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Chapter 2: Protecting the Ozone Layer

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Chapter 2: Protecting the Ozone Layer CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER Emphasizing Essentials 1. a. Yes, this is over the detection minimum of 10 ppb. 0.118 parts O 118 parts O 3 = 3 or 118 ppb 1,000,000parts air 1,000,000,000 parts air b. Yes, this is well over the detection minimum of 10 ppb. 25 parts O 25000 parts O 3 = 3 or 25000 ppb 1,000,000 parts air 1,000,000,000 parts air 2. a. A unit expressing the concentration of ozone in Earth's atmosphere over a specified area. It’s symbol is DU. It is named for G. M. B. Dobson (1889 – 1976). One Dobson Unit is equivalent to about 2.69 × 1016 ozone molecules in a column with a cross section of 1 square centimeter. If 100 DU of ozone were brought to the Earth's surface, it would form a layer 1 millimeter thick. b. 320 DU indicates more total ozone overhead than 275 DU. 3. Ozone is O3 and oxygen gas is O2. Oxygen gas is very stable, has no odor; ozone has a very strong odor and is relatively unstable or reactive. Oxygen gas condenses and changes from a colorless gas to a light blue liquid at 183 °C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (atm). Ozone liquefies at a higher temperature than does diatomic oxygen, changing its physical state from a gas to a dark blue liquid at 112 °C. 4. a. Yes, diamond and graphite are allotropes. They are two distinct forms of the same element, carbon. b. No, water and hydrogen peroxide cannot be allotropes because they are compounds, not elements. c. Yes, white phosphorus and red phosphorus are allotropes because they are two distinct forms of the same element. Red phosphorus forms when several P4 molecules combine into a chain structure. 5. The “ozone layer” is found in the stratosphere at altitudes of 15 to 35 km. 6. a. The cubic meter with CO in it contains more molecules. b. 20:1 7. a. O; 8 p, 8 e b. N; 7 p, 7 e c. Mg; 12 p, 12 e d. S: 16 p, 16 e 8. a. Group 2A b. beryllium, Be; magnesium, Mg; calcium, Ca; strontium, Sr; barium, Ba; radium, Ra c. Be has 4 e; Mg has 12 e; Ca has 20 e; Sr has 38 e; Ba has 56 e; Ra has 88 e d. Each element in this group has 2 outer electrons. 9. a. helium, He b. potassium, K c. copper, Cu 10. a. 8 protons, 10 neutrons, 8 electrons d. 35 protons, 47 neutrons, 35 electrons b. 16 protons, 19 neutrons, 16 electrons e. 10 protons, 9 neutrons, 10 electrons c. 92 protons, 146 neutrons, 92 electrons f. 88 protons, 138 neutrons, 88 electrons 19 11. a. 9 F 56 b. 26 Fe 222 c. 86 Rn Section F Page 8 ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER 12. a. Ca b. N c. Cl d. He Cl Cl 13. a. 4 + 4(7) = 32 outer electrons Cl C Cl and Cl C Cl Cl Cl b. 2(1) + 2(6) = 14 outer electrons H O O H and H O O H c. 2(1) + 6 = 8 outer electrons H S H and H S H d. 2(5) = 10 outer electrons N N and N N e. 1 + 4 + 5 = 10 outer electrons H C N and H C N f. 2(5) + 6 = 16 outer electrons N N O and N N O g. 4 + 2(6) = 16 outer electrons S C S and S C S 14. O O O O O H O O The oxygen atom has two unpaired electrons and the hydroxyl radical has one. Ozone has no unpaired electrons, and depending on the method of representation, oxygen gas may have two unpaired electrons or none, although experimental evidence shows O2 to have unpaired electrons. A resonance structure for ozone may be drawn, and this is not true for the other structures. The representations of the oxygen atom and the hydroxyl radical show that the octet rule is not satisfied, which explains the very reactive nature of these species. 15. a. Wave 1 has a longer wavelength than wave 2. b. Wave 1 has a lower frequency than wave 2. c. Wave 1 and wave 2 travel forward at the same speed. 1m 16. a. 2.0cm ! = 2!10 –2 m This wavelength is in the microwave region of the spectrum. 102 cm 1m b. 400 nm ! = 4 ! 10–7 m This wavelength is in the range of violet light in the visible region. 10 9 nm 1 m c. 50 µm ! = 5!10 –5 m This wavelength is in the infrared region of the spectrum. 106 µm 1m d. 150 mm! = 1.5! 10 –1 m This wavelength is in the UHF/microwave region of the spectrum. 103 mm Section F Page 9 ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER c 17. c = v !" and v = ; c = 3.0 × 108 m.s–1 ! 3.0!108 m "s –1 a. # = = 1.5!1010 s –1 2!10 –2 m 3.0 "10 8 m# s–1 b. ! = = 8" 1014 s –1 4 "10 –7 m 3.0!108 m "s –1 c. # = = 6!1012 s –1 5!10 –5 m 3.0!108 m "s –1 d. # = = 2.0!109 s –1 1.5!10 –1 m 18. E = h.v and h = 6.63! 10–34 J"s a. E = (6.63x10-34 J.s)(1.5x1010 s-1) = 1.0x10-24 J b. E = (6.63x10-34 J.s)(8x1014 s-1) = 5x10-19 J c. E = (6.63x10-34 J.s)(6x1012 s-1) = 4x10-21 J d. E = (6.63x10-34 J.s)(2.0x109 s-1) = 1.3x10-24 J The most energetic photon corresponds to the shortest wavelength, 400 nm. 19. This is the order of increasing energy per photon. radiowaves < infrared radiation < visible light < gamma rays c 20. c = v !" and ! = ; c = 3.0 × 108 m/s v 3.0 "108 m/s ! = = 1.2 "10#1 m 2.45 "109 /s 21. a. UV-C < UV-B < UV-A b. UV-A < UV-B < UV-C c. UV-A < UV-B < UV-C UV-C photon 22. Chapman Cycle Step 1. + collisions, fast + Chapman Cycle Step 2. UV-B photons collisions, slow Chapman Cycle Step 3. + + Section F Page 10 ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER 23. a. Cl, 7 outer electrons, Cl ; NO2 , 17 outer electrons, N O ClO, 13 outer electrons, Cl O ; HO, 7 outer electrons, H O b. Each of these species has less than a full octet of outer electrons on one atom. Their reactivity’s are based on their inclination to attain a full octet of outer electrons for each atom capable of holding an octet. 24. NO in the stratosphere can act as a catalyst for the destruction of ozone. Although most of the NO in the stratosphere comes from natural origins, additional NO could be contributed directly to the stratosphere by supersonic transport (SST) planes. Before their grounding, the Anglo-French Concorde was the only commercial plane flying at such high altitudes. 25. a. The original measurements were obtained during flights of NASA’s ER-2 research airplanes carrying measuring instruments over the Antarctic region. b. Today these measurements are usually gathered from satellites. 26. The first graph is a more realistic representation of the relationship between the percent reduction in the concentration of ozone and the percent increase in UV-B radiation. As the ozone layer is depleted, the concentration of UV-B that can penetrate into the atmosphere rises. The second graph shows a type of inverse relationship, which is not substantiated by experimental facts. H 27. a. Methane, CH4, has 4 + 4(1) = 8 outer electrons. H C H H H H Ethane, C2H6, has 2(4) + 6(1) = 14 outer electrons. H C C H H H b. Fourteen different CFCs that can be formed from methane. c. The most successful examples have been CFCl3 and CF2Cl2. These Freon® compounds were widely used in the U.S. as refrigerants, propellants, and blowing agents to produce foams. d. Although many compounds are synthesized and tested for appropriate properties, only a few have the right combination of low reactivity, heat of vaporization, and lack of flammability to find broad applications. Concentrating on Concepts 28. Oxygen and ozone have slightly different boiling points and colors in the liquid phase. Ozone is more easily liquefied. Ozone is chemically more reactive than oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for life, but ozone in the troposphere is considered an air pollutant. However, ozone in the stratosphere helps to protect us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Oxygen also absorbs ultraviolet light, particularly highly energetic UV-C radiation, preventing it from reaching the earth’s surface. 29. Energy from lightning or from an electrical arc associated with a transformer can cause this chemical change. Energy + 3 O2 → 2 O3 30. Ozone in the stratosphere is necessary for absorbing harmful UV radiation, but down in the troposphere it is harmful to living beings. Section F Page 11 ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER 31. Allotropes of oxygen have different molecular forms, O2 vs. O3 for example. Isotopes of oxygen differ in 18 the number of neutrons in the nucleus. For example, 8 O has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons if 16 electrically neutral.
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