DOCSLIB.ORG

Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides Monographs in Electrochemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides Monographs in Electrochemistry Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides Monographs in Electrochemistry Surprisingly, a large number of important topics in electrochemistry is not covered by up-to-date monographs and series on the market, some topics are even not cov- ered at all. The series Monographs in Electrochemistry fills this gap by publishing indepth monographs written by experienced and distinguished electrochemists, cov- ering both theory and applications. The focus is set on existing as well as emerging methods for researchers, engineers, and practitioners active in the many and often interdisciplinary fields, where electrochemistry plays a key role. These fields will range – among others – from analytical and environmental sciences to sensors, mate- rials sciences and biochemical research. Information about published and forthcoming volumes is available at http://www.springer.com/series/7386 Series Editor: Fritz Scholz, University of Greifswald, Germany Mirtat Bouroushian Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides 123 Dr. Mirtat Bouroushian National Technical University of Athens Dept. of Chemical Sciences School of Chemical Engineering Heroon Polytechniou Str. 9 Zographos Campus 157 73 Athens Greece [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-03966-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-03967-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03967-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009943933 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This monograph is devoted to the electrochemistry of metal chalcogenides, a group of chemical compounds which possess very interesting properties for applications in various areas, e.g., electronics and optics, ion-sensitive electrodes, solar energy harvesting, fuel cells, catalysis, and passivation. The role which electrochemistry plays in studies of metal chalcogenides is twofold: on one side it is a synthesis tool and on the other side it can be utilized for the characterization and analysis of these compounds. It is thus a basic requirement that the fundamentals of electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics of these systems are thoroughly studied and docu- mented. The author Mirtat Bouroushian from the National Technical University of Athens must be given full credit for presenting the first book completely devoted to the electrochemistry of metal chalcogenides, a research topic to which he has made numerous own contributions. This monograph gives a well-balanced descrip- tion of the properties of chalcogens and their major chemical compounds together with the state-of-the-art electrochemical synthesis of various metal chalcogenide phases and their characterization, as well as an account of the wide range of appli- cations. Everybody who works with metal chalcogenides, and of course especially anybody dealing with the electrochemistry of these compounds, will find this mono- graph a very rich source of carefully and critically compiled information. I am sure that industrial electrochemists and researchers in institutes and universities as well as graduate students of material science, physics, electronics, and chemistry will highly appreciate to have this monograph at hands during their daily work. January 2010 Fritz Scholz EditoroftheseriesMonographs in Electrochemistry v Contents 1 Chalcogens and Metal Chalcogenides ................. 1 1.1 The Chalcogens . ....................... 1 1.1.1 History and Occurrence .................. 2 1.1.2 Production and Uses . .................. 4 1.1.3Allotropy–StatesofMatter................ 7 1.1.4 Chemical Properties and Compounds . ........ 10 1.1.4.1 Hydrides.................... 12 1.1.4.2 Oxides and Oxoacids . ............. 12 1.1.4.3 Thio- and Seleno-sulfates . ........ 14 1.1.4.4 Polychalcogenide Ions ............. 15 1.2 The Metal Chalcogenides . .................. 16 1.2.1Solids,Complexes,andClusters.............. 16 1.2.2CommonSolidStructures................. 19 1.2.3 Ternary Compounds and Alloys . ............. 22 1.2.4 Intercalation Phases . .................. 24 1.2.5 Chalcogenide Glasses . .................. 24 1.2.6 Materials Synthesis . .................. 25 1.2.7 An Account of the Periodic Table ............. 28 1.2.7.1 Group IA (1). Lithium, Sodium, Potassium,Rubidium,Cesium......... 28 1.2.7.2 Group IIA (2). Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium,Strontium,Barium.......... 29 1.2.7.3 Group IIIA (3). Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanoids, Actinoids ............. 29 1.2.7.4 Group IVA (4). Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium 32 1.2.7.5 Group VA (5). Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum . 33 1.2.7.6 Group VIA (6). Chromium, Molybdenum, Tungsten ............ 35 1.2.7.7 Group VIIA (7). Manganese, Technetium, Rhenium ............. 37 1.2.7.8 Group VIII (8–10). Iron, Cobalt, Nickel .... 38 vii viii Contents 1.2.7.9 Group VIII (8–10). Platinum Group Metals(Ru,Os,Rh,Ir,Pd,Pt)......... 40 1.2.7.10 Group IB (11). Copper, Silver, Gold . .... 41 1.2.7.11 Group IIB (12). Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury . 45 1.2.7.12 Group IIIB (13). Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium . ........ 48 1.2.7.13GroupIVB(14).Germanium,Tin,Lead.... 49 1.2.7.14GroupVB(15).Antimony,Bismuth...... 51 General References ........................... 52 References ................................ 52 2 Electrochemistry of the Chalcogens .................. 57 2.1 General References . ....................... 57 2.1.1 Tables of Aqueous Standard and Formal Potentials .... 59 2.1.2 Pourbaix Diagram for Sulfur–Water ............ 62 2.1.3 Pourbaix Diagram for Selenium–Water . ........ 64 2.1.4 Pourbaix Diagram for Tellurium–Water . ........ 65 2.2 General Discussion . ....................... 67 2.2.1Sulfur............................ 67 2.2.2Selenium.......................... 69 2.2.3Tellurium.......................... 71 References ................................ 73 3 Electrochemical Preparations I (Conventional Coatings and Structures) ............................. 77 3.1BasicPrinciplesandIllustrations................. 77 3.1.1 Cathodic Electrodeposition . ............. 78 3.1.2 Anodization and Other Techniques ............ 84 3.1.3 Pourbaix Diagrams . .................. 85 3.1.4NucleationandGrowth.................. 86 3.2 Binary Compounds and Related Ternaries ............ 88 3.2.1CadmiumSulfide(CdS).................. 88 3.2.2 Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) ................. 94 3.2.3CadmiumTelluride(CdTe)................ 98 3.2.4ZincSulfide(ZnS)..................... 103 3.2.5 Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) . .................. 104 3.2.6ZincTelluride(ZnTe)................... 105 3.2.7 Mercury Chalcogenides .................. 106 3.2.8 Pseudobinary II–VIx–VI1−x and II1−x–IIx–VI Phases . 106 3.2.9 Molybdenum and Tungsten Chalcogenides ........ 110 3.2.10 Copper Chalcogenides . .................. 112 3.2.11 Silver Chalcogenides . .................. 113 3.2.12 Indium Chalcogenides . .................. 114 3.2.13 Copper–Indium Dichalcogenides ............. 115 3.2.14 Manganese and Rhenium Chalcogenides . ........ 119 Contents ix 3.2.15 Iron Chalcogenides . .................. 120 3.2.16 Tin Chalcogenides . .................. 121 3.2.17 Lead Chalcogenides . .................. 124 3.2.18 Bismuth and Antimony Chalcogenides . ........ 128 3.2.19 Rare Earth Chalcogenides ................. 131 3.3 Addendum . ............................ 132 3.3.1 Chemical Bath Deposition ................. 132 3.3.2 Electrodeposited CdTe Solar Cells ............ 137 References ................................ 139 4 Electrochemical Preparations II (Non-conventional) ........ 153 4.1 General . ............................ 153 4.2 Epitaxial Films and Superstructures . ............. 154 4.2.1 Single-Step Epitaxy on Semiconductor Substrates .... 155 4.2.2 Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy . ........ 162 4.2.3 Superstructures–Multilayers . ............. 169 4.3 Atomic Layer Epitaxy and UPD Revisited ............ 172 4.4 Electrodeposition of Nanostructures: Size-Quantized Films on Metal Substrates . .................. 182 4.5DirectedElectrosynthesis..................... 187 4.5.1PorousTemplates..................... 189 4.5.2 Templated and Free-Standing Nanowires and otherForms........................ 191 4.5.3 Electrochemical Step Edge Decoration . ........ 196 References ................................ 198 5 Photoelectrochemistry and Applications ............... 207 5.1 General . ............................ 207 5.2 Photoelectrochemical Properties .................. 209 5.2.1 Redox and Surface Chemistry vs. Electrode Decomposition 210 5.2.2EnergeticConsiderations................. 213 5.2.3 Cadmium Chalcogenides ................. 216 5.2.3.1 Single-Crystal Photoelectrodes – PEC Fabrication and Properties
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SULFUR TRIOXIDE -- Chemical Fact Sheet
    OLEUM/SULFUR TRIOXIDE -- Chemical Fact Sheet 1 What is it? Oleum is a cloudy, gray, fuming, oily, corrosive liquid with a sharp, penetrating odor. When Oleum comes into contact with air following a spill, it releases Sulfur Trioxide. Sulfur Trioxide is a white gas having the appearance of fog. It also has a sharp, penetrating odor that is detectable at low concentrations. Because of the tendency to liberate Sulfur Trioxide on contact with air, Oleum is also known as “fuming Sulfuric Acid”. Where does it Oleum is made by dissolving Sulfur Trioxide into Sulfuric Acid. Sulfur come from? Trioxide is made from Sulfur Dioxide in the presence of a catalyst. What are the It is used in the oil refining process to make crude oil distillates into higher quality materials. common uses for it? Manufacture of soap Manufacture of high purity Sulfuric Acid for the electronic industry Manufacture of catalyst used in production of Sulfuric Acid. How is it Oleum is shipped by truck and pipeline. transported in CCC? How is it stored Oleum is stored in covered tanks. in CCC? Health Hazards from Exposure Exposure Route Symptoms First Aid Inhalation Irritates nose, throat and Remove to fresh air. Seek (low concentrations) lungs medical attention if Burning Sensation symptoms persist. Sneezing, coughing Inhalation Burning sensation Remove to fresh air, get (high concentrations & prolonged exposure) Coughing, gagging medical attention including Chest tightness and pain, oxygen administration. Fluid in lungs Initiate CPR if breathing has Suffocation, death stopped. Eyes Severely irritates eyes Rinse eyes with water for at Burning/discomfort least 5 minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Test Method ST-20 SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR TRIOXIDE
    Source Test Method ST-20 SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR TRIOXIDE, SULFURIC ACID MIST (Adopted January 20, 1982) REF: Regulations 6-320, 6-330, 9-1-302, 9-1-304 thru 310, 10-1-301, 12-6-301 1. APPLICABILITY 1.1 This method is used to quantify emissions of s ulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. It determines compliance with Regulations 6-320 and 6-330 for SULFUR TRIOXIDE and SULFURIC ACID MIST, and 9-1-302, 9- 1-304 thru 310 and 10-1-301 and 12-6-301 for SULFUR DIOXIDE. 1.2 This method, modified with a glass fiber disc filter as the back-up SO 3 filter, has been given alternate status by the EPA to EPA Method 8. It may be used to determine compliance with oxides of sulfur regulations under Regulation 9. 2. PRINCIPLE 2.1 Sulfuric acid mist, sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide are collected in a single extractive sampling train. Acid mist is trapped in a quartz wool plug in the sample probe and is subsequently analyzed with an acid-base titration. Sulfur trioxide is absorbed in an 80% isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/water solution with a quartz wool back-up filter and is analyzed using analytical procedure Lab-12. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed in an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and is analyzed using analytical procedure Lab-12. 3. RANGE 3.1 The minimum measurable concentration using this method listed below are: 3 3.1.1 Acid mist - 0.0002 gr/ft as H2SO4 3.1.2 Sulfur trioxide - 7 ppm 3.1.3 Sulfur dioxide - 7 ppm 3.2 The maximum measurable concentrations using this method listed below are: 3.2.1 Acid mist - undetermined 3.2.2 Sulfur trioxide - 350 ppm 3.2.3 Sulfur dioxide - 2.5 % 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Amarsinha D. Nikam Vital Force Is Oxygen Extrait Du Livre Vital Force Is Oxygen De Amarsinha D
    Amarsinha D. Nikam Vital Force is Oxygen Extrait du livre Vital Force is Oxygen de Amarsinha D. Nikam Éditeur : B. Jain http://www.editions-narayana.fr/b9138 Sur notre librairie en ligne vous trouverez un grand choix de livres d'homéopathie en français, anglais et allemand. Reproduction des extraits strictement interdite. Narayana Verlag GmbH, Blumenplatz 2, D-79400 Kandern, Allemagne Tel. +33 9 7044 6488 Email [email protected] http://www.editions-narayana.fr Oxygen Oxygen is derived from the Greek word, where oxys means acid, literally sharp from the taste of acids and genes means producer, literally begetter. It is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol 'O'. It is a highly reactive non-metallic period 2 element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen and helium. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 21% of the volume of air. Water is the most familiar oxygen compound. OXYGEN HISTORY Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere we breathe, but it was not discovered as a separate gas until the late i8th century. Oxygen was independently discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala in 1773 or earlier and by Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier. Although oxygen plays a life-supporting role, it took Narayana Verlag, 79400 Kandern Tel.: 0049 7626 974 970 0 Excerpt from Dr. Amarsinha D.Nikam: Vital Force is Oxygen about 150 years for the gas to be used in a proper manner for patients.
    [Show full text]
  • (VI) and Chromium (V) Oxide Fluorides
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1976 The chemistry of chromium (VI) and chromium (V) oxide fluorides Patrick Jay Green Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Chemistry Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Green, Patrick Jay, "The chemistry of chromium (VI) and chromium (V) oxide fluorides" (1976). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4039. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5923 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. All ABSTRACT OF THE TllESIS OF Patrick Jay Green for the Master of Science in Chemistry presented April 16, 1976. Title: Chemistry of Chromium(VI) and Chromium(V) Oxide Fluorides. APPROVEO BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS CO'"o\l TIEE: y . • Ii . ' I : • • • • • New preparative routes to chromyl fluoride were sought. It was found that chlorine ironofluoride reacts with chromium trioxide and chromyl chlo­ ride to produce chromyl fluoride. Attempts were ~ade to define a mechan­ ism for the reaction of ClF and Cr0 in light of by-products observed 3 and previous investigations. Carbonyl fluoride and chromium trioxide react to fom chro·yl fluoride and carbo:i dioxide. A mechanism was also proposed for this react10n. Chromium trioxide 11itl\ l~F6 or WF5 reacts to produce chromyl fluoride and the respective oxide tetrafluoride. 2 Sulfur hexafluoride did not react with Cr03.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide Over Supported Vanadia Catalysts
    Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 19 (1998) 103±117 Oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide over supported vanadia catalysts Joseph P. Dunn, Prashanth R. Koppula, Harvey G. Stenger, Israel E. Wachs* Zettlemoyer Center for Surface Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA Accepted 2 June 1998 Abstract The objectives of this research are to establish the fundamental kinetics and mechanism of sulfur dioxide oxidation over supported vanadia catalysts and use these insights to facilitate the design of SCR DeNOx catalysts with minimal sulfur dioxide oxidation activity. A series of supported vanadia catalysts were prepared on various metal-oxide supports: ceria, zirconia, titania, alumina and silica. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the coordination of surface species. At low vanadia 5 loadings, vanadia preferentially exists on oxide support surfaces as isolated tetrahedrally coordinated (M±O)3V O species. 5 At higher vanadia loadings, the isolated (M±O)3V O species polymerize on the oxide support surface breaking two V±O±M bonds and forming two V±O±V bridging bonds. The turnover frequency for sulfur dioxide oxidation was very low, 104 to 106 s1 at 4008C, and was independent of vanadia coverage suggesting that only one vanadia site is required for the oxidation reaction. As the support was varied, sulfur dioxide oxidation activity of the supported vanadia catalysts varied by one order of magnitude (Ce>Zr, Ti>Al>Si). The basicity of the bridging V±O±M oxygen appears to be responsible for in¯uencing the adsorption and subsequent oxidation of the acidic sulfur dioxide molecule. Over the range of conditions studied, the rate of sulfur dioxide oxidation is zero-order in oxygen, ®rst-order in sulfur dioxide and inhibited by sulfur trioxide.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and Ecology BHM 403 Techno India
    Environment and Ecology BHM 403 Techno India ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY BHM 403 (2008 -2017) PREPARED BY ANIS CHATTOPADHYAY ASST. PROFESSOR TECHNO INDIA EM-4/1, SECTOR –V, SALT LAKE KOLKATA -700091 1 Environment and Ecology BHM 403 Techno India 2008 GROUP – A ( Multiple Choice Type Questions ) 1. Choose correct answer from the given alternatives in each of the following questions : 10x1 = 10 i) Environmental Studies involve studies of a) evolution of life b) all aspects of human environment c) nitrogen cycle d) oxygen cycle. b ii) "Itai itai' disease is caused by a) Zinc b) Cadmium c) Mercury d) Iron. b iii) El Nino starts from a) Mediterranean coast b) Chinese coast c) South American cost d) Indian cost. C iv) The Greenhouse effect is due to a) Carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane and chlorofluorocarbons b) Nitrogen oxide c) Sulphur oxide d) Carbon monoxide. A v) The Ganga pollution is due to dumping of a) domestic and industrial sewages b) waste from forest c) food waste d) hospital waste. A vi) Biotic factor of ecosystem is a) Solar energy b) Temperature c) Soil d) Plants and animals. D vii) Medha Patkar is involved in a) Chipko movement b) Silent Valley movement c) Narmada Bachao movement d) none of these. C viii) The "Kyoto Protocol" is related with a) air pollution b) noise pollution c) water pollution d) none of these. A ix) BOD stands as a) Biochemical Oxygen Demand b) Biological Oxygen Demand c) Biggest Oxygen Demand d) Blown Out Dose. B x) The protective shield for life on earth is a) Carbon dioxide b) Ozone c) Oxygen d) Hydrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Conductive-Bridging Random Access Memory
    Jana et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:188 DOI 10.1186/s11671-015-0880-9 NANO REVIEW Open Access Conductive-bridging random access memory: challenges and opportunity for 3D architecture Debanjan Jana1, Sourav Roy1, Rajeswar Panja1, Mrinmoy Dutta1, Sheikh Ziaur Rahaman1, Rajat Mahapatra1,2 and Siddheswar Maikap1* Abstract The performances of conductive-bridging random access memory (CBRAM) have been reviewed for different switching materials such as chalcogenides, oxides, and bilayers in different structures. The structure consists of an inert electrode and one oxidized electrode of copper (Cu) or silver (Ag). The switching mechanism is the formation/dissolution of a metallic filament in the switching materials under external bias. However, the growth dynamics of the metallic filament in different switching materials are still debated. All CBRAM devices are switching under an operation current of 0.1 μAto 1mA,andanoperationvoltageof±2Visalsoneeded.Thedevice can reach a low current of 5 pA; however, current compliance-dependent reliability is a challenging issue. Although a chalcogenide-based material has opportunity to have better endurance as compared to an oxide-based material, data retention and integration with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process are also issues. Devices with bilayer switching materials show better resistive switching characteristics as compared to those with a single switching layer, especially a program/erase endurance of >105 cycles with a high speed of few nanoseconds. Multi-level cell operation is possible, but the stability of the high resistance state is also an important reliability concern. These devices show a good data retention of >105 s at >85°C. However, more study is needed to achieve a 10-year guarantee of data retention for non-volatile memory application.
    [Show full text]
  • Unified Science Volume 1: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry
    UNIFIED SCIENCE VOLUME 1: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY RICHARD L. LEWIS, PHD [email protected] UNIFICATION THOUGHT INSTITUTE JAPAN • KOREA • USA © 2013 Thank you True Parents CONTENTS Unified Science!.............................................................1 The Abstract Realm!......................................................3 Linear Extension!..........................................................................3 The integers!.................................................................................3 Passive and active!.......................................................................5 Primes!..........................................................................................7 Infinity of infinities!.........................................................................8 Transcendental numbers!............................................................10 Distribution of the primes!...........................................................12 Circular Rotation!.......................................................................13 The (co)sine function!..................................................................14 Waves!.........................................................................................16 Complex numbers!.....................................................................23 The Rotation Operator!................................................................24 Harmonic Primes!........................................................................29 Abstract Hierarchy!....................................................................31
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Electrochemical Performance of Titanium Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplatelets Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73h6h1z6 Author Siordia, Andrew F. Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Electrochemical Performance of Titanium Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplatelets A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the degree Master of Science in Materials Science and Engineering by Andrew Francisco Siordia 2016 ABSTRACT OF THESIS Electrochemical Performance of Titanium Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoplatelets by Andrew Francisco Siordia Master of Science in Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Bruce S. Dunn, Chair Single layer crystalline materials, often termed two-dimension (2D) materials, have quickly become a popular topic of research interest due to their extraordinary properties. The intrinsic electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene were found to be remarkably distinct from graphite, its bulk counterpart. In conjunction with newfound processing techniques, there is renewed interest in elucidating the structure-property relationships of other 2D materials ii like the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The energy storage capability of 2D nanoplatelets of TiS2 and MoS2 are studied here providing a contrast with investigations of corresponding bulk materials in the early 1970s. TiS2 was synthesized into nanoplatelets using a hot injection route which provided a capacity of ~143mAhg-1 from thin film electrodes as determined by cyclic voltammetry measurements. Phase identification using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to complement the electrochemical performance and impurity identification is presented.
    [Show full text]
  • L. Arulmurugan, M. Ilangkumaran " Experimental Study on Graphene/Transition Metal Chalcogenide Based Energy Storage and Conversion
    Journal of Ovonic Research Vol. 16, No. 4, July - August 2020, p. 197 - 211 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON GRAPHENE/TRANSITION METAL CHALCOGENIDE BASED ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION L. ARULMURUGANa, *, M. ILANGKUMARANb, aDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamilnadu, India bDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India The ever-increasing energy demand and the shortage of fossil fuels force the researchers to do research on utilization and conversion of renewable energy sources. In Recent years, the graphene and Transition Metal Chalcogenide (TMC) based Phase Change material (PCM) have been reviewed towards the future energy storage and energy conversion. This PCM is considered as a promising pathway to alleviate the energy crisis. The TMC material is considered as an emerging material due to their optoelectronic behavior and stability of the material. Moreover, the integration of TMC with graphene, significantly improve the performance of the system. The storage of solar energy in the form of sensible and latent heat has become an important aspect of energy management. To improve the performance of domestic solar water heater system, the vertical spiral and cylindrical heat exchanger is designed. The spiral module and cylindrical modules filled with and without PCM are analyzed and the obtained results are compared with each other. The results show that the spiral and cylindrical heat exchanger filled with PCM store and release the thermal energy efficiently and it performs the desired functions than the without PCM module. (Received April 28, 2020; Accepted July 14, 2020) Keywords: Graphene/transition metal chalcogenide, Phase change material, Thermal management, Heat exchanger, Spiral and cylindrical module 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth of Metal Chalcogenide Nanomaterials and Their Characterizations Yichao Zou Bachelor of Engineering
    Growth of Metal Chalcogenide Nanomaterials and Their Characterizations Yichao Zou Bachelor of Engineering A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2016 School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Abstract Metal chalcogenides, such as IV-VI and V-VI compounds (SnTe, Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3), are ideal candidates for applications in thermoelectricity and topological (crystalline) insulators. This PhD thesis focuses on the controllable synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanostructures via chemical vapour deposition method (CVD), and on the understanding of the crystal structure, growth mechanism, and structure-property correlation in the as-grown nanomaterials. IV-VI and V-VI compounds have attracted extensive research interest because of their excellent thermoelectric properties and exotic physical properties. Nevertheless, there still exist unresolved issues that prevent the further applications of IV-VI and V-VI nanomaterials by rational design, including (1) it is still difficult to grow these nanomaterials with controllable morphology and (2) crystal structure; (3) limited investigations of their growth mechanisms; (4) limited study on structure-property relationships in the nanostructures. Therefore, in this thesis, the controllable growth technique, growth mechanism and structure-property relation in IV-VI and V-VI based nanostructures are explored. The objective is achieved in the following steps: Realizing the morphological control of the nanostructures. (i) By catalyst engineering in Au-catalysed CVD. For SnTe nanostructures, catalyst composition was found to be a key factor controlling the morphology. AuSn catalysts induce growth of triangular SnTe nanoplates, whereas Au5Sn catalysts result in <010> SnTe NWs. For Bi2Se3 nanostructures, catalyst-nanostructure interface was found to have an impact on their growth directions.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystallization Kinetics of Chalcogenide Glasses
    2 Crystallization Kinetics of Chalcogenide Glasses Abhay Kumar Singh Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of chalcogenides Chalcogenide glasses are disordered non crystalline materials which have pronounced tendency their atoms to link together to form link chain. Chalcogenide glasses can be obtained by mixing the chalcogen elements, viz, S, Se and Te with elements of the periodic table such as Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, As, Sb and Bi, Ag, Cd, Zn etc. In these glasses, short-range inter-atomic forces are predominantly covalent: strong in magnitude and highly directional, whereas weak van der Waals' forces contribute significantly to the medium-range order. The atomic bonding structure is, in general more rigid than that of organic polymers and more flexible than that of oxide glasses. Accordingly, the glass-transition temperatures and elastic properties lay in between those of these materials. Some metallic element containing chalcogenide glasses behave as (super) ionic conductors. These glasses also behave as semiconductors or, more strictly, they are a kind of amorphous semi-conductors with band gap energies of 1±3eV (Fritzsche, 1971). Commonly, chalcogenide glasses have much lower mechanical strength and thermal stability as compared to existing oxide glasses, but they have higher thermal expansion, refractive index, larger range of infrared transparency and higher order of optical non-linearity. It is difficult to define with accuracy when mankind first fabricated its own glass but sources demonstrate that it discovered 10,000 years back in time. It is also difficult to point in time, when the field of chalcogenide glasses started.
    [Show full text]