

REMEDTATToN EFFoRTS oF BC HYDRo

BC Hydro and the province have provided some level of remediatron to compensate for the negative economic and environmental impacts. BC Hydro is required to do some ofthis under its water use license These are primarily as follows: . Numerous environmental, habitat, fisheries and re-vegetation studies and implementation efforts in order to mitigate some ofthe significant environmenlal impacts and make the reservoir more useable potentially as a recreation resource These are BC Hydro obhgations, as specified in the Columbia River Water Use P/ar. However, the Columbia Wildlife Enhancement Program has focused on the Arrow Lakes and not the KinbaskeI Reservoir. . Debris removal and debris management on an annual basis which, while highly inadequate, in the past couple ofyears has amounled to a fairly significant effort Many millions of dollars more will need to be spent to reduce the debris on and around the reservoir to an acceptable level. This is now mandated in lhe Columbia RiverWatet Use Plan

. Contribution of $2 3 million by BC Hydro to conslruction of the West Colirmbia Forest Road along the west side ofthe reservoir. However, this has been washed out in several areas and unusable for the pasl few years- . Fish compensation program from the BC government . Construction of some gravel boat launches in a few locations to provide access to the reservoir at high water (constructed originally by Evans Forest Products), although there is a lack ofaccess at low water levels and the high water access ramps are pootly maintained

. Grants in lieu oftaxes. These are paid to the Columbia Shuswap Regional Dishrct to compensate for loss of lands flooded by the Revelstoke and Kinbasket Reservoirs and in 2008 totalled $978,009 A significant portion of

Review of Economic and Environmental lmpacts 54 9**""*-*'-'- Kinbasket Reservoir commercial and Recreatlon opportunltles Study

the Kinbaskel Reseryoir is in ElectoralArea A, which is the focus ofthe currenl Study Of thrs $978,009, however, only about $204,000 goes directly to Area A and the Town of Golden This is well below the estimated annual economic losses of $'l2.4 million (shown previously in Figure 4 4) lt should also be noled that there appears to be an inequity between the Town ofGolden and the Vrllage ofValemount, since Valemount receives an annual grant for generating facilities of $189,517, while Golden does not

As a result of ongoing pressures from the communities in the Columbia River Valley, there have recently been skonger efforts at debris removal and management, as well as more specific plans made for a vastly improved boat launch and a recrealion area al Bush Harbour.

Crealion and funding of the Columbra Basin Trust (CBT) to provide incremental resources for community development projects in areas affected by the flooding ofthe reservoirs in {he region is another compensation mechanism, although this is not a requirement of BC Hydro's Water Use Licence. Rather, it arose out ofthe Province recognizing the significant negative impacts on the whole region of creation ofthe various reservoirs and the need to provide additional comPensation

Review of Economic and Environmentallmpacts 55 9**"***-*'* 5 - CoNCLUSIoNS ANo REooMMENDATIoNS

This report has demonstrated that the Study area, which encompasses CSRD Electoral Area A and the Town of Golden, has continued to incur significant negative economic and environmental impacts as a result ofthe creation ofthe Kinbaskel Reservoir. The qualitative and quantitative information put forth in this analysis indicates that these negative impacts are and conlinue to be on a much larger scale than any possib,e positive benefits (primarily associated with outdoor recreation) ofthe reservoir and any compensating benefits provided to the region such as grants-in-lieu of taxes and programming initiatives ofthe CBT.

Therefore, the region needs to encourage BC Hydro and the Provrnce to make the requisite investmenls in order to achieve some recreational benefits ofthe reservoir, as well as undertaking olher initiatives that will help mitigate the significant ongoing economic losses that are occurring within the region as a result of the reservoir.

OVERALL MAGNTTUDE oF NEGAT|VE lMpAcTs oN REGtoN

This was examined in some detail in Chapter 2 of this document A summary of the estimated ongoing economic losses to the region in 2009 dollars is shown in Figure 5.1.

Flgure 5.1: Ongolng Annual Loss ofEconomlc Aotivlty as a Result of Kinbasket Reservolr

Type of lmpact (annual losses) $ 2009

Loss olUmber potential $7,030,400 \ /ildlife, waterfowl, fish stocks losses $4,365,920 Loss of other tourism-recreation revenue $1.000.000 Total $12,396,320

Source: Dala in Fig re 44

These annualeconomic impacts are over and above the significant environmental impacts, also summarized early in Chapter 2, which include: . A loss of riparian habitat a Loss ofwetlands and lakes

Concluslons and Recommendatlons 56 9'**'"-'.-*-'- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

. Significanl loss of forest cover ofvarious lypes/ages (28,500 hectares) . Significanl loss of wildlife including black bear, moose, mountain goats, caribou, deer, elk and many other specres a Loss of migrant and resident waterfowl population . Significant loss offish stocks.

ln addition to these signiflcant impacts on the natural environment, the overall landscape has been dramatically altered. While at full pondage the large lake created results in attractive viewscapes from anywhere along the shores of the reservoir, during the months when water levels are low, quite an unsightly mud flats with numerous tree stumps is the result - clearly a very inhospitable looking natural environment.

LtMtrED PoTENTTAL oF CoMMERCTAL AND REcREATtoN OppoRTUNtflEs

The analysis oflhe preceding chapter has demonstrated that there is some tourism and recreational potential of the Reservoir and surrounding lands, provided some srgnificant investments are made in road access and provrsion of upgraded boat ramps and recreational facilities The potential order of magnitude economic impacts ofthese tourism and recreation opportunilies are shown in Figure 5 2

Figure 5.2: Potontiallncremental Economlc lmpacts otTourism and Recreation Prlorlty Opportunities

Direct + lndirect Type of lmpact (annual) lmpacts (2009) Recreational boating + fishing $550 000 Canoeing/kayaking activity $90,000 PossLble tour boat operation (if successful) $175,000 Hiking/backpacking/nalure interpretation $100,000 He tage interpretaiion and expeditions $50,000 IMountain biking $50,000 ATVS and motonzed trail bikes (llallowed) $7s,000 Backcountry skiing and snowmobiling $70,000 Campground and day use facilities at Bush Harbour $320,000 Upgraded recreation sites, parks, boat launches $150,000 Small-scale roofed accommodation facilities (if permitted $2,100,000 and successf ully developed/operated) lmpacts of users ofrecreation real estate (ifdeveloped) Total $4,030,000 Saurce: Preliminary eslinales by Sludy rean

Conclusions and Recommendations 5T 9**"*-'*"'-'* Kinbasket Reservolr Commerclal and Recreation Opportunities Study

These estimates, which are very preliminary, suggest lhal if all ofthe investments are made in infraskucture and facilities that are outlined in Chapter4 ofthis report, annualeconomic impacts to the region in the range of $4 million dollars would occur It should be noted that more than half of this potential impact is being attributed lo the successful development of a few additionalfairly high end back-country lodges, as well as some recreational real estate, neither ofwhich is likely to occur for at least several years

ln comparison with Figure 5 1, it is clear that these total potential impacts are still significantly less than the quantifiable ongoing annual losses of economic activity as a result of creation of the Reservoir.

SuppoRT NEEDEo FoR KEy OppoRTUNtflEs

Realization of the economic impacts of tourism and recreation opportunities will certainly help to offset the negative impacts somewhat However, this will only occur if the investments outlined in Chapter 4 ofthis report are made in the following infrastructure and facilities:

a YeaFround upgraded road access to Bush Harbour, Esplanade Bay and other areas

a Provision of campground and day-use recreational facilihes at Bush Harbour i Upgrading of the Forestry Recreation Site at Esplanade Bay, including the boat launch there

. Development of boal launch, breakwater and docking facilities at Bush Harbour

. Development of other enhanced public recreation siles, campgrounds and boat launches in conjunction with proposals contained in the Area A Parks Plan for Columbia Shuswap Regional District

. Further development of hiking and interpretive trails at the upgraded recreation sites and campgrounds a Provision of year-round road access to any possible small scale recreational real estate developments that could be considered (oriented towards low-density, rustic cottages/cabins - no condos or high-end real estate).

Possible development of a weir to creale a section ofthe reservoir that retains high waler levels year round would somewhat further enhance recreational potential and mighl possibly be combined with an independent

Conclusions and Recommendations 58 9**"***^*- Klnbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recrcation Opportunities Study

power project to provide revenue in order to offset development and operating costs

It should be noted, however, that even when combined with the grants-in-lieu oftaxes, the potential economic benefits from the recreational and tourism activity associated with all of these infrastructure investments will still be small in comparison with the ongoing economic losses that are being incurred by the region

ADDlTtoNAL OppoRTUNtTlEs FoR MtTlGAT|NG REGtoN's EcoNoMrc LossEs

ln addition to enhanced recreational use of the Kinbasket Reservoir, there are several other initiatNes that would help 10 further offset the ongoing economic losses experienced by the region as a result ofthe Reservoir. These initiatives include the following:

. Readjusting the grants-inlieu oftaxes to more fully compensate for the lost industrial tax base that is a result ofthe Reservoir a lvlaking adjustments to the handling ofthe Columbia Treaty downstream benefits to reallocate a larger proportion of the benefits directly to the communities within the Columbia Basin, where the impacls occur, and considering the concepl of possibly taxing downstream benefits or administering a resource rental fee that could be directly allocated to communities within the Basin. a Adding local hire provisions to contracts tendered for studies and implementation works under the Water Licence requirement and Fish and Wildlife Compensation Programs would help to further local economic activity a Develop an expanded fish hatcheries program to enhance the recreational fishery and possibly even create a small-scale local commercial fishery a Support other initiatives thal will creale economic activity along the Reservoir and/or contribute to environmental preservation and enhancement

. Support education and training for students in the regrcn to lrain in trades and professions that directly relate to the long-lerm management ofthe water and land base natural resources associated with the Kinbasket Reservoir.

There is widespread stakeholder supporl for implementation of the recreational opportunilies recommended in this report, along with the above- noted additional opportunities for enhancing the region's economy.

Conclusions and Recommendations 59 9**"**.**-- Kinbasket Reservoir Commercial and Recreation Opportunities Study

lmplementation ofthese various initiatives in partnership with BC Hydro and other public and prlvate sector partners, where appropriate, willgo a long way toward mitigaiing lhe economic losses to [he region that have resulted from creation ofthe Kinbasket Reservoir, and willalso help BC Hydro implement and demonshate its "triple bottom line" approach to the development and operations of sustainable hydro resources in British Columbia

I NITIAL II$PLETTIENTATION STEPS

Several steps need to be followed to initiate implemenlalion and create momentum: i Ensure that BC Hydro follows-through on starting construction ofthe boat launch at Bush Harbour in the spring of 2009. . Work with BC Hydro, Ministry of Forests and lvlinistry of Transportation to secure funds for access roads upgrading and maintenance,

a Work to have the Fish and \ /ildlife Recovery Program extended to cover the Kinbasket Reservoir. i Secure partners (e.9.- BC Hydro, Regional District, Ministry of Tourism, Sport and the Arts) and access funding for campground and day use area development al Bush Harbour . Work with the CSRD and other partners to develop/upgrade other parks and recreation areas in close proximity to Kinbasket resetuoir a Liaise with GBRAC and private sector operators regarding the various possible commercial tourism-recreation opportunities

The critical next step to initiate the implementation process is the formation of an lmplementation Committee, to move forward on the various issues and recommendations outlined in this Study.

Concluslons and Recommendatlons 60 9-*"-*.-*-* APPENDIX A - LIST oF DooUMENTS REVIEWED

The following documents, maps and data sources were reviewed/referred to as part of this Study's research and analysis:

Colunbia Basin Trust, Repott to Residents,2008

Columbia Basin Managemerl P/aD, Columbia Basin Trust Calumba River Project Watet Use Plan - Monitoring Pragram Terfis of Reference: He tage Management Plan (Kinbasket and Revelstoke Resetuois Archaeological Site OveNiew Assessmerl.), BC Hydro, April2007 Columbia Rivet Project Watet Use Plan: Revised for Acceptance by the Comptroller of Water Righfs, BC Hydro, January 2007 Columbia River Prcjecl Water Use PIan Physical Wotks Tems of Reference Kinbasket I Aiow Lakes Reser,/oir Recreational Management Plan, BC Hydro, Aptil2007 Columbia River Ptqect Water Use Plan Physical Wotks Tetms of Reference Kinbasket and Affow Lakes ReseNoir Recteational Management Plan, BC Hydto, Aptil2OOT Columbia River Prcject Water Use Plan Monitoting Pragram Tefins of Reference, Physical Works ferms of Reference Kinbasket and Arrow Lakes Rese,.yoirs Re-vegetatian Management P/an, BC Hydro, January 2008

Calumbia River Treaty Committee Valemount Reporf Prepared for Chairman, Columbia Treaty Committee by [Iayor Jeannette Townsend, Kinbasket Research & Economic Development Committee, February, 1994

Columbia Shuswap Regional D$ttict Financial Sfaferlerts, December 2007 Consultative Committee Repoi Bridge Rivet Water Use Plan, BC Hydro Project Team and the Bridge River Waler Use Plan Consullative Commiltee, September 2003

Electoral Area "4" Parks Plan Final Repoft, Columbia Shuswap Regional District, [4arch 2007 Electoral Area A Park Plan South OveNiew Map, Columbia Shuswap Regional District, February 2007

Framewo* for Assessing the Regional Social and Economic Costs of Dtawing Down the Williston ReseNoh Below 2135 ft. Prcpaed lot Wrlliston Contingency Planning Advisory croup (WCPAG), by Pierce Lefebvre Consulting, March 2001

Galden Area Mica Repoi 1994: The effects of lhe Mica Dam and Kinbasket Reservoir on the Town of Golden and Area, prepared by Paul Hambruch, December f994

Appendix A Golden Backcountry Recreation Access Plan (GBRAP) Prepared by the Golden lnteragency Technical Commiltee on behalfofthe Ministry ofSustainable Resource Management and the Backcountry Recreation Stakeholders of colden, December, 2002 Golden Backcountry Recreation Access Plan, Wintet Grcund (Snow-Based) Recreation Access Map

Golden Backcountry Recreatian Access Plan, Summer Graund Recrcation Access Map Mica Region Repoft, The Resources ofthe Mica Reg/or, commissioned by the Envkonment and Land Use Committee, May 1973

I\,4ica Reservoir Region Resource Study for the British Columbia Environment & Land Use Committee, Final Report, June ,l974

Peace Project Water Use Plan revised for Acceptance for the Comptrcllet of Water Rtghts, BC Hydro, August 2007

Peace/Williston Fish and Wildlife Compensation Prcgftm Annual Repoft 2006/07, ptepated by NI D Wood and B G. Blackman, October2007 Peace Williston Fish and Wildlife Compensat'ian Progran Summary of Fisheries Activities 1988 - 7997, prepared by B. G Blackman, August 2007 Regional District of Columbia-Shuswap Highway Planning Area Extensian Bylaw 1977 No. 168 (Highway Planning Area No 7), September 2003 Review af Delivered Waod Costs of Evans Forcst Products Lmited in coldeD, prepared for the Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia by H&W Saunders Associates Ltd , l\,4arch 1997

2008 State of lhe Basin Repo4 Columbia Basin Trust

Stave Rivet Water Use Plan (Stave Falls & Rusk/, ProJecfs) Revised for Acceptance by the Comptroller of Water Rights, December 2003 Terms af Reference for the Golden Backcountry Recreation Advisary Comnittee (GBRAC), December.2005

The Columbia Unveiled, by ftil.J Lorraine, Los Angelest The Times-lVIirror Press, 1924 (includes historical account ofthe Study area, including descriplions and photos ofthe original Kinbasket Lake and surrounding area)

The lmpacts of Hydro-Dams on Forestry in Southeastem Bitish Columbla, Prepared for the lJniversity of British Columbia by Gerard Szaraz, April '198'l Town of Golden Annual Repoft,2007

Water License Requirements Kinbasket ReseNoi Debis Management Program, prepared for Golden & Valemounl by BC Hydro, November 2008

Appendix A APPENDIX B - LIST oF PERsoNs CoNTACTED / INTERVIEWED

An important part of the research and consultation process for this Study is a series ofone-on- one interviews (in person or by telephone) with a cross-section of stakeholders in the region, for their views and perspectives on commercial and recreation opportunities, as well as with otficials from BC Hydro, seeking out additional information of relevance to our analysis. The following individuals have been interviewed for their perspectives on the project and/or to seek out relevant information and data:

. Susan Abbott, Parks and Recreation, Columbia Shuswap Regional District a Bernie Aeuvelman, Area Forest lvlanager, Louisiana Pacific t Grant Arlt, Golden District Rod & Gun Club . Kelly Bushman, Vice President, colden Snowmobile Trails Society . Rick Chatraw, Owner/Operator, Kinbasket Lake Resort . Joan Dolinsky, President, Wildsighl a Bruce Fairly, Golden Outdoor Recreation Association . Paul Fuez, Co-Jen Camp Society, Esplanade Bay . Bob Gammer, Community Relations, Northern BC, BC Hydro a Ken Gibson, Provincial Recreation Officer, [,,linislry of Forests . Kindy Gosal, Columbia Basin Trust a Barret Leftwich, Causeway lsland Camp . Tahl Lunoch, Area Superintendent, Louisiana Pacific . BillJones, Golden Area Rod and Gun Club . Rob Miller, General lvlanager, Golden Area lnitiatives a Darcy l\4on6hak, Planning Officer, lntegrated Land Management Bureau . Eric Oddy, Bush Hollow Lodge . Ron Oszust, Rural Golden (Electoral Area A) t Dan Pecora, Golden ATV Club . Hal Porter, Golden Snowmobile Club, Golden Snowmobile Trails Society . Randy Priest, Chair, Golden Area lnitiatives

Appendix B B-1 . Arlene Shwetz, Community Relations, Lower Mainland, BC Hydro . PhilTaylor, CAO, Town ofGolden i Jennifer Walker-Larsen, Stakeholder Engagement advisor, BC Hydro . Warren Ward, Water lJse Plan, Concerned Citizen a Jon Wilsgard, Corporate Services l\,{anager, Town of Golden a Ellen Zimmerman, Program Manager, Wildsight

Appendix B B-2 Appenox C - STAKEHoLoERS WoRKSHoP

Attendees at Stakeholders Workshop - colden, November 22, 2008

. Susan Abbott, Parks and Recreation, Columbia Shuswap Regional Diskict . Grant Arlt, Golden District Rod & Gun Club a Wayne Clark, Kicking Horse Culture, Civi6 Centre . lrv Graham, Alpine l\4eadows Lodge / Golden Museum . Katherine Hamrlton, Columbia Basin Trust . Josh Krynski, Mica HeliGuides Ltd. . Barret Leftwich, Causeway lsland Camp a Marvin Lloyd, Golden Outdoor Recreation Association a Mac Magnusson, Town of Golden a Miro IVIicovsky, Tourism Golden i Rob Miller, General IVIanager, Golden Area lnitiatives a Darcy l\lonchak, lntegrated Land l\lanagement Bureau . Les l\,4argelak, Chatter Creek Mountarn Lodges . Tom llruir, Cot-Gen Camp Society . Ron Oszust Rural Golden (ElectoralArea A) t Dan Pecora, Golden ATV Club a Randy Priesl, Golden Area lnitiatives . Phil Taylor, Town of Golden i Aman Vrrk, Mayor, Town of Golden a Warren Ward, Water Use Plan, Concerned Citizen t Ellen Zimmerman, Wildsight

Appendix C c-1 KTNBASKET RESERVotR CoMMERctAL AND RECREATToN OppoRTUNtflEs STUDy DrscussroN GUrDE FoR BREAKoUT GRoups

November 2'1, 2008

DISCUSSION OUTLINE

1. What are the most realistic commercial and recreation opportunities in each of the four categories: water-based; land-based, built infrastructure/facilitiesi and forestry?

Short term (1-2 years)

l\,4edium term (3-5 years)

Long term (6-10 years)

2. For each of the key opportunities identified, what are the principal limitations and constraints?

3. What public and/or private sector investments are required to realize the key opportunities you have identified?

4 What are the key sources of fjnancial and in-kind resources and partnerships needed to make these investments and implement the opportunities?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELPFUL INPUTI

Appendix C c-2