C Chemistry C38E

C Chemistry Chemistry C * Chemical phenomena and the associated human activities Science of science of chemistry C29 X focused upon them, treated at the most general level. C2A * For applied chemistry, see Process industrial technology . Philosophy of chemistry (in Class U/V). An alternative location (not C2L X . Scientific method in chemistry * recommended) for applied chemistry is provided at CY Methodology in the most abstract sense. * for libraries wishing to collocate the technology with For practical methods and procedures, see C36. chemistry in Class C. C2M . Mathematics in chemistry C2 . Common subdivisions C2V J .. Topology in chemistry * Add to C2 numbers 2/9 in Auxiliary Schedule 1 with C2X . Statistics & probability in chemistry the same additions & modifications as in AY2 2/9; eg General operations & agents in chemistry C22 .. Forms of presentation * Add to C numbers & letters 2YM/82D following AY, C23 G ... Serials with the modifications indicated at C33/34. P ... Technical data C2Y Q . Organization & management of work in chemistry .. Persons in the subject QS .. Operational research C24 ... Chemists * See also Biography C29 2 C33 Common properties C .... Profession of chemistry D . Distribution * For education & training, see C26 A. W . Continuity C25 .. Organizations in chemistry X . Conditions L .. Communication & information in chemistry Y5 .. Electric field LO ... Terminology YG .. Systems characteristics * For nomenclature, see compounds CGH 25L O. C34 . Theoretical chemistry P ... Documentation in chemistry * As distinct from practical chemistry. Classify more VA .... Information services in chemistry specifically if possible. The term is sometimes used VB ..... Computerized information services as synonymous with quantum chemistry (see C26 A .. Education & training in chemistry C34 CV). * Alternative (not recommended) to locating in * An alternative location (not recommended) is given Education at JKT C. at C8B. C27 .. History of chemistry * Add to C34 letters B/D following AY8 with the C ... Alchemy following modification: D .... Transmutation .. Particular theories * E .... Philosophers’ stone Theories particular to a given chemical G ... Phlogiston theory phenomenon go with that phenomenon. * See also Combustion CDV P CV ... Quantum chemistry C29 2 .. Biography of chemists N . Social aspects of chemistry, chemistry & society C36 . Practical chemistry, laboratory practice * Add to C29 N letters A/Y following K so far as * For bulk processing of materials, see Process applicable. industrial technology VL. R . Research .. Unwanted effects in chemical work * Activity aimed at extending the current corpus of C37 ... Work hazards, accidents (chemical work), safety knowledge about chemical phenomena. measures, protective measures * For theoretical chemistry, see C34. DV .... Warning systems * Add to C29 R letters B/T following AY3 2; eg, ES .... Protective equipment RC .. Methodology EU ..... Protective clothing X . Science of science of chemistry EV * In the context of scientific disciplines this area of ..... Specific items * Arrange A/Z; eg discourse has been termed (particularly in Europe) "science of science" and connotes the abstract study of EVF A ...... Facemasks the science as compared with its empirical study and EVF U ...... Fume cupboards, fume hoods practice. The external mental environment within which J .... Pollution hazards (Practical chemistry) the whole discipline of chemistry is viewed. MG .... Dangerous materials (Practical chemistry) * General explanatory texts, elementary or advanced, N ..... Specific substances which detail what chemistry and chemical phenomena C38 E .... Human error are about should be classed at C above. * For social aspects of chemistry, see C29 N. * Add to C29 X numbers & letters 5/S following AY2 9X; * Add to C2 letters A/X following A in AA/AX; eg

21 C3B C68I Equipment & materials

Chemistry C Chemistry C Practical chemistry C36 Practical chemistry C36 Unwanted effects in chemical work Equipment & materials C3B . .Human error C38 E .Equipment C3U ...... Windows C4T SW C3B Equipment & materials (together) . Operations on equipment & materials C5X . Reagents * D .. Design Substances used to produce a characteristic reaction in analysis or experiments in order to detect, measure, F .. Installation & use etc or otherwise examine other substances. K .. Testing * Reagents serving a particular investigating technique * For calibration, see Instruments C43 BW go with the technique; eg Precipitation agents N .. Control (of operations on equipment & materials) C8K T5X; Buffers C8U HY5 X. P ... Intelligent control devices .. Properties * See also Smart materials C3T V A ... Purity C3C .. Handling C ... Grades of reagent H ... Holding, supporting CL .... Analytical grades H3U .... Supports CM .... Commercial grades, crude grades I ..... Specific supports, A/Z .. Operations on reagents ICL ...... Clamps E ... Sampling ITR ...... Tripods * Obtaining a small quantity of a substance which is J ... Joining truly representative of the whole. K ... Closing E37 .... Sampling points, sampling errors M .... Packing material, caulking E3U .... Equipment Q .... Seals, stoppers ER .... Dry techniques . Properties of equipment & materials ES .... Wet techniques C3K GP .. Heat properties (Equipment & materials), thermal ET .... Samples properties (Equipment & materials) EU ..... Primary standard samples C3L .. Chemical properties (Equipment & materials) * Used as unit reference materials. C3R . Materials (Practical chemistry) * For specific standards, see property, etc; eg .. Kinds of materials by composition acidimetric standards, oxidation standards. C3T G ... Glass (Equipment & materials) .. Reagents by activity/constitution * H ... Ceramics (Equipment & materials) Add to C5X letters G/O following C; eg J ... Plastics (Equipment & materials) HCA ... Catalysts (Reagents) .. Kinds of materials by function IA ... Acids (Reagents) * For reagents, see C5X O ... Organic reagents S ... Barrier materials T .. Reagents special to a given class * T ... Refractories Notation reserved for use when required. V ... Smart materials C62 Investigative techniques in chemistry * Applied to chemical phenomena in general; for C3U . Equipment, apparatus, plant techniques applied specifically to the handling and TG .. Glassware preparation of substances in experiment and analysis, C3X .. Chemical laboratories see C8E. C4 .. Instruments & instrumentation in chemistry C63 . Data handling, data processing * For intelligent instruments, see C3B P C64 B . Automated methods C43 BW ... Calibration C . Computer techniques in chemistry C45 ... Components D .. Computer programs * For computers see C64 C E .. Named computer systems C48 .... Control instruments, control systems * Including named pieces of computer equipment. .... Kinds of components by energy system . By scale C4A C ..... Electrical & electronic instrumentation C67 .. Microtechniques, microchemical techniques, * For computers, see C64 C microchemistry .... Kinds of components by function * Procedures in which the weight of the sample is C4K ..... Switching devices very small (less than 1 mg or 1 ml) and often C4N ..... Indicators requiring especially small apparatus & microscopic C4T RY ..... Viewing devices, display devices observation. SW ...... Windows (instrumentation) C68 .. Ultramicroprocedures, nanotechniques I .. Semimicrotechniques, submicroprocedures * Procedures in which the weight of the sample is between 10/100 mgrm.

22 C68M Preparative techniques C8GN

Chemistry C Chemistry C Practical chemistry C36 Preparative techniques C8E .. By scale By energy system involved . . .Semimicrotechniques C68 I . .Heating C8E G . . . .Direct heating techniques C8E M C68 M ... Macrotechniques ...... Blowlamps C8E OP * These are usually assumed; do not qualify specific techniques by this classmark and use this class C8E OQ ...... Oxidizing flames only for works on macrotechniques in general. OR ...... Reducing flames C69 .. Physical methods P .... Indirect heating techniques C6B ... Mechanical techniques PT ..... Baths C6G P ... Thermal techniques .. By thermal treatment C6H I ... Electrical techniques R ... Combustion C6I B ... Electronic techniques S ... Boiling C6K ... Radiation techniques T ... Roasting, calcining C6L .... Optical techniques By function in preparation .. Techniques by action on phenomenon * The operations below display a variety of C73 B ... Sampling relationships, sometimes serving one end and sometimes another; eg to dissolve one substance in C74 J ... Detection another is to combine them, but different solvents C76 ... Measurement may be used to separate them. Some operations also C7A ... Testing & evaluation are associated primarily with a particular state of C7C .... Monitoring matter (eg decanting of liquids) but are not C7F ... Simulation necessarily confined to that state. So one sequence of C7H ... Visualization & imaging operations is given below and compounding should C7I .... Imaging techniques reflect the particular relationship arising from a O ..... Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging particular application. C7M ... Spectroscopy C8G D . Production (Preparative chemistry) * See also Extraction C8I K C7P ... Tracer techniques DL .. Collection (Preparative chemistry) C7Q ... Techniques special to a context E . Containing, storing C82 Experimental chemistry * If distinguished from practical chemistry (C36). E3U .. Equipment * Add to C82 letters D/T following AY8 2; eg E3W C ... Containers D . Design of experiments E3W F .... Particular kinds of containers, A/Z C8B Theoretical chemistry E3W FB ..... Beakers * Alternative (not recommended) to locating at C34. E3W FR ..... Retorts G . Weighing G3U .. Equipment C8E Preparative techniques G3W ... Balances 67 . Microtechniques G3W M .... Microbalances . By energy system involved G3X .... Other B .. Heating & cooling operations * Arrange A/Z; eg helical spring balances, C ... Cooling C8G G3X HE. D .... Refrigeration J . Size reduction G ... Heating JK .. Compression .... Equipment * For liquefaction, see C8W UH; C8W VGM G3U ..... Thermostats JM .. Crushing .... By energy source JP .. Grinding H ..... Gas heating K .. Comminution I ..... Heating oil KM ... Maceration J ..... Other fuels L . Size enlargement * Arrange A/Z; eg alcohol, kerosene. LO .. Flocculation K ..... Electric heating * For flocculation in colloids, see CFO HO. L ..... Autoclaves M . Density reduction .... By mode of operation of source N .. Rarefaction M ..... Direct heating techniques N ...... Ovens, furnaces O ...... Burners, flames OP ...... Blowlamps, blowpipes

23 C8H C8WUH Preparative techniques

Chemistry C Chemistry C Preparative techniques C8E Preparative techniques C8E Density reduction C8G M By function in preparation .Rarefaction C8G N .Separation C8I . . .Clarification C8P C8H Transferring substances, moving substances 3U . Equipment C8Q C . Combination * 3W .. Specific forms See also Synthesis C8Y * Arrange A/Z; eg burettes, funnels, pipettes, siphons. E .. Mixing C8I Separation (preparative chemistry) F ... Stirring, agitation J . Phase separation By physical chemistry property involved * K . Extraction Add to C8R letters B/W following CA; eg L .. Solvent extraction C8R P . Stereochemistry N .. Leaching .. Arrangement P . Size separation PP ... Sequencing * For filtration, see C8L. Preparative chemistry by reaction concerned * Q .. Screening Arranging for these reactions as part of an experiment, etc. R . Water assisted separation * For the chemical nature of these reactions, see S .. Washing, elutriation CAY/CF. S3U ... Equipment * Add to C8S letters AY/F following CB; S3W .... Washing bottles * Add to C8T letters A/Y following CC; T ... Suspension media * Add to C8U letters A/Y following CD; C8J . Electroextraction, electrowinning * Add to CBV letters A/Y following CE; eg K .. Electrostatic separation C8T V . Decomposition L .. Electromagnetic separation C8U A . Ion exchange M . Magnetic separation B . Oxidation-reduction R . Drying HY . Acidification & basification X . Dilution & concentration HY5 X .. Buffers C8K B .. Dilution By change of state E .. Concentration * Add to C8W letters A/O following CF; eg * For evaporation, see C8W UGG. C8W FR . Phase transition techniques P ... Thickening * For transitions special to a given state of matter, see R ... Phase separation concentration the latter; eg Solids - Melting C8W VGN. * For flotation, see Process industrial technology VL. .. By penetration S .... Sedimentation HO ... Sorption (Techniques) T .... Precipitation HP ... Sorbents V .... Decanting HR .... Absorption (Techniques) C8L .... Filtration HS .... Adsorption (Techniques) M ..... Vacuum filtration HSR ..... Physical adsorption (techniques), P ..... Membraneous filtration physisorption (Techniques) Q ...... Dialysis HU .... Chemisorption (Techniques) R ..... Ultrafiltration .. By states of matter X . Centrifuging K ... Mixtures (Preparative chemistry) C8M . Distillation M ... Solutions (Preparative chemistry) * Separation of liquids at different boiling points. MF .... Solvents (Preparative chemistry) N .. Fractional distillation MLX .... Standard solution preparation P .. Vacuum distillation By state of matter handled T .. Steam distillation * Add to C8W letters PY/W following CF; eg U .. Dry distillation S . Fluids (Preparative chemistry) V .. Destructive distillation T .. Gases (Preparative chemistry) * See also Countercurrent adsorption CFH TH TX .. Condensation (Preparative chemistry) C8N . Chromatography (Preparative chemistry) U .. Liquids (Preparative chemistry) * For chromatography in analysis (Adsorption analysis) UGG ... Evaporation see C9Q. UGQ .... Boiling . By purpose UGS ... Superheating C8O .. Purification UH ... Liquefaction (Gas to liquid) Q ... Scavengers C8P .. Clarification

24 C8WV Analysis C9GD

Chemistry C Chemistry C Preparative techniques C8E Analysis C9 . .Fluids C8W S Kinds of analysis by technique . . . .Liquefaction C8W UH .Field analysis C9B P

C8W V .. Solids (Preparative chemistry) C9B Q . Tests in analysis VGF ... Sublimation (Preparative chemistry) R .. Dry tests VGM ... Liquefaction (Solid to liquid) (preparative RE ... Ashing, heat effects (Dry tests) chemistry) RF ... Flame tests VGN .... Melting (Preparative chemistry), fusion RG ... Blowpipe analysis (Preparative chemistry) RH .... Borax bead tests, bead reactions (Analysis) VGO ..... Vacuum fusion S .. Wet tests VGQ ... Solidification (Liquid to solid) (preparative * See also Gravimetric analysis C9D chemistry) SE ... Spot tests VGR .... Freezing (Preparative chemistry) SF ... Non-aqueous solvents (Wet tests) VGT .... Supercooling (Preparative chemistry) SH ... Anion identification C8Y Synthesis (Preparative chemistry) SI ... Cation identification V . Non-destructive analysis C9 Analysis, chemical analysis C95 X . Reagents Kinds of analysis by physical properties measured XA .. Purity C9D . Gravimetric analysis XE .. Sampling * For quantitative analysis, see C9Q W. XT .. Reagents specific to a given form of analysis E .. Vaporimetry * The notation -95XT may be added to any form of G .. Drop analysis analysis to introduce a specific reagent. J .. Microcrystalloscopic analysis C96 3 . Processing results V . Volumetric analysis 4D .. Computer programs * For quantitative analysis, see C9Q W. 7 . Microtechniques V5X .. Reagents * For microanalysis, see C9B 7. C9E .. Titration (Volumetric analysis), titrimetric analysis . Kinds of analysis by technique 5X ... Reagents * Add to C9B numbers 2/8 following AY6; E ... Weight titration * Add to C9B 9 letters B/U following AY6 if ... Kinds of titrations by phase applicable. F .... Phase titration C9B 4B .. Automated methods G ..... Precipitation titration ... Equipment ... Kinds of titrations by chemical reaction 4B3 U .... Autoanalyzers J .... Alkalinity titration, acid-base titration .. Microtechniques K .... Redox titration 7 ... Microanalysis N ... Complexometry, complexometric titration, 8 ... Ultramicrotechniques chelatometry 8I .. Semimicrotechniques .... Reagents 8J .. Submicrotechniques N5X ..... Chelate agents 8M .. Macrotechniques O .... Heterometry * Usually assumed; use this heading only if P .... Chelometry, chelometric titration macrotechniques are distinguished from all others. R . Capillary analysis 8N ... Trace analysis (general), impurities analysis * See also specific techniques; eg polarography, S . Kinetic methods in analysis spectroscopy. T .. Diffusion analysis * For spot tests, see C9B SE. U ... Dialysis (chemical analysis) D .. Combined methods (Analysis), hybrid methods . Analysis by wave properties (Analysis) * Add to C9F letters B/V following BF; eg E .. Instrumental analysis C9F NH .. Reflectance (Analysis) G .. Remote control analysis O .. Resonance (Analysis) J .. Fractional analysis C9G . Thermal chemical analysis, thermoanalysis L .. High performance analysis CY .. Differential thermal analysis N .. Local analysis .. Gravimetric analysis P .. Field analysis D ... Thermogravimetric analysis * Performed outside laboratory.

25 C9GE C9MLCPS Spectrum analysis

Chemistry C Chemistry C Analysis C9 Analysis C9 Thermal chemical analysis C9G Actinometry C9K . Gravimetric analysis . .Thermogravimetric analysis C9G D C9M Spectrum analysis, spectroscopic analysis (general), spectrochemical analysis . Titration * For spectrometry (if distinguished from C9G E .. Thermometric titration spectroscopy) see C9N. F ... Differential thermal titration * Add to C9M numbers 4/5 and letters B/J following H . Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC AY7 M, with the additions & amendments * Measures enthalpy changes as heat added or indicated below. removed. . Instrumentation C9H Electroanalytical chemistry, electroanalysis, 4 .. Spectroscopes electrochemical analysis . Operations . Gravimetric BD .. Excitation (spectrum analysis) D .. Electrogravimetry BE ... Activation analysis DN ... Internal electrogravimetry * Usually by neutrons, or protons. DP ... Spontaneous electrogravimetry BF .. Observation . Titration BFG ... Spectrophotograpy E .. Amperometric titration, amperometry BFG L .... Spectrophotographs EM ... Chromoamperometry BFM ... Spectrophotometry EN .. Conductimetric titration BFM 4 .... Spectrometers EO ... High frequency conductimetric titration . Kinds of spectra measured EP .. Potentiometric titration BG .. Continuous spectrum analysis * For Determination of pH value, see CFM BKJ X. BH .. Line spectrum analysis EP3 U ... Potentiometers BJ .. Band spectrum analysis EQ ... Chromopotentiometry C .. Radiation spectrum analysis ES .. Ionometry CG ... Emission spectrum analysis ET .. Coulometric titration, coulometry CL ... Absorption spectrum analysis EU ... Chronocoulometry CM ... Refraction, refractometric analysis EV ... Chronopotentiometry CN ... Reflection spectrum analysis EW ... Dielectrometric titration, dielectrometry CNR .... Reflectance spectrophotometery EX .. High frequency titration CQ ... Diffraction spectrum analysis C9I D . Electrodeposition analysis CQ7 6 .... Measurement * If distinguished from electroanalysis in general. CR ... Interference spectrum analysis, G . Polarographic analysis, polarography interferometric H .. Differential polarography CR7 JFR .... Interference spectrum microscopy I .. Other specific forms CT ... Scattering specrum analysis * Arrange A/Z; eg * For Raman spectra analysis, see C9M LR. II ... Inversion polarography . Spectrum analysis by wavelength, frequency J . Voltametry * Add to C9M letters KM/LY following AY7 M; C9J . Electrophoresis (analysis), cataphoresis (analysis) eg M .. Zone electrophoresis, sheet chromatography, KM .. Radiofrequency spectroscopy electrochromatology KN ... Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, N .. Immunophoresis NMR O .. Isotachophoresis L .. Optical spectroscopy P .. Isoelectric focussing * Use this general class also for analysis using Y . Other electrical techniques visible light specifically. For infra-red, see * Arrange A/Z; eg Non-Faradic admittance. C9M LU. C9K Actinometry, radiometry ... Radiation phenomena LCP .... Polarization LCP R ..... Rotational spectrum (analysis) LCP S ...... Polarimetric analysis

26 C9MLFG Analysis C9Q7RR

Analysis C9 Chemistry C Spectrum analysis C9M Analysis C9 Spectrum analysis by wavelength, frequency Kinds of analysis by physical properties measured .Optical spectroscopy C9M L . .Particulate spectroscopy C9M M .. Radiation phenomena . . .Atomic spectroscopy C9M P . . . . .Polarimetric analysis C9M LCP S . . . .Atom fluorescence spectral analysis C9M PDL

.. By optical property measured C9M PL .... Atomic absorption analysis C9M LFG ... Emission spectroscopy (analysis) Q ... Molecular spectroscopy LFH .... Luminescent titration QCG .... Molecular emission analysis ... Absorption QCL .... Molecular absorption analysis * For Turbidimetric analysis, see C9M LFT. QU ... Ion spectroscopy LFL .... Optical absorption chemical analysis QUO .... Resonance ionization spectroscopy LFL E ..... Photometric titration, spectrophotometric C9N .. Spectrometry titration * If distinguished from spectroscopy. If in doubt, LFL EM ...... Fluorophotometric analysis prefer C9M. ... Refraction ... Instrumentation LFM .... Refractometry 4 .... Spectrometers ... Scattering LFT .... Turbidimetric analysis, nephelometric Kinds of analysis by separation of components in analysis, photoextinction method mixture (chemical analysis) C9Q . Chromatography (analysis), adsorption analysis ... Colour * Analysis characterized by techniques for separating LM .... Colorimetric analysis, colorimetry the components of a mixture. A mobile phase, * Meaning often extended to include carrying the mixture, is moved in contact with a absorption & transmission, in which case selectively absorbent stationary phase. prefer spectrometry. * For chromatography as a general technique for ..... Equipment separation, see preparative chemistry C8N. LM3 U ...... Colorimeters 5X .. Reagents LM3 W ...... Comparators .. Operations LM3 WT ...... Tintometers 74J ... Detection LR .. Raman spectroscopy .... Instruments LU .. Infra-red spectroscopy 74J 3U ..... Detectors (chromatography) LW .. Ultra-violet spectroscopy ... Recording & presentation LWY . Radiography (spectrum analysis) 74T .... Chromatographs, chromatograms .. X-rays ..... Interpretation LX ... X-ray phase analysis 74T S ...... Decoding (chromatography) LXC G ... Emission X-ray analysis 76 ... Measurement LXC L ... Absorption X-ray analysis 7QB ... Separation mechanisms (analysis) LXC Q ... Diffraction analysis (X-rays) 7QE .... Elution (chromatography), elutriation LY .. Gamma rays (analysis) (chromatography) M Particulate spectroscopy 7QG .... Activation (chromatography) * For mass spectroscopy, see atoms C9M P. 7QJ .... Deactivation (chromatography) . Photons 7QL .... Reactivation (chromatography) NG .. Electromagnetic quantum spectroscopy 7QN .... Location (chromatography) NP . Electron spectroscopy * Establishing position of solute. .. Electron emission 7QP ..... Displacement (chromatography) NPC G ... Photoelectron spectroscopy, ESCA, XPS 7QR .... Fractionation (chromatography) NPC Q .. Electron diffractrometry .. Properties NPS .. Auger spectroscopy 7R ... Distance (chromatography) NPX .. X-ray electron spectroscopy * Travelled by solvents/components; NU . Nucleon spectroscopy characterizes and identifies components. NV .. Proton spectroscopy 7RR .... Ry value (chromatography) O .. Neutron spectroscopy OCG ... Neutron activation analysis OCQ ... Neutron diffraction analysis P . Atomic spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy PDL .. Atom fluorescence spectral analysis

27 C9Q8WFFR C9QVXV Chromatography

Chemistry C Chemistry C Analysis C9 Analysis C9 Chromatography C9Q Kinds of analysis by separation of components in mixture Properties ... By other physical processes . .Ry value C9Q 7RR . . . .Precipitation chromatography C9Q IC

Techniques .... By physical state of mobile phase C9Q 8WF FR . Phase transition techniques C9Q IX ..... Multiphase chromatography .. By penetration J ..... Gas chromatography 8WF HO ... Sorption K ...... Gas-liquid chromatography 8WF HP .... Sorbents (chromatography) * If distinguished from gas chromatography 8WF HPQ ..... Mixed type sorbents in general. * Both stationary and mobile phases. L ...... Gas-solid chromatography 8WF HPR ..... Bonded groups sorbents M ..... Liquid chromatography 8WF HPS ..... Modified sorbents N ...... High performance liquid chromatography, .. By state of matter high pressure liquid 8WF M ... Solutions chromatography, HPLC 8WF MF .... Solvents, eluents O ...... Liquid-liquid chromatography Kinds of chromatography P ...... Liquid-solid chromatography A . In combination with other analyses Q ...... Column chromatography . By mobility of phase QX ..... Film development chromatography, film B .. Stationary phase (chromatography), fixed chromatography phase (chromatography) S ..... Paper chromatography BL ... Solid support (chromatography) SS ...... Ascending paper chromatography * When stationary phase is liquid. SV ...... Descending paper chromatography C .. Moving phase, mobile phase SX ...... Cellulose chromatography CG ... Carrier gas (chromatography) T ...... Thin-layer chromatography . By process involved, separation mechanism TT ...... Two-dimensional chromatography * For electrochromatography, see C9Q H. ... By chemical process D .. Adsorption chromatography UD .... Redox chromatography D7Q G ... Activation UG .... Ligand chromatography E .. Partition chromatography (general) UJ .... Affinity chromatography * See also gas-liquid chromatography C9Q K UL .... Chelation chromatography EL ... Liquid phase (chromatography) Kinds of analysis by primary purpose EN ... Bonded reverse phase * Many analytical techniques can serve the purposes of F .. Ion exchange chromatography both qualitative & quantitative analysis. So the * See also specific mobile phases; eg gas literature here will consist mostly of general works on chromatography C9Q J; gel permeation the two types. They should be qualified here by a chromatography C9Q G. particular technique only if that technique is considered ... Agents solely in relation to one or the other specific purpose. FAR .... Ion exchange resins (chromatography) V . Qualitative analysis, detection (analysis) FAS ..... Anionic exchange resins .. Properties to be determined FAT ..... Cationic exchange resins VVC ... Composition (determination) FS .. Molecular sieve chromatography VVG .... Main constituent, purity (determination) FX .. Permeation chromatography VVI .... Impurities (analysis) G ... Gel permeation chromatography, ion VVL ..... Inorganic impurities (analysis) exclusion chromatography, gel VVO ..... Organic impurities (analysis) filtration chromatography VW .... Water constituent (determination) H .. Electrochromatographic analysis VWX ..... Residual water (determination) HT ... Zone electrophoresis .... By solubility . By other physical processes VXB ..... Soluble constituents IC .. Precipitation chromatography VXD ...... Water-soluble constituents VXF ...... Soluble in other liquids VXI ..... Insoluble constituents VXJ ...... Water-insoluble constituents VXL ...... Insoluble in other liquids VXV ... Degree of advancement of reaction

28 C9QW Physical chemistry CABGV

Chemistry C Chemistry C Analysis C9 Common properties C33 Kinds of analysis by primary purpose ... Determination of one substance in another .Qualitative analysis C9Q V . . .Degree of advancement of reaction C9Q VXV CA Physical chemistry, physics of chemistry * Study of the underlying physical processes associated C9Q W . Quantitative analysis, estimation (analysis) with chemical reactions and of the dependence of * The two major techniques are gravimetric (C9D) and physical properties on chemical composition. volumetric (C9D V). * Add to CA numbers 2/9 following C; eg, C9S Kinds of analysis by substance analyzed CA3 4CV . Quantum theory * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate the analysis 6 . Practical physical chemistry of a specific substance to that substance. In such cases, CA9 V . Common properties/processes use this class only as a qualifier. * An alternative (not recommended) for libraries wishing to XA .. Conditions, parameters, environments keep together all the literature on analysis is to use this YG ... Systems characteristics position for that purpose. If this option is taken, proceed . Properties/processes in physical chemistry as follows: * Where a physical property or process has generated a . Analysis of a particular substance chemical system (eg, thermochemistry, * Add to C9S letters JT/N following C (for inorganic electrochemistry) the class for that system should take substances); all the literature relating to chemical phenomena * Add to C9S letters OIX/S following C (for organic within that system (eg, electroysis). Qualification by substances); this class (physical chemistry) should only be used if * Add to the resulting classmark numbers & letters 92/9Q the scope of the energy system class in CE does not following C for the analytical methods, etc. embrace the concept implied by the qualifier. * . Determination of one substance in another Use the classes in CAB below only to qualify classes * Cite the substance analyzed before the constituent(s) CAC/CAY; for classes following CB, use the determined. Proceed as follows (where the hyphen provision at CB. * represents the classmark of the first substance): Add to CAB letters A/Q following B with the * Add to - letters JT/N following C (for inorganic adjustments at CAB R as indicated; eg substances) or letters OIX/S following C (for organic CAB AG .. Thermodynamics substances); eg Determination of sulphur in iron AT ... Transport processes C9S NOM Q. AV .... Diffusion B .. Mechanics BB ... Energy * The energy forms from Physics (BA/BQ) apply mostly to reaction chemistry (CAX) rather than to physical chemistry in general. * Use this class CAB only to qualify classes CAC/CAY; for classes following CB, use the provision at CB. * For energy levels, see CAD; for energy bands, see CAF. BC .... Energy ranges BJ .... Pressure (physical chemistry) CH ... Statics * For chemical statics, see CBC H. CJ .... Mass (physical chemistry) CL .... Density (physical chemistry) CLL ..... Specific gravity CLP ..... Low density CLT ..... High density CN .... Equilibrium CP .... Stability CX ... Dynamics (physical chemistry) DE ... Kinetics (physical chemistry) E ... Vibration (physical chemistry) GH .... Acoustic properties (physical chemistry) GP .. Thermal properties (physical chemistry) GV ... Temperature (physical chemistry)

29 CABGY CAFO Chemical combination & structure

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Thermal properties CAB GP Properties/processes in physical chemistry .Temperature CAB GV . . .Zwitterions CAB Z

CAB GY Electrical & magnetic properties CAC Chemical combination & structure HI . Electrical properties (physical chemistry) F . Chemical formulae HU .. Conduction G .. Empirical formulae HWG .. Insulation H .. Structural formulae J . Magnetic properties (physical properties) * See also Stereochemistry CAP K . Radiation properties (physical chemistry) I .. Graphical formulae * For radioactivity, see CAB OFK. K . Mole concept L .. Optical properties (physical chemistry) L .. Avogadro’s constant M Particle physics in chemistry M .. Molarity NP . Electrons in chemistry O . Stoichiometry NU . Nucleons in chemistry * Determination of the numerical relationship of NV .. Protons in chemistry elements and compounds as reactants and products in NW .. Neutrons in chemistry chemical reactions. * See also Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric O . Nuclear physics in chemistry compounds CGH GCC O/CGH GCC V * See also Nuclear chemistry CEV O2M .. Stoichiometric equation OFK .. Radioactivity P .. Atomic weight P . Atomic physics in chemistry * Whereas atoms in physics refer only to the internal Q .. Atomic volume energy aspects of the atom, in chemistry they are R .. Molecular weight concerned with the general relations of atom to atom S .. Chemical equivalents, equivalent weights, in the formulation of chemical species or substances. combining weights PV .. Nuclides CAD . Energy levels, electron energy states PW ... Isotopy * Add to CA letters D/F following BMB Particles, PX .... Radioisotopes, radioactive isotopes amplified from BPB Atoms, BQB Molecules and * For radioisotopic elements, see CGE BPW. BTX B Condensed matter. PXR .... Stable isotopes T .. Orbitals, orbits, electronic configuration * PXU .... Radioactive series, decay series, disintegration For elements defined by electronic configuration, series, transformation series see Periodic table CGE P. TV .. Quantum numbers (orbitals) PXV ..... Thorium series U ... Principal quantum number (n), electron shells PXW ..... Uranium 235 series, actinium series V ... Azimuthal quantum numbers (l), orbital quantum PXX ..... Uranium-radium series number, angular momentum quantum PXY ..... Neptunium series number, subsidiary quantum number Q . Molecular physics in chemistry VT .... Electron subshells R . Ion physics in chemistry * The notation at BQU is amended here. VU ..... S-level, sharp level (subshells) * For free ions, see CGF Y VV ..... P-level, principal level (subshells) * For free radicals, see CGF Y VW ..... D-level, diffuse level (subshells) * Add to CAB letters RHU/UH following BQU; eg, VX ..... F-level, fundamental level (subshells) RHU .. Cations, positive ions W ... Magnetic quantum number (m) RHV .. Anions, negative ions X ... Spin quantum number (s) RJ .. Complex ions .. Kinds of energy states VF .. Free ions CAE G ... Ground state * See Free radicals, free ions CGF Y H .... Aufbau principle Z .. Zwitterions I .... Pauli exclusion principle J .... Jund’s rule K ... Excited state CAF .. Energy bands O ... Valency bands * For valency bonds, see CAG.

30 CAG Chemical bonds CALN

Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Chemical combination & structure CAC Chemical combination & structure CAC Chemical bonds CAG Energy levels CAD Components in bonding . .Valency bands CAF O .Atomic orbitals CAI P . .Basis set atomic orbitals CAI PS CAG Chemical bonds, bonding, valence bonds DT . Orbitals CAI Q . Molecular orbitals * For bonding orbitals, see CAI H. QGV .. Overlap . Properties QHN .. Hybridization H .. Valency, valence QR .. Bonding orbitals (molecular), bonding molecular J .. Oxidation state, oxidation number orbitals L .. Electronegativity QS .. Anti-bonding molecular orbitals * Measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to Kinds of bonds attract electrons within bonds. CAJ . Covalent bonds M .. Bond stability .. Properties & Processes MO ... Octet principle (bonding) K ... Covalency MQ ... Bond energy, binding energy, bond strength L ... Ionic character, charge distribution MS ... Bond dissociation energy N ... Bond energy MU ... Bond force constants O ... Bond order N .. Bond geometry, molecular geometry Q .... Conjugation NO ... Bond direction, bond orientation * Alternation of single & multiple bonds. NQ ... Bond angle R ..... Hyperconjugation O ... Bond distance, bond length .. Kinds of covalent bonds * For covalent radius, see Covalent bonds CAJ. CAK ... Coordinate bonds, dative bonds, semipolar bonds OP .... Interatomic distance * Formally identical with covalent bonds, but with P ... Other features of bond geometry both electrons being supplied by one of the * Arrange A/Z; eg B-bonding. atoms. Q .. Bond dipole moment * For chelate bonding, see Chelates CIM. QR ... Fajan’s rule L ... Localized bonds, two-centred bonds * T . Processes For localization as process, see CAH L. V .. Orbital overlap M ... Delocalized bonds, multi-centred bonds * * See also Bond hybridization CAH N See also Aromatic bonds CQY AKM CAH B .. Binding sites, receptors N ... Sigma bonds * Resulting from overlap of 2 s-orbitals or of an s- C ... Active sites, combining sites & a p-orbital. D ... Allosteric sites P ... Pi bonds E ... Isosteric sites * Resulting from overlap of 2 parallel p-orbitals. F ... Synaptic receptors Q .... Delocalized pi bonds H .. Crosslinkage, crosslinking ... By number of bonds linked L .. Localization (bonding), delocalization (bonding) R .... Single bonds * Bonding electron cannot be associated with just one S .... Multiple bonds atom but with whole group. SKM ..... Delocalized multiple bonds LN ... Helical structures (bonding) U ..... Conjugate bonds LQ .... Alphahelix structures (bonding) ...... Processes N ... Bond hybridization, orbital hybridization UJR ...... Hyperconjugation P ... Catenation * Tendency of the atoms of an element to form V ..... Double bonds chains. W ..... Triple bonds . Components in bonding X ..... Quadruple bonds CAI B .. Bonding electrons, electron pairs YB ... Polar covalent bonds C ... Valence shell electron pair repulsion, VSEPR YD ... Dipolar covalent bonds theory YF ... Nonpolar covalent bonds E ... Shared pair CAL . Ionic bonds, electrovalent bonds, electrovalency F ... Lone pair .. Properties H .. Bonding orbitals (general) ... Covalency P .. Atomic orbitals JK .... Covalent properties in ionic bonds PHN ... Hybridization N . Resonance hybrids * PS ... Basis set atomic orbitals For resonance in general, see Mesomerism CGH GCS UQH.

31 CALP CBAVT Physical chemistry

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Chemical combination & structure CAC Chemical combination & structure CAC Chemical bonds CAG .. Structures special to a given compound CAP V . .Resonance hybrids CAL N CAP Y .. Variations in molecular structure CAL P .. Vibrational bonding * For the kinds of substances produced by these (ie, Q .. Metallic bonds, free electrons (metallic bond) polymorphs) and their attendant processes R ... Metal cluster bonds (polymorphism, allotropy, etc) see CGC Q S .. Electrostatic bonds (general), CGE CQ (elements) and CGH GCQ T ... Hydrogen bonds (compounds). * For isomerism, see CGH GCR QH; for U .. Hydrogen bridges polymerization, see CGH GCV CQ; for CAM .. Intermolecular forces isomorphism, see CGH GCW. CAN ... Van der Waals’ force R .... Attraction (Van der Waals’), radius (Van der Waals’) CAY Reaction chemistry * For chemical combination & structure, see CBR. S ... London forces 9 . Chemical analysis T ... Dipolar interactions, Keeson’s forces . Conditions, parameters U .... Dipole induced dipole force * Use these only for the qualification of particular V ... Dispersion forces reactions. Works on the concepts per se go at the X ... Association appropriate class in CBB/CE below; eg Adiabatic processes in thermochemistry CDU BAP Q. CAO Molecular structure, structural chemistry 9XC .. Critical point P . Molecular shape, structural topology 9XE .. Volume conditions Q .. Chain structure (general) 9XJ .. Pressure conditions * Most of the literature concerns organic compounds. 9XO .. Velocity conditions * For Aliphatic compounds, see CP. 9XP .. Thermal conditions R ... Open chain 9XY .. Electrical & magnetic conditions S .... Straight chain 9YB .. Dimensions U .... Branched chain 9YC ... Time conditions V ..... Cross-linking G . Agents special to a particular class W ... Closed chain, ring structure, cyclic structure * The classmark -AYG may be added to any class to * Nearly all the literature is on cyclic organic introduce agents special to it; eg CTE CQA YG compounds (CQ/CS). Polymerization intermediates. X . Structural features special to a particular class * The classmark -AOX may be added to any class to CB . Physics of reactions introduce a special structural feature; see, eg, base * Add to CB numbers & letters 9/Q following B; eg sequence (nucleic acids) CVH AOX; miscelles in CBA G .. Thermodynamics of reactions, chemical energetics disperse systems CFN TAO XM. * For thermochemistry, see CDU. CAP . Stereochemistry H ... Thermodynamic laws * Study of the spatial arrangement of atoms within molecule, & the physical & chemical consequences of J .... Conservation of energy this. K ..... Enthalpy * For stereoisomerism narrowly, see CAT. M .... Entropy .. Theory PN ... Free energy 34F ... Conformational analysis PP ... Chemical potential .. Structural properties PR ... Adiabatic processes P ... Arrangement (molecular structure), configuration T ... Transport processes (molecular structure) V .... Diffusion S ... Symmetry * For osmosis, see CFM EW. SQ .... Plane of symmetry VG ..... Homogeneous diffusion SR .... N-fold axis of symmetry VH ..... Heterogeneous diffusion SS .... Centre of inversion (symmetry) VL ..... Linear diffusion, one-dimensional diffusion T ..... Reflection symmetry VM ..... Two-dimensional diffusion U ... Asymmetry, disymmetry VR ...... Rotational diffusion V . Structures special to a given compound VS ...... Surface diffusion * Notation reserved for use when required; eg, primary, VT ..... Charge-carrier diffusion, conjugate diffusion secondary, etc. structures in polymers CTE APV.

32 CBB Mechanics of reactions CBSG

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Reaction chemistry CAY Physics of reactions CB Physics of reactions CB Thermodynamics of reactions CBA G . . .Kinematics of reactions CBD A . . .Charge-carrier diffusion CBA VT ...... Rate constant CBD E9V G

CBB Mechanics of reactions ... Energy components 34C V . Quantum theory CBD F .... Reaction path, reaction stages 9YB . Dimensions * Representation of energy relationships of 9YD F .. Linear reaction. 9YD G ... Distance (reaction mechanics) FG ..... Primary stage (reactions), one-stage 9YD PR .. Area (reaction mechanics) reactions 9YD S .. Volume (reaction mechanics) FJ ..... Energy transfer (reaction stage) 9YD S9X C ... Critical volume (reaction mechanics) FK ...... Intramolecular transfer (reaction stage) B . Energy (reactions) FL ...... Intermolecular transfer (reaction stage) B92 D .. Distribution FN ..... Excitation (reaction stage), activation BP .. Potential energy (reactions) (reaction stage) BT .. Kinetic energy (reactions) FR ..... Relaxation (reaction stage), deactivation BV .. Internal energy (reaction stage) G .. Forces (reactions) G .... Activation energy, reactivity * IM .. Momentum (reactions) See also Induction CBS F J .. Pressure (reactions) GAK ..... Enthalpy of activation CBC H . Statics (chemical reactions) GAM ..... Entropy of activation J .. Mass (reactions) H .... Activated complex, activated state, transition JAH ... Law of mass action complex * Excited state intermediate between reactant JAT ... Mass transfer and product. JK ... Active mass H32 ..... Transition state theory (reactions) L .. Density (reactions) HJ .... Molecularity N .. Equilibrium (reactions) * See also Order of reaction CBD I * For equilibrium in change of state, see HK ..... Unimolecular reactions, monomolecularity CFF T. HL ..... Bimolecular reactions, bimolecularity N9V G ... Equilibrium constant, law of mass action HM ..... Termolecularity OR ... Forward & reverse reactions, degrees of HP .... Free energy change reaction I .... Order of reaction OT ... Reaction extent, reaction quotient * Sum of the powers of concentrations P .. Stability (chemical reactions) determining the kinetics and rate of a S . Motion reaction. U .. Momentum (reactions) IF ..... Overall order of reactions X . Dynamics IH ..... Zero order reaction CBD A .. Kinematics of reactions IJ ..... Half-order reaction C ... Velocity (reactions) IK ..... First order reaction * For law of mass action, see CBC JAH. IL ...... Pseudo-first order reaction D .... Acceleration (reactions) IN ..... Second order reaction E ... Kinetics of reactions, rate of reaction IP ..... Higher order reactions * Study of the rates at which reactions IR .... Reaction zone, reaction front proceed and the influence of factors such as temperature, pressure, concentration of IS .... Reaction yield reactants, etc. on rate. CBR Chemical combination & structure * E34 DA .... Arrhenius rate law See also Stoichiometry CAC O * Represents variation of rate with CBS Properties/processes special to reactions temperature. 9VE S . Spontaneous processes E34 DE .... Ehring rate law 9YC H . Instantaneous processes .... Constants E . Reversion (reactions) E9V G ..... Rate constant, specific reaction rate, * To previous state. velocity constant, speed of F . Inductive effect (reactions), induction reaction G .. Reactivation

33 CBSH CCDO Reaction chemistry

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Reaction chemistry CAY Properties/processes special to reactions CBS Special components in reactions .Inductive effect CBS F ... By effect on composition . .Reactivation CBS G ...... Others CCA TJ

CBS H . Repression ... By specific function I .. Inhibition .... By object of action K .. Reversion CCA U ..... Autocatalysis L . Irreversibility * Reaction products catalyze further reactions. Special components in reactions V ..... Substrate (catalysis) Q . Symmetry control in reactions W ..... Promotion (catalysis), promoters (catalysis), R .. Orbital symmetry reactions activation (catalysis), activators S .. Concerted reactions, unconcerted reactions (catalysis) U . Molecular collisions X ..... Acceleration (catalysis), accelerators CBX . Precursors (catalysis) * Compounds which lead to another in a reaction; Y ..... Retardation (catalysis), retarders (catalysis), inactive substances which are converted to active ones. inhibition (catalysis), inhibitors CBY M . Modifiers (catalysis), negative catalysis * Used mainly in technology to produce particular YD ...... Stabilizing (catalysis) properties in a process or substance. CCB .... By process assisted CCA . Catalysis, catalysts * See process (e.g. hydrogenation, .. Operations on catalysts polymerization). G ... Catalyst carrier H ... Catalyst stripping Kinds of reactions I ... Poisoning of catalysts, anti-catalysis * For interactions with non-chemical forms of energy, see J ... Regeneration of catalysts CDS/CEV (eg, CE Elecrochemistry). .. Parts of catalysts * Non-chemical reactions defined by the states of matter L ... Action centre (catalysts) concerned go with states of matter; eg homogeneous .. Kinds of catalysis & catalysts reactions CFL AY. ... By physical location CCC . By name N .... Fixed catalysts * Named reactions should go with the type of reaction so O .... Mobile catalysts far as possible; eg, Friedel-Crafts reaction goes under ... By phase conditions Aromatic hydrocarbons - Synthesis - Friedel-Crafts reaction CQY CPB CC. P .... Homogeneous catalysis . By reversibility * Catalyst and reactor are in the same phase. CCD B .. Reversible reactions PS ..... Acid-base catalysts C ... Van’t Hoff’s reaction isotherm Q .... Heterogeneous catalysts * Catalyst and reactor are in different phases. E .. Irreversible reactions ... By effect on composition . By status of reaction R .... Physical catalysts F .. Parallel reactions, competing reactions * Add to CCA R letters A/W following B; eg G ... Main reaction RBJ ..... Pressure catalysts H ... Side reaction S .... Chemical catalysts . By direction & energy of reaction * Usually assumed. J .. One-stage reactions, elementary reactions * For reaction product as catalyst, see JF ... Reaction cross-section autocatalysis CCA U. JH ... Reaction coordinate * See also Enzymes CUL JL ... Molecular collisions, molecular scattering TB ..... Mixed catalysts K .. Multistage reactions, complex reactions ..... Particular substances L .. Chain reactions TH ...... Water (as catalyst), hydrolysis M .. Clock reactions TJ ...... Others MF ... Periodic reactions, oscillatory reactions * Add to CCA T letters J/S following C for MH .... Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, B-Z reaction, general substances. chaos reactions * Add to CCA T letters T/Y for catalysts in a special context; eg Peptidases N .. Fast reaction CUF CAT T. O .. Explosion

34 CCDQ Reaction chemistry CDAP

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Reaction chemistry CAY By direction & energy of reaction When product is from more complex units .Explosion CCD O . .Catalytic decomposition CCV CA

By dependency of reaction .. By form of decomposition CCD Q . Endogenic reactions CCV F ... Fission (decomposition) * For spontaneous reactions see CBS 9VE S. G ... Graded decomposition R . Exogenic reactions I ... Continuous decomposition By bond broken K ... Discontinuous decomposition * A reaction is most meaningfully described by indicating N ... Degradation (1) the bond formed (2) the way this is done (the type of * Conversion of an organic compound to one reaction proper) & (3) the bond broken. containing a smaller number of C atoms. * This class allows for general works on reactions specified P ... Dissociation by the bond broken. For general works on reactions R ... Elimination specified by the bond formed, see CCO. By product of change CCH C . Heterolytic cleavage * Breaks bonds to give opposing ions. T . Rearrangement reactions, disproportionation * A nuclear reaction, in which nucleons are E .. Nucleophilic reactions exchanged between nuclei. H .. Electrophilic reactions CCW . Substitution, replacement CCK . Hydrogen bond broken * Replacement of an atom or radical by another one CCL M . Carbon bond broken in a compound. S . Nitrogen bond broken CHE .. Nucleophilic substitution CCM . Oxygen bond broken CHH .. Electrophilic substitution Q . Sulphur bond broken .. By mode of substitution By bond formed CHN P ... Double replacement * Add to CCO letters JT/N following C. CHN Q .... Exchange reactions By relation to reaction product * The atoms or ions exchange places either in CCO T . Unwanted process/product reactions two different molecules or in the same . When product is from simpler units molecule. Y .. Naturally produced CHP ..... Double decomposition, metathesis, * Use when opposed to synthetic; eg, CTE HGD COY metathetical reaction Natural polymers. * Reaction of the type AX + BY > AY + CCP B .. Formation, synthesis (reaction mechanism) BX. BS ... Asymmetric synthesis .. Kinds of polysubtitution by position D .. Combination, fusion (reaction mechanism) * Applicable only to ring structures. * For fusion as a change of state, see CFV GN. JC ... Ortho substituted F ... Recombination reactions JE ... Meta substituted H .. Addition, attachment JG ... Para substituted * See also Nucleophylic reactions CCH E; Redox JJ ... Vicinal substituted reactions CDB JL ... Assymetric substituted J .. Association JN ... Symmetric substituted * When similar molecules form complex groups; eg .. By specific number substituted water. M ... Monosubstitution L .. Condensation N ... Polysubstitution * For substitution reactions, see CCW. P .... Disubstitution CCQ .. Polymerization * For polymers as types of compounds, see CGH GCV R .... Trisubstitution (for general works); CHG CV (for general works on T .... Tetrasubstitution inorganic polymers); CTE (for organic polymers). V .... Pentasubstitution S ... Telomerization W .... Hexasubstitution * Very low molecular weight polymerization. X .... More than six . When product is from more complex units . Kinds of substitution by agency CCV .. Decomposition, breakdown CDA .. Ion exchange * For double decomposition, see Exchange reactions F ... Ion exchange resins, ion exchangers CCW CHP. H .... Regeneration CA ... Catalytic decomposition N .. Anion exchange P .. Cation exchange

35 CDAS CDUVS Reaction chemistry

Physical chemistry CA Chemistry C Reaction chemistry CAY Physical chemistry CA By relation to reaction product Reaction chemistry CAY . By product of change Reactions special to a subject CDP .. Kinds of substitution by agency . . .Cation exchange CDA P Reactions by change in energy system CDS . Mechanochemistry CDA S ... Ion association * Conversion of mechanical energy into chemical X .. Isotope exchange reaction energy . By electron transfer * See also Polymers CGV CDB .. Redox reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions G .. Sonochemistry HL ... Redox potential CDC ... Reduction, de-oxidation, hydrogenation CDU . Thermochemistry CDD ... Oxidation, de-hydrogenation * Studies changes of heat accompanying chemical . By rearrangement of components reactions and changes of state. CDG .. Isomerization .. Conditions, parameters ... By ring structure 9XC ... Critical state, critical point phenomena H .... Ring opening 9YB .. Dimensions J .... Ring closing BAG .. Thermodynamics By reaction product BAH ... Laws of thermodynamics CDH . By resulting state of matter BAK .... Enthalpy * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate reactions BAM .... Entropy like solidification, solvation, etc. to the state produced BAP D ... Equilibrium thermodynamics (see CF). * Should the need arise for this type of reaction to be ... Internal energy cited in other contexts, this position may be used, as BAP J .... Thermal energy (internal energy) follows: ... Free energy * Add to CDH letters GY/W following CF; eg, BAP N .... Thermal potential, Gibbs’ function H .. Surface reaction products BAP Q ... Adiabatic processes M .. Solutions .. Catalysis T .. Gasification CA ... Catalytic thermal reactions, thermolysis U .. Liquefaction .. Thermal processes & properties V .. Solidification * Add to CDU G letters Q/S following BRG P; W ... Crystallization * Add to CDU letters Q/X following BRG; eg . By resulting type of compound GQ ... Heat of reaction * * Add to CD letters IA/N following C; eg For heat associated with particlar reactions, YN .. Neutralization see reaction; eg CDV L Heat of decomposition CDI A .. Acidification GR .... Heat capacity, thermal capacity C .. Basification ..... Measurement K .. Hydration GR7 6 ...... Calorimetry CDL M .. Carbonization GS ..... Specific heat capacity S .. Nitrogenation GT ..... Molar heat capacity CDM .. Oxygenation * For redox reactions, see CDB. GU ...... Dulong & Petit’s law CDP Reactions special to a subject .... Special to thermochemistry * This notation is reserved for use under the subjects L ..... Latent heat of reaction (thermochemistry) * concerned; eg, CJT DP Metal compounds - Corrosion. Usually defined as heat absorbed or evolved during a change of physical state; see also change of state CF. Q .... Heat transfer T ..... Heat loss, cooling U ..... Heat gain, heating V ... Temperature V78 LT .... Absolute temperature V92 H .... Variations (temperature), gradients (temperature) VN .... Temperature inversion VR .... Normal temperature VS .... Critical temperature

36 CDUVW Electrochemistry CEFV

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Reaction chemistry CAY Thermochemistry CDU Electrochemistry CE . Thermal processes & properties Catalysis CEC A . . .Critical temperature CDU VS CED Q Electromagnetic properties CDU VW ... Low temperature * Add to CED Q letters A/Y following BVH; eg VX ... High temperature QK . Charge (electrochemistry) ... Temperature regimes QL . Voltage (electrochemistry), potential difference W .... Low temperature regimes (electrochemistry) X .... High temperature regimes QLX . Capacitance (electrochemistry) . Thermal reaction processes QMC . Power (electrochemistry) * Each reaction may be qualified as follows (where the QN . Electrostatics (electrochemistry) hyphen represents its classmark): QO . Electrodynamics (electrochemistry) * Add to - letters A/DM following C; QP .. Current (electrochemistry) * Add to -E letters G/X following CDU; * Add to -F letters E/V following CDV if applicable; eg QS ... Circuits (electrochemistry) CDV E .. Endothermic reactions QTY .... Conductance (electrochemistry) F .. Exothermic reactions QU .... Conduction (electrochemistry) H .. Heat of formation, enthalpy of formation QWB .... Resistance (electrochemistry), insulation HEL ... Latent heat of formation (electrochemistry) HH ... Standard heat of formation S .... Semiconductors (electrochemistry) * Add to CED SA letters A/D following C. J .. Heat of combination, heat of fusion * Add to CED S letters B/V following BVI. L .. Heat of decomposition W Electrochemical procedures M ... Heat of dissociation Y . Containment MEL .... Latent heat of dissociation .. Equipment N ... Heat of atomization Y3U ... Containment equipment, housing P .. Combustion chemistry CEE ... Electrochemical cells ... Properties CEF .... Electrodes QF .... Flammability BAT ..... Transport processes QG .... Flash point ..... Charge ... Processes DQK ...... Charge transfer (electrodes) QJ .... Ignition DQL ..... Electrode potential QK .... Flames * For oxidation-reduction potential, see QL .... Explosion CDB HL. ... Kinds of combustion DV ..... Erosion of electrode S .... Catalytic combustion, flameless combustion E ..... Materials of electrodes ... Products ..... Kinds of electrodes by composition V .... Residue of combustion, ash G ...... Non-metallic electrodes H ...... Metallic electrodes CE Electrochemistry, electrochemical reactions J ...... Mercury electrodes * Processes involved in interconversion of electrical K ..... Kinds of electrodes by construction energy & chemical energy. Seen in the use of a * Arrange A/Z; eg chemical reaction to produce an electric current, or the KD ...... Dropping electrodes use of an electric current to produce a chemical change, ..... Kinds of electrodes by physical state Sometimes restricted to the latter meaning. L ...... Solid electrodes * For redox reactions, see CDB...... Kinds of electrodes by charge * Add to CE letters A/DM following C with the adjustments indicated below. N ...... Anode (electrochemistry) CE3 U . Equipment P ...... Cathode (electrochemistry) * For containment equipment, see CED Y3U. T .... Membranes (electrochemical cells) CEB . Physical processes/properties V .... Diaphragms (electrochemical cells) FP . Electrochemical polarization FPQ . Electrochemical depolarization CEC A . Catalysis

37 CEFX CEPM Electrochemistry

Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Reaction chemistry CAY Electrochemistry CE Electrochemistry CE Electrochemical procedures CED W Electrolysis CEJ .Containment CED Y .Current CEJ DQP . . . .Diaphragms CEF V . . .Polarization CEJ F

CEF X . Materials of electrochemical equipment (By CEJ G ... Electrolytic dissociation chemical constitution) H ... Deposition (electrolysis) * Add to CEF X letters J/N following C; eg Gallium . Products CEF XLH. N .. Ions (product of electrolysis) CEG .. Electrolytes, electrolytic solutions NT ... Transference number * Any compound in solution (or a molten state) P .. Primary products (electrolysis) which conducts a current & is decomposed by it. R .. Secondary products (electrolysis) BAT ... Transport CEK .. Electrical output electrolysis BFP ... Polarization * Strictly, electrolysis always yields both electrical DQT X ... Conductance and chemical outputs. But the cells are designed to ... Subsystems produce a preferred level of one over the other and I .... Electrode-electrolyte interface this preference defines the two classes here. IL ..... Double electrolayer E ... Electrochemical cells, voltaic cells, galvanic cells IP ..... Electrocapillary phenomena (electrolytes) K .... Batteries, electric cells (batteries) ... Kinds of electrolytes by dissociation factor * Used, often indiscriminately, to denote cells. J .... Symmetric electrolytes Here, denotes only joined up single cells. Other K .... Asymmetric electrolytes possible definitions are designated as "cells". ... Kinds of electrolytes by conductance factor .... Kinds of cells by electrode arrangement P .... Electronic conductance electrolytes L ..... Bipolar cells Q .... Protonic conductance electrolytes M ..... Membraneous cells R .... Ionic conductance electrolytes N ..... Diaphragm cells S .... Mixed conductance electrolytes P .... Half cells ... Kinds of electrolytes by physical state Q ..... Liquid junction T .... Gaseous electrolytes R ..... Salt bridge U .... Liquid electrolytes S .... Dry cells V ..... Aqueous solutions T .... Wet cells * Add to CEG V letters B/U following CEL B .... Primary cells, non-reversible cells CFM so far as applicable; eg C ..... Standard cells VBK JX ...... Hydrogen ion concentration, pH D ...... Weston cell VBK K ...... Buffers (pH) E ..... Concentration cells W ..... Non-aqueous solutions G ..... Daniell cell WM ..... Molten salts L ..... Leclanche cell X .... Solid electrolytes M ..... Mercury cell ... Kinds of electrolytes by composition P .... Secondary cells, reversible cells CEH A .... Organic electrolytes Q ..... Secondary batteries B .... Polyelectrolytes, polymeric electrolytes U .... Fuel cells Kinds of electrochemical reactions W .... Hybrid cells * See also Redox reactions CDB CEM .. Chemical output electrolysis * Add to CEH C letters A/Y following CC; CEN ... Electrolytic cells * Add to CEH D letters A/V following CD. * This term is generally used for chemical output CEJ . Electrolysis cells. * Decomposition or dissociation of an electrolyte by DQL .... Electrolytic cell e.m.f. an electric current. CEP J Electroosmosis * For polarization, see CEJ F. K Electrophoresis, cataphoresis DQP .. Current L Electrodialysis DQQ ... Applied voltage (electrolysis) M Electrosynthesis DQU .... Electrolytic conduction, electrolytic conductivity ... Particular processes F .... Polarization (electrolysis), depolarization (electrolysis)

38 CEQ Photochemistry CESSA

Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Reaction chemistry CAY Radiation chemistry CER Electrochemistry CE Photochemistry CES . .Electrosynthesis CEP M Reactions .Reversible reactions CES BSE CEQ Magnetochemistry * Magnetic changes accompanying chemical reactions. CES CA . Catalysis * See also Transition metal compounds CNA * Light-aided; not specifically a photochemical . Experimental techniques reaction. 7IO .. Nuclear magnetic resonance CAR L .. Photosensitization 7IP .. Electron magnetic resonance F Wave properties * . Properties & processes Add to CES letters F/OE following BRL in * Add to CEQ F letters B/F following BVJ BRL F/BRL OE; eg * Add to CEQ letters J/U following BVJ; eg FCS . Photoconductivity KS .. Magnetic susceptibility FGQ . Incandescence * KV .. Magnetic purity Emission of light as a result of thermal energy. . Magnetic behaviour FH . Luminescence (photochemistry) * Emission of light as a result of causes other then Q .. Diamagnetism thermal energy. R .. Paramagnetism FHK .. Slow luminescence S ... Ferromagnetism * Emission after illumination with visible or u-v CER Radiation chemistry light. * Study of radiation-induced chemical changes. FHL . Fluorescence * Absorption of other radiation & re-emission as light. CES . Photochemistry, photochemical reactions FL . Absorption phenomena (general) * Study of chemical processes initiated by light (or, L . Luminosity more generally, by electromagnetic radiation) and M . Colour the direct production of radiation by chemical MM .. Photochromism change. Kinds of light * See also Chemiluminescence BRL FHT C * Add to CES P letters P/Y following BRL; eg 3U .. Equipment PQN . Natural light 3WC ... Light sources (equipment) PQP . Artificial light 3WE .... Kinds by optical instrument PU . Infra-red radiation (photochemistry) * Add to CES 3WE letter U/X following Photochemical processes in relation to product BRL 4 if applicable. * Add to CES R letters O/Y following CC; 3WF .... Kinds by properties & kinds of light * Add to CES SA letters F/X following CDA; eg * Add to CES 3W letters F/W following . Formation BRL if applicable; eg RPB .. Photosynthesis 3WF GQ ..... Incandescent sources . Decomposition 3WQ N .... Natural light sources (photochemistry), solar RV .. Photolysis, photochemical decomposition light (photochemistry) RVF .. Photofission .. Imaging RVN .. Photodegradation 7I ... Sensitometry RVP .. Photodissociation 7M .. Spectroscope RVQ ... Photoionisation .. Analytic techniques RVR .. Photodisintegration 9K ... Actinometry, radiometry (photochemistry) * Special to nuclear reactions. .. Physics RVT . Rearrangment BAT .. Transport RVU .. Isomerization (photochemistry), intramolecular BB .. Mechanics reorganization (photochemistry) BBB ... Energy * Light-aided; not specifically a photochemical * For wave properties, see CES F. reaction. BDG .... Activation energy (photochemistry), * Distinguish from optical isomerism (optical reactivity (photochemistry) activity of compounds). Light induced isomerism .. Reactions need not be of optically active compounds. BSE ... Reversible reactions SA . Ion exchange

39 CET CFHKN Mixed phase chemistry

Chemistry C Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Reaction chemistry CAY Mixed phase chemistry CF . . . .Photochemistry CES Processes in change of state CFF ...... Ion exchange CES SA .Phase transition CFF R . .Latent heat CFF S CET .... Laser chemistry * Reactions excited to particular energies by use CFF T .. Phase equilibrium of lasers. T9V G ... Equilibrium constant CEU .... Radiochemistry T9W Q ... Van’t Hoff isotherm, standard isotherm * For radioactive subtances in general, see TP ... Phase diagrams, equilibrium diagrams CGB OFK; for radioactive elements in general, * Showing what phases exist at different see CGE OFK; for radioactive compounds in temperatures & pressures. general, see CGH GBO FK. TR ... Phase rule * See also ion physics in chemistry CAB R TS ... Reaction points CEV .... Nuclear chemistry TT .... Triple point * The study of reactions in which new elements CFG . Special changes of state involved are produced. * Use this classmark only for qualification of a particular phase by a process special to it; eg Properties & processes in states of matter vaporization under condensed state CFT XGG.

CF . Mixed phase chemistry, chemical systems (phases), X Kinds of mixed phase systems phases (chemical systems) * Each system may be qualified as follows (where the * A chemical system is a system of 1, 2 or more phases, hyphen represents its classmark): * where each phase represents a part of the system Add to - letters A/E following C; * which is homogeneous (a state of matter which has the Add to -F letters A/O following CF as applicable (ie, same interface (the phase boundary)). retroactively). * The order below follows that in Physics BRN/BW, but . By part, subsystems the notation has been amended in order to * Order as in BRQ but with notation adjusted to accommodate the expansion of some classes (eg accommodate expansion for the chemistry. colloids) in the context of chemistry. Y .. Contact systems * Interactions involving two phases go under the denser * For surfaces and interfaces together. phase; eg both solids in liquids and liquids in solids go * Most of the literature relates to surfaces. under solids. * Phase changes dependent on particular phases go under the latter; eg suspensions in fluids CFS P. CFH ... Surfaces, surface chemistry, surface interaction * .. Conditions, parameters Study of the forces & processes acting on the surfaces of liquids & solids, or at an interface CF9 WB ... Degrees of freedom (phase transformation) separating two phases. WI .... Concentration (degrees of freedom), * For adhesion, see CFH M; for sorption, see composition (degrees of freedom) CFH O; for tension, see CFH X. WJ .... Pressure (degrees of freedom) .... Properties & processes WP .... Temperature (degrees of freedom) * Some of the concepts below are usually used CFA B .. Physics almost entirely in connection with particular * For the physics of change of state specifically, use states (eg solutions, colloids) which will be CFF. cited first. BAT ... Transport processes BT ..... Lyophily * For molecular sieves, see CFH SPS. BTJ ..... Lyophoby BCH ... Statics BU ..... Hydrophily * For equilibrium, see CFF T BUJ ..... Hydrophoby (surface chemistry) BCX ... Dynamics BV ..... Lipophily BDE ... Kinetics BVJ ..... Lipophoby CFD S ... Mechanochemistry J ..... Formation of surfaces CFF .. Processes in change of state JL ..... Surface concentration * Add to CFF letters P/V following BRN. JS ..... Segregation of surface, distribution of R ... Phase transition, formation of phases, phase surface transformation * See also Layers CFI J S .... Latent heat KL ..... Capillary activity KN ...... Electrocapillary activity

40 CFHL Contact systems CFKY

Physical chemistry CA Chemistry C Mixed phase chemistry CF Physical chemistry CA Contact systems CFG Y Mixed phase chemistry CF Surfaces CFH By part, subsystems Capillary activity CFH KL . .Surfaces CFH .Electrocapillary activity CFH KN ...... Wetting agents CFH YL

CFH L Permeation CFI .. Interfaces LQ . Permeability * Surfaces separating two physical phases. LR . Porosity J ... Layers M Adhesion, adherence to surfaces K .... Boundary layer (chemical systems) N Lubricant action, lubricity L ... Films, surface films O Sorption (chemical) M .... Thin films, monolayers * Inclusive term for processes in which a substance MT ..... Molecular films takes into itself radiation energy, gases or other MV ...... Monomolecular films substances by increasing its own energy state or by MW ...... Bimolecular films forming chemical bonds with the sorbed substance. MX ...... Polymolecular films P . Sorbents NC .... Multi-component films Q . Sorbates NE .... Backed films, unbacked films * The substances sorbed. O .... Continuum films R . Absorption OP ..... Condensed films * Penetration of sorbate into body of sorbent. OR ..... Exposed films (chemical systems) S . Adsorption * Surface retention of molecules, atoms or ions. T .... Membranes, porous media Sorption to a surface. U ..... Permeable membranes SDU GQ .. Heat of adsorption V ..... Semi-permeable membranes SP .. Adsorbents Kinds of chemical systems by assumed properties SPS ... Molecular sieves CFJ D . Perfect systems (mixed phase chemistry) SR .. Physical adsorption, Van der Waals’ adsorption, Kinds by degrees of freedom physiosorption F . Invariant systems (degrees of freedom) ST ... Adsorbent/adsorbate interaction H . Univariant systems SU .... Retention (physical absorption) I . Bivariant systems SV .... Selective adsorption, preferential adsorption J . Trivariant systems SW .... Contact accommodation, sticking Kinds by number of components in system TC ... Coverage (adsorption), adsorption stage Y . Single component chemical systems, one component TD ... Localized adsorption, adsorption sites chemical systems TE ... Coadsorption CFK . Mixtures, mechanical mixtures * TF ... Exchange adsorption For solutions, see CFM; for dispersions in general, see CFN T; for alloys, see chemical technology, see VL in TG ... Displaced adsorption Class U/V. TH ... Countercurrent adsorption L .. Eutectic mixtures TJ ... Fixed bed adsorption P . Two component chemical systems U .. Chemisorption Q . Three component chemical systems * Adsorption where weak chemical bonds are formed. R . Four component chemical systems UV ... Activated adsorption S . Five or more component systems UW ... Dissociative adsorption Kinds of systems by stability of phase V . Desorption T . Monotropic systems, monotropy * * Reverse of adsorption. No reversible change can take place. W . Persorption V .. Stable systems (phases) X Surface tension W .. Metastable systems (phases) XJ . Surface activity X .. Thermostable systems XK .. Surfactants, surface action agents Y .. Unstable systems (phases) XN .. Washing action * See also Chemical technology VL in Class U/V * See also Associated colloids CFO PM XP ... Detergents, cleaning agents XQ ... Soaps Y . Wetting, spreading (wetting) YL .. Wetting agents

41 CFL CFMU Solutions

Chemistry C Mixed phase chemistry CF Physical chemistry CA Homogeneous chemical systems CFL Mixed phase chemistry CF Solutions CFM Kinds of systems by stability of phase Processes & reactions . .Unstable systems CFK Y . .Concentration CFM EVN . . .Molal concentration CFM EVQ Kinds by number of phases CFL . Homogeneous chemical systems, single phase CFM EW .. Osmosis systems EWB BJ ... Osmotic pressure K .. Mixtures .... Instruments EWB BJ5 ..... Osmometers EWI T ... Membranes CFM ... Solutions, molecular mixtures, dissolved EWN ... Electroosmosis state, critical mixtures EX .. Electrophoresis * For Electrolytic solutions, see CFM M. * See also Crystalline state CFW EY .. Solvation * Interaction of the ions or molecules of the 35 .... Practical chemistry solute with the molecules of the solvent. 8I ..... Separation EYP .. Hydration (solution process) 8LK T ...... Electrostatic precipitation Components of solutions 8LQ ...... Dialysis F . Solvents 8LX ...... Centrifugation FN .. Polar solvents .... Properties/processes FO .. Non-polar solvents B ..... Physical properties of solutions FP .. Amphiprotic solvents BCP ...... Stability FQ .. Aprotic solvents BHU ...... Conductivity G .. Aqueous solvents, water (as solvent) BKJ ...... Ionization * For aqueous solutions, see CFM Q. BKJ X ...... Hydrogen ion concentration, pH H .. Non-aqueous solvents BLM ...... Colour J . Solutes BR ...... Colligative properties L . Insoluble substances * Dependent on the concentration of LN .. Insolubility ions or molecules, not on the nature of the molecules or solute; eg LP .. Precipitation osmotic pressure, vapour pressure, LR . Precipitates boiling point. Kinds of solutions .... Processes & reactions LX . Standard solutions * For crystallization, see Crystallography M . Electrolytic solutions BWO J. . Kinds by concentration CDE ..... Irreversible ND .. Ideal solutions CPJ ..... Association NE .. Non-ideal solutions CPL ..... Condensation NL .. Dilute solutions, weak solutions, non-saturated ..... Dissociation solutions CVP ...... Electrolytic dissociation, ionization NM .. Normal solutions, molar solutions CVP N ...... Ionization heat (solutions) NN .. Concentrated solutions CVP Q ...... Degree of dissociation O .. Saturated solutions CVQ ..... Dissolution P .. Supersaturated solutions * Formation of a homogeneous solution PR ... Nucleation (solutions) in a liquid. . Kinds by solvent EV ..... Solution (process) Q .. Aqueous solutions ...... Properties Q8I ... Separation EVB DE ...... Kinetics of solution Q8I U .... Salting-out EVD UGQ ...... Heat of solution R .. Non-aqueous solutions EVF ...... Solubility S ... Inorganic solutions EVL ...... Dilution T ... Organic solutions EVN ...... Concentration (process) U . Kinds by solute EVO ...... Normal concentration EVP ...... Molar concentration, molarity EVQ ...... Molal concentration, molality

42 CFN Colloids CFOHU

Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA Mixed phase chemistry CF Mixed phase chemistry CF Heterogeneous chemical systems CFN Homogeneous chemical systems CFL Dispersions CFN T . . . .Kinds by solute CFM U Kinds of dispersions by particle size . .Others CFN Y CFN Heterogeneous chemical systems, multiple phase systems CFO Colloids, colloidal systems, colloidal dispersions * * Each system may be qualified as follows (where the Fine solid particles or liquid droplets (1-1000nm) hyphen represents its classmark): dispersed through a continuous medium. Intermediate * Add to - letters A/E following C; between coarse suspensions and molecular or ionic * Add to -F letters A/O following CF if applicable (ie, solutions. Most compounds can be brought to the retroactively). colloid state * . Kinds of heterogeneous systems by number of Add to CFO letters A/E following C; * phases Add to CFO letters F/N following CF if applicable. . Properties O .. Binary chemical systems, two-phase systems * Usually assumed. .. Structural properties P .. Ternary chemical systems, three-phase systems APS ... Periodic structure (colloids), oriented structure * See also Tactoids CFO X Q .. Quaternary chemical systems, four-phase BCP ... Stability (colloids) systems * For protection stability, see Protective colloids R .. Five-phase & more CFO PP. . Kinds by nature of phases BCP T .... Aggregate stability T .. Dispersions, disperse systems BCP U .... Sedimentation stability * Systems in which fine solid particles, liquid BSE ... Reversibility (colloids) droplets or gas bubbles (the disperse phase) are dispersed throughout another medium (the CDB .... Reversible systems continuous phase). CDE .... Irreversible systems * For suspensions in fluids, see CFS P. E . Electrical properties TAO ... Molecular structure EPK .. Electrophoresis TAO X .... Special to a class EPN .. Electric double layer * Arrange A/Z. ES . Optical properties TAO XM ..... Micelles ESF TR .. Tyndall effect TAO XV ..... Vesicles . Processes in colloids ... Properties * A few of these are special to a particular state; eg. TP .... Phase ratio pulverization of solids; decoacervation suc of TR .... Dispersity emulsions; for such processes, see the state. ... Parts of disperse systems HC .. Formation of phase U .... Disperse phase HD .. Dispersion (process) V .... Dispersion medium, continuous phase HF .. Deaggregation ... Kinds of dispersions by particle size HG .. Deflocculation W .... With particles larger than colloids HI .. Purification X ..... Suspensions HJ .. Syneresis * Shrinkage of colloid, with separation of liquid Y ..... Others from a gel. HK ... Destruction of colloid HL ... Aggregation (colloids) HM ... Coalescence, coagulation (colloids) HN ... Concentration (colloids) HO ... Flocculation (colloids) HP ... Precipitation (colloids) HQ ... Sedimentation (colloids) HT ... Thixotropy HU ... Dilatancy (colloids)

43 CFONU CFTV Physical chemistry

Mixed phase chemistry CF Chemistry C Heterogeneous chemical systems CFN Physical chemistry CA Dispersions CFN T Mixed phase chemistry CF Colloids CFO ...... Tactoids CFO X Processes in colloids . .Dilatancy CFO HU Systems by pure state of matter * Add to CF letters R/W following B for the major states Components of matter. NB: the modifications of the physics classes CFO NU . Disperse phase (colloids) noted at CFG X mean that retroactive synthesis when * Normal retroactive synthesis is interrupted here to qualifying particular systems follows the notation of CF, accommodate particles; it is resumed at CFO OL. not of BR/BW. O .. Particles (disperse systems) * Add to the classmark of each state letters A/P following ... Properties of particles CF; eg Liquids in gases - Colloids CFU TEO. OHP .... Phase ratio * Ratio of mass of disperse phase to the CFP Y . States of matter (chemistry) dispersion medium. CFR V .. Plasmas OI .... Size of particles (disperse systems) CFS .. Fluids ..... Measurement ... Conditions, parameters OI7 6 ...... Sedimentation analysis 9VW .... Continuity of state OJ ..... Dispersivity (disperse particles), size ... Kinds of fluids by assumed properties distribution (dispersion) JD .... Ideal fluids, perfect fluids OJM ...... Monodispersivity ... Kinds by complexity OJP ...... Polydispersivity L .... Homogeneous OK .... Shape of particles (disperse systems) N .... Heterogeneous OL .. Dispersion media (colloids) NT ..... Mixed systems, dispersions * Normal retroactive synthesis is resumed here after its interruption at CFO NU. P ...... Suspensions (fluids) * ... Kinds of media by substance Mixtures in which small particles (liquid or solid) are suspended in a gas or liquid. ON .... Non-aqueous PO ...... Colloidal suspensions * Add to CFO ON letters I/S following C...... Anomalous fluids . Kinds of colloids SU ...... Non-Newtonian fluids .. By attraction of solvent UV ...... Supercritical fluid state PC ... Lyophylic colloids CFT ... Gases, gas phase PD .... Hydrophilic colloids FT .... Equilibrium PF ... Lyophobic colloids .... Systems PH .... Hydrophobic colloids ..... Kinds of gases by assumed properties PJ ... Intrinsic colloids JD ...... Perfect gases, ideal gases PK ... Extrinsic colloids JDN ...... Imperfect gases, non-ideal gases PM ... Associated colloids ..... Kinds by number of components PP ... Protective colloids K ...... Mixtures .. Kinds special to a given state * Notation is reserved here for use in different ..... Kinds by number of phases classes (eg, CFU THO Q Foams). NT ...... Dispersions W .. Sols O ...... Colloidal gas dispersions * Usually assumed to be colloids of solids in liquids .... Special states (see CFV UEO S). But see note at CFO. R ..... Rarefied gases W8L Q ... Dialysis S ..... Compressed gases X ... Tactoids T ..... Vapour state V ..... Liquid gases, permanent gases * Liquid phase of substances normally occurring as gas.

44 CFTX Condensed state CFVTH

Chemistry C Physical chemistry CA Physical chemistry CA States of matter CFP Y States of matter CFP Y Condensed state CFT X Fluids CFS Liquids CFU . . .Liquid gases CFT V . Kinds of liquid systems ...... Oil in water CFU UOL T CFT X Condensed state * Limited to two phases (solids & liquids). CFU UOL U ...... Water in oil . Properties . Kinds of liquids by special states XGG .. Vaporization VF .. Simple liquids VH .. Complex liquids VK ... Associated liquids CFU . Liquids, liquid phase VW .. Liquid crystals .. Changes special to the phase * See also Crystallography BW GG ... Evaporation, vaporization (liquids) W .. Supercooled liquids GQ .... Boiling Y .. Water (as liquid) GS ... Superheating * For works considering water narrowly in its H ... Liquefaction of gases special role in chemical systems. If in doubt, .. Kinds of liquid systems prefer under chemical substances at CKM O. ... Kinds by assumed properties ... Solvation JD .... Perfect liquids, ideal liquids, inviscid YME Y .... Hydration liquids ... Colloids JDN .... Imperfect liquids, non-ideal liquids YO .... Water (dispersion medium for colloids) ... Kinds by number of components K .... Mixtures CFV Solids, solid state chemistry ... Kinds by number of phases . Changes special to the phase L .... Homogeneous GF .. Sublimation LK ..... Mixtures GG ... Vaporization (solid to gas) M ...... Solutions GM .. Liquefaction (of solids) N .... Heterogeneous GN ... Melting, fusion (melting) NT ..... Dispersions GO .... Vacuum fusion O ...... Colloids GQ .. Solidification ...... Kinds by states involved GR ... Freezing TC ...... Liquids in gases & gases in liquids GT .... Supercooling TE ...... Liquids in gases GU . Pulverization TEO ...... Colloids . Kinds of systems of solids TF ...... Aerosols (liquids), mists, fogs .. Kinds by number of phases TH ...... Gases in liquids L ... Homogeneous THK ...... Mixtures .... Solutions THM ...... Solutions M ..... Solid solutions, homogeneous solid phase THO ...... Colloids MV ...... Substitional solid solutions, subtractional THO Q ...... Foams solid solutions THO R ...... Foaming MW ...... Interstitial solid solutions THO S ...... Froths N .... Heterogeneous * Unstable foam. NT .... Dispersions THO T ...... Frothing NX ..... Suspensions U ...... Liquids in liquids O ..... Colloids UK ...... Mixtures ..... Kinds of solutions by states involved UKU ...... Azeotropic mixtures TC ...... Solids in gases & gases in solids UO ...... Colloids TE ...... Solids in gases UOL ...... Emulsions ...... Mixtures UOL BT ...... Stabilization TEK ...... Dusts UOL BV ...... Emulsifying agents, TEM ...... Solutions emulsifiers TEO ...... Colloids UOL Q ...... Direct emulsions TEO S ...... Smokes UOL R ...... Inverted emulsions TEO W ...... Aerosols (solids) UOL S ...... Critical emulsions TH ...... Gases in solids UOL T ...... Oil in water

45 CFVUB CFWYQ Solids

Physical chemistry CA States of matter CFP Y States of matter CFP Y Condensed state CFT X Condensed state CFT X Solids CFV Solids CFV Crystalline state CFW Kinds by number of phases By relation of planes to axes CFW VV . . . .Gases in solids CFV TH . .Rhombohedral crystal forms CFW VW

CFV UB .... Solids in liquids & liquids in solids By bonding UE .... Solids in liquids CFW YC . Molecular crystals UEK ..... Mixtures YPQ . Clathrates, enclosure compounds, cage compounds UEM ..... Sons YQ . Metallic bond crystals (chemistry) UEN T ..... Dispersions UEN X ...... Suspensions UEN XR ...... Pastes UEN XS ...... Slurries UEO ..... Colloids UEO R ...... Gels ...... Formation UEO RFR ...... Sol-gel transformation UEO RP ...... Gelation, jelling UEO RS ...... Swelling (gels) UEO S ...... Sols, lysosols * This is the usual meaning. But sometimes used to describe other colloidal forms. UH .... Liquids in solids V .... Solids in solids VK ..... Mixtures VKM ...... Clathrates VO ..... Colloids Systems special to solids . By physical form WD .. Small particles, powders, dusts (solids) * See also Dusts (solids in gases) CFV TEK WF .. Loose solids WG .. Inclusions WH .. Fibres WL .. Sheets . By structure WN .. Non-homogeneous solids X .. Amorphous solids, non-crystalline solids Y ... Glasses, vitreous state CFW .. Crystalline state, crystal chemistry * Alternative (not recommended) is to locate with crystallography in class BWY P. * For polymorphism, see under Allotropy at CGH GCP Y. CDB ... Reversible reactions * For enantiotropic forms, see CGH GCQ N. ... Kinds of crystal by phase characteristics UL .... Liquid crystals V ... Kinds by positional characteristics VD .... Disordered crystal systems VV ... By relation of planes to axes .... Isotropic .... Anisotropic VW ..... Rhombohedral crystal forms

46 CFX Chemical species CGCPU

Physical chemistry CA Chemistry C States of matter CFP Y Physical chemistry CA Condensed state CFT X ...... Mineralogy CFX Solids CFV Crystalline state CFW CG Chemical species, chemical substances . .Metallic bond crystals CFW YQ * Chemistry of particular chemical species and chemically defined groups of substances. CFX Mineralogy * For material on individual species with their * Alternative (not recommended) to collocating with associated compounds, see CGB/CGN (general), petrology at DIP in Class D. CH/CN (inorganic) and CO/CWH (organic). * For substances defined primarily by an application, see Chemical technology VL. * Do not qualify this general class (CG) by C2/CF, as substances are implicit in all those classes. . Kinds of substances by various characteristics * Classes CGB/CGD below represent substances defined by concepts taken from Classes CA/CF when these concepts are acting as specifiers (ie species-makers). They are given in the order of their appearance in CA/CF. * Use CGB/CGD only for general works embracing elements and compounds as well as inorganic and organic compounds. .. * For substances defined by phases or states of matter, see CF, eg, CFV Solids. . Kinds by physical properties * Add to CGB letters A/R following CAB; eg, CGB HU .. Conductors HWG .. Insulators OFK .. Radioactive substances P .. Atomic species PRH W ... Uncharged substances, neutral substances PV ... Nuclear species, nuclides PW .... Isotopes * See also Elements CGE BPW Q .. Molecular species * See, eg, molecular water, molecular benzene, molecular zeolites. R .. Ionic species * See, eg, ionic crystals, ionic gels. * For polyatomic ions and complex ions, see Free radicals CGF Y. . Kinds by chemical combination & structure * Add to CGC letters C/N following CA; eg, CGC CO .. Stoichiometric substances CV .. Non-stoichiometric substances .. Kinds by bonding characteristics * Only very rarely will these apply other than to compounds (see CGH GCJ/N). * Add to CGC letters J/N following CA, if applicable. .. Kinds by molecular structure * Most of the structures specified by CAO/CAP (eg, rings) imply compounds & works on these should go at CGH GCO. * Add to CGC letters O/Q following CA; eg, OQ ... Chain structures OW ... Ring structures PS .. Symmetrical substances PU .. Asymmetrical substances

47 CGCQ CGESND Periodic table

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Kinds by chemical combination & structure Elements CGE .Asymmetrical substances CGC PU Periodic table CGE P

Kinds by variations in molecular structure CGE P34 CV Periodic law (Mendeleev) * Most of the literature on these relates to compounds PAD T Orbitals and the full schedule for them appears at CGH. Q Periods of the Periodic table * Add to CGC letters Q/W following CGH GC; eg, . Specific periods CGC Q . Polymorphic substances, polymorphs, allotropes QIH .. Short periods * For isomers, see CGH GCR; for polymers, see QIJ ... Period 1 CGH GCV. QIK ... Period 2 QHP .. Stable allotropes QIL ... Period 3 QHR .. Dynamic allotropes QIL L .. Long periods QJ .. Dimorphs QIM ... Period 4 QN .. Enantiotropes QIN ... Period 5 Substances by reaction properties * For catalysts, see CCA (where the catalysts are QIO ... Period 6 enumerated as agents of the action). QIP ... Period 7 * Add to CGD letters B/F following C; eg R Blocks (periodic table) CGD BDH . Activated substances RJW . Main group elements CPL . Condensation products * S-block and P-block together. RJX .. S-block RLD .. P-block CGE Elements RNA . D-block, transition elements * The groupings for various elements below (periods, blocks, groups, at CGE P/CGE S) are for general RNA FYD .. Main transition series works only, dealing with the nature and theory of the RNA FYF .. Fourth transition series * groupings per se. Elements 104/110. * Works on the individual elements are classed at CGF RNY . F-block (general), CJT/CNY (with their inorganic compounds) RNY Q .. Lanthanides, lanthanons or COM T/COP Y (with their organic copounds). RNY S .. Actinides, actinoids * Add to CGE A numbers & letters 2/9,A/F following S Groups of the Periodic table C. * For an explanation of the variant numbering . Kinds of elements by various characteristics systems commonly used for these groups, see * Add to CGE letters B/D following CG: eg, Introduction, Section . In naming the individual BPW .. Isotopes groups below, the IUPAC number is given first, * Under a specific element, its isotopes are cited followed by the earlier forms which are still used before (and file after) all other specifiers of that to designate the same groups, treated here as elements, following letter P; eg, Isotopic elements synonyms in the schedule. of hydrogen (inorganic chemistry) CKP. . Specific groups BPX ... Radioisotopes * For the location of particular elements making BPY B ... Isotopic elements up the groups, see the first note at CGF below. * Elements with more than one naturally * Add to CGE S the letters from CJW/CNY for occurring isotope. the individual groups given in the sequence CQ .. Polymorphous elements, allotropes (elements) CJQ/CNY. P . Periodic table SH .. Diagonal groups SJY .. Group 1 elements SKQ ... Alkali metal elements SKU .. Group 2 elements SKV ... Alkaline earth metal elements SLE .. Group 13 elements SLL .. Group 14 elements SLR .. Group 15 elements SLY .. Group 16 elements SMT .. Group 17 elements SMY .. Group 18 elements, inert gases, rare gases, noble gases SNA .. Group 3 elements SND .. Group 4 elements

48 CGESNG Individual elements CGFMPQ

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Elements CGE Elements CGE Periodic table CGE P Individual elements CGF .Groups of the Periodic table CGE S Boron CGF LF . . .Group 4 elements CGE SND .Allotropes CGF LFG JQ

CGE SNG ... Group 5 elements CGF LFP P . Isotopes of boron SNH ... Group 6 elements LFP S .. Boron-10 SNL ... Group 7 elements LG Aluminium SNN ... Group 8 elements LH Gallium SNP ... Group 9 elements LHN . Trivalent SNR ... Group 10 elements LI Indium SNT ... Group 11 elements * Usually trivalent. SNV ... Group 12 elements LM Carbon T . Metal elements LMG JQ . Allotropes of carbon * For special groupings of metals by periodic LMG JQR .. Graphite relationships, see the containing block, group, etc; LMG JQT .. Diamond eg, Lanthanides CGE RNY Q. * See also DIP Mineralogy in Class D * See also Inorganic metal compounds CJT; LMG JQU .. Fullerenes Organometallic compounds CTB LMP . Isotopes of carbon TL . Metalloid elements, semi-metal elements LMP PS .. Stable carbons TN . Non-metal elements LMP Q ... Carbon-12 LMP R ... Carbon-13 CGF Individual elements LMP S .. Radioactive * For completely comprehensive works dealing with LMP T ... Carbon-14, radiocarbon the element per se and its inorganic and organic LMP U ... Other compounds together. Most of the works considering * For example, Carbon-10, -11 and -15. a given element and its compounds are limited to its LN Silicon inorganic compounds and these should go at LO Germanium CK/CNY. * For instructions on how to subdivide a given LP Tin element, see Appendix 1. LPG CQ . Allotropes of tin * Add to CGF letters K/NY following C; eg, LPG CQP .. White tin K . Hydrogen LPG CQS .. Grey tin KAB P .. Atomic hydrogen LQ Lead KAB Q .. Molecular hydrogen, nascent hydrogen LS Nitrogen KAB QS ... Orthohydrogen LW Phosphorus KAB QT ... Parahydrogen LWG CQ . Allotropes of phosphorus KP .. Isotopes of hydrogen LWG CQR .. Yellow phosphorus, white phosphorus KPS ... Protium LWG CQT .. Violet phosphorus, red phosphorus KPT ... Deuterium, heavy hydrogen LWG CQV .. Black phosphorus KPU ... Tritium LX Arsenic KR . Lithium LXG CQ . Allotropes of arsenic KS . Sodium LXG CQR .. Grey arsenic, metallic arsenic KT . Potassium LXG CQT .. Yellow arsenic KY . Calcium LXV Antimony KYP R .. Radioisotopes of calcium LXV GCQ . Allotropes of antimony KYP S ... Calcium-45 LXV GCQ R .. Grey antimony LB . Barium LXV GCQ T .. Black antimony LBP .. Isotopes of barium M Oxygen LBP S ... Barium-140 MGB QU . Oxyanion LC . Radium MGC Q . Allotropes of oxygen LCP .. Isotopes of radium MGC QR .. Dioxygen * For radium F, see CMS RPS Polonium-210. MGC QT .. Ozone, trioxygen LCP S ... Radium-226 MP . Isotopes of oxygen LF . Boron MPQ .. Oxygen-18, heavy oxygen LFG JQ .. Allotropes

49 CGFMQ CGGMQMIFS Radicals

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Elements CGE Elements CGE Individual elements CGF . . . .Uranium 238 CGF NYV V Oxygen CGF M . .Oxygen-18 CGF MPQ CGF X Radicals * For works on radicals in general, including free CGF MQ Sulphur radicals and functional groups. MQF O . Amorphic sulphur * There is no general consensus on the meaning of MQF VX . Colloidal sulphur the three terms above. For their definition and MQG CQ . Allotropes of sulphur interpretation in BC2, see Appendix 2. MQG CQR .. Monoclinic sulphur * For free radicals, see CGF Y; for functional MQG CQS .. Rhombic sulphur groups, see COG; for ions per se, see CAB R. * Add to CGF X numbers & letters 2/9,A/F MQG CQT .. Plastic sulphur following C; eg, MQG CQW .. Other allotropic forms XAH B . Binding sites (radicals), radical regions MR Selenium . Kinds of radicals MRG CQ . Allotropes of selenium * For works dealing with groups of elements (or, MRG CQR .. Grey selenium rarely) one element functioning as a radical in MSR Polonium both inorganic and organic compounds. For MSR P . Isotopes of polonium works confined to radicals in inorganic MSR PS .. Polonium-210, radium F compounds, see CJ/CNY; for works confined to MU Fluorine organic compounds, see COI X/COP Y. * MV Chlorine If a work deals with a specific radical or functional group, its reaction mechanisms, MX Iodine bonding, etc, see CGG J/CGG NY. MXP . Isotopes of iodine . Kinds of radicals by special properties & MXP S .. Iodine-131 processes MYV Radon * Add to CGF XG letters A/C following COG G MYV P . Isotopes of radon (functional groups); eg, MYV PS .. Radon-220, thoron XGA KV .. Double bonded radicals MYV PT .. Radon-222 XGA PV .. Monofunctionlal radicals MYV PV .. Actinon, actinium emanation XGC WJ .. Monosubstituted radicals NF Zirconium XGC WLC .. Orthosubstituted radicals NFP . Isotopes of zirconium Y . Free radicals, free ions, polyatomic ions NFP S .. Zirconium-95 * Add to CGF Y numbers & letters 2/9,A/F as in NQ Cobalt CGF X; eg, NQP . Isotopes of cobalt YAH B .. Binding sites, regions NQP S .. Cobalt-60 YCW .. Substitution, replacement NQS Iridium .. Kinds of free radicals by properties/processes NQS PP . Isotopes of iridium * Add to CGF YG letters A/C following NQS PS .. Iridium-192 COG G; eg, NS Nickel YGC WM ... Monosubstituted free radicals NSP . Isotopes of nickel YGC WN ... Polysubstituted free radicals NSP S .. Nickel-63 YHA BR ... Ionic species NU Copper YHA BS .... Cations (free radicals) NUP . Isotopes of copper YHA BT .... Anions (free radicals) NUP S .. Copper-64 .. Kinds of free radicals by constituent elements * NYU R Protactinium For works which consider a particular radical in its widest application (its reaction NYU RP . Isotopes of protactinium mechanisms, bonding, etc) rather than as a NYV Uranium substituent of its defining containing NYV P . Isotopes of uranium compound. When in doubt, prefer under the NYV S .. Uranium 234 latter. NYV T .. Uranium 235 * Add to CGG letters J/NY following C; eg, NYV V .. Uranium 238 CGG MKJ ... Hydroxide radical MQM IFS ... Sulphate radical

50 CGH Compounds CGHGCPU

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Radicals CGF X Compounds CGH . . .Sulphate radical CGG MQM IFS Kinds by bonding characteristics .Covalent compounds CGH GCJ CGH Compounds . .Single bonded compounds CGH GCK R * General works only, embracing both inorganic and organic compounds. CGH GCK S .. Multibonded compounds, unsaturated * Compounds exclude radicals (CGI F) in BC2 compounds practice. See Appendix 2 for explanation.. GCK U ... Conjugate bonded compounds * Add to CGH numbers & letters 2/9,A/F following GCK V ... Double bonded compounds C; eg GCK VM .... Mono- . Terminology GCK VP .... Poly- 25L O .. Nomenclature GCK W ... Triple bonded compounds GCK X ... Quadribonded compounds . Kinds of compounds by various characteristics GCK YB .. Polar covalent bonded compounds .. Kinds by physical properties GCK YD ... Dipolar covalent bonded compounds * Add to CGH GB letters A/R following CAB; GCK YF .. Nonpolar compounds eg, GCK YG .. Cumulated bond compounds * Add to CGH GC letter C and letters J/N GCK YH .. Isolated bond compounds following CA; eg, GCK YL .. Covalent bonds special to a given context GBH U ... Conductor compounds * For example, CJT GLU Metal bonds. GBH WG ... Insulator compounds GCL . Ionic bond compounds, electrovalent compounds GBO FK ... Radioactive compounds * See also Coordination compounds CIL GBP V ... Nuclear compounds, nuclides GCL N .. Resonance bonded compounds, resonance * For isotopes, see Elements CGE BPW. hybrids GBQ ... Molecular compounds * For aromatic compounds, see CQY. * See, for example, molecular water, GCL T . Hydrogen bond compounds molecular benzene, molecular zoolites. GCL W . Bonds special to a given class GBR ... Ionic compounds * The classmark -LW is reserved for qualifying * See, for example, ionic crystals, ionic gels. particular classes; eg, CGI AGL W Binary acids GCC O ... Stoichiometric compounds Kinds by molecular structure GCC V ... Non-stoichiometric compounds * Add to CGH GC letters O/P following CA; eg, * Do not always have a constant chemical GCO Q . Chain structures composition and cannot readily be GCO S .. Linear chains, straight chains, open chains represented by a whole number chemical * For aliphatics (organic straight chains) see CP. formula. GCO U .. Branched chains .. Kinds by bonding characteristics GCO V ... Crosslinked chains * For substances defined by their specific * For polymers, see CGH GCV. valency (oxidation state), see CGH IK/CGH T. GCO W . Ring compounds, closed chains * * Add to CGH GC letters J/N following CA; eg, For inorganic ring structures, see CHG GOW; for organic rings, see CQ; for chelate rings, see GCJ ... Covalent compounds CGI MGO W. GCK .... Coordinate bonded compounds, dative GCO WJ .. Separately linked ring compounds bonded compounds, semipolar GCO WL .. Fused rings, condensed nuclei (rings) bonded compounds, coordination GCP S . Symmetrical compounds compounds (general) GCP U . Asymmetrical compounds * For coordination (complex) compounds, see CIL. GCK N .... Sigma bond compounds * Resulting from a molecular orbital formed by overlap of atomic orbitals. GCK P .... Pi bond compounds * Resulting from a maximum overlap between atomic molecules. GCK R .... Single bonded compounds, saturated compounds

51 CGHGCPY CGHGCV Isomerism

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Isomers CGH GCR Compounds CGH . .Structural isomerism CGH GCR W Kinds by molecular structure . . .Tautomers CGH GCS .Asymmetrical compounds CGH GCP U . . . .Position isomerism CGH GCS S . . . . .Anionotropy CGH GCS SV Kinds by variations in structure CGH GCP Y . Polymorphism, allotropy, allotriomorphism CGH GCS T .... Ring-chain tautomerism * * Assumption by a substance of two or more Interconversion from ring to chain. * different structures which are most frequently See also Chain structure CAO Q stable in different temperature ranges. GCS U .... Desmotropes GCQ . Polymorphic substances, polymorphous * Change in position of double bond; substances, polymorphs, allotropes e.g.keto-form, enol-form. * Classes CGH GCQ below nearly always imply GCS UQH ..... Desmotropism, mesomerism compounds; but the term Allotropes is often GCS UT ..... Keto-form used when allotropes of elements is meant; in GCS UV ..... Enol-form such cases, use CGE CQ. GCS V ..... Other forms, A/Z GCQ HP .. Stable allotropes GCS VA ...... Amido-amidol (desmotropism) GCQ HQ .. Metastable allotropes GCS W ... Metamers GCQ HR .. Dynamic allotropes GCS WQH .... Metamerism, functional group isomerism GCQ J .. Dimorphs ..... Properties GCQ JQH .. Dimorphism GCS WT ...... Mesomeric effect GCQ K .. Trimorphs * See also Conjugate bonds CAK U GCQ KQH .. Trimorphism GCT .. Stereoisomers GCQ L .. Monotropes * Isomers with same structural formulas. * No reversible change between crystal forms. * For stereochemistry in general, see CAP. GCQ LQH ... Monotropy GCT QH ... Stereoisomerism, space isomerism, spatial GCQ N .. Enantiotropes isomerism, alloisomerism * With reversible change between crystal GCT T ... Optical isomers forms. .... Properties GCQ NQH ... Enantiotropy GCT TU ..... Chirality, handedness GCQ NQP .... Enantiotropic modification * Non-identity of an object with its GCQ NQR .... Transition temperature mirror image. GCR . Isomers GCT TV ... Chirals, chiral centres * Having same chemical composition and GCT U ... Enantiomers molecular formula but differing in arrangement * Isomers are mirror images of each other. of their atoms. GCT UQH .... Enantiomorphism * For isomerization as a reaction, see CDG. GCT UX ..... Racemic mixture GCR QH .. Isomerism GCT V .... Diastereoisomers ... Properties * Isomers are not mirror images of each GCR R .... Conformation other. GCR S ..... Special forms, A/Z GCT Y .. Geometrical isomers GCR SC ...... Chair form * Isomers with atoms attached to each other in GCR T .... Rotational isomerissm the same order & with the same bonds, but GCR V .... Valence isomerization with different spatial or geometrical relationships. GCR W ... Structural isomerism * With different structural formulas. GCU C ... Cis-trans isomers GCS .... Tautomers GCU D .... Cis-form isomers * Equilibrium mixture of two GCU E .... Trans-form isomers interconvertible forms, not usually GCU I .. Ionization isomers isolable. GCV Polymers GCS QH ..... Tautomerism, dynamic isomerism * Most of the literature deals with very large GCS S ..... Position isomerism molecules (macromolecules) formed by the union GCS ST ...... Prototropy of simple molecules (monomers); they are almost * Variation in position of H atom. always organic compounds. * This class takes general works only. It may be GCS SV ...... Anionotropy qualified if necessary by the detail given at CTE * Variation in position of other atom, (organic polymers) as follows: or group. * Add to CGH GCV letters A/X following CTE; * Add to CGH GCVY letters F/G following CT.

52 CGHGCVCQ Compounds CGIAQ

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Kinds of compounds by various characteristics Compounds by number of constituent elements . .Polymers CGH GCV CGH U . Binary compounds CGH GCV CQ ... Polymerization * Terms like oxides, borides, etc. are often used to ... Kinds of polymers by number of monomers represent all the compounds of a given element GCV YFJ .... Monomers, mer isomers, fac isomers (oxygen, boron, etc.) with others. But in some GCW .. Isomorphs cases they are more strictly defined as representing * When substances form crystals in which binary compounds of the element concerned. geometrically similar structural units are When a work demonstrates the first use of such a arranged in similar ways (eg alums). term, use CGJ; when it demonstrates the second, GCX Structures special to a given class use CHU. * Notation reserved for use under particular classes UT . Ternary compounds when needed; eg, Carboranes - Nido carboranes UU . Quaternary compounds CLF LMK GHG XN; Peptide residues UV . Five or more CUF GHG XR. Y Acids & bases & salts together . Kinds of compounds by reaction YGI BR . Conjugate acids & bases properties/processes * Species related by loss or gain of a proton. * Add to CGH GD letters B/E following C; eg, YN .. Neutral substances GDC A .. Catalytic compounds CGI A . Acids GDC PH .. Addition compounds * Acids of particular inorganic compounds go with GDC PL .. Condensation compounds the compound in CK/CN; eg Oxyacids CMI A. GDC W .. Substitution compounds The notation for hydrogen is omitted in the Compounds by specific valency, oxidation state classmark; eg Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is notated * It is unlikely that much literature will appear at this only by the phosphorus and oxygen components: general class, whose primary function is to specify CLW MIB R (where CLW is phosphorus, M is individual compounds; eg CLF HL Bivalent boron oxygen, IB is Specific acids and R is oxidation (in inorganic chemistry). number. For specific acids, see CGI B * The concept of valency is almost coextensive with .. By special bonding that of oxidation number (oxidation state) which is AGL W ... Binary acids, hydracids used here to arrange classes of binaries, acids and * The acidic H atom(s) are bonded to the O; eg salts under any given element or combinations of H2SO4. elements. .. By valency * See also CGH GCI (Compounds by bonding AHJ ... Monovalent acids, univalent acids characteristics) .. By structure . Less than one AJB ... Bronsted acids, protonic acids, proton acids IK .. Zerovalent compounds AJC ... Lewis acids J . Monovalent compounds .. By polarizability L . Bivalent compounds, divalent compounds AJE ... Hard acids N . Trivalent compounds AJF ... Soft acids P . Tetravalent compounds, quadrivalent AJG ... Non-polar acids compounds AJH ... Polar acids R . Pentavalent compounds AJI .... Dipolar acids S . Hexavalent compounds .. By degree of dissociation SP . Heptavalent compounds AK ... Strong acids SQ . Octavalent compounds AL ... Weak acids SR . Higher valency compounds .. By degree of hydration T . Mixed valency compounds, polyvalent AM ... Ortho-acids compounds AN ... Meta-acids Compounds by number of constituent elements * For example, lower oxoacids. AO ... Polyacids, heteropoly acids .. By basicity * Number of replaceable hydrogens in the molecule. AP ... Neutral acids AQ ... Acidic acids

53 CGIAR CGIKKT Acids & bases & salts together

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Chemical species CG Acids & bases & salts together CGH Y Compounds CGH Acids CGI A Acids & bases & salts together CGH Y . By basicity .. By properties analogous to those of acids . .Acidic acids CGI AQ . . .Normal salts CGI EP

CGI AR .. Basic acids CGI EQ ... Acid salts AS ... Monobasic acids * Replacement of replaceable hydrogens is only ASP ... Polybasic aids partial. AT .... Dibasic acids EQV .... Primary acid salts AU .... Tribasic acids EQW .... Secondary acid salts B . Specific acids EQX .... Tertiary acid salts * An individual acid goes under the compound defined ER ... Basic salts, alkaline salts by its constituent elements. EV ... Amphoteric salts * To xIB (were x is the classmark of the compound) EW .. Double salts the letters following CGH for oxidation number are * Crystalline salts with two different anions and/or added; eg, CMQ MIB L for Thiosulphuric acid cations. where CMQ is sulphur, M oxygen and L (following EX .. Complex salts IB) is for oxidation number two (bivalent). EXS ... Monobasic salts * Add to CGI B letters I/S following CGH; eg F .. Specific salts CMQ MIB L * This notation is reserved for use under particular C Bases elements and their compounds. * Substances with a tendency to gain protons, typically * An individual salt is arranged under the hydroxides, metal oxides or compounds such as compound, defined by its constituent elements, ammonia which give hydroxides in aqueous solution. * To xIF (where x is the classmark of the * See also metal oxides as bases CJT M; hydroxides compound) the letters following CGH for its CMK J; basic oxides CMJ IC oxidation number are added; eg, the classmark * Add to CGI C letters J/U following CGI A, if CMQ MIF L is for Thiosulphates (in which applicable, as follows: CMQ is Sulphur, M is Oxygen, IF is specific * Add to CGI C letters JB/JI following CGI A; acid, L is Oxidation number 2). * Add to CGI CK letters K/U following CGI A; eg CJC . Lewis bases * An electron donor; eg ammonia. J Complex compounds CKK . Strong bases * Combinations of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base. CKL . Weak bases More specifically, compounds in which ligands (donors of lone pairs of electrons) are bound to one CQ . Alkalis central metal atom by dative (covalent coordinate) * Hydroxides which yield hydroxyl ions in aqueous bonds. solution. Alkali is often used as a synonym for base. * Use this position for general works on complex D . Specific bases compounds; for organic complex compounds, see * Note under CGI B Specific acids also applies here. COI J. E Salts JAB CN . Equilibrium * Ionic compounds whose cations are any except H and JGI BR . Complex ions whose anions are any except OH-. All are crystalline * See also Double salts CGI EW; Radicals CGF X. solids at room temperature. * Salts of particular elements and compounds go with the . Constituents element or compound; eg CKS IE Sodium salts. But in .. Acids the case of hydrogen salts the constituent hydrogen JIA JC ... Lewis acids (complex compounds), acceptors should be ignored, as it is with acids (see note aat (complex compounds), central metal CGI A). ions (complex compounds) . By physical state JIC .. Bases EHF U .. Fused salts, molten salts K .. Ligands, Lewis bases (ligands), donors (complex . By valency compounds), lone pair donors (ligands) EHJ .. Monovalent salts ... Kinds of ligands by charge EI . Simple salts KKN .... Neutral ligands . By properties analogous to those of acids KKR .... Ionic ligands * Add to CGI E letters J/U following CGI A so far as KKS ..... Cationic ligands applicable; eg KKT ..... Anionic ligands EP .. Normal salts, neutral salts * Replacement of replaceable hydrogens by positive ions is complete.

54 CGIKL Complex compounds CHGDCW

Chemical species CG Chemistry C Compounds CGH Chemical species CG Complex compounds CGI J Compounds CGH Constituents Complex compounds CGI J .. Kinds of ligands by charge . Specific complex compounds & ions CGI N . . . .Anionic ligands CGI KKT * If there are two or more kinds of ligand, add the .. By shape second one (in retroactive order) and ignore the CGI KL ... Linear ligands coordination numbers; eg CNQ INM VLS M KM ... Tetrahedral ligands Tetraamminedichlorocobalt ([Co(NH3)4C12]), in KN ... Square planar ligands which LSM (from CLS M Ammonia) is added in retroactive order to MV (from CMV). KO ... Octahedral ligands * This class takes the complex ions (ligands per se) .. By coordination number independent of the particular metals to which they KQ ... Monodentate ligands may attach themselves. KR ... Bidentate ligands * Add to CGI N letters JT/N following C; eg KS ... Tridentate ligands CGI NMV K Dichlorotetraaquachromium (III) KT ... Quadridentate ligands, tetradentate ligands ([CrCl2(H2O)4] ] ). KTO .... Octahedral CGJ Compounds of one element with others in general KU ... Pentadentate ligands * Eg, oxides in the case of oxygen, hydrides in the case KV ... Hexadentate ligands of hydrogen. See explanatory notes under Inorganic compounds CHJ. KVM .... Tetrahedral * Use CGJ/CGN Y for general works only, embracing KVN .... Square-planar both organic and inorganic compounds of an element. L Coordination compounds (complexes) * Add to CG letters J/NY following C in CJ/CNY; eg, * Sometimes used as synonymous with complex Compounds by their periodic relations compounds, in which case use CIJ. More Q . Compounds with elements of particular periods specifically, a complex compound in which coordinate (dative) bonds between the central metal T Compounds with metals in general and ligands create a ring structure (especially in Compounds of particular elements * inorganic compounds). Add to CG letters K/NY following C; eg, * See also Transition metals CNA (in which CGK . Hydrogen compounds coordination compounds are particularly CGL S . Nitrogen compounds prevalent). CGN Q . Cobalt compounds * For coordination compounds in general, see CGH GCK. M . Chelates CH Inorganic compounds, inorganic chemistry * * Compounds in which coordination links For works on compounds in general, including both complete a closed ring. their inorganic and organic aspects, see CGH. * * For specific chelating agents, see CGI N. For bioinorganic compounds (dealing with the role of .. Stability inorganic elements and compounds in biochemistry) see CTH J. MAB CP ... Chelate effect * Add to CH numbers & letters 2/9,A/FW following C. * Increased stability of complexes with chelate Kinds of inorganic compounds rings. * Add to CH letters GB/NY following CGH; eg, .. Formation CHG BHU . Conductors MCP B ... Chelation CCO . Stoichiometric compounds .... Isomerism . Kinds by bonding characteristics MCP BAR ..... Chelate ligand CJ .. Covalent compounds MCP N .... Sequestering agents, complexones CL .. Electrovalent compounds N Specific complex compounds & ions . Kinds by molecular structure * The preferred arrangement is to distribute the compounds under the central metal atoms in COQ .. Chain structures CJT/CNX and to signify their distinctive nature by COW .. Ring structures using -IN to introduce them in the same way as -IB CPS .. Symmetrical compounds and -IF introduce specific acids and salts. . Kinds by variations in molecular structure * If only one kind of ligand qualifies the metal, add CQ .. Allotropes to its classmark the coordination number (Q/V CV .. Polymers taken from CIK Q/V); eg CNU INM VT . Kinds by reaction characteristics Tetrachlorocopper (II) ([Cu(Cl)4]), in which T DCP H .. Addition compounds (from CIK T) is added to MV (from CMV Chlorine). DCW .. Substitution compounds

55 CHJ CJWQ Compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Kinds of inorganic compounds Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of elements . Kinds by reaction characteristics Metal compounds CJT . .Substitution compounds CHG DCW .Acids & bases & salts CJT HY

. Kinds by specific valency CJT IEW . Double salts CHJ .. Monovalent compounds * A group of double salts with the formula: A - salt.B - CHU .. Binary compounds salt.24H2O, where A is a monovalent metal and B is a . Kinds by special relations to hydrogen trivalent metal. * For Alum, see CLG MQM IFN CHY .. Acids & bases & salts together (inorganic IJ . Complex compounds compounds) IK .. Ligands CIA .. Acids IL .. Coordination compounds CIC .. Bases JR . Compounds with metals of particular periods CIE .. Salts * For compounds with elements of particular blocks or CIJ . Complex compounds groups, see the block of group in the general sequence CJW CNY; eg, CNY Q Lanthanides. Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups JT Intermetallic compounds of elements CJU Metalloid compounds, semi-metal compounds CJQ . Compounds with other elements in general CJV Non-metal compounds * Add to x (where x is the classmark for any element) the letters JQ: eg, CMJ Q Oxides in general (where CJW Inorganic compounds by constituent elements CM is Oxygen); CKJ Q Hydrides (where CK is * The citation order of elements in a compound follows as Hydrogen). far as possible the order in which they are cited in the CJR . Compounds with elements of particular periods molecular formula. For an explanation of the rules * For compounds with elements of particular blocks or implicit in these, see Introduction (Section 9.66). periodic groups, see CJY/CNY (in which the order of Exceptions are made to these; eg, H is omitted as a the individual elements is determined by the order of constituent of acids (being implicit) and for hydrogen these in the Periodic Table, at CGE P; eg, CLD salts (to avoid separation from other closely related salts). Compounds with P-block elements. * Normally in BC2, citation order is the reverse of filing JW . Compounds with main group elements order. However, since the filing order of elements is * S-block and P-block together; for compounds of these based on the periodic table, the retroactive principle may blocks individually, see CJW X and CLD have to be modified sometimes if the combination order respectively. of the constituents as found in a generally recognized CJT . Metal compounds molecular formula is to be observed. Because of this, the * General works only for the classes of metals given notation has been designed to allow both reverse and below at CJT FK/CJU for the compounds of specific forward building of classmarks. An example of forward metals, see the metal(s) in CK/CNY. building is Potassium borate (K2B4O7), which needs to * For alkali metals, see CKQ; for alkali earth metals, see add CKT (potassium), CLF (boron) and CM (oxygen), CKV; for transition metals, see CNA; for rare earth taken in that order, to give CKT LFM IFJ (with the IFJ metals, see CNB; for organometals, see COM T (or representing the monovalent salt). the alternative at CTB). * When more than one form of molecular formula is AY .. Reaction chemistry commonly used, constituents are cited retroactively; eg DM ... Oxygenation chlorine trioxide fluoride appears variously as ClO3F or * For corrosion, see CJT DP. ClFO3 or FClO3; it is therefore given the retroactive ... Reaction special to this subject classmark CMV MUM HVS P (Chlorine - Fluorine - DP .... Corrosion (metals) Oxygen) in which CMV is chlorine, MU (from CMU) is fluorine, M (from CM) is oxygen, and the final HVS P FK .. Mixtures of metals represents heptavalent chlorides. * For alloys, see Chemical technology VL in Class * A number of special decisions when building classmarks U/V. (eg, assigning oxidation numbers or valencies) are GLW .. Metallic bond explained in Appendix 1 (How to subdivide a class). This GXC ... Clusters also includes an account of an alternative procedure for * Groups of metal atoms joined by metal-metal some situations which allows a more specific classmark bonds. for specific compounds. GXI ... Interstitial compounds (metals) Q . Main group chemistry * Obtained by inserting small species (H, B, C, N, * S-block and p-block elements. B) into a closely packed metal lattice. HY .. Acids & bases & salts * For general works on these taken together.

56 CJWX Inorganic compounds by constituent elements CKTLMMIFK

Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of elements Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of elements Inorganic compounds by constituent elements CJW Inorganic compounds by constituent elements CJW Hydrogen CK Main group chemistry CJW Q .Deuterium oxide CKP TM

CJW X . Compounds of S-block elements CKQ Alkali metal compounds * See note at CJQ. IJ . Complex compounds * For helium compounds, see under P-block elements, LMM . Compounds of alkali metals with carbon & at CMY Q. oxygen Y .. Compounds of Group 1 elements LMM IFJ .. Carbonates LVM . Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen Specific elements LVM IFL .. Nitrates CK . Hydrogen M . Compounds with oxygen .. Kinds of compounds by bonding characteristics MJ .. Oxides * For hydrogen bond compounds in general, see MK . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen CGH GCL T. MKJ .. Hydroxides of alkali metals CKI A ... Acids MTJ . Halides * For acids in general, see CIA. For particular CKR . Lithium acids, see element(s) combining with hydrogen, CKS . Sodium cited in the order in which they occur in the molecular formula, but excluding the hydrogen; LFM .. Compounds with boron & oxygen eg sulphuric acid CMQ MIB S. LFM IE .. Salts ... Salts LFM IFJ ... Sodium borates E .... Saline hydrides, salt hydrides LFM IFN .... Borax, disodium tetraborate-10-water, .. Compounds of H with other elements hydrated sodium borate, sodium CKJ Q ... Hydrides (in general) pyroborate, sodium tetraborate * QAJ .... Covalent hydrides See also Mineralogy DIP in Class D QIJ .... Complex hydrides .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen ... Hydrogen compounds with oxygen ... Bases * These are usually subordinated to oxygen, as in MKJ .... Sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrate, molecular formulae; eg, Calcium hydroxide caustic soda CKY MKJ HL - in which CKY is calcium, M MV .. Sodium compounds with chlorine is oxygen, K is hydrogen and HL is dioxides. MVI E ... Salts CKM J .... Oxides MVI FJ .... Sodium chloride, common salt, table * For hydroxides, see CMK J; for water, use salt CKM O. CKT . Potassium JHL ..... Hydrogen peroxide LFM .. Potassium compounds with boron & oxygen O ..... Water ... Monovalent salts OJ ...... Compounds LFM IFJ .... Potassium borate P ...... Hydrates ... Trivalent salts PN ...... Anhydrides, anhydrous compounds, LFM IFN .... Potassium perborate hydrated compounds LGM Q .. Potassium compounds with aluminium & Q ... Hydrogen compounds with sulphur sulphur QJ .... Hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen disulphide, ... Double salts sulphuretted hydrogen LGM QIE W .... Potassium aluminium sulphate, potash R ... Hydrogen compounds with selenium alum. RJH J .... Hydrogen selenide * Often referred to simply as alum. S ... Hydrogen compounds with tellurium LMM .. Potassium compounds with carbon & SJ .... Hydrogen telluride oxygen CKP P .. Isotopic compounds of hydrogen ... Monovalent salts TM .. Deuterium oxide, heavy water LMM IFJ .... Potassium carbonate, potash LMM IFK .... Potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate

57 CKTLNM CKXMJHL Compounds

Compounds CGH Chemistry C Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of elements Chemical species CG Inorganic compounds by constituent elements CJW Compounds CGH Potassium CKT Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of . Potassium compounds with carbon & oxygen CKT LMM elements . . .Potassium bicarbonate CKT LMM IFK Inorganic compounds by constituent elements CJW . . .Caesium CKT S CKT LNM . Potassium compounds with silicon & oxygen .. Monovalent salts CKT T ... Franconium LNM IFJ ... Potassium silicate LNM U . Potassium compounds with silicon & fluorine CKU Group 2 compounds LNM UIF J .. Potassium fluorosilicate, potassium silicofluoride CKV . Alkaline earth metals compounds LS . Potassium compounds with nitrogen * Definition of scope varies. LVL M .. Potassium compounds with nitrogen & IJ .. Complex compounds carbon .. Compounds with oxygen LVL MIF J ... Potassium cyanide MIE ... Oxo-salts LVM .. Potassium compounds with nitrogen & MJ ... Alkaline earth oxides oxygen CKW .. Beryllium, glucinium ... Monovalent salts K ... Compounds with hydrogen LVM IFJ .... Potassium nitrite KJ .... Beryllium hydride LVM IFL .... Potassium nitrate LS ... Compounds with nitrogen LWM . Potassium compounds with phosphorus & LSJ .... Beryllium nitride oxygen LVM ... Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen LWM IE .. Salts LVM IFL .... Beryllium nitrate LWM IFJ ... Potassium phosphates M ... Compounds with oxygen LWM IFJ Q .... Potassium acid phosphate, potassium MJ .... Beryllium oxide dihydrogen phosphate, KDP, MK ... Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen potassium diphosphate, MKJ .... Beryllium hydroxides potassium orthophosphate MU ... Compounds with fluorine LWM IFJ R .... Potassium hydrogen phosphate, MUJ .... Beryllium fluoride potassium monophosphate CKX .. Magnesium LWM IFJ S .... Tripotassium orthophosphate, neutral IJ ... Complex compounds potassium phosphate LMM ... Compounds with carbon & oxygen M . Potassium compounds with oxygen LMM IFP .... Magnesium carbonate MJ .. Potassium oxides LMM IFP HGB ..... Anhydrous MJH J ... Potassium monoxide LMM IFP HGC ..... Hydrated MJH L ... Potassium peroxide LMM IFQ .... Magnesium hydrogencarbonate, MJH P ... Potassium oxide, potassium dioxide, magnesium bicarbonate potassium superoxide LNM ... Compounds with silicon & oxygen . Potassium compounds with oxygen & LNM IFL .... Magnesium silicate hydrogen LNM U ... Compounds with silicon & fluorine MKJ .. Potassium hydroxide LNM UIF L .... Magnesium fluorosilicate, MQ . Potassium compounds with sulphur magnesium silicofluoride MQJ .. Potassium sulphide LS ... Compounds with nitrogen MQM .. Potassium compounds with sulphur & LSJ .... Magnesium nitride oxygen LVM ... Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen MQM IE .. Salts LVM IFL .... Magnesium nitrate MQM IFP ... Potassium sulphite LWM ... Compounds with phosphorus & oxygen MQM IFS ... Potassium sulphate LWM IFL .... Magnesium phosphates MV . Potassium compounds with chlorine LWM IFL IES ..... Monobasic magnesium phosphate MVI E .. Salts LWM IFL IET ..... Dibasic magnesium phosphate MVI FJ ... Potassium chloride LWM IFL IEU ..... Tribasic magnesium phosphate MVM . Potassium compounds with chlorine & oxygen M ... Compounds with oxygen MVM IFJ .. Potassium chlorate MJ .... Oxides R Rubidium MJH L ..... Magnesium oxide, magnesia, S Caesium periclase

58 CKXMJHP Compounds CLBNIMIFL

Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of elements Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of elements Magnesium CKX Calcium CKY .Compounds with oxygen CKX M .Compounds with sulphur & oxygen CKY MQM . . .Magnesium oxide CKX MJH L . .Calcium sulphite CKY MQM IFL

CKX MJH P ... Magnesium peroxide CKY MQM IFM .. Calcium sulphate, anhydrite . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen ... Hydrate MKJ HJ .. Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium hydrate, MQM IFM KMP .... Gypsum, selenite, satin-spar, brucite, milk of magnesia alabaster MT . Compounds with halogens MU . Compounds with fluorine MTJ .. Magnesium halides MUJ HL .. Calcium fluoride, fluorite, fluorspar CKY Calcium MV . Compounds with chlorine LM . Compounds with carbon MVJ HL .. Calcium chloride, tachydrite LMJ SQ .. Calcium carbide, calcium acetylide, calcium CLA Strontium dicarbide, carbide LMM . Compounds with carbon & oxygen LML S . Compounds with carbon & nitrogen LMM IFL .. Strontium carbonate LML SIF L .. Calcium cyanide, black cyanide . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen LMM . Compounds with carbon & oxygen MKJ HL .. Strontium hydroxide .. Monovalent MQ . Compounds with sulphur LMM IFJ ... Calcium oxalate MQJ HL .. Strontium sulphide, strontium .. Divalent monosulphide LMM IFL ... Calcium carbonate, calcite MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen LMM IFM ... Calcium hydrogen carbonate, calcium MQM IFL .. Strontium sulphate, celestine bicarbonate MT . Compounds with halogens LNM . Compounds with silicon & oxygen MTJ .. Strontium halides LNM IFL .. Calcium silicates NEM . Compounds with titanium & oxygen LNM IFL P ... Calcium metasilicate NEM IFL .. Strontium titanate LNM IFL Q ... Dicalcium silicate NO . Compounds with iron LNM IFL R ... Tricalcium silicate NOM IFN .. Strontium ferrate LS . Compounds with nitrogen CLB Barium LVM . Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen LMM . Compounds with carbon & oxygen LVM IFL .. Calcium nitrate, nitrocalcite LMM IFL .. Barium carbonate, witherite LWM . Compounds with phosphorus & oxygen LS . Compounds with nitrogen LWM IFL .. Calcium phosphate, calcium orthophosphate LSI FL .. Barium azide LWM IFL Q ... Monobasic calcium phosphate, M . Compounds with oxygen monocalcium phosphate, calcium MJH L .. Barium oxide, barium monoxide, dihydrogen phosphate, acid barium protoxide calcium phosphate, MJH P .. Barium peroxide, barium dioxide, superphosphate barium binoxide, barium LWM IFL R ... Dibasic calcium phosphate, dicalcium superoxide orthophosphate, dicalcium . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen phosphate, calcium hydrogen MKJ HL .. Barium hydroxide, baryta phosphate MQ . Compounds with sulphur LWM IFL S ... Tribasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium MQJ HL .. Barium sulphide, black ash phosphate MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen M . Compounds with oxygen MQM IFL .. Barium sulphite MJH L .. Calcium oxide, quicklime MQM IFM .. Barium sulphate, heavy spar, barytes MJH P .. Calcium peroxide MT . Compounds with halogens . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen MTJ .. Barium halides MKJ HL .. Calcium hydroxide, slaked lime .. Compounds with chlorine MQ . Compounds with sulphur MVJ HL ... Barium chloride MQJ .. Calcium sulphide NEM . Compounds with titanium & oxygen MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen NEM IFL .. Barium titanate MQM IFL .. Calcium sulphite NIM . Compounds with chromium & oxygen NIM IFL .. Barium chromate

59 CLBNKM CLGMJHN Boron

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Inorganic compounds of particular elements or groups of Boron CLF elements .Boron compounds with hydrogen CLF K . . .Barium CLB . . . .Tetravalent boranes CLF KJH P .... Compounds with chromium & oxygen . . . . .Triboranes CLF KJH PQ CLB NIM . . . . .Barium chromate CLB NIM IFL CLF KJH R .... Pentaboranes KJH S .... Hexaboranes CLB NKM .... Compounds with tungsten & KJH SR .... Higher boranes oxygen . Boron compounds with carbon & hydrogen NKM IFL ..... Barium tungstate, barium white, LMK .. Carboranes barium wolframate, ... With special structures tungstate white, wolfram LMK GHG XC .... Polyhedral carboranes, white closo-carboranes CLC ... Radium LMK GHG XN .... Nido carboranes, open carboranes MT .... Compounds with halogens LMK JT ... Carboranes with metals MTJ ..... Radium halides LMK JTI JGB T .... Metal complexes of carborane anions MV ..... Compounds with chlorine LS . Boron compounds with nitrogen MVJ HL ...... Radium chloride LSJ .. Boron nitride MW ..... Compounds with bromine ... Allotropes MWJ HL ...... Radium bromide LSJ GQ .... Borazon LSK . With nitrogen & hydrogen CLD P-block element compounds LSK JHJ .. Borazole, borazine M . Boron compounds with oxygen CLE . Group 13 element compounds .. Acids CLF .. Boron MIA ... Oxyacids of boron ... Compounds with other elements in MIB N .... Metaboric acid general MIB O .... Orthoboric acid, boric acid, JQ .... Borides trioxoboric (III) acid JT ... Compounds with metals MIB P .... Tetraboric acid * JTJ Q .... Metal borides For borax, see CKS LFM IFN...... Clusters MIE .. Salts JTJ QLR ...... Metalloboranes MIF N ... Metaborates K ... Boron compounds with hydrogen MIF O ... Borates KJ .... Boron hydrides, boranes MIF P ... Tetraborates, pyroborates * ..... Anions For borax, see CKS LFM IFN. MJ .. Boron oxides KJG BT ...... Borohydride anions, borane MJH L ... Boron monoxide anions MJH N ... Boric oxide, boron trioxide KJG BTP ...... Tetrahydroborate ion MT . Boron compounds with halogens ..... Boranes with special structures * See also Multi-centred bonding MTJ .. Boron halides CAK M MTJ HN ... Trihalides of boron KJG HGX C ...... Closo-boranes MU . Boron compounds with fluorine KJG HGX CGB T ...... Closo borane anions, MUI A .. Acids polyhedral borane MUI BN ... Borofluoric acid, fluoroboric acid anions MUI E .. Salts * See also Carboranes MUI FN ... Boron fluorates, fluoroborates CLF LMK MUJ .. Boron fluorides KJG HGX N ...... Nido-boranes MUJ H ... Boron trifluoride KJG HGX R ...... Arachno-boranes CLG Aluminium, aluminum ..... By valency LNM . Compounds with silicon & oxygen KJH P ...... Tetravalent boranes, LNM IFN .. Aluminium silicate tetraboranes M . Compounds with oxygen KJH PP ...... Diboranes, boroethane, .. Salts diboron hexahydride MIF N ... Aluminates KJH PQ ...... Triboranes MJH N .. Aluminium oxide, alumina

60 CLGMKJHN Compounds CLMJTJHGX

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Aluminium CLG Group 13 element compounds CLE .Compounds with oxygen CLG M .Indium CLI . .Aluminium oxide CLG MJH N . . . .Indium chloride CLI MVJ HN

. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen CLJ . Thallium CLG MKJ HN .. Aluminium hydroxide, alumina trihydrate, .. Monovalent compounds hydrated aluminium oxide HJ ... Thallous compounds MQ . Compounds with sulphur .. Trivalent compounds MQJ HN .. Aluminium sulphide HN ... Thallic compounds MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen M .. Compounds with oxygen .. Salts MJH J ... Thallium monoxide, thallous oxide MQM IFN ... Aluminium sulphate, alums (general) MJH N ... Thallium peroxide, thallic oxide * For alums, see also specific metals MK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen concerned; eg Potassium aluminium MKJ J ... Thallium hydroxide sulphate CKT LGM QIE W. MQ .. Compounds with sulphur . Compounds with halogens MQJ HJ ... Thallium sulphide, thallous sulphide MTJ .. Aluminium halides MQM .. Compounds with sulphur & oxygen . Compounds with chlorine MQM IFJ ... Thallium (I) sulphate, thallous sulphate MVJ HN .. Aluminium chloride MQM IFN ... Thallium (III) sulphate CLH Gallium MT .. Compounds with halogens JT . Compounds with metals MTJ ... Thallium halides JTJ T .. Gallium intermetallic compounds MV ... Compounds with chlorine * For gallium compounds with individual MVJ HJ .... Thallium monochloride metals, see the metal; eg, gallium arsenide CLH LX. MVJ HN .... Thallium trichloride K . Compounds with hydrogen KJH N .. Gallium hydride CLL Group 14 compounds LS . Compounds with nitrogen CLM . Carbon (inorganic compounds) LSJ HN .. Gallium nitride .. Kinds of carbon by valency M . Compounds with oxygen HJ ... Monovalent carbon MJH N .. Gallium oxide HL ... Divalent carbon . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen HP ... Tetravalent carbon, quadrivalent carbon MKJ HN .. Gallium hydroxide * Carbon is tetravalent in nearly all its MT . Compounds with halogens compounds and this is usually assumed. For MU .. Compounds with fluorine the great majority of these compounds, see CO Organic chemistry. If in doubt regarding MUJ HJ ... Gallium monofluoride a specific compound, prefer organic MV .. Compounds with chlorine chemistry. MVJ HL ... Gallium dichloride .. Compounds with other elements in general MW .. Compounds with bromine J ... Carbides MWJ HN ... Gallium bromide (GaBr3) * Compounds of carbon with elements of CLI Indium lower electronegativity (usually metals). * Usually valency 3, but also 1 and 2. * A few carbides are covalent; see the specific LW . Compounds with phosphorus elements concerned, eg silicon carbide (SiC) LWJ .. Indium phosphide CLN LMJ. LX . Compounds with arsenic JQI E .... Saline carbides LXJ .. Indium arsenide JT .. Carbon compounds with metals LXV . Compounds with antimony JTJ ... Metal carbides LXV J .. Indium antimonide JTJ GJ .... Covalent M . Compounds with oxygen JTJ GL .... Electrovalent MJ .. Indium oxide .... Special structures MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen JTJ HGX ..... Interstitial carbides (general) MQM IFN .. Indium sulphate * For specific compounds, see the metal; MT . Compounds with halogens eg iron carbide CNO LMJ. MTJ .. Indium halides MVJ HN ... Indium chloride

61 CLMLS CLNMJTJGOQ Carbon

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Group 14 compounds CLL Group 14 compounds CLL Carbon CLM Carbon CLM Carbon compounds with metals CLM JT .Compounds with oxygen CLM M . . .Interstitial carbides CLM JTJ HGX . . .Carbon suboxide CLM MJH PQ

CLM LS Compounds with nitrogen CLM MJT . Compounds with oxygen & metals . Monovalent MMV . Compounds with oxygen & chlorine LSH J .. Cyano MMV JHM .. Carbonyl chloride, phosgene * Acts primarily as a radical; most of the MQ . Compounds with sulphur literature relates to the cyano group in MQI A .. Acids organic chemistry, in compounds with a MQI BP ... Thiocarbonic acid double bond, especially nitriles; (see MQI E .. Salts CPN VNM). MQI FP ... Thiocarbonates . Divalent MQJ .. Carbon sulphides LSH L .. Cyanogen, dicyanogen MQJ HP ... Carbon disulphide ... Polymers MT . Compounds with halogens LSH LGV .... Paracyanogen MTJ .. Carbon halides LSI A . Acids MV .. Compounds with chlorine LSI BP .. Hydrocyanic acid, formonitrile, hydrogen MVJ HP ... Carbon tetrachloride cyanide, prussic acid CLN Silicon LSI E . Salts * Valency usually 4, but sometimes 6, especially in LSI FP .. Cyanides O and F compounds. * For nitriles, see CON VNM IF (also HP . Quadrivalent compounds, tetravalent CPN VNM); for ferro- & ferricyanides, see CNO LML SIJ; for isocyanates, see compounds CLM LVM IFP GR; for thiocyanates, HS . Hexavalent compounds see CMQ LML SIF P. . Compounds with other elements in general LSI FPG J ... Covalent cyanides JQ .. Silicides LSI FPG L ... Ionic cyanides K . Compounds with hydrogen LSI FPI J ... Complex cyanides KJ .. Silanes, silicon hydrides LVM . Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen KJH N ... Disilane LVM IA .. Acids KJH O ... Trisilane LVM IBP ... Cyanic acid KJH P ... Silane, monosilane LVM IBP H .... Isocyanic acid LM . Compounds with carbon LVM IBP L .... Fulminic acid, paracyanic acid, LMJ .. Silicon carbide, carborundum carbyloxime LS . Compounds with nitrogen LVM IE .. Salts LSJ .. Silicon nitride LVM IFP ... Cyanates (salts), fulminate M . Compounds with oxygen LVM IFP GR .... Isocyanates MIA .. Acids LVM Q . Compounds with nitrogen & sulphur MIB P ... Silicic acid LVM QIA .. Acids MIB Q ... Orthosilicic acid, silica gel LVM QIB P ... Thiocyanic acid, sulfocyanic acid, MJH L .. Silicon monoxide rhodanic acid MJH P .. Silicon dioxide, silica LVM QIE .. Salts MJT . Compounds with oxygen & metal LVM QIF P ... Thiocyanates MJT J .. Silicates M Compounds with oxygen * Compounds of Si, O & one or more metals. MIA . Acids A very extensive group of compounds, many of which are minerals (see Mineralogy DIP MIB P .. Carbonic acid in Class D) and reflect very complex MIE . Salts structures containing the tetrahedral SiO4 MIF P .. Carbonates group. MIF Q .. Hydrogen carbonates, bicarbonates * See also specific metal silicates; eg MJ . Oxides of carbon aluminosilicates CLG LNM. MJH L .. Carbon monoxide ... Kinds by molecular structure MJH M ... Carbonyl MJT JGO Q .... Chain silicates, infinite chain silicates MJH P .. Carbon dioxide MJH PQ .. Carbon suboxide

62 CLNMJTJGOW Group 14 compounds CLQMVJHP

Chemistry C Chemistry C Group 14 compounds CLL Group 14 compounds CLL Silicon CLN Tin CLP .Compounds with oxygen & metal CLN MJT .Compounds with oxygen CLP M ... Kinds by molecular structure . .Salts CLP MIE . . . .Chain silicates CLN MJT JGO Q . . .Stannites CLP MIF L

CLN MJT JGO W .... Cyclic ions, ring silicates, metasilicates CLP MIF P ... Stannate (IV) compounds, stannic oxide, tin * See also organic cyclic silicates. dioxide MJT JGO WO ..... Orthosilicates MJ .. Stannates, tin oxides MJT JGO XE .... Sheet silicates, infinite sheet silicates, . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen disilicates MKH L .. Stannous hydroxide, tin (II) hydroxide MJT JGO XG .... Three-dimensional silicates, silica-type MQ . Compounds with sulphur silicates MQJ HL .. Stannous sulphide, tin (II) sulphide MJT JGO XP ... Pyrosilicates MQJ HP .. Stannic sulphide, tin (IV) sulphide MU . Compounds with fluorine MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen MUI A .. Acids MQM IE .. Salts MUI BP ... Silicofluoric acid MQM IFP ... Stannic sulphate MUJ HP .. Silicon tetrafluoride MV . Compounds with chlorine MV . Compounds with chlorine MVJ HL .. Stannous chloride, tin salt MVJ .. Silicon chlorides MVJ HP .. Stannic chloride MVJ HP ... Silicon tetrachloride, tetrachlorosilane CLQ Lead, plumbum CLO Germanium, eka-silicon HL . Divalent lead, plumbous compounds HL . Divalent germanium, germanous compounds HP . Tetravalent lead, plumbic compounds HP . Tetravalent germanium, germanic LMM . Compounds with carbon & oxygen compounds .. Salts . Compounds with other elements in general LMM IFL ... Plumbous carbonate, white lead JQ .. Germanides LS . Compounds with nitrogen JX . Compounds with S-block elements LVM .. Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen K . Compounds with hydrogen ... Salts KJ .. Germanium hydrides, germanes LVM IFL .... Plumbous nitrate M . Compounds with oxygen M . Compounds with oxygen MIE .. Salts MIE .. Salts MIF P ... Germanates MIF L ... Plumbites MJH L .. Germanium oxide, germanous oxide MIF P ... Plumbates MJH P .. Germanium dioxide, germanic oxide MJH L .. Plumbous oxide, lead monoxide, litharge MT . Compounds with halogens MJH P .. Plumbic oxide, lead dioxide, anhydrous MTJ HL .. Germanium dihalides plumbic acid, brown lead oxide MTJ HP .. Germanium tetrahalides MJH Q .. Lead tetroxide, lead orthoplumbate, lead oxide CLP Tin red, red lead . Divalent MQ . Compounds with sulphur HL .. Stannous compounds, tin (II) compounds MQJ HL .. Plumbous sulphide, galena . Tetravalent MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen HP .. Stannic compounds, tin (IV) compounds .. Salts K . Compounds with hydrogen MQM IFL ... Lead sulphate KJH P .. Stannane (SnH4), tin (IV) hydride MT . Compounds with halogens M . Compounds with oxygen MTJ .. Lead halides MIA .. Acids MVJ HL ... Plumbous chloride MIB L ... Stannous acid MVJ HP ... Plumbic chloride MIB P ... Stannic acids MIB QA .... Alpha-stannic acid MIB QB .... Beta-stannic acid, metastannic acid MIE .. Salts * See also Tin oxides CLP MHV MIF L ... Stannites, stannate (II) compounds, stannous oxide

63 CLR CLVMJHS Nitrogen

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Group 15 compounds CLR Compounds CGH Nitrogen CLS P-block element compounds CLD Nitrogen hydrides CLS KJ Group 14 compounds CLL .. Ammonium compounds with chromium & oxygen . . . .Plumbic chloride CLQ MVJ HP CLT NIM . . .Ammonium chromate CLT NIM IFP CLR Group 15 compounds CLS . Nitrogen CLT NJL WM .. Ammonium compounds with molybdenum, * Nb: notation for nitrogen is spread over phosphorus & oxygen CLS/CLV. NJL WMI FP ... Ammonium phosphomolybdate .. Monovalent nitrogen NOM QM .. Ammonium compounds with iron, sulphur HJ ... Nitrous compounds & oxygen .. Divalent nitrogen NOM QMI FP ... Iron ammonium sulphate HL ... Nitric compounds CLU Other compounds of nitrogen & hydrogen HN .. Trivalent nitrogen * Normal retroactive notation is resumed here IA .. Acids after its interruption at CLS KHV N: * IBJ ... Monovalent acids Add to CLU letters KHV P/N following C. ... Trivalent acids CLV Compounds of nitrogen with other elements * Add to CLV letters KQ/N following C. IBN .... Hydrazoic acid * For azides, see CLS IFN. M Compounds with oxygen IE .. Salts MFK . Air * ... Trivalent Treated as a chemical substance. For air as a major component of the Earth’s atmosphere IFN .... Azides see Class DE Earth sciences. .. Compounds with other elements in general . Acids JQ ... Nitrides MIA .. Oxyacids * Compounds with more electronegative ... Monovalent elements. MIB J .... Hyponitrous acid K .. Compounds with hydrogen MIB K .... Nitrous acid KJ ... Nitrogen hydrides ... Pentavalent .... Divalent MIB R .... Nitric acid KJH L ..... Hydrazine * For aqua regis, see CMV LSI B. KJH N .... Trivalent ... Heptavalent * Normal retroactive notation is interrupted here in order to give short classmarks to MIB SP .... Pernitric acid ammonia and ammonium. It is resumed at MIE . Salts * CLU. For ammonia, use CLS M; for See also Ammonium salts CLT IE and the ammonium, use CLT. note there. M .... Ammonia MIF J .. Nitrites MGB S ..... Cation MIF K .. Hyponitrates * For ammonium, use CLT. MIF L .. Nitrates CLT .... Ammonium MIF SP .. Pernitrates * Because of the unusual chemical MJ . Oxides behaviour of this cation, which resembles .. Monovalent that of an alkali metal, it is treated here as MJH J ... Nitrous oxide, nitrogen monoxide, a quasi-element, albeit a subclass of the dinitrogen oxide, laughing gas nitrogen hydrides. .. Divalent IE ..... Salts MJH L ... Nitric oxide * For specific ammonium salts, see the constituents combining with N & H. .. Trivalent LMM ..... Ammonium compounds with carbon & MJH N ... Nitrogen sesquioxide, dinitrogen oxygen pentoxide LMM IE ...... Ammonium salts .. Tetravalent LMM IFP ...... Ammonium carbonate MJH P ... Nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen peroxide, NIM ..... Ammonium compounds with chromium dinitrogen tetroxide, nitrogen & oxygen tetroxide, liquid dioxide NIM IFP ...... Ammonium chromate .. Pentavalent .. Hexavalent MJH S ... Trinitrogen tetroxide

64 CLVMJHSP Group 15 compounds CLXVKJ

Chemistry C Chemistry C Group 15 compounds CLR Chemical species CG Nitrogen CLS Compounds CGH . .Compounds with oxygen CLV M Group 15 compounds CLR .... Hexavalent Phosphorus CLW . . . . .Trinitrogen tetroxide CLV MJH S . .Phosphorus pentahalides CLW MTJ HR

.... Heptavalent CLX Arsenic CLV MJH SP ..... Nitrogen heptoxide . Trivalent arsenic MKM T .. Compounds with oxygen, hydrogen & halogens HN .. Arsenious compounds MKM TJ ... Nitrosyl halides . Pentavalent arsenic MT .. Compounds of nitrogen with halogens HR .. Arsenic compounds MU ... Compounds with fluorine HRJ T . Compounds with metals .... Trivalent JTJ .. Metal arsenides MUJ HN ..... Nitrogen trifluoride K . Compounds with hydrogen CLW Phosphorus KJ .. Hydrides . Compounds with other elements in general KJH N ... Arsenic hydride, arsine JQ .. Phosphides LM . Compounds with carbon K . Compounds with hydrogen * Most of these are organic; see Organic chemistry .. Cation CON X. KGB S ... Phosphonium ion M . Compounds with oxygen KJ .. Phosphorus hydrides MIA .. Acids KJH N ... Phosphorus hydride, diphosphine MIB N ... Arsenic (III) acid, arsenious acid KJH O ... Phosphine, hydrogen phosphide, MIB R ... Arsenic (V) acid, arsenic acid, orthoarsenic phosphoretted hydrogen acid M . Compounds with oxygen MIB RT ... Pyroarsenic acid MIA .. Oxyacids of phosphorus MIE .. Salts MIB N ... Hypophosphorous acid MIF N ... Arsenate (III) salts, arsenites MIB O ... Phosphorous acid MIF R ... Arsenate (V) salts, arsenates, orthoarsenates MIB R ... Phosphoric acid, orthophosphoric acid MIF RS ... Metaarsenates MIB RS ... Hypophosphoric acid MIF RT ... Pyroarsenates MIB RT ... Metaphosphoric acid MJH N .. Arsenic (III) oxide, arsenious oxide, arsenic MIB S ... Perdiphosphoric acid trioxide, white arsenic MIB SL ... Permonophosphoric acid MJH R .. Arsenic (V) oxide, arsenic oxide, arsenic MIB SR ... Pyrophosphoric acid pentoxide MIE .. Salts . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen MIF N ... Phosphites MKJ .. Hydroxides MIF NP ... Hypophosphites MKJ HN ... Arsenious hydroxide MIF O ... Phosphates MQ . Compounds with sulphur MIF P ... Hypophosphates MQI E .. Salts MIF RS ... Orthophosphates MQI FN ... Thioarsenites MIF S ... Metaphosphates MQI FP ... Thioarsenates MIF SR ... Pyrophosphates MQJ HN .. Arsenious sulphide, arsenic trisulphide, MJ .. Phosphorus oxides orpiment MJH IP ... Phosphorus suboxide MQJ HR .. Arsenic sulphide, realgar MJH J ... Phosphorus monoxide MQJ HRR .. Arsenic pentasulphide MJH N ... Phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus oxide MT . Compounds with halogens MJH P ... Phosphorus tetroxide MTJ HN .. Arsenious halides MJH R ... Phosphorus pentoxide MTJ HR .. Arsenic halides MJH S ... Phosphorus hypothetical oxide V Antimony MQ . Compounds with sulphur . Trivalent antimony MQJ .. Phosphorus sulphides VHN .. Antimonious compounds MT . Compounds with halogens . Pentavalent antimony MTJ HR .. Phosphorus pentahalides VHR .. Antimonic compounds VK . Compounds with hydrogen VKJ .. Antimony hydride, stibine

65 CLXVM CMMUJ Oxygen

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Chemical species CG Group 15 compounds CLR Compounds CGH .Antimony CLX V Group 16 compounds CLY . .Compounds with hydrogen CLX VK Oxygen CM . . .Antimony hydride CLX VKJ Stoichiometric oxides CMJ GCC T

CLX VM .. Compounds with oxygen Kinds of oxides by valency VMI E ... Salts * Under different elements, terms like monoxide, VMI FN .... Antimonites dioxide, sesquioxide, etc. may reflect valencies VMI FR .... Pyroantimonates different from those under other elements; eg potassium peroxide (K2O2) is divalent, but VMJ HN ... Antimony (III) oxide, antimony trioxide magnesium peroxide (MgO2) is tetravalent. So it is VMJ HO ... Diantimony tetroxide not feasible to give here a table of exact equivalents VMJ HR ... Antimony (V) oxide, antimony pentoxide and the valency numbers below only approximate to VMQ .. Compounds with sulphur the oxide numbers given. VMQ JHN ... Antimony (III) sulphide, antimony * Add to CMJ H letters I/S following CH; eg trisulphide, stibnite CMJ HJ . Monoxides VMV .. Compounds with chlorine HL . Dioxides VMV JHN ... Antimony (III) chloride, antimony HN . Trioxides trichloride HR . Pentoxides VMV JHR ... Antimony (V) chloride, antimony HSP . Heptoxides pentachloride HY Kinds of oxides by acid/base relation W . Bismuth * Add to CMJ letters HY/IF following C; eg WLS .. Compounds with nitrogen HYP . Neutral WLV M ... Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen HYV . Amphoteric WLV MIF N .... Bismuth trinitrate . Acids WM .. Compounds with oxygen IA . Oxyacids WMJ HN ... Bismuth trioxide, bismuth sesquioxide, . Bases bismuth oxide, bismuth yellow IC .. Basic oxides WMJ HR ... Bismuth pentoxide JE . Salts .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen Q Compounds of O with other elements in general WMK ... Bismuth hydroxide * Compounds of oxygen with another element are WMQ .. Compounds with sulphur usually subordinated to the other element(s). WMQ JHN ... Bismuth sesquisulphide T Compounds with metals WMT .. Compounds with halogens TJ . Metal oxides WMV JHN ... Bismuth trichloride TJH FK .. Mixed metal oxides * For spinels, see Mineralogy (DIP) in Class D. WMX JHO ... Bismuth triiodide TJH O .. Sesquioxides CMK Compounds with hydrogen CLY Group 16 compounds, chalcogens . Ions CM . Oxygen ABR H .. Oxonium ion, hydronium ion, hydroxonium ion * For air as a chemical substance, see J . Hydroxides CLV MFK and the note there. * For water, see CKM O (under hydrogen). .. Ions CMM U Compounds with fluorine CMG BR ... Oxyanion UJ . Oxygen fluoride Q .. Allotropes * See also Difluorine monoxide CMU MJH J .. Ionic oxides CMJ GBR G ... Peroxides * With (O3)-2 ion. GBR J ... Superoxides * With (O3)-1 ion. GBR L ... Ozonides * With (O3)- ion. GCC T .. Stoichiometric oxides

66 CMQ Sulphur CMSLM

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Group 16 compounds CLY Group 16 compounds CLY Sulphur CMQ Oxygen CM .Compounds with oxygen CMQ M . .Oxygen fluoride CMM UJ . . .Sulphur heptoxide CMQ MJH S

CMQ Sulphur CMQ MMU . Compounds with oxygen & fluorine HL . Divalent MMU JHS .. Sulphuryl fluoride HN . Trivalent MMV . Compounds with oxygen & chlorine HU . Binary compounds MMV JHP .. Sulphur (IV) dichloride oxide, thionyl . Compounds with other elements in general chloride, sulphur oxychloride J .. Sulphides MMV JHS .. Sulphur (VI) dichloride dioxide, sulphuryl JHL ... Disulphides chloride, sulphonyl chloride, JHN ... Trisulphides chlorosulphuric acid, sulphuric JT . Compounds with metals chloride .. Double salts MU . Compounds with fluorine JTM IEW ... Alums MUJ HS .. Sulphur hexafluoride K . Compounds with hydrogen MV . Compounds with chlorine .. Salts MVJ .. Sulphur chlorides KIE Q ... Acid sulphides MVJ HJ ... Sulphur chloride, sulphur monochloride, * For hydrogen sulphide, see CKM Q sulphur subchloride LML S . Compounds with carbon & nitrogen CMR Selenium LML SIB P .. Thiocyanic acid, rhodanic acid, sulphocyanic GQ . Allotropes acid . Compounds with elements in general LML SIF P .. Thiocyanates, rhodanates, sulphocyanates, JQ .. Selenides thiocyanide K . Compounds with hydrogen M . Compounds with oxygen * For hydrogen selenide, see CKM RJH J. .. Acids LM . Compounds with carbon MIA ... Oxyacids of sulphur * See also Organic chemistry CO MIB L .... Thiosulphuric acid M . Compounds with oxygen MIB N .... Hyposulphurous acid MIA .. Acids MIB P .... Sulphurous acid MIB P ... Selenious acid MIB Q .... Pyrosulphurous acid MIB S ... Selenic acid MIB S .... Sulphuric acid MIE .. Salts MIB SK .... Pyrosulphuric acid MIF P ... Selenites MIB SP .... Persulphuric acid, perdisulphuric acid MIF S ... Selenates MIB ST .... Polythionic acids MJH P .. Selenium dioxide MIE .. Salts MJH S .. Selenium trioxide MIF L ... Thiosulphates MT . Compounds with halogens MIF N ... Hyposulphites MTJ .. Selenium halides MIF P ... Sulphites MU .. Compounds with fluorine MIF PQ ... Bisulphites, hydrosulphites MUJ HP ... Selenium tetrafluoride MIF RR ... Pyrosulphites MV .. Compounds with chlorine MIF S ... Sulphates MVJ HJ ... Selenium monochloride MIF SQ ... Bisulphates, hydrogen sulphates MVJ HP ... Selenium tetrachloride MIF SR ... Pyrosulphates CMS Tellurium MIF SU ... Persulphates, perdisulphates . Compounds with other elements in general MIF SW ... Polythionates JQ . Tellurides MJ .. Sulphur oxides K . Compounds with hydrogen MJH L ... Sulphur monoxide * For hydrogen telluride, see CKM SJH J. MJH N ... Sulphur sequioxide LM . Compounds with carbon * MJH P ... Sulphur dioxide, sulphurous anhydride See also Organic chemistry CO MJH R ... Sulphur trioxide, sulphuric anhydride MJH S ... Sulphur heptoxide, perdisulphuric anhydride

67 CMSM CMVMIFSP Group 17 compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH Group 17 compounds CMT Group 16 compounds CLY Fluorine CMU .Tellurium CMS .Compounds with hydrogen CMU K . .Compounds with carbon CMS LM . .Hydrogen fluoride CMU KJ

CMS M .. Compounds with oxygen CMU KY . Compounds with calcium MIA ... Oxyacids * For fluorite (fluorspar), see calcium fluoride MIB P .... Tellurous acid CKY MUJ HL. MIB S .... Telluric acid, orthotelluric acid, hydrogen LF . Compounds with boron * tellurate For fluoroborates, see CLF MUI FN. MIB SP .... Pyrotelluric acid LM . Compounds with carbon * For fluorocarbons, see CTG OUN M. MIB SS .... Tetratelluric acid LN . Compounds with silicon MIE ... Salts * For fluorosilicates, see under silicon compounds MIF P .... Tellurites at CLN MU. MIF S .... Tellurates M . Compounds with oxygen MJ ... Tellurium oxides MJH J .. Difluorine monoxide MJH P .... Tellurium dioxide * See also Oxygen fluoride CMM UJ MJH S .... Tellurium trioxide CMV Chlorine MT .. Compounds with halogens . Processes MTJ ... Tellurium halides DMV .. Chlorination, chloridization MU ... Compounds wuth fluorine FVV K . Solid mixtures MUJ HS .... Tellurium hexafluoride FVV KM .. Chlorine clathrate MV ... Compounds with chlorine . Acids MW ... Compounds with bromine * See also Oxoacids of chlorine CMV MIA R . Polonium IA .. Chloro acids RM .. Compounds with oxygen IBJ ... Hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen chloride RMT .. Compounds with halogens . Salts IFJ .. Chloro salts, Chlorides (salts) CMT Group 17 compounds, halogen compounds . Compounds with other elements in general . Compounds with other elements in general JQ .. Chlorides * JQ .. Halides See also Chlorides as salts CMV IFJ . Compounds with metals K . Chlorine compounds with hydrogen * For hydrogen chloride, see CMV IBJ. JTJ .. Metal halides KM . Chlorine compounds with hydrogen & oxygen K . Compounds with hydrogen KMP .. Chlorine hydrate KJ .. Halogen hydrides LM . Chlorine compounds with carbon CMU . Fluorine LS . Chlorine compounds with nitrogen .. Compounds LSI A .. Acids GH ... Fluorochemicals * Usually refers to the fluorocarbons LSI B ... Aqua regia, nitro-hydrochloric acid * (CTG OUN M). Mixture of nitric acid with hydrochloric acid. HJ .. Monovalent fluorine compounds M . Chlorine compounds with oxygen .. Acids .. Acids IA ... Fluoro acids MIA ... Oxoacids of chlorine IBJ .... Hydrofluoric acid MIB J .... Chloric (I) acid, hypochlorous acid IE .. Salts MIB N .... Chloric (III) acid, chlorous acid IFJ ... Fluoro salts, fluorides (salts) MIB Q .... Chloric (V) acid, chloric acid .. Compounds with other elements in general MIB SP .... Chloric (VII) acid, perchloric acid JQ ... Fluorides * This term is also used narrowly for the salts. MIE .. Salts JQJ .... Covalent fluorides MIF J ... Hypochlorites JQL .... Ionic fluorides MIF N ... Chlorites K .. Compounds with hydrogen MIF P ... Chlorates KJ ... Hydrogen fluoride MIF SP ... Perchlorates * See also Hydrofluoric acid CMU IBJ

68 CMVMJ Group 17 compounds CMXRMT

Chemistry C Chemistry C Group 17 compounds CMT Chemical species CG Chlorine CMV Compounds CGH .Chlorine compounds with oxygen CMV M Group 17 compounds CMT . .Salts CMV MIE Bromine CMW . . .Perchlorates CMV MIF SP . . .Bromine fluorides CMW MUJ

CMV MJ .. Chlorine oxides CMX Iodine MJH J ... Chlorine monoxide, dichlorine oxide . Acids * Acid anhydride of chloric (I) acid. IA .. Iodo salts MJH L ... Chlorine dioxide IBJ ... Hydriodic acid MJH P ... Dichlorine tetroxide IE . Salts MJH R ... Chlorine pentoxide IFJ .. Hydrogen iodide, hydriodic gas, iodides (salts) MJH S ... Chlorine hexoxide . Compounds with other elements in general MJH SP ... Chlorine heptoxide, dichlorine heptoxide JQ .. Iodides MMU . Chlorine compounds with oxygen & fluorine * See also Iodides as salts CMX IFJ MMU J .. Chlorine oxide fluorides LML S . Compounds with carbon & nitrogen MMU JHS P ... Chlorine trioxide fluoride, perchloryl LML SJ .. Iodine cyanide, cyanogen iodide fluoride M . Compounds with oxygen MQ . Compounds with sulphur MIA .. Oxyacids of iodine MQI A .. Acids MIB L ... Hypoiodous acid, iodine hydroxide MQI BN ... Chlorosulphonic acid, chlorosulphuric MIB R ... Iodic acid acid MIB SP ... Periodic acid . Compounds with other halogens MIE .. Salts MT .. Chlorine halides MIF L ... Hypoiodates MU .. Compounds with fluorine MIF R ... Iodates MUJ ... Chlorine fluorides MIF SP ... Periodates MUJ HJ .... Chlorine monofluoride MJ .. Iodine oxides MUJ HN .... Chlorine trifluoride MJH N ... Iodine sesquioxide MUJ HR .... Chlorine pentafluoride MJH R ... Iodine (V) oxide, diiodine pentoxide CMW Bromine MQ . Compounds with sulphur . Acids MQJ .. Suphides IA .. Bromo acids MQJ HL ... Iodine bisulphide, sulphur iodide IBJ ... Hydrobromic acid MT . Compounds with other halogens IJ . Complexes MTJ .. Iodine halides IJI A .. Complex bromoacids MUJ ... Iodine fluorides . Compounds with other elements in general MVJ ... Iodine chlorides JQ .. Bromides MVJ HN .... Iodine trichloride K . Compounds with hydrogen MWJ ... Iodine bromides KJ .. Hydrogen bromide R Astatine M . Compounds with oxygen RMT . Compounds with other halogens MIA .. Acids MIB J ... Hypobromous acid MIB R ... Bromic acid MIE .. Salts MIF J ... Hypobromites MIF R ... Bromates MJ .. Bromine oxides . Compounds with other halogens MTJ .. Bromine halides MUJ ... Bromine fluorides

69 CMY CNEMQMIFP D-block compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH P-block element compounds CLD P-block element compounds CLD Group 17 compounds CMT . . . .Radon tetrafluoride CMY VMU GHP . .Compounds with other halogens CMX RMT CNA D-block compounds, transition compounds, CMY Group 18 compounds, inert gases, rare gases, transition metals compounds noble gases GYN . Interstitial compounds FVV KM . Clathrates CNB . Group 3 compounds, rare earth metals GJ . Covalent compounds, molecular compounds compounds S .. Scandium MU . Compounds of inert gases & fluorine SM ... Compounds with oxygen Q . Helium SMI A .... Oxyacids R . Neon SMI E .... Oxyacid salts S . Argon SMJ .... Oxides of scandium SIJ .. Complex compounds SMT ... Compounds with halogens SKM .. Compounds with hydrogen & oxygen SMT J .... Halides of scandium SKM P ... Hydrates of argon T .. Yttrium SLF MU .. Compounds with boron & fluorine TM ... Compounds with oxygen SLF MUJ HJ ... Boron trifluoride argon TMJ .... Yttrium oxide T . Krypton TMQ M ... Compounds with sulphur & oxygen TIJ .. Complex compounds TMQ MIF S .... Yttrium sulphate TKM .. Compounds with hydrogen & oxygen TMV ... Compounds with chlorine TKM P ... Hydrates of krypton CND . Group 4 compounds TLM .. Compounds with carbon CNE .. Titanium TMU .. Compounds with fluorine ... Trivalent titanium TMU JHP ... Krypton tetrafluoride HN .... Titanous compounds U . Xenon ... Tetravalent titanium * Most interactive of the inert gases. HP .... Titanic compounds UKM .. Compounds with hydrogen & oxygen HS ... Hexavalent titanium UKM P ... Hydrates of xenon K ... Compounds with hydrogen ULM .. Compounds with carbon KJ .... Titanium hydride * See Organic compounds CO LF ... Compounds with boron UM .. Compounds with oxygen LFJ .... Titanium boride UMJ HS ... Xenon trioxide LM ... Compounds with carbon UMU .. Compounds with fluorine LMJ .... Titanium carbide UMU G ... Xenon fluorides LS ... Compounds with nitrogen UMU GHL .... Xenon difluoride LSJ .... Titanium nitride UMU GHP .... Xenon tetrafluoride M ... Compounds with oxygen UMU GHS .... Xenon hexafluoride MIE .... Salts UNS RMU .. Compounds with platinum & fluorine MIF P ..... Titanates UNS RMU JHS ... Xenon platinum hexafluoride MJ .... Titanium oxides V . Radon MJH L ..... Titanium monoxide VMU .. Compounds with fluorine MJH N ..... Titanium oxide, titanium sesquioxide VMU GHP ... Radon tetrafluoride MJH P ..... Titanium dioxide, titanic hydride, titanium(IV) oxide, titania, titanium white MJH S ..... Titanium trioxide, titanium peroxide MQM ... Compounds with sulphur & oxygen MQM IFN .... Titanous sulphate, titanium sesquisulphate MQM IFP .... Titanium sulphate, titanic sulphate, titanyl sulphate

70 CNEMT Group 5 compounds CNGSMTJ

Chemistry C Chemistry C D-block compounds CNA Chemical species CG Group 4 compounds CND Compounds CGH Titanium CNE D-block compounds CNA .Compounds with sulphur & oxygen CNE MQM Group 4 compounds CND . .Titanium sulphate CNE MQM IFP . . . .Hafnium tetrachloride CNF QMV JHP

CNE MT . Compounds with halogens CNG Group 5 compounds MTJ .. Titanium halides * For Dubnium, see CNY XEC MUJ ... Titanium fluorides Q . Vanadium MVJ ... Titanium chlorides QM .. Compounds with oxygen MVJ HN .... Titanium trichloride, titanous chloride QMI A ... Vanadic acids MVJ HP .... Titanium tetrachloride, titanic chloride QMI BR .... Vanadic acid CNF Zirconium QMI E ... Salts K . Compounds with hydrogen QMJ ... Oxides KJ .. Zirconium hydride QMJ HN .... Vanadium trioxide, vanadium LF . Compounds with boron sesquioxide LFJ .. Zirconium boride, zirconium diboride QMJ HP .... Vanadium tetraoxide LM . Compounds with carbon QMJ HR .... Vanadium pentoxide, vanadic acid LMJ .. Zirconium carbide anhydride LNM . Compounds with silicon & oxygen QMQ .. Compounds with sulphur LNM J .. Zircon QMQ J ... Sulphides * See also Mineralogy DIP in Class D QMQ JHR .... Vanadium sulphide, vanadic sulphide, LS . Compounds with nitrogen vanadium pentasulphide LSJ .. Zirconium nitride QMQ M .. Compounds with sulphur & oxygen LWM K . Compounds with phophorus, oxygen & QMQ MIF S ... Vanadium sulphate, vanadic sulphate, hydrogen vanadyl sulphate LWM KIF L .. Zirconium phosphate, zirconium QMU .. Compounds with fluorine orthophosphate, basic zirconium QMU J ... Vanadium fluorides phosphate QMV .. Compounds with chlorine M . Compounds with oxygen QMV J ... Vanadium chlorides MIF P .. Zirconates R . Niobium, columbium MJ .. Zirconium oxide, zirconium dioxide, RM .. Compounds with oxygen zirconic anhydride, zirconia RMI BR ... Niobic acid MK . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen RMI FR ... Niobates MKJ .. Zirconium hydroxide RMJ ... Oxides MT . Compounds with halogens RMT .. Compounds with halogens MVJ .. Zirconium chlorides RMT J ... Halides MVJ HP ... Zirconium tetrachloride S . Tantalum Q Hafnium SLM .. Compounds with carbon QLM . Compounds with carbon SLM J ... Tantalum carbide QLM J .. Hafnium carbide SM .. Compounds with oxygen QM . Compounds with oxygen SMI BR ... Tantalic acid .. Ions SMI FR ... Tantalates QMG BRU ... Hafnyl ion SMJ ... Oxides QMJ .. Hafnium oxides SMJ HR .... Tantalum oxide, tantalic acid anhydride, QMT . Compounds with halogens tantalum pentoxide QMV J .. Chlorides SMT .. Compounds with halogens QMV JHP ... Hafnium tetrachloride SMT J ... Halides

71 CNH CNMHSP Group 6 compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG D-block compounds CNA Compounds CGH Group 6 compounds CNH D-block compounds CNA .Molybdenum CNJ Group 5 compounds CNG . .Compounds with silicon CNJ LN . . .Halides CNG SMT J . . .Molybdenum disilicide CNJ LNJ

CNH Group 6 compounds CNJ M .. Compounds with oxygen CNI . Chromium MIB S ... Molybdic acid .. Divalent chromium MIF S ... Molybdates HL ... Chromous compounds MJ ... Oxides .. Trivalent MJH N .... Molybdenum sesquioxide HN ... Chromic compounds MJH P .... Molybdenum dioxide IN .. Complex compounds MJH S .... Molybdenum trioxide ... With chlorine & water MQ .. Compounds with sulphur INM VKM O .... Dichlorotetraaquachromium MQJ HR ... Molybdenum disulphide, molybdic sulphide LM .. Compounds with carbon MV .. Compounds with chlorine LMJ ... Chromium carbide MVJ HR ... Molybdenum pentachloride LMM .. Compounds with carbon & oxygen CNK . Tungsten, wolfram LMM J ... Chromium carbonyl HP .. Tetravalent tungsten M .. Compounds with oxygen HS .. Hexavalent MIA ... Acids LF .. Compounds with boron MIB T .... Chromic acid LFJ ... Tungsten boride ... Salts LM .. Compounds with carbon MIE .... Chromates LMJ ... Tungsten carbide MIF S ..... Chromates (VI) M .. Compounds with oxygen MIF SL ..... Dichromates MIA ... Acids MJ ... Oxides MIB T .... Tungstic acid, wolframic acid MJH L .... Chromous oxide MIE ... Salts MJH N .... Chromic oxide MIF T .... Tungstates MJH S .... Chromic trioxide, chromic anhydride MJ ... Oxides MK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen MJH S .... Tungstic oxide, tungstic anhydride, tungstic MKJ HL ... Chromous hydroxide trioxide, anhydrous wolframic oxide MKJ HN ... Chromic hydroxide MMV .. Compounds with oxygen & chlorine MMV .. Compounds with oxygen & chlorine MMV J ... Tungsten oxychloride MMV J ... Chromyl chloride, chromium oxychloride MQ .. Compounds with sulphur MQ .. Compounds with sulphur MQJ ... Tungsten disulphide MQJ HN ... Chromium sesquisulphide MT .. Compounds with halogens MQM .. Compounds with sulphur & oxygen MTJ ... Halides MQM JHL ... Chromous sulphate MV .... Compounds with chlorine MQM JHN ... Chromic sulphate MVJ HS ..... Tungsten hexachloride MU .. Compounds with fluorine CNL Group 7 compounds MUJ ... Fluorides CNM . Manganese MV .. Compounds with chlorine .. Divalent manganese MVJ ... Chlorides HL ... Manganous compounds MVJ HL .... Chromous chloride .. Trivalent CNJ . Molybdenum HN ... Manganic compounds HIK .. Zerovalent molybdenum compounds HP .. Tetravalent HL .. Divalent compounds HS .. Hexavalent HN .. Trivalent compounds HSP .. Heptavalent HP .. Tetravalent compounds HR .. Pentavalent compounds HS .. Hexavalent compounds LMM .. Compounds with carbon & oxygen LMM J ... Molybdenum carbonyl LN .. Compounds with silicon LNJ ... Molybdenum disilicide

72 CNMJQ Group 7 compounds CNOLMLSIJIFL

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Compounds CGH D-block compounds CNA D-block compounds CNA Group 7 compounds CNL Group 7 compounds CNL Manganese CNM .Technetium CNM Q .Heptavalent CNM HSP . . . .Technetium sulphide CNM QMQ JHS P

CNM JQ . Compounds with other elements in general CNM R . Rhenium LMM .. Compounds with carbon & oxygen RHP .. Tetravalent rhenium LMM IFL ... Manganous carbonate RHS .. Hexavalent M .. Compounds with oxygen RHS P .. Heptavalent MIA ... Oxyacids RM .. Compounds with oxygen MIB S .... Manganic acid RMI A ... Acids MIB SL .... Permanganic acid RMI BSP .... Perrhenic acid MIE ... Salts RMI E ... Salts MIF P .... Manganites RMI FSP .... Perrhenates MIF S .... Manganates RMJ ... Rhenium oxides MIF SL .... Permanganates RMJ HP .... Rhenium dioxide MJ ... Oxides RMJ HS .... Rhenium trioxide MJH L .... Manganous oxide, manganese RMJ HSP .... Rhenium heptoxide monoxide RMT .. Compounds with halogens MJH N .... Manganic oxide RMT J ... Halides MJH P .... Manganese dioxide, manganese CNN Groups 8/10 compounds peroxide, manganese binoxide, * Treated as one group (8) in the older numbering manganese black, battery systems. manganese MJH S .... Manganese trioxide P Group 8 compounds MK ... Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen . Selective aggregates MKJ .... Hydroxides R .. Ruthenium-rhodium-palladium group MKJ HL ..... Manganous hydroxide, manganese * For ruthenium, see CNO R; for rhodium, hydroxide see CNQ R; for palladium, see CNS Q. MKJ HN ..... Manganic hydroxide, hydrated S .. Osmium-indium-platinum group manganic hydroxide * For osmium, see CNO S; for indium, see MQ ... Compounds with sulphur CNQ S; for platinum, see CNS R. MQJ HL .... Manganous sulphide, manganese CNO . Iron sulphate .. Divalent iron MT .. Compounds with halogens HL ... Ferrous compounds, iron (II) compounds MTJ ... Halides .. Trivalent MUJ ... Fluorides HN ... Ferric compounds, iron (III) compounds MVJ ... Chlorides HP .. Tetravalent MVJ HL .... Manganous chloride HS .. Hexavalent Q Technetium, masurium IN .. Complex compounds QHP . Tetravalent technetium INL V ... Cyano ligand QHS L . Heptavalent JQ .. Compounds with other elements in general QM . Compounds with oxygen LM .. Compounds with carbon QMI E .. Salts LMJ ... Iron carbide * An interstitial carbide. QMI FSQ ... Pertechnetates LMK .. Compounds with carbon & hydrogen QMJ .. Oxides * For ferrocene (C10H10Fe), see QMJ HP ... Technetium (IV) oxide CSU QAP OA. QMJ HSP ... Technetium (VII) oxide LML S .. Compounds with carbon & nitrogen QMQ . Compounds with sulphur LML SIA ... Acids QMQ J .. Sulphides LML SIB L .... Ferrocyanic acid, hydroferrocyanic acid QMQ JHS P ... Technetium sulphide LML SIB N .... Ferricyanic acid LML SIJ ... Complex cyanides of iron .... Salts LML SIJ IFL ..... Ferrocyanides, cyanoferrates (II), hexacyanoferrates (II)

73 CNOLMLSIJIFN CNOSMJHSP Group 8 compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Group 8 compounds CNN P D-block compounds CNA Iron CNO Group 8 compounds CNN P .Compounds with carbon & nitrogen CNO LML S Compounds with oxygen & other metals CNO MJT . .Complex cyanides of iron CNO LML SIJ . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen CNO MK . . . .Ferrocyanides CNO LML SIJ IFL . . .Iron (III) hydroxide CNO MKJ HN

CNO LML SIJ IFN .... Ferricyanides, cyanoferrates (III), CNO MQ . Compounds with sulphur hexacyanoferrates (III) MQJ .. Sulphides .. Cyanogen MQJ HL ... Ferrous sulphide LML SJH J ... Cyanoferrates MQJ HP ... Ferrous disulphide LML VM . Compounds with carbon, nitrogen & MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen oxygen MQM IFL .. Ferrous sulphate, iron (II) sulphate LML VMI E .. Salts ... Hydrate LML VMI FR ... Pentacyanonitrosylferrate, MQM IFL KMP .... Heptahydrate ferrous sulphate, green nitroprusside vitriol, copperas LMM . Compounds with carbon & oxygen MQM IFN .. Ferric sulphate, iron (III) sulphate LMM IE .. Salts MV . Compounds with chlorine LMM IFL ... Ferrous carbonate, iron (II) carbonate MVJ .. Chlorides LMM JHM .. Carbonyls MVJ HL ... Ferrous chloride, iron (II) chloride LMM JHM P ... Iron dodecacarbonyl MVJ HN ... Ferric chloride, iron (III) chloride LMM JHM R ... Iron pentacarbonyl, iron carbonyl MVM With chlorine & oxygen LMM JHM RL ... Iron nonacarbonyl MVM IFN . Iron (III) perchlorate LS . Compounds with nitrogen R Ruthenium LVL MMQ .. Compounds with nitrogen, carbon & RIL . Coordination compounds sulphur RM . Compounds with oxygen ... Salts RMI E .. Salts LVL MMQ IFN .... Iron (III) thiocyanates RMI FS ... Ruthenates LVM .. Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen RMI FSQ ... Perruthenates ... Ions RMJ .. Oxides LVM GIB R .... Iron nitrosyls RMJ HP ... Ruthenium dioxide LVM IE ... Salts RMJ HSQ ... Ruthenium tetroxide LVM IFL .... Ferrous nitrate, iron (II) nitrate . Compounds with halogens LVM IFN .... Ferric nitrate, iron (III) nitrate RMT J .. Halides LWM . Compounds with phosphorus & oxygen RMV J .. Chlorides LWM IFN .. Iron (III) phosphate RMV JHN ... Ruthenium chloride, ruthenic chloride, M . Compounds with oxygen ruthenium sesquichloride .. Ions S Osmium MGB R ... Oxyanions of iron SIL . Coordination compounds .. Salts SM . Compounds with oxygen MIF N ... Ferrates SMI BS .. Osmic acid MIF P ... Ferrates (III) SMI FSJ .. Osmates MIF S ... Ferrates (IV), perferrates SMJ .. Oxides MJ .. Oxides SMJ HP ... Osmium dioxide MJH L ... Ferrous oxide, iron (II) oxide SMJ HSP ... Osmium oxide, osmium tetroxide, MJH M ... Tri-iron tetroxide, ferrosoferrioxide, osmic acid anhydride triferric tetroxide * Contains Fe (II) and Fe (III). MJH N ... Ferric oxide, iron (III) oxide MJT Compounds with oxygen & other metals MJT J . Mixed metal oxides of iron * For specific metals, see the metal; eg, Strontium ferrate (Sr2FeO4) CLA NOM IFN. MK . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen MKJ .. Hydroxides MKJ HL ... Ferrous hydroxide, iron (II) hydroxide MKJ HN ... Iron (III) hydroxide

74 CNP D-block compounds CNSRMQJHL

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH D-block compounds CNA D-block compounds CNA Group 9 compounds CNP Group 8 compounds CNN P .Rhodium CNQ R . . . .Osmium oxide CNO SMJ HSP . . . .Rhodium chloride CNQ RMV JHN

CNP Group 9 compounds CNQ S . Iridium CNQ . Cobalt SIL .. Coordination compounds .. Divalent cobalt SM .. Compounds with oxygen HL ... Cobaltous compounds SMJ HN ... Iridium oxide .. Trivalent compounds SMJ HP ... Iridium dioxide HN ... Cobaltic compounds SMV .. Chlorides IL .. Coordination compounds SMV JHP ... Iridic chloride, iridium chloride, iridium JQ .. Compounds with other elements in general tetrachloride JT .. Compounds with metals CNR Group 10 compounds JTH FK ... Cobalt alloys CNS . Nickel * For alloys in Chemical technology, see .. Divalent nickel VL. HL ... Nickelous compounds LML S .. Compounds with carbon & nitrogen .. Trivalent LML SIE ... Salts HN ... Nickelic compounds LML SIF L .... Cobaltous cyanide LML S .. Compounds with carbon & nitrogen LML SIF M .... Cobaltocyanides ... Cyanogen compounds LML SIF Q .... Cobaltic cyanide LML SIF L .... Nickel cyanide LS .. Compounds with nitrogen LMM .. Compounds with carbon & oxygen LSK .. Compounds with nitrogen & hydrogen LMM IE ... Salts LSM ... Ammonia LMM IFL .... Nickel carbonate LSM MV .... With ammonia & chlorine LMM IJ ... Complex compounds LSM MVJ HP ..... Tetraamminedichlorocobalt M .. Compounds with oxygen LVM ... Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen MJ ... Oxides LVM IE .... Salts MJH L .... Nickel monoxide, nickel oxide, nickelous LVM IFL ..... Cobaltous nitrate, cobalt nitrate oxide, green nickel oxide M .. Compounds with oxygen MJH N .... Nickel sesquioxide MJ ... Oxides MK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen MJH L .... Cobaltous oxide MKJ HL ... Nickel hydroxide MJH N .... Cobaltic oxide MQ .. Compounds with sulphur MK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen Q . Palladium MKJ HL ... Cobaltous hydroxide QIL .. Coordination compounds MKJ HN ... Cobaltic hydroxide QM .. Compounds with oxygen MQ .. Compounds with sulphur QMJ HL ... Palladous oxide, palladium monoxide MQJ HL ... Cobaltous sulphide QMJ HN ... Palladium sesquioxide MTJ .. Cobalt halides QMJ HP ... Palladium dioxide MU ... Compounds with fluorine QMV .. Compounds with chlorine MUJ HN .... Cobalt trifluoride, cobalt fluoride QMV IE ... Salts MV ... Compounds with chlorine QMV IFL .... Palladium chloride, palladium bichloride, MVJ HL .... Cobaltous chloride, cobalt chloride palladous chloride R . Rhodium QMV IFM .... Chlorine palladates RHN .. Trivalent rhodium QMV IL ... Coordination compounds RIL .. Coordination compounds R . Platinum RM .. Compounds with oxygen RIL .. Coordination compounds RMJ HN ... Rhodium oxide, rhodium sesquioxide RM .. Compounds with oxygen RMK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen RMJ ... Oxides RMK JHN ... Rhodium hydroxide RMJ HL .... Platinum oxide, platinous oxide, platinum RMT J .. Rhodium halides monoxide RMV ... Compounds with chlorine RMJ HN .... Platinum dioxide, platinic oxide RMV JHN .... Rhodium chloride, rhodium trichloride RMQ .. Compounds with sulphur RMQ JHL ... Platinum sulphide

75 CNSRMTJ CNUSMWJHL Group 11 compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH D-block compounds CNA D-block compounds CNA Group 11 compounds CNT Group 10 compounds CNR Copper CNU . .Compounds with sulphur CNS RMQ .Compounds with oxygen CNU M . . .Platinum sulphide CNS RMQ JHL . .Cupric oxide CNU MJH N

.. Compounds with halogens CNU MK . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen CNS RMT J ... Halides MKJ HN .. Cupric hydroxide, copper hydroxide RMV ... Compounds with chlorine MQ . Compounds with sulphur RMV IA .... Acids MQJ HL .. Cuprous sulphide RMV IBL ..... Tetrachloroplatinic acid MQJ HN .. Cupric sulphide, copper sulphide RMV IBP ..... Hexachloroplatinic acid, MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen chloroplatinic acid, platinic MQM IFJ .. Cuprous sulphate, copper (I) sulphate chloride (acid) MQM IFL .. Cupric sulphate, copper (II) sulphate RMV IE .... Salts MQM IFL KMP .. Copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate, blue RMV IFL ..... Tetrachloroplatinates vitriol RMV IFP ..... Hexachloroplatinates MQM LS . With sulphur, oxygen & nitrogen RMV JHL .... Platinum chloride, platinum MQM LT .. With ammonium dichloride, platinous chloride MQM LTI F ... Green copper ammonium sulphate RMV JHP .... Platinum tetrachloride, platinum (IV) MV . Compounds with chlorine oxide MVJ HJ .. Cuprous chloride, copper chloride, resin of copper CNT Group 11 compounds, coinage metal MVJ HL .. Cupric chloride compounds MVM . With chlorine & oxygen CNU . Copper MVM IFL .. Cupric perchlorate .. Monovalent S Silver HJ ... Cuprous compounds . Univalent silver .. Divalent SHJ .. Argentous compounds HL ... Cupric compounds . Divalent IN .. Coordination compounds SHL .. Argentic compounds INK MO ... With water ligand SLM LS . Compounds with carbon & nitrogen INK MOV .... Hexaaquacopper (II) SLM LSJ .. Silver cyanide INM V ... With chlorine ligand SLS . Compounds with nitrogen INM VT .... Tetrachlorocopper (II) SLS M .. With ammonia LML S .. Compounds with carbon & nitrogen SLV M .. Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen ... Ions SLV MIF J ... Silver nitrate LML SGB RV .... Tetrahedral tetracyanocuprate (I) SLW M . Compounds with phosphorus & oxygen anion SLW MIF J .. Silver phosphate, silver orthophosphate ... Salts SM . Compounds with oxygen LML SIE .... Copper cyanides SMJ HJ .. Silver oxide LML SIF J ..... Cuprous cyanide SMJ HL .. Argentic oxide, silver suboxide LML SIF L ..... Cupric cyanide, copper cyanide SMQ . Compounds with sulphur LMM K .. Compounds with carbon, oxygen & SMQ JHJ .. Silver sulphide hydrogen SMR . Compounds with selenium LMM KIF L ... Copper carbonate, cupric carbonate, SMR JHJ .. Silver selenide basic copper carbonate, mineral SMT . Compounds with halogens green, artificial malachite SMU .. Compounds with fluorine LS .. Compounds with nitrogen SMU JHJ ... Silver fluoride, tachiol LSM ... With ammonia SMU JHL ... Argentic fluoride LSM JHP .... Cuprammonium, tetraamminecopper SMV .. Compounds with chlorine (II) SMV JHL ... Silver chloride M .. Compounds with oxygen SMW .. Compounds with bromine MJH L ... Cuprous oxide, copper (I) oxide, red SMW JHL ... Silver bromide copper oxygen MJH N ... Cupric oxide, copper (II) oxide, black copper oxide

76 CNUT Group 12 compounds CNXMXJHL

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Compounds CGH D-block compounds CNA D-block compounds CNA Group 11 compounds CNT Group 12 compounds CNV .Silver CNU S Zinc CNW . . . .Silver bromide CNU SMW JHL . .Zinc chloride CNW MVJ

CNU T . Gold CNW R Cadmium .. Univalent gold RLM LS . Compounds with carbon & nitrogen THJ ... Aurous compounds RLM LSJ .. Cadmium cyanide .. Divalent RLS K . Compounds with nitrogen & hydrogen THL ... Auric compounds RLS M .. With ammonia TLM LS .. Compounds with carbon & nitrogen RM . Compounds with oxygen TLM LSI BL ... Cyanauric acid RMJ .. Oxides TLM LSI FJ ... Cyanaurites RMJ HJ ... Cadmium (I) oxide TLM LSI FL ... Cyanaurates RMJ HL ... Cadmium (II) oxide TLM LSJ HJ ... Aurous cyanide RMK . Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen TLM LSJ HL ... Auric cyanide RMK J .. Cadmium hydroxide TM .. Compounds with oxygen RMQ . Compounds with sulphur TMI FL ... Aurates RMQ J .. Cadmium sulphide TMJ HJ ... Aurous oxide RMQ M . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen TMJ HN ... Gold oxide, auric oxide, gold trioxide RMQ MIF L .. Cadmium sulphate TMK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen RMT J . Cadmium halides TMK JHL ... Auric hydroxide RMV J .. Cadmium chloride TMK JHN ... Gold hydroxide RMW J .. Cadmium bromide TMV .. Compounds with chlorine CNX Mercury TMV IBL ... Chlorauric acid . Monovalent TMV IFL ... Chloraurates HJ .. Mercurous compounds TMV JHJ ... Aurous chloride . Bivalent TMV JHL ... Auric chloride HL .. Mercuric compounds CNV Group 12 compounds LML S . Compounds with carbon & nitrogen . Selective aggregates LML SJH L .. Mercuric cyanide S .. Zinc-cadmium-mercury group M . Compounds with oxygen * For zinc, see CNW; for cadmium, see MJ .. Oxides CNW R; for mercury, see CNX. MJH J ... Mercurous oxide CNW . Zinc MJH L ... Mercuric oxide LML S .. Compounds with carbon & nitrogen MQ . Compounds with sulphur LML SJ ... Zinc cyanide MQJ .. Sulphides LMM .. Compounds with carbon & oxygen MQJ HJ ... Mercuric sulphide, cinnabar LMM IFL ... Zinc carbonate, calamine MQM . Compounds with sulphur & oxygen LSK .. Compounds with nitrogen & hydrogen MQM IFJ .. Mercurous sulphate LSM ... With ammonia MV . Compounds with chlorine LWM .. Compounds with phosphorus & oxygen MVI L .. Coordination compounds LWM IFL ... Zinc phosphate MVJ .. Chlorides M .. Compounds with oxygen MVJ HJ ... Mercurous chloride, calomel MJH L ... Zinc oxide MVJ HL ... Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate MJH N ... Zincates MW . Compounds with bromine MK .. Compounds with oxygen & hydrogen MWJ .. Bromides MKJ ... Zinc hydroxide MWJ HJ ... Mercurous bromide, mercury (I) bromide MQ .. Compounds with sulphur MWJ HL ... Mercuric bromide, mercury (II) bromide MQJ ... Zinc sulphide MX . Compounds with iodine MQM .. Compounds with sulphur & oxygen MXJ .. Iodides MQM IFL ... Zinc sulphate, white copperas, white MXJ HL ... Mercuric iodide vitriol, zinc vitriol MV .. Compounds with chlorine MVJ ... Zinc chloride

77 CNY CNYWX Actinides

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Compounds CGH Compounds CGH D-block compounds CNA F-block compoundsa CNY . . . . .Mercuric iodide CNX MXJ HL Lanthanides CNY Q .Lutetium CNY RH CNY F-block compoundsa Q . Lanthanides CNY S Actinides (compounds), actinoid compounds QR .. Lanthanum SIL . Coordination complexes QS .. Cerium T . Actinium QSH N ... Cerium (III) compounds U . Thorium * QSH P ... Cerium (IV) compounds For thorium series, see radioactive series at CAB PXV. QSJ T ... Compounds with other metals UM .. Compounds with oxygen QSJ THF K .... Mixtures, alloys UMI E ... Oxyacid salts of thorium QSM ... Compounds with oxygen UMJ ... Thorium dioxide, thorium oxide, thoria, QSM JHP .... Cerium dioxide, ceric oxide thorium anhydride QSM QM ... Compounds with sulphur & oxygen UMV .. Compounds with chlorine QSM QMI FP .... Cerium sulphate UMV JHP ... Thorium chloride, thorium tetrachloride QSM U ... Compounds with fluoride UR . Protactinium QSM UJ .... Cerium fluoride URM J .. Oxides QT .. Praseodymium URM TJ .. Halides QU .. Neodymium V . Uranium QUM ... Compounds with oxygen * For uranium decay series, see CAB PXW. QUM J .... Neodymium oxide VK .. Compounds with hydrogen QUM V ... Compounds with chlorine VKJ ... Uranium hydride QUM VJ .... Neodymium chloride VLV M .. Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen QW .. Promethium, illinium VLV MIF S ... Uranyl nitrate, uranium nitrate, yellow salt QX .. Samarium VM .. Compounds with oxygen QXM ... Compounds with oxygen ... Cation QXM J .... Samarium oxide VMG BS .... Uranyl cation, uranyl radical QY .. Europium VMI E ... Uranyl salts QYM J ... Oxides VMJ ... Oxides QYM TJ ... Halides VMJ HP .... Uranium dioxide, uranium oxide, uranic RA .. Gadolinium oxide, urania RB .. Terbium VMJ HR .... Triuranium octoxide, uranous-uranic RBL VM ... Compounds with nitrogen & oxygen oxide, uranyl uranate RBL VMI FN .... Terbium nitrate VMJ HS .... Uranium trioxide, uranium (VI) oxide, RBM ... Compounds with oxygen orange oxide RBM J .... Terbium oxide VMQ M .. Compounds with sulphur & oxygen RBM V ... Compounds with chlorine VMQ MIF S ... Uranyl sulphate, uranium sulphate RBM VJ .... Terbium chloride VPP .. Isotopes RC .. Dysprosium VS . Transuranic compounds, transuranium RD .. Holmium compounds RE .. Erbium * See also Transactinides CNY XD RF .. Thulium VT .. Neptunium RG .. Ytterbium VTI J ... Complexes RH .. Lutetium, cassiopeium VTM J ... Oxides VTM TJ ... Halides W .. Plutonium WMJ ... Oxides WMJ HP .... Plutonium oxide WMT J ... Halides WR .. Americium WS .. Curium WT .. Berkelium WV .. Californium WX .. Einsteinium

78 CNYWY Organic chemistry COGGAOXS

Chemistry C Chemistry C Compounds CGH Chemical species CG F-block compoundsa CNY Compounds CGH Actinides CNY S . . . . .Other superheavy elements CNY XEV Transuranic compounds CNY VS Einsteinium CNY WX CO Organic chemistry * Add to CO numbers & letters 2/F following C; eg, CNY WY Fermium . Reactions XA Mendelevium, unnilunium COC WM .. Monosubstitution XB Nobelium WN .. Polysubstitution XC Lawrencium . By state of matter XD Transactinides, post-actinides, superheavy elements COF IL .. Films * Elements with atomic number above 103. All of them NT .. Dispersions are unstable and have a very short life. PV .. Low density systems XEB . Rutherfordium * Atomic number 104. PW .. High density systems XEC . Dubnium U .. Liquids * Atomic number 105. V .. Solids XED . Seaborgium W ... Crystalline forms * Atomic number 106. XEE . Bohrium X . Radicals * Atomic number 107. Y .. Free radicals XEF . Hassium COG .. Functional groups, organic radicals * Atomic number 108. * Atoms or groups of atoms, acting as a unit and XEG . Meitnerium replacing a hydrogen or hydrogens in an * Atomic number 109. organic compound. Their presence imparts XEH . Darmstatium important characteristic properties to the * Atomic number 110. compound; eg hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl XEK . Roentgenium (-COOH), amine (-NH2), isocyanide (-CNO). * Atomic number 111. * See Appendix 2 for instructions on how to XEL . Copernicum derive the classmarks for groups from * Atomic number 112. compounds which contains them. Appendix 2 XEM . Ununtrium also gives an A/Z index to the major functional * Atomic number 113. groups. * XEN . Ununquadrium Add to COG numbers & letters 2/9,A/W * Atomic number 114. following C; eg, XEP . Ununpentium AHB ... Functional group region, binding site * Atomic number 115. ... Kinds of functional groups * XER . Ununhexium Add to COG G letters A/F following C, * Atomic number 116. using the concepts as specifiers (species- makers); eg, XES . Ununseptium * Atomic number 117. .... Kinds by bonding XET . Ununnoctium GAK V ..... Double bonded functional groups * Atomic number 118. GAK W ..... Triple bonded functional groups XEV . Other superheavy elements .... Kinds by molecular structure * Elements from 113 onwards are known by the GAO R ..... Open chain functional groups systematic IUPAC element names until their names GAO W ..... Ring functional groups have been agreed on. .... Kinds by special structure GAO XM ..... Monofunctional GAO XP ..... Polyfunctional GAO XQ ...... Groups having same function GAO XR ...... With different functions GAO XS ...... Difunctional groups, bifunctional groups * With two or more different functional groups (eg, amino carbonyl compounds; hydroxycyclohexanone).

79 COGGAOXS COIC Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry CO Chemistry C Radicals COF X Chemical species CG Functional groups COG Organic chemistry CO Kinds of functional groups Radicals COF X . Kinds by special structure . . .Iodoso group COG OXO . . . .Difunctional groups COG GAO XS Kinds of organic compounds * For specific compounds, cite the * All organic substances are compounds. Do not different functional groups retroactively; qualify COH by classes C2/CF (which qualify CO). eg COM FJB Acetyl (carbonyl - * Add to COH letters GB/Y following CGH; methyl) is located under carbonyls * Add to CO letters IA/IN following CG; eg, COM F. COH GCC O . Stoichiometric COG GCW . Substituted functional groups GCC V . Non-stoichiometric .. Operations . Kinds by bonding characteristics GCW HN ... Polysubstitution GCJ .. Covalent compounds GCW HNP .... Double replacement * The commonest form, often assumed. GCW HP ..... Double decomposition, metathesis GCK ... Coordinate bonded .. Kinds of substituted groups GCK R ... Single bonded, saturated ... Kinds by position of substituents GCK S ... Multibonded, unsaturated * Aromatic compounds are usually assumed. GCK U .... Conjugate bonded GCW JC ... Ortho substituted GCK V .... Double bonded GCW JE ... Meta substituted GCK W .... Triple bonded GCW JG ... Para substituted GCL .. Ionic, electrovalent GCW JJ ... Vicinal substituted GCL N ... Resonance bonded GCW JL ... Asymmetric substituted * General works only; for aromatics, see CRA. GCW JN ... Symmetric substituted . Kinds by molecular structure ... Kinds by number of substitutions * For chain structures, see CP Acyclic compounds; GCW M .... Monosubstituted for ring structures, see CQ Cyclic compounds; for GCW N .... Polysubstituted organic polymers, see CTE. GCW P .... Disubstituted, bisubstituted . Kinds by variations in structure GCW R .... Trisubstituted * For Polymers, see CTE. GCW T .... Tetrasubstituted GCP Y .. Polymorphic GCW V .... Pentasubstituted GCR .. Isomers GCW W .... Hexasubstituted . Kinds by reaction properties GCW X .... More than six GDC A .. Catalysts Specific functional groups GDC PH .. Addition compounds * For works considering a functional group in its GDC PL .. Condensation compounds widest application (its reaction mechanisms, GDC W .. Substitution compounds bonding, etc) in a number of different . Kinds by specific valency, oxidation state compounds. The classes COG IV/NY below take J .. Monovalent only general works on these groups, embracing L .. Bivalent their appearance in both acyclic and cyclic . Kinds by number of constituent elements organic compounds. So this class excludes, eg, the epoxy group (a cyclic ether) which will U .. Binary compounds always be subordinated to cyclic compounds. UT .. Ternary compounds * For a fuller list, in A/Z name order, see Appendix . Kinds by electron gain/loss 2. Y .. Acids & bases & salts together (organic * Add to COG letters IX/PY following CO: eg, compounds) JA . Alkyl group, aryl group * General works only on these; particular groups JB .. Methyl group of acids, etc, or specific acids, etc go with the LS . Hydroxy group group or acid, etc. MF . Carbonyl group, acyl group COI A ... Organic acids * MH . Formyl group, aldehyde group General works only; for carboxylic acids, see * Methanoyl group is also used, but not preferred. COM N; for sulphonic acids, see COO QOM XS.. NT . Amine group AR .... Basic acids NVN SO . Nitroso group AS ..... Monobasic OXO . Iodoso group C ... Organic bases * General works only; note at COH Y applies here also.

80 COIE Hydrocarbons COKQLH

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Kinds of organic compounds Hydrocarbons COI X . .Acids & bases & salts together COH Y Saturated hydrocarbons COI Y . . .Organic bases COI C . .Octacosane COJ LS

COI E ... Organic salts COJ LT .. Nonacosane * General works only; note at COH Y applies here M .. Saturated hydrocarbons with 30 or more also. carbons J .. Complex organic compounds * Use COJ MB for 31, COJ MC for 32, and N ... Specific organic complex compounds & ions so on. * The notes at CIN apply here also. Specific X Unsaturated hydrocarbons compounds go under the central atom in the * Terms like Alkenes, Propene, etc are used for the complex and are qualified as explained at CIN. compounds; terms like Alkenyl, Propenyl are This class takes only the complex ions (the ligands used for the functional groups derived from them per se) without reference to any particular metal. and which occur extensively as qualifications of * See also the alternative provided at CTB for other compounds. organometals. . By valency XHS .. Carbene, carbenium group, carbenium ion Organic compounds by their constituent elements * Containing bivalent carbon. Exists only as * General works only on these, embracing works covering transient compound; simplest example is both major basic structures, acyclic and cyclic (CP/CS). methylene (=CH2). Works confined to one of these go under it (at CP Acyclic COK A . Alkenes, olefins, alkenyl group or CQ Cyclic). B .. Methylene . Compounds with C, H & O only C .. Ethylene, ethene, olefiant gas, ethenyl group, X . Hydrocarbons vinyl group * Compounds of carbon and hydrogen alone. D .. Propene, propylene, methylethylene, Y .. Saturated hydrocarbons propenyl group, allyl group * Without double bonds. E .. Butene, butylene COJ A ... Alkanes EGR ... Isomers B .... Methane EGU H .... Butene-1, alpha-butylene, ethylethylene C .... Ethane EGU J .... Butene-2, beta-butylene D .... Propane EGU K .... Methylpropene-2, isobutene, isobutylene E .... Butane F .. Pentenes F .... Pentane G .. Hexenes G .... Hexane H .. Heptenes H .... Heptane I .... Octane .. Alkenes with 2 or more double bonds J .... Nonane P ... Polyenes, polyalkenes K .... Decane Q .... Dienes, diolefins, alkadienes LA .... Undecane ..... Kinds of dienes by position of double LB .... Dodecane bond LC .... Tridecane * General works on these only; do not LD .... Tetradecane include their classmarks in those for LE .... Pentadecane specific compounds. LF .... Hexadecane QAG KU ...... Conjugated diolefins LG .... Heptadecane QAG KYM ...... Allenes, cumulated bond diolefins LH .... Octadecane QAG KYN ...... Isolated bond diolefins LJ .... Nonadecane ..... Kinds of dienes by constituent elements LK .... Eicosane QB ...... Isoprene LL .... Heneicosane QD ...... Propadiene, allene LM .... Docosane QE ...... Butadiene LN .... Tricosane * See also Organic polymers CTE LP .... Tetracosane QEJ B ...... Methylbutadiene, isoprene LQ .... Hexacosane QF ...... Pentadiene LR .... Heptacosane QG ...... Hexadiene LS .... Octacosane QLH ...... Octadecadiene

81 COKR COMKLT Oxygen with hydrocarbons

Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Hydrocarbons COI X Oxygen with hydrocarbons COL R . .Alkenes COK A Hydroxy compounds COL S . . . . .Dienes COK Q .. Kinds by bond to which the hydroxyl is attached ...... Octadecadiene COK QLH . . .Tertiary alcohols COL TT

COK R ..... Trienes .. Kinds of alcohols by number of OHs S ..... Four or more COL U ... Monohydric saturated alcohols COL A .. Alkynes, acetylene series compounds * Form an homologous series with the general C ... Acetylene, ethyne formula CnH2n+1.OH. D ... Propyne, allylene, methyl acetylene UKC .... Ethylene alcohol, vinyl alcohol E ... Butyne V ... Polyhydric saturated alcohols, polyhydroxy M .. Aryl functional groups, functional groups derived alcohols from aromatic compounds W .... Dihydric alcohols, diols, glycols * Although these will be subordinated to aromatic WKC ..... Ethylene glycol, glycol, ethanediol, compounds, notation is provided here to keep the dihydroxyethane, ethanol, filing order correct for synthesised classmarks dihydroxy alcohol N ... Phenyl compounds X .... Trihydric alcohols, triols O .... Benzyl compounds, phenylmethyl compounds Y ..... Glycerol, trihydroxypropane, glycyl alcohol, trihydroxypropane R Oxygen with hydrocarbons (organic compounds) COM C Peroxides * Oxygen when part of a hydrocarbon compound; for E Ethers oxygen organic compounds in general, see COO and the * For alkoxy, see COL RJA; for epoxides, see note there. CSS QAO D. * The classes COL R/COM P form an exception to the EJB . Dimethyl ethers general rule for heteroatoms. When oxygen constitutes a F Carbonyl compounds, acyl compounds, carbonyl part of the homologous series which begins at group COI X/COL P it is not regarded as a heteroatom. * For inorganic carbonyls, see CLM MJH M. Otherwise, it is so regarded (see COO). * For alkanes, see COJ A; for carboxylic compounds, RJA . Alkoxy compounds, alkoxy radical compounds see COM M; for metal carbonyls, see * An alkyl radical joined to a molecule by an O. COM TLM MHV M; for carbohydrates, see CTQ. RJB .. Methoxy compounds . With alkyl RJC .. Ethoxy compounds FJA .. Alkoxycarbonyls, carboxylates, carboxylate S . Hydroxy compounds, hydroxyl compounds, group hydroperoxy group ... With methyl * Contain two classes of organic compounds - alcohols FJB .... Acetyl compounds, ethanoyl compounds (when attached to an alkyl structure) and phenols H . Aldehydes, alkanals (when attached to an aromatic structure). For alcohols, * For formyl group (HCO), see COG MH. see COL T; for phenols, see CRL T. HJB .. Methanal, formaldehyde, formol, methylene * Named with prefix hydroxy- or suffix -ol. oxide T .. Alcohols * For mercaptans (in which -SH is analogous to -OH) HJC .. Ethanal, acetaldehyde see COO QMX. HJD .. Propanal, propionaldehyde TJA ... Alkanols .. With alcohols TJB .... Methyl alcohol, methanol HLT V ... Hemiacetals TJC .... Ethyl alcohol, ethanol, grain alcohol HLT W ... Acetals, diethoxyethane TJD .... Allyl alcohol, propanol K . Ketones, alkanones * ... Kinds by bond to which the hydroxyl is attached Named with prefix keto- or oxo-, or with suffix * General works only; do not use when building -one. classmarks of individual alcohols. .. Isomers TP .... Primary alcohols KGR ... Pentanone * The carbon bearing the hydroxyl group is KGU H .... 2-Pentanone, methylpropyl ketone, ethyl attached to one alkyl. acetone TS .... Secondary alcohols KGU J .... 3-Pentanone, diethyl ketone, proprione * The carbon bearing the hydroxyl group is KJB .. Propanone, acetone attached to two alkyls. .. Alcohols TT .... Tertiary alcohols KLT ... Ketols, ketoalcohols * The carbon bearing the hydroxyl group is attached to three alkyls.

82 COMKMH Carboxylic acids COMPNJC

Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Oxygen with hydrocarbons COL R Organic chemistry CO Carbonyl compounds COM F Oxygen with hydrocarbons COL R .Ketones COM K Carboxylic acids COM M .. Alcohols . Kinds of carboxyl compounds by constituent elements . . .Ketols COM KLT . .Hexadienoic acid COM MKQ G

... Aldehydes COM MKQ LH .. Octadecadienoic acid, linoleic acid, linolic COM KMH .... Ketoaldehydes acid .. Ketones by number of keto groups MLP .. Carboxypropyne, tetrolic acid KR ... Polyketones MLS .. Hydroxycarboxylic acid KS .... Diketones MLS JD ... Lactic acid, alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid KU . Enols, keto-enols MLS JDS ... Beta-lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid, .. Tautomeric forms hydracrylic acid KUG S ... Keto-enol tautomers MLS JDT .. Pyruvic acid, oxopropanoic acid, acetylformic KX . Ketenes, allenes acid, ketopropionic acid, pyoracenic M Carboxylic acids acid * For organic acids in general, see C0I A; for acyl MLS JLH .. Ricinoleic acid, castor-oil acid, radical, see COG MF; for sulpho-group acids, see hydroxyoctadecanoic acid COO QOM XS. MLS JLI .. Ricinostearic acid, gammahydroxytetrolic acid * See also amino acids (CON U) under nitrogenous MLS S .. Malic acid, hydroxysuccinic acid, compounds. hydroxybutanedioic acid MIA JG . Non-polar acids MLS T .. Tartaric acid, 2.3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, MIA R . Basic acids dihydroxysuccinic acid . By number of carboxyls MMH . Carboxaldehydes, carbaldehydes MIA S .. Monocarboxylic acids. monobasic carboxylic MMK . Keto acids acids N . Salts of carboxylic acids MIA SP .. Polycarboxylic acids * See Esters COM P * Two or more H atoms may be replaced by basic atoms or by other radicals. O . Acid anhydrides MIA T ... Dicarboxylic acids, dioic acids, dibasic OJC .. Ethanoic anhydride, acetic anhydride carboxylic acids OJE .. Butaneodioic anhydridc, succinic anhydride * For acyl radical, see COM F. P Esters, carboxylic esters * MIA U ... Tricarboxylic acids Derived by condensation in reactions between acid and alcohol. MIA V ... Tetracarboxylic acids * Use also for salts of carboxylic acids. MIA W ... Pentacarboxylic acids PIP . Inorganic esters MIA X ... Hexacarboxylic acids * Product of reaction between alcohol and . Kinds of carboxyl compounds by constituent inorganic acid. elements PJB . Methylmethanoate, methylformate * Add to COM M letters JA/MK following CO at PJC . Methylethanoate, methyl acetate COJ A/COM K. PN .. Acetates MJB .. Methanoic acid, formic acid * See also Lactone (an organic ester) CQM PN MJC .. Ethanoic acid, acetic acid PNJ C ... Ethyl acetate MJC LS ... Hydroxyethanoic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, glycolic acid MJC Q ... Ethanedioic acid, oxalic acid MJD .. Propenoic acid, acrylic acid, vinylformic acid MJD Q .. Propanoic acid, propionic acid, methylacetic acid MJE .. Butanoic acid, butyric acid, ethylacetic acid, propylformic acid MJE Q .. Butanedoic acid, succinic acid MJF .. Pentanoic acid, valeric acid MJG .. Hexanoic acid, caproic acid MJG Q .. Gluconic acid, dextronic acid, d-gluconic acid MJG R .. Hexanedioic acid, adipic acid MKQ G .. Hexadienoic acid, sorbic acid

83 COMQ COMTNVQ Organic compounds with heteroatoms

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Oxygen with hydrocarbons COL R Organic compounds with heteroatoms COM Q . . . .Ethyl acetate COM PNJ C Heteroatom compounds by specific heteroatoms

COM Q Organic compounds with heteroatoms * (2) C, H and O may sometimes appear as * Organic compounds which include elements other than constituents specifying further compounds of C,H or O. For heteroatoms in the more commonly used the non-C, H or O elements in context of non-C or H atoms replacing a C in a basic COM MR/COP Y (see note above at ring, see Heterocycles CS. COM R); eg, amines (element + H), nitrosos * General works only on these, embracing both the major (element + C) and amide (element + O). For structures (acyclic and cyclic). Works restricted to one this reason classmarks for H, C & O continue only of the latter go with that, either at CP Alicyclic or to appear in the sequence COM X/COP. at CQ/CS Cyclic. Organic compounds with specific elements . Parts, Properties, Processes, etc * Add to COM letters R/Y following CJW; * Add to classes in COM Q/COP Y numbers & letters * Add to COM X letters A/Y following CK; ie, 2/MP following CO only when the compound Hydrogen used here, but treated as a special concerned includes heteroatoms; eg, COM TGX D heteroatom (see 3rd note above under Sandwich structures. Heteroatoms); it is notated COM X, not R . Heteroatom compounds which include hydrocarbons CON Y. * and oxygen Add to CON letters A/Y following CL. * * The use of hydrocarbons and oxygens from here (as Add to COO letters A/Y following CM. * qualifiers of heteroatom compounds) should be Add to COP letters A/Y following CN; eg, restricted to when they appear as members of the COM RQ . Compounds with other elements in general * homologous series COI X/COM P. Eg, organic nitrides CON SJM Q. * Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen continue to appear as RR . Compounds with elements of particular special heteroatoms when they act as distinct periods elements rather than as members of the homologous * For compounds of particular blocks, see the series. general sequence COM WW/COP Y; eg, * Add to COM R letters IX/MF following CO; eg, organic compounds with P-block elements RIX .. Hydrocarbons CON D. RIY ... Saturated T . Metals (organic compounds), organometallic RJA .... Alkanes compounds RJX ... Unsaturated * Inorganic classmark is CMT. * RLR .. Hydrocarbons with oxygen An alternative (not recommended) is provided at CTB for libraries wishing to RLS ... Hydroxy keep together all the literature on RMF .... Carbonyl organometals. RMP .... Esters .. By bond structure . Heteroatom compounds by specific heteroatoms TGX D ... Sandwich compounds * Because of the need to adjust the order of organic * For metallocenes, see Heterocyclic compounds so as to accommodate the compounds CSM TMQ OKK Q. hydrocarbon/oxygen compounds, the notation used .. Carbonyls for elements at CGH (compounds in general) and CJ/CNY (inorganic compounds) has had to be TLM MHV M ... Metal carbonyls adjusted and the letters COM J/NY are changed to TNV Q .. Nitrogen & oxygen with metals COM/COPY. However, their order is exactly the same as in CJ/CNY and the main notational difference is that the initial letters change from J/N to M/PY, to give COM/COPY instead of COJ/CON Y. Apart from this, two small additional changes should be noted: * (1) When adding one element to another (eg, N + O) use the notation from COM/COP Y, not from CJ/CNY; eg, CON NXW NS Bismuth organic compounds with nitrogen.

84 COMX Nitrogen organic compounds CONTRLS

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Organic compounds with heteroatoms COM Q Organic compounds with heteroatoms COM Q Organic compounds with specific elements Nitrogen organic compounds CON S . .Nitrogen & oxygen with metals COM TNV Q * The notational provision for these is extended by Heteroatom compounds with specific elements interruptions to the normal retroactive sequence. COM X . Hydrogen as a special heteroatom (organic This is to secure shorter classmarks for major compounds) classes such as amines and amino acids. See the * See 2nd note above under COM R (Heteroatom notes below at those points where the notation compounds with C, H & O). from CLS is interrupted, extended, then later * Classmark for general & inorganic hydrogen is resumed. The Add notes ensure that provision is CK. made for all elements and in the same, consistent * Hydrogen is usually implicit throughout organic order. * chemistry. To make clear the continuity of the elements XQ . Alkali metals (organic compounds) from CJT/CN (which may be used to qualify this .. Alcohol derivatives class) examples are given which are unlikely to have any literature; eg organic nitrogen XQL T ... Alcoholates, alkoxides compounds with bismuth CON VOY NXW. XR . Lithium organic compounds . Compounds of N with hydrocarbons & O * Inorganic classmark is CKR. * See note at COM X (H as a special XS . Sodium organic compounds heteroatom). * Inorganic classmark is CKS. CON SLS .. Hydroxy compounds XT . Potassium organic compounds SMF .. Carbonyl compounds XV . Alkaline earth metals (organic chemistry) SMM .. Carboxylic acids XW .. Beryllium organic compounds * For amino acids, see CON U. XX .. Magnesium organic compounds SMO .. Acid anhydrides XY .. Calcium organic compounds SMQ . Compounds with other heteroatoms in general CON B . Barium organic compounds SMR . Compounds with heteroatoms of a given D . P-block elements period F . Boron organic compounds . N compounds with specific heteroatom G . Aluminium organic compounds elements J . Thallium organic compounds * Add to CON S letters MS/MX following CO; M . Carbon as a special heteroatom (organic eg compounds) SMT .. N compounds with metals * Inorganic classmark is CLM. SMX .. N compounds with hydrogen as a special * Carbon is implicit throughout organic chemistry. heteroatom Use this position only to qualify non-C, -H or -O SMY ... Ammonium (organic compounds) elements (see notes preceding COI X above); eg, T ... Amines CTG OUN M Fluorocarbon polymers (in which * Produced by replacing one or more CTG is polymers, OU is fluoro and NM is hydrogen atoms in ammonia (NH3) with carbon). an organic group. N . Silicon organic compounds, organosilicon * Normal notational synthesis is interrupted compounds here; it is resumed at CON V. NNS .. Silicon wth nitrogen .... By hydrocarbons & oxygen NXW . Bismuth organic compounds TKA ..... Vinyl amines, enamine NXW NS .. Bismuth with nitrogen ..... Hydroxy P . Tin organic compounds TLS ...... Oximes Q . Lead organic compounds ..... Aldehydes R . Group 15 elements TMH ...... Aldoximes S . Nitrogen organic compounds, nitrogenous ..... Ketones organic compounds TMK ...... Ketoximes * Inorganic classmarks cover CLS/CLV; here, they TR .... Primary amines, amino compounds are CONS/CONV. * Replace one H from ammonia (NH3). TRK C ..... Ethylene TRK CIV M ...... Ethylenediamine, diaminoethane, EN ..... Hydroxy TRL S ...... Hydroxylamine

85 CONTRMM CONVVDNB Nitrogen organic compounds

Organic chemistry CO Chemistry C Nitrogen organic compounds CON S Chemical species CG N compounds with hydrogen as a special heteroatom Organic chemistry CO CON SMX Organic compounds with heteroatoms COM Q . .Primary amines CON TR Nitrogen organic compounds CON S ... Hydroxy Nitrogen with Hydrogen as special heteroatom CON VMX . . . .Hydroxylamine CON TRL S CON VNM Nitrogen with Carbon as special heteroatom CON TRM M ... Carboxylic acids VNM C . Cyano (CN), isocyano, cyano group, cyanogen * Normal retroactive synthesis is VNM IA . Acids interrupted here. Normal synthesis is VNM IB .. Hydrocyanic acid, formonitrile, hydrogen resumed at CON UV. cyanide, prussic acid U .... Amino acids, aminocarboxylic acids * This location is an alternative (not VNM IE . Salts recommended) to collocating amino VNM IF .. Cyanides, nitriles, isonitriles, nitrile group, acids with proteins at CUD. hydrogen cyanides * If this alternative is taken, general Nitrogen with Nitrogen classes of amino acids would file here VNS . Diazo compounds, diazo group (CN2), azo (at CON U) and be specified as compounds follows: * For Diazonium and Diazonium salts, see * Add to CON UA letters A/T Benzene ring (CR). following CUD; eg. dipolar amino * For amides, see CON VR. acids CON UAG KYD; tyrosine VNS IC . Bases CON UP. VNS ID .. Amidine * Add to CON U letters E/G following CU at CUE/CUG; eg tyrosine VNS NS . Azides, azide group * CON UEP. Have 3 Ns. UAH GKY D ... Primary amines with other compounds Nitrogen with Oxygen as special heteroatom * Normal retroactive synthesis is resumed VNS O . Nitroso, nitroso group, hydroximino compounds, here after its interruption at oximido compounds CON TRM M. VNS OIA .. Acids * Add to CON UV letters MO/P VNS OIB ... Isocyanic acid (HNCO), cyanic acid, following CO with the additions fulminic acid indicated below; eg VNS OIE .. Salts UVM O .... Acid anhydrides VNS OIF ... Cyanates, fulminates .... With additional Ns VNS OQ .. Nitro compounds, nitro group (NO2) UVQ ..... Hydrazines, hydrazo compounds VNS OR .. Azoxy compounds, diazo compounds (with ...... Hydroxy 2Ns), azo compounds UVQ LS ...... Hydroxyhydrazines VR ... Amides, carbamoyl group, amido group UVQ S ..... Hydrazones * See also Polyamides CTG NVR UVS .... Diamines VRS .... Primary amides * Compounds with two amino groups. VRT .... Secondary amides * For EDTA, see CON UVT. VRU .... Tertiary amides UVT ..... Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, VS ... Imides, imido compounds diamino ethane tetraacetic * See also Polyimides (-CONRCO) acid, EDTA CTG NVS UW .. Secondary amines, imines, imino VT ... Nitramines compounds VU ... Isocyanate * For amides see CON VR. * See also Urethane polymers CTG NVU UX .. Tertiary amines VVB Nitrogen with oxygen & hydrogen & other UXO ... Amine oxides elements UYB .. Quaternary amines * Add to CON VVB letters MY/P following CO; eg V Nitrogen compounds with other elements VVB NB . Nitrogen with oxygen & hydrogen & barium * Including those with other nitrogens. VVD Nitrogen & O with other elements * Normal retroactive synthesis is resumed here * Add to CON VVD letters MT/P following CO. after its interruption at CON T. * Add to CON VVE letters A/Y following COP; eg * Add to CON V letters MX/NY following CO; VVD NB . Nitrogen with oxygen & barium eg, VMX Nitrogen with Hydrogen as special heteroatom

86 CONVVF Organic compounds with heteroatoms COPY

Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Organic compounds with heteroatoms COM Q Organic compounds with heteroatoms COM Q Nitrogen organic compounds CON S Halogen organic compounds COO T . N compounds with specific heteroatom elements .Bromine organic compounds COO W . . .Nitrogen with oxygen & barium CON VVD NB . .Bromides COO WMQ

CON VVF . Nitrogen compounds with other elements COO X . Iodine organic compounds, iodo group * Normal synthetic notation is resumed here after XMQ .. Iodides (organic compounds) its interruption following CON U. .. Iodine with oxygen * Add to CON VV letters Q/X following COO; XO ... Iodoso compounds * Add to CON VVY letters A/Y following COP; XR . Astatine organic compounds eg Y Inert gases (organic compounds) VVQ .. Nitrogen with sulphur COP A Transition metals organic compounds VVY O .. Nitrogen with iron AIJ . Complexes W Phosphorus organic compounds AIJ GKN .. With sigma bonds COO Oxygen organic compounds as special * Between carbon & metal atoms. heteroatoms AIJ GKP ... With pi bonds * Other than as components of the oxygen compounds at COL R/COM P or of compounds AIJ GKS ... With multiple bonds with other elements whose formula puts oxygen E . Titanium organic compounds after that element; eg, nitroso compounds at G . Group 5 elements in organic compounds CON VNS O file under nitrogen. GQ . Vanadium organic compounds * See fifth note preceding COM Q. I . Chromium organic compounds Q Sulphur organic compounds J . Molybdenum organic compounds . Sulphur with specific elements M . Manganese organic compounds QMQ .. Sulphides (organic compounds) NQ . Lead organic compounds .. Sulphur with hydrogen O . Iron organic compounds QMX ... Thiols, mercaptans OR . Ruthenium organic compounds * Sulphur analogues of alcohols -OH. OS . Osmium organic compounds .... Esters QR . Rhodium organic compounds QMX MP ..... Alkylthio group, thioesters QS . Iridium organic compounds QNS O .. Sulphur with nitrogen & oxygen S . Nickel organic compounds QNV R ... Sulphonamides SQ . Palladium organic compounds QO .. Sulphur with oxygen alone SR . Platinum organic compounds QOM Q ... Sulphoxides U . Copper organic compounds QOM SHN ... Sulphones US . Silver organic compounds .. Sulphur with oxygen & hydrogen W . Zinc organic compounds QOM XQ ... Sulphenic acids X . Mercury organic compounds QOM XR ... Sulphinic acids Y F-block elements in organic compounds QOM XS ... Sulphonic acids, sulpho-group (prefix) R Selenium organic compounds S Tellurium organic compounds T Halogen organic compounds, halides (organic compounds) * Classmark in inorganic chemistry is CMT. . Alkyl group TJA .. Haloalkanes, alkohalides . Carbonyl group TMF .. Acyl halides, acid halides . With sulphur TOQ .. Sulphonyl halides U . Fluorine organic compounds, fluoro group UMQ .. Fluorides (organic chemistry) V . Chlorine organic compounds, chloro group VMQ .. Chlorides (organic compounds) W . Bromine organic compounds, bromo group WMQ .. Bromides (organic compounds)

87 CP CPMPN Acyclic compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Organic compounds by their constituent elements Acyclic compounds CP ... F-block elements in organic compounds COP Y Carbonyls CPM F .Ketones CPM K Kinds of organic compounds by basic structures CPM M . Carboxylic acids .. By constituent elements CP . Acyclic compounds, aliphatic compounds, straight MJB ... Methanoic acid, formic acid chain compounds, linear compounds MJC ... Ethanoic acid, acetic acid * Aliphatic compounds with cyclic constituents are treated as cyclic compounds and called alicyclic; see MJD ... Propanoic acid, propionic acid, methylacetic CQX. acid * Add to CP numbers & letters 2/9,A/P following CO; MJE ... Butanoic acid, butyric acid, ethylacetic acid, eg, propylformic acid CPG .. Functional groups MJE Q ... Butanedioic acid, succinic acid MJF ... Pentanoic acid, valeric acid .. Kinds of acyclics by constituent elements MJG ... Hexanoic acid, caproic acid * Add to CP letters IX/MPN JC following CO in MJG Q ... Gluconic acid, dextronic acid, d-gluconic COI X/COM PNJ C; eg, acyclic hydrocarbons acid CPI X; CPK B acyclic methylene. MJG R ... Hexanedioic acid, adipic acid MKD ... Propenoic acid, acrylic acid, vinylformic ... Acyclics with hydrocarbons & oxygen in acid homologous series MKQ G ... Hexadienoic acid, sorbic acid * For carbohydrates, see CTQ. MKQ LH ... Octadecadienoic acid, linoleic acid, linolic * Se also Hydrogen as a special heteroatom CPM X; acid Carbon as a special heteroatom CPN M; Oxygen MLP ... Carboxypropyne, tetrolic acid as a special heteroatom CPO. MLS ... Hydroxycarboxylic acids CPI X .... Acyclic hydrocarbons MLS JD .... Lactic acid, alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid, Y ..... Saturated acyclic hydrocarbons 2-hydroxypropanoic acid CPJ A ...... Alkanes MLS JDS .... Beta-lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid, XS ..... Unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons hydracrylic acid CPK A ...... Alkenes MLS JDT .... Pyruvic acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, CPL A ...... Alkynes, acetylene series acetylformic acid, a-ketopropionic C ...... Acetylene, ethyne acid, pyroracemic acid R .... Hydrocarbon compounds containing oxygen MLS JLH .... Ricinoleic acid, castor oil acid, RJA ..... Alkoxy group compounds hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, S ...... Hydroxy compounds hydroxyoleic acid T ...... Alcohols MLS JLI .... Ricinostearic acid, gammahydroxytetrolic * For ethylene glycol, see CPU CLU V. acid TJA ...... Alkanols MLS S .... Malic acid, hydroxysuccinic acid, U ...... Monohydric 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid W ...... Dihydric MLS T .... Tartaric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic WV ...... Ethylene glycol acid, dihydroxysuccinic acid X ...... Trihydric alcohols MMH ... Aldehyde acids Y ...... Glycerol, trihydroxypropane O . Acid anhydrides CPM C ..... Peroxide P Esters E ..... Ethers PN Acetates F ..... Carbonyls H ...... Aldehydes, alkanals K ...... Ketones, alkanones

88 CPMT Organic chemistry CQJK

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Acyclic compounds CP Acyclic compounds CP Hydrocarbon compounds containing oxygen CPL R . . . . .Tetraethyl lead CPP NQK CHP .Acetates CPM PN CPR Alicyclic compounds Acyclic compounds with heteroatoms * Having both aliphatic (acyclic) and cyclic characteristics. * Add to CP letters MQ/PY following CO in * As cyclics, lack aromatic ring; see CR/CS. COM Q/COM PY so far as applicable; eg, * General works only go here. Most of the literature refers CPM T . Metals (acyclic compounds) to cyclic compounds (non-aromatic); see CQX. X . Compounds with hydrogen as special heteroatom CPN M . Compounds with carbon as special heteroatom CQ Cyclic compounds (organic), ring compounds (organic) S . Nitrogen acyclic compounds * For alicyclic compounds, see CPR. T .. Amines * Add to CQ letters A/I following CO; eg TR ... Primary CQA G . Bonding TRJ B .... Methylamine, monomethylamine, amino O . Molecular structure methane OW .. Ring structure TRJ C .... Ethylamine P .. Stereochemistry UVQ .... Hydrazine Y . Reactions UVQ LS ..... Hydroxyhydrazine CQD G .. Ring strain UW ... Secondary amines * See also Conformation CGH GCR R. UWJ CJB .... Methylethylamine GH .. Ring opening UX ... Tertiary amines GJ .. Ring closure UXJ B .... Trimethylamine, TMA CQG . Functional groups in cyclic compounds UYB ... Quaternary amines CQH Y . Acids, bases & salts V .. Nitrogen with other elements CQI A .. Acids VNM C ... Cyano, isocyano, nitriles (group CN E .. Salts compounds) . Kinds of cyclic compounds by constituents carbon, VNM IA ... Acids hydrogen & oxygen VNM IB .... Cyanic acid, hydrogen cyanate (organic * For cyclic compounds with heterocycles, see CS. But acids) note that Benzene (CR) is an exception to this and VNM IE ... Salts includes its heteroatoms. * Add to CQ letters IX/MP following CO; eg, VNM IF .... Cyanides, hydrogen cyanides X .. Homocyclic compounds, carbocyclic compounds, .. With two nitrogens isocyclic compounds, hydrocarbons VNS ... Diazo compounds (homocyclic) .. With three nitrogens * Cyclic compounds in which all the atoms in the VNS NS ... Azides (N3 group compounds) basic ring are the same (carbons and hydrogens VNS O . Nitroso compounds only). VNS OQ .. Nitro compounds (NO2) * Nearly all the literature relates either to alicyclic VR ... Amides (non-aromatic) or aromatic compounds. Use this VRJ C .... Acetamide, ethanamide location only for works dealing primarily with the CPO Q Sulphur acyclic compounds common features of both those classes. * QMX JB . Methyl mercaptan Compounds which display alicyclic characteristics in some of their members and aromatic in others are T Halogen acyclic compounds located under alicyclics (CPR); eg Annulenes TJA . Haloalkanes, alkohalides CRK RGK area, located under cycloalkenes. V . Chlorine acyclic compounds * For compounds in which an atom or atoms other VJB .. Chloromethane, methyl chloride than C or H replace a carbon in the basic ring, see VMF .. Carbonyls CS Heterocycles. But an exception is made in the VMF C ... Ethanoyl chloride, acetyl chloride case of Benzene (CR) which includes its CPP NQ Lead acyclic compounds heteroatoms. NQK C . Ethylene CQJ A ... Cycloalkanes, cycloparaffins NQK CHP .. Tetraethyl lead, TEL D .... Cyclopropyl group F .... Cyclopentane G .... Cyclohexyl group I .... Cyclooctane, octomethylene K .... Cyclodecane

89 CQKA CQQJ Cyclic compounds

Chemical species CG Chemistry C Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Cyclic compounds CQ Organic chemistry CO Kinds of cyclic compounds by constituents carbon, hydrogen & Cyclic compounds CQ oxygen Monocyclic compounds CQQ A . .Cycloalkanes CQJ A . . .Cyclodecane CQJ K CQQ B Polycyclic compounds, polynuclear ring systems * The term polycycles is sometimes used to mean CQK A .. Cycloalkenes, cyclofurene, tetrahydrobenzene heterocycles; but see CS for these. * For Annulene (which includes both aromatic and * For compounds with a specific number of rings, Non-aromatic cyclic compounds) see see CQQ E/J. CQK PGK U. C . Linkage mode in polycyclic compounds C ... Cyclopolyenes CR .. Rings linked by separate bonds PGK U .... Annulenes CS .. Rings linked by functional groups * Include aromatic as well as non-aromatic * If there is more than one functional group species. link, cite the groups retroactively. * For specific annulenes, see under the number * Add to CQQ CS letters J/P following CO; eg of their carbons within the basic classes CSJ A ... With alkyls aromatics, etc. * For [6]annulene, see benzene CRK RGK; CSR .. Directly linked polycyclic compounds * For [18]annulene, see CQW MKP GKU. CSS .. Indirectly linked polycyclic compounds Q .... Dienes CT .. Condensed cyclic systems, fused ring systems * * For metallocenes (cyclopentadienylides), see Two rings have one or more atoms in under non-benzenoid aromatics common. * CSM TMQ OKK Q. For naphthalene, see CRQ EN. CQL A .. Cycloalkynes CU ... Spiro compounds * R .. With oxygen Two rings having one atom in common. T ... Cycloalcohols CUV .... Monospiro compounds * Two rings linked by a common atom TJG .... Cyclohexanol, hexahydrophenol, hexalin CUX .... Polyspiro compounds TJG JB ..... Methylcyclohexanol, methylhexalin, * Multiple rings linked by a common atom. hexahydrocresol CV ... Bridged systems CQM E ... Ethers * Shared carbons are non-adjacent. * For epoxides, see CSS QAO D CVO V .... Non-benzenoid compounds Heterocycles - Three-member rings. CVO VGX .... Cyclophanes K ... Ketones * With branches bridged across benzene * For cyclohexadienedione (quinone), see rings. CRM KSR CVR ... Cryptands KJG .... Cyclohexanone, ketohexamethylene, pimelic * Usually heterocycles, in which case see ketones CSQ CVR. * See also Terpenes CTO CVT ... Cryptates M ... Carboxylic acids By specific number of rings P ... Esters E . Bicyclic compounds, dicyclic compounds, PN .... Lactones binuclear cyclic compounds Cyclic compounds with heteroatoms ES .. Bicyclic spiro compounds, spiranes * See CS Heterocycles. * Two rings having one atom in common. Cyclic compounds by basic structure ESJ F ... Spiropentane . Cyclic compounds by ring structure F . Tricyclic compounds, trinuclear cyclic systems CQP Y .. Ring structures in cyclic compounds G . Tetracyclic compounds .. Cyclic compounds by number of rings in H . Pentacyclic compounds molecule I . Hexacyclic compounds * Some cyclic compounds may include elements of straight chain structure. These are disregarded in J . Seven or more rings * this classification by number of rings. Add to CQQ letter KA for 8 rings, KB for 9 * For Alicyclic compounds, see CQX. rings and so on; eg, CQQ KK for 18 rings. CQQ A ... Monocyclic compounds, mononuclear ring systems * These are usually assumed if a polycyclic is not stated. Do not include this classmark in those of specific compounds or classes of compounds.

90 CQQS Cyclic compounds CQYV

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Cyclic compounds CQ Cyclic compounds CQ Cyclic compounds by ring structure Cyclic compounds by basic structure . . .Seven or more rings CQQ J . . . .[18]Annulene CQW MKP GKU

Compounds by number of members in ring, ring Cyclic compounds by special bond structures size CQX . Alicyclic compounds, non-aromatic HC CQQ S . Rings all the same size compounds * Usually assumed, unless otherwise stated. If * Carbocyclic compounds with aliphatic not so stated, do not use this classmark or characteristics (ie, lacking an aromatic ring). position for specific compounds, only for eg,Adamantane (CO10H10) general works. * General works only; for compounds with specific X . Mixed ring-size polycyclic compounds HC constituents, see CQI X/CQM P. * For polycyclic compounds whose rings vary in * For aliphatic compounds in general, see Chain size the larger sized ring is cited before the organic compounds CP. smaller. To the classmark for this larger ring, add the letter following CQ for the smaller P . Pseudo-aromatic compounds ring-size; eg, CQT QXS (for 4-membered * With conjugated rings, but not obeying Huckel’s ring - Polycyclic - With mixed-sized rule, so not aromatic. rings - With 3-member rings also. * Add to CQX P letters A/P following CQ; eg, * The larger the first-cited ring, the more sizes of CQX PJA Cycloalkanes. smaller rings may be needed to qualify it; eg, a 4-membered polycyclic may be qualified by inclusion of a 3-membered ring also, but a PKA .. Cycloalkenes, cycloolefines 5-membered ring may be qualified by inclusion PKA T ... Cyclooctatetraene, COT (cyclooctatetraene) of a 3-membered &/or 4-membered ring. This is allowed for in the notation. CQS . Three-membered rings CQY ... Aromatic compounds * CQT . Four-membered rings A class of cyclic polyenes (cyclics containing * Add to CQT letters A/Q following CQ; more than one double bond) with a unique type of resonant conjugation (having double QX .. Polycyclic - With mixed size rings bonds separated by just one single bond) QXS ... With 3-membered rings also known as aromaticity. CQU . Five-membered rings * Most of the literature relates to benzene and * Add to CQU letters A/Q following CQ; its derivatives (see CR). Qualify this general QX .. Polycyclic - With mixed size rings class only when the work relates clearly to QXS ... With 3-membered rings also aromatic compounds in general, not just to QXT ... With 4-membered rings also benzene specifically. CQV . Six-membered rings (other than benzene) * For fullerenes, see carbon allotropes * General works only. CGF LMG JQU. * * See also (Special bonding structures) CQN.. For Benzenoid and Benzene compounds, see (many of which involve 6-membered rings). CQY V/CR. * For benzenoids and benzene, see CQY V and AKM .... Aromatic bonds CR. AY .... Reactions * Add to CQV letters A/Q following CQ; CPB CC ..... Friedel-Crafts reaction CQW A . Seven-membered rings KA .... Arenes, aromatic hydrocarbonss * Notes under CQQ S apply here also. LA .... Aromatic arynes * Add to CQW A letters Q/R following CQ for * Transients; sometimes treated as functional compounds containing 7-membered rings only; groups. * For 7-membered rings containing other rings S .... Non-benzenoid compounds also, Add to CQW A letters RSS/RSW V .... Benzenoid compounds following CR. * Qualify this general class only if the work . More than 7 members clearly distinguishes it from benzenes (CR). * Use CQW B for 8-membered rings, CQW C * See also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for 9-membered rings, and so on; eg, (PAHs) CRQ B. B .. Eight-membered rings M .. Eighteen-membered rings MKP GKU ... [18]Annulene

91 CR CRLWJB Benzene compounds

Chemistry C Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Cyclic compounds CQ Organic chemistry CO Pseudo-aromatic compounds CQX P Cyclic compounds CQ Benzene compounds CR Pseudo-aromatic compounds CQX P With hydrocarbons CRI X Benzenoid compounds CQY V . .Benzyne CRL OX

CR Benzene compounds, monocyclic benzenes CRL R Oxygen-containing hydrocarbons * Note that although Polycyclic benzenes are separately RJA . Alkoxy filed (at CRQB/CRR) monocyclic benzenes (CRQ A) .. Alcoholates, alkoxides are not distinguished from benzene compounds in S .. Hydroxy compounds in general at CR/CRP. * When attached directly to a C (in the benzene * For aromatic compounds in general, see CQY; if in nucleus) this produces a phenol (a weak acid). doubt, class here. When attached to a sidechain (notably the * Add to CR letters A/MP following CQ; eg, benzyl radical -CH2), it produces an alcohol. . Reactions T ... Alcohols CRC WM .. Monosubstitution TLO .... Benzyl alcohol, phenylmethanol, WN .. Polysubstitution hydroxytoluene * For cresol, see monohydric phenols . Kinds of benzene compounds by constituent elements CRL UJC. * For benzene compounds defined by basic structure eg, .... Methyl ring size) see CRQ TLO JB ..... Methylbenzyl alcohol, CRI X .. With hydrocarbons methylphenylcarbinol, CRJ A ... Alkanes phenylmethyl carbinol, B .... Methane sec-phenethyl alcohol, styralyl BP ..... Toluene, methyl benzene, phenolmethane alcohol * For phenylmethyl group, see benzyl group .... Ethyl CRL O. TLO JC ..... Phenylethyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, BR ..... Xylene, dimethylbenzene benzyl carbinol, phenylethanol BS ..... Mesitylene, trimethylbenzene .... Propenyl BT ..... Tetramethylbenzene, durol TLO KD ..... Cinnamic alcohol, phenylallylic alcohol, BU ..... Pentamethylbenzene phenylpropenol, styryl carbinol, BV ..... Hexamethylbenzene phenylpropyl alcohol, cinnamyl C .... Ethyl benzene alcohol D .... Propyl benzene, phenylpropane TX .. Phenol, carbolic acid, phenylic acid, DGR ..... Isopropyl benzene, cumene hydroxybenzene DJB ..... Cymenes, isopropylmethylbenzenes * For benzyl alcohol, see CRL TLO. CRK A ... Alkenes U ... Monohydric phenols C .... Styrene, ethenyl benzene, vinylbenzene, UJC .... Cresol, methylphenols, hydroxytoluenes phenylethylene ULR JB .... Guaiacol, 2-methoxyphenol, QG .... Hexadiene, dihydrobenzene hydroxyanisole, RGK .... Benzene, [6]Annulene hydroxymethoxybenzene, CRL A ... Alkynes methylpyrocatechin, guaic alcohol O ... Benzyl, phenylmethyl V ... Polyhydric phenols * The group C6H5CH2 -. W .... Dihydric phenols, dihydroxy benzenes OX .... Benzyne WGR ..... Isomers WGR Q ...... Catechol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, pyrocatechol, catechin WGR R ...... Resorcinol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, resorcin WGR S ...... Hydroquinone, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, hydrochinone, hydroquinol, quinol ..... Methyl WJB ...... Orcinol, dihydroxytoluene, orcin

92 CRLX Benzene compounds CRMMMH

Cyclic compounds CQ Organic chemistry CO Pseudo-aromatic compounds CQX P Cyclic compounds CQ Benzene compounds CR Pseudo-aromatic compounds CQX P Alkoxy CRL RJA Benzene compounds CR . . .Dihydric phenols CRL W Ketones CRM K . . . . .Orcinol CRL WJB . .Quinone CRM KSR

CRL X ... Trihydric phenols, trihydroxybenzenes CRM M Carboxylic acids * For quinones, see CRM KSR. * Retroactive notation is amended slightly here to XGR .... Isomers accommodate the enumeration of specific acids. XGR Q ..... Pyrogallol, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, * Add to CRM MIA letters A/MM following CR pyrogallic acid if applicable. XGR R ..... Phloroglucinol, MIB . Monocarboxylic acids 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, MIB N .. Benzoic acid, benzenecarboxylic acid phloroglucine MIB P .. Phenylethanoic acid, phenylacetic acid, YB ... Tetrahydric phenols toluic acid CRM C Peroxides MIB Q .. Phenylpropionic acid, hydrocinnamic acid * For benzoyl peroxide, see under diphenyls at MIB R .. Cinnamic acid, 3-phenylpropenoic acid, CRQ EMC R. benzalacetic acid, Ethers beta-phenylacrylic acid, E . Phenyl ethers, alkoxyarenes styrylformic acid EJB .. Anisole, methoxybenzene, methylphenyl MIB S .. Coumaric acid, trans-2-hydroxycinnamic ether acid EKD .. Anethole, p-propenyl anisole, 1-methoxy- MIC . Polycarboxylic acids 4-propenylbenzene, anise camphor MID .. Dicarboxylic acids * See also Essential oils (anise, etc.) MID P ... Phthalic acids CTK VW MID PGR .... Isomers EKD KB .. Safrole, 3,4-methylenedioxyallyl benzene MID PGR Q ..... Benzeneorthodicarboxylic acid, ELR KDJ B .. Eugenol, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol phthalic acid F Carbonyl compounds MID PGR R ..... Isophthalic acid (meta form) FLN . Benzoyl group MID PGR S ..... Terephthalic acid (para form) Aldehydes MIE .. Tricarboxylic acids H . Benzaldehyde, benzenecarbaldehyde MIE N ... Benzene tricarboxylic acid, hemimellitic HKD . Cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamyl aldehyde, acid 3-phenylpropenal MIF .. Tetracarboxylic acids HLR JB . Anisaldehyde, para-methoxybenzaldhyde MIF P ... Pyromellitic acid, PMA, * For piperonal (piperonyl aldehyde), see benzenetetracarboxylic acid CRQ EMH R. MIG .. Pentacarboxylic acids HLS . Hydroxyaldehydes MIH .. Hexacarboxylic acids HLS LRJ A .. Salicylaldehyde, helicin, MIH P ... Mellitic acid, benzenehexacarboxylic acid ortho-hydroxybenzaldehyde, MKG S . Shikimic acid, trihydroxycyclohexene salicylal, salicylic aldehyde carboxylic acid HLS LRJ B .. Vanillin, 4-hydroxy- MLS . With hydroxy group 3-methoxybenzaldehyde, .. With benzyl 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzene MLS LO ... Phenol alcohol acids carbaldehyde, vanillic aldehyde MLS LOQ .... Mandelic acid, amygdalic acid, K Ketones benzoglycolic acid, . Methyl phenylglycolic acid, KJB .. Acetophenone, phenyl methyl ketone phenylhydroxyacetic acid KS . Diketones .. By number of hydroxyls KSR .. Quinone, benzoquinone, chinone, ... Monohydroxy acids cyclohexadienedione MLS R .... Salicylic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid MLS S ... Polyhydroxy acids MLS U .... Gallic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid MMH . With aldehydes

93 CRMMO CRNVQLS Nitrogen with benzene & particular elements

Organic chemistry CO Cyclic compounds CQ Cyclic compounds CQ Benzene compounds CR Pseudo-aromatic compounds CQX P Benzene compounds with heteroatoms CRM R Benzene compounds CR Nitrogen with benzene CRN S Oxygen-containing hydrocarbons CRL R Nitrogen with benzene & other elements in general . .With aldehydes CRM MMH . . .Benzotriazole CRN SNV NSO RT

CRM MO .. Acid anhydrides Nitrogen with benzene & particular elements * For coumarin (C9H6O2), see under . Nitrogen with hydrogen heterocycles CSV QEO MQP R. CRN T .. Amines P .. With esters ... Ethyls TJC .... Phenylethylamine R Benzene compounds with heteroatoms ... Phenol (non-HC) TLT .... Aminophenols, 4-aminophenol, rodinol, * An exception is made here to the general rule 4-hydroxyamine whereby all organic cyclic compounds with TLT ME ..... Ethers (non-HC) heteroatoms go in CS Heterocycles. TLT MEJ C ...... Phenetidine, aminophenetole, However, an alternative (not recomended) is 4-ethoxyaniline provided there for libraries wishing to keep all ... Primary amines heterocycles together. * Add to CR letters MR/P following CO; eg, TR .... Aniline, phenylamine, aminobenzene, CRN S Nitrogen with benzene. benzeneamide RX . Benzene compounds with mixed heteroatoms TRJ A .... Alkylanilines * General works only go here; for specific TRJ B ..... Toluidine, aminotoluene mixed heteroatoms, add the separate TRJ BR ..... Xylidine, aminodimethylbenzene, heteroatoms retroactively as follows: aminoxylene * Add the letter X to the end of the classmark .... Carboxy acids of the first cited element, followed by the U ..... Amino acids classmark for the second one; eg, * See CUD; eg phenylalanine CUE J. Heterocycles with mixed nitrogen and metals UV .... Primary amines with other functional CRN VXM T (note that nitrogen has a classmark, exceptionally, stretching over groups several letters (CON S/CON V) - so X is ..... Hydrazines added to the last letter CON V). UVQ ...... Phenylhydrazine, hydrazinobenzene S . Benzene compounds with elements of a UVQ S ..... Phenylhydrazones given period UVS ...... Diamines T . Organometals with benzene UVT ...... Phenylenediamine, CRN N . Silicon with benzene diaminobenzene S . Nitrogen with benzene, pyridine ... Secondary amines .. With hydrocarbons & oxgen UW .... Imino compounds, imines SLS ... Hydroxy compounds UWM M ..... Carboxylic acids SMF ... Carbonyl compounds ...... Methyl SMK .... Ketones UWM MJB ...... Phenylglycine, anilinoacetic acid SMM .... Carboxylic acids VNM . Nitrogen with carbon * For amino acids, see CUD. .. Isocyano compounds SMO .... Acid anhydrides VNM C ... Phenylisocyanate, isocyanatobenzene .. Nitrogen with benzene & other elements in .. Nitriles general VNM IF ... Benzonitrile, benzene carbonitrile, phenyl SNV NS ... Diazo compounds cyanide SNV NSO R .... Azo compounds . Nitrogen with oxygen * For azoles, see CSU QAN SMQ SB. .. Nitroso compounds SNV NSO RT ..... Benzotriazole, benzeneazimide, VQ ... Nitrosophenol azimidobenzene VQL S ... Cupferron, nitrosophenylhydroxylamine, ammonium nitrosophenylhydrazine, ammonium nitrosophenylhydroxylamine

94 CRNVQP Benzene compounds CRQENLTR

Cyclic compounds CQ Cyclic compounds CQ Benzene compounds with heteroatoms CRM R Pseudo-aromatic compounds CQX P Nitrogen with benzene CRN S Benzene compounds CR . Nitrogen with benzene & particular elements Kinds of benzene compounds by constituent elements ... Nitroso compounds . .Benzyl chloride CRO VLO . . . .Cupferron CRN VQL S . . .Benzotrichloride CRO VLO Q

... Nitro compounds CRO VMM ... Chlorobenzoic acid CRN VQP .... Nitrobenzene, oil of mirbane CRP X .. Mercury with benzene VQP JB .... Nitrotoluene, methylnitrobenzene XMP ... Esters .... Hydroxy compounds XMP JC .... Phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric VQP LS ..... Picric acid, trinitrophenol, carbazotic ethanoate acid, nitroxanthic acid, Benzene compounds by number of rings in the picronitric acid molecule .... Ethers CRQ A . Monocyclic benzenes VQP ME ..... Phenylnitroethers * Usually assumed unless otherwise noted. Prefer .... Amides, amido compounds the general class above (CRD/CRP). VR ..... Benzamide B . Polycyclic benzenes, polyaromatic VS .... Imido compounds, imides hydrocarbons, PAHs * VX . Mixed heteroatoms with nitrogen The term PAH is often used in reference to condensed polycyclic benzenes in particular. VXM T .. Metal with nitrogen heteroatoms * Add to CRQ C letters A/P following CR above. W Phosphorus with benzene C .. Linkage modes between rings WO . With oxygen E .. Bicyclic benzene, diphenyls, biphenyls, WOI A .. Acids phenylbenzene WOI BN ... Benzene phosphonic acid, EJB ... Methane phenylphosphonic acid EJB R .... Diphenyl methane, benzylbenzene CRO Q Sulphur with benzene EKC ... Ethylene QIA . Aryl sulphonic acids EKC R .... Diphenylethylene, stilbene, toluylene QIB X .. Benzenesulphonic acid, phenolsulphonic EKC S .... Fluorene, diphenylenemethane, acid, sulphocarbolic acid benzindene QIB XQ .. Benzenedisulphonic acid EKC T .... Diphenyl butene QIB XR .. Benzenesulphonates ELA ... Alkynes . Aldehydes ELA R .... Terphenyl, diphenylbenzene . Esters EMC ... Peroxides . With other elements EMC R .... Benzoyl peroxide, dibenzyl peroxide .. Sulphur with hydrogen EME ... Ethers QMX ... Thiols, mercaptans EME R .... Benzyl ether, dibenzyl ether QMX LO .... Benzyl mercaptan EMH ... Aldehydes QNS .. Sulphur with nitrogen EMH R .... Piperonal, heliotropin, QNT ... Amines 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde, QNT IBN .... Sulphanilic acid, piperonyl aldehyde, aminobenzenesulphonic acid, methyleneprotocatechnic aldehyde anilinesulphonic acid EMK ... Ketones QNU VQ ... Hydrazines EMK Q .... Ionone, irisone QNU VQI B .... Phenylhydrazinesulphonic acid EMK R .... Benzophenone, diphenyl ketone, phenyl ... Amides ketone .... Sulphonamides EMK S .... Benzil, diphenylethanedione, dibenzoyl, QNV R ..... Sulphanilamide, diphenylglyoxal aminobenzenesulphonamide EMK T .... Diphenylcyclopropenone T Halogen with benzene EMM ... Carboxylic acids UU . Benzylfluoride EMM KG .... Hydroxycyclohexenecarboxylic acid V . Chlorobenzene, chlorobenzol, EMM R .... Diphenyldicarboxylic acid, diphenic acid monochlorobenzene, phenyl chloride EMP ... Esters VLO Benzyl chloride EMP R .... Benzyl benzoate VLO P . Benzalchloride, benzylidene chloride, EN ... Naphthalene chlorobenzal, dichlorotoluene ENL T .... With hydroxyls VLO Q . Benzotrichloride, trichlorotoluene ENL TR ..... Naphthol

95 CRQENMM CSJA Benzene compounds

Cyclic compounds CQ Chemistry C Benzene compounds by number of rings in the molecule Chemical species CG . .Bicyclic benzene CRQ E Organic chemistry CO . . .Naphthalene CRQ EN Cyclic compounds CQ . . . .With hydroxyls CRQ ENL T Cyclic compounds by special bond structures . . . . .Naphthol CRQ ENL TR ...... With 3-membered rings also CRR SS

CRQ ENM M .... With carboxylic acids CRR ST ...... With 4-membered rings also ENM MR ..... Naphthenic acids SU ...... With 5-membered rings also ENS ... Nitrogen compounds SUQ E ...... Bicyclic benzenes with one ring of .... Azo compounds 5-members ENS MT ..... Azobenzene, azobenzol, SUQ EI ...... Indene, cyclopentadiene benzeneazobenzene, SUQ F ...... Tricyclic benzenes with one diphenyldiazene 5-member ring .... With amines SUQ FB ...... Acenaphthene ENT ..... Naphthylamine SUQ FD ...... Acenaphthylene ENU ...... Diphenylamine, phenylaniline, SUQ FF ...... Acenaphthenequinone diaminophenyl SV ...... With 6-membered rings also ENV ...... Diazoamino benzene, ...... With 7 or more membered rings also benzeneazoanilide, * Add letters as indicated at CSQ SW diazobenzeneanilide, below. diphenyltriazine ENW ...... Azoxybenzene CS Heterocyclic compounds, heterocycles EOQ ... Sulphur compounds * Organic ring compounds which combine C or CH .... With nitrogen with other kinds of elements (heteroatoms) such as N EOQ NS ..... Sulphadiazine, or S; eg, Furan (C4H4O) at CSU QAO B; pyridine aminobenzenesulphonamido (C5H5N) at CSV QFN SE. * pyrimidine Add to CS letters A/I following CQ; eg, . Preparative chemistry EOQ XS .... Naphthalene sulphonic acids, Armstrong’s CS8 OQ .. Scavengers acid . Reactions F .. Tricyclic benzene, triphenyl benzenes CSC FJA .. Alkylation FJA ... Triphenyl methyl HE .. Nucleophilic substitution FJB .... Triphenyl methane * Usually implies aromatic compounds (see CSV). FKD ... Triphenyl cyclopropenyl . Kinds of heterocycles by constituent atoms FLT JB ... Triphenyl methanol .. With CHs and O only as constituents FQ ... Anthracene * These are included here, with the heteratoms, .... With ketones because (1) They are logically part of the FQM K ..... Anthraquinone, constituents array; (2) They frequently qualify dihydrodiketonanthracene the heteroatoms compounds themselves. FQM KLS ...... Alizarin, dihydroxyanthraquinone * Add to CS letters IX/MP following CO; eg, FQM KLT ...... Anthrahydroquinone, oxanthrol ... Hydrocarbons FR ... Phenanthrene CSI X .... Homocyclic compounds (heterocycles) FSB ... Retene, methylisopropylphenanthrene * Consisting of hydrocarbons only. Most of G .. Tetracyclic benzene, tetraphenyl benzenes the literature on them relates to benzene at CR (which is an exception to the general GNP ... Tetraphenyltin, tin tetraphenyl rule whereby heterocycles of a compound GQ ... Naphthacene, tetracene file separately at CS. GR ... Chrysene, benzophenanthrene * See definition of homocyclics at CQM R. GSB ... Fluoranthene Use this position only for consideration of H .. Pentacyclic benzene saturation and and aromaticity in J .. Seven or more rings heterocycles. Most of the literature on this Benzene compounds by size of ring, number of relates to benzene heterocycles (which are members an exception to the rule of filing heterocycles separately at CS, by filng them QX . Mixed sized rings in polycyclic benzenes with benzene at CR). It is included here in * Benzene almost always implies a 6-membered case it is needed under other kinds of ring. But in some cases, polycyclic benzenes heterocycles. will contain one or more rings of a different size. CSJ A ..... Alkanes CRR SS .. With 3-membered rings also

96 CSLR Heterocyclic compounds CSQSWB

Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Cyclic compounds CQ Cyclic compounds CQ Heterocyclic compounds CS Heterocyclic compounds CS With CHs and O only as constituents Kinds of heterocycles by constituent atoms . .Homocyclic compounds CSI X . . .Metallic heterocycles CSM T . . .Alkanes CSJ A . . . . .Metallocenes CSM TMQ OKK Q

CSL R .. Hydrocarbons with oxygen CSN S ... Nitrogen heterocycles CSM E ... Ethers * For alkaloids, see CUA. EQ .... Crown ethers * General works only. Specific heteratoms are * Macrocyclic polyethers with repeating subordinated to the basic structures below. * (O-CH2.CH2) in units; eg 18-crown-6 Add to CS letters NS/NV following CO in ether (where 18 is the number of CON S/V. members in the ring and 6 the number CSO ... Oxygen heterocycles of O heteroatoms.. Q ... Sulphur heterocycles * For particular crown ethers, see under Kinds of heterocycles by basic structure, ring structure the number of members in the ring. Kinds of heterocycles by number of rings in molecule * See also Cryptates CSQ CVT. CSQ A . Monocyclic heterocycles P ... Esters * Usually assumed. Kinds of heterocycles by heteroatoms replacing B . Polycyclic heterocycles hydrogen or carbon C .. Linkage modes in polycyclic heterocycles . Kinds by number of same heteroatoms CR ... Separately linked, linked by separate bonds * General works only on these; nearly all the CT ... Condensed, fused literature deals with these classes under a CVR .... Cryptands given size heterocycle (at CSS/CSW) or a given species of heteroatom (at CVT .... Cryptates CSM T/CSP). E .. Bicyclic heterocycles QM .. Monoheteroatom heterocycles F .. Tricyclic heterocycles QP .. Polyheteroatom heterocycles, G .. Tetracyclic heterocycles multiheteroatom compounds H .. Pentacyclic heterocycles .. Polyheteroatom compounds by specific I .. Hexacyclic heterocycles number J .. Seven or more heterocycles in molecule * All are assumed to be the same kind if not qualified by -QQ Mixed. Heterocycles by number of members in ring, ring-size * General works only; do not add to S . Mixed sizes in polycyclic heterocycles classmark of element(s). * In these cases, the largest ring is usually cited first. QPR ... Two heteroatom heterocycles But if a smaller ring contains the heteroatom whilst QPS ... Three heteroatom heterocycles the larger ring has none, cite the smaller ring first; eg, QPT ... Four heteroatom heterocycles in the bicyclic Indole (C8H7N) the 5-member ring QPU ... Five or more heteroatom heterocycles contains the heteroatom and the six-member ring has QQ . Mixed heteroatoms in a heterocycle none; it is therefore classed as a 5-member ring (at * When there are two or more different CSU QEN ST). heteroatoms, build the classmark SS .. Three-member heterocycles (in mixed-size retroactively, using the letters MT/P heterocycles) following CS below: eg, nitrogen & sulphur ST .. Four-member heterocycles (in mixed-size heteroatoms CSO QNS (where CSN S is heterocycles) nitrogen and CSO Q is sulphur). SU .. Five-member heterocycles (in mixed-size . Kinds of heterocycles by specific heteroatoms heterocycless) replacing C or H SV .. Six-member heterocycles (in mixed-size * Add to CS letter MRQ/PY following CO; eg, heterocycles) RR .. Heterocycles with elements of a particular SWA .. Seven-member heterocycles (in mixed-size period heterocycles) T .. Metallic heterocycles SWB .. Eight-member heterocycles (in mixed-size ... Dienes heterocycles) TMQ OKK Q .... Metallocenes * For 8- and more member heterocycles add letters B, C etc. to CSQ SW; eg, CSQ SWD Ten-member.

97 CSS CSVQEOMQPR Heterocyclic compounds

Chemical species CG Cyclic compounds CQ Organic chemistry CO Heterocyclic compounds CS Cyclic compounds CQ Five-member heterocycles CSU Heterocyclic compounds CS .Monocyclic CSU QA Mixed sizes in polycyclic heterocycles CSQ S . .Sulphur heterocycles CSU QAO Q .Eight-member heterocycles CSQ SWB . . . .Thiazole CSU QAO QNS A

CSS Three-member heterocycles CSU QAP O .. Iron heterocycles (5 member rings) QA . Monocyclic QAP OA ... Ferrocene, cyclopentadienyl iron QAN S .. Nitrogen QE . Bicyclic 5-member rings QAN UW ... Imines, secondary amines QEN S .. Nitrogen QAN UXE ... Aziridine, dihydroazirine, ethylene QEN ST ... Indole (C8H7N) imine, azacyclopropane QF . Tricyclic 5-member rings QAO .. Oxygen heterocycles QFN S .. Nitrogen QAO O ... Epoxy compounds, epoxides, cyclic QFN SA ... Carbazoyle (C12H7N) ethers QFN SAA .... Acridine ? QAO P ... Oxirane, ethylene oxide, epoxyethane, QFO Q .. Sulphur oxacyclopropane QFO QNS ... Sulphur with nitrogen QAO Q .. Sulphur QG . Tetracyclic 5-member rings QAO R ... Thirane, thiirane, ethylene sulphide, QGN S .. Nitrogen thiacyclopropane QGN SMQ U ... Porphin, porphine QAO U .. Fluorine * For porphyrins (pigments) QAO UO ... Fluorine with sulphur (C34H34N4O4) (of which porphin QAO UOQ .... Fluorothiirane, fluorothiacyclopropane is the parent structure), see CWF M. CST Four-member heterocycles CSV Six-member heterocycles QA . Monocyclic * For heterocycles of benzene, see CR. QAN S .. Nitrogen heterocycles (4-member rings) NS . Nitrogen heteroatoms (6-member rings) QAN SA ... Azetidine O . Oxygen heteroatoms (6-member rings) QAN SB ... Azetidine carboxylic acid ONS . Oxygen wwith nitrogen QAO .. Oxygen heterocycles (4-member rings) * See also Nucleotides CVG XC QAO N ... Oxetane QA . Monocyclic 6-member rings QAO NW ... Oxygen with phosphorus QAV O .. Oxygen QAO Q .. Sulphur heterocycles (4-member rings) QAV OA ... Dioxane, dioxan, diethylene dioxide, CSU Five-member heterocycles glycol ethylene ether QA . Monocyclic QAV OQA ... Two oxygen heteroatoms QAN S .. Nitrogen heterocycles (5-member rings) QAV OQA A .... Pyrone QAN SA ... Pyrrolidine, tetrahydropyrrole, QAV OQB ... Four oxygen heteroatoms azacyclopentane QAV OQB A .... Lactides QAN SB ... Pyrrole QE . Bicyclic 6-member rings QAN SMQ S ... Two nitrogens QEN S .. Nitrogen QAN SMQ SA .... Pyrazole, 1,2-diazole * For nicotine, see QAN SMQ SB .... Azoles CUA SVR NSR LRE S (under QAN SMQ SC .... Imidazole, iminazole, glyoxaline, alkaloids). 1,3-diazole QEN SA ... Quinoline QAN SMQ T ... Three nitrogens QEN SB ... Isoquinoline QAN SMQ TA .... Triazole ... Amines QAO .. Oxygen heterocycles (5-member rings) * For guanine, see CSW VON S. QAO B ... Furan, furfuran QEN SC .... Adenine, 6-aminopurine QAO C ... Tetrahydrofuran, THF, tetramethylene * For adenine as a purine oxide nucleotide, see CVG YF. QAO NS ... Oxygen with nitrogen QEN SMQ PTA ... With 4 nitrogen atoms QAO NSA .... Oxazole, phenoxazine QEN SMQ PTA A .... Purine QAO Q .. Sulphur heterocycles (5-member rings) QEO .. Oxygen QAO QN ... Thiophen, thiophene, thienyl ring, ... By number of heteroatoms thiofuran QEO MQM .... Chroman (with 1 oxygen atom) QAO QNS ... Sulphur with nitrogen QEO MQP R .... Benzopyrone, coumarin (with 2 QAO QNS A .... Thiazole, isothiazole oxygen atoms)

98 CSVQF Six-member heterocycles CTB

Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Cyclic compounds CQ Organic chemistry CO Heterocyclic compounds CS Kinds of organic compounds by basic structures Six-member heterocycles CSV ..... Six member heterocycles with mixed heteroatoms Bicyclic 6-member rings CSV QE CSV R . . .Benzopyrone CSV QEO MQP R ...... Sulphur & nitrogen heteroatoms CSV RUQ FOQ N CSV QF Tricyclic 6-member rings ...... Sulphathiazole CSV RUQ FOQ NS QFN S . Nitrogen heterocycles (tricyclic 6-member CSV SOU ...... Fluorine heterocycles rings) ...... Fluorine & sulphur QFN SA .. Phenothiazine, thiophenylamine, SOU OQ ...... Fluorothiirane, dibenzothiazine fluorothiacyclopropane QFN SB .. Acridine UPO ...... Iron QFN SC .. Azine dyes VOQ ...... Sulphur heterocycles (6-member rings) QFN SD .. Piperidine, hexahydropyridine VOV ...... Chlorine heterocycles (6-member rings) QFN SE .. Pyridine ..... More than six members in ring QFN SF .. Picoline CSW A ...... Seven-membered rings QFN SG .. Two nitrogens * Use CSW B for 8-membered, CSW C QFN SH .. Phenanthroline for 9-, and so on. QFN SK .. Azines L ...... 18-member rings * See also Pyridine CSV QFN SE LME ...... Ethers QFN SL .. Diazine, pyrazine LME S ...... Eighteen-crown-six-ether QFN SM .. Pyrimidine ..... By special bonding structures * For pyrimidine nucleosides and * These are restricted to benzene and nucleotides, see CVD XB and CVG XB. related aromatic compounds; see CR. QFN SN ... Pyrazine, diazine (1,4-diazine) QFN SO .. Three nitrogens QFN SP .. Methylene blue, methylthionine chloride Organic compounds by element QFN SQ .. Triazines CTB . Organometallic compounds * QFN SR .. Four nitrogens This is an alternative location (not recommended) for libraries wishing to collect together all the QG Tetracyclic 6-member ring heterocycles literature on these compounds. The preferred * For lysergic acid, see arrangement is to locate them at COM T (for CUA SVR NSR LRG S organometals in general) and for the individual QGO . Oxygen metals) and to subordinate their compounds to the QGO NS .. Oxygen and nitrogen basic structures (aliphatic, cyclic, etc) at CP/CS, if QGO NSA ... Indigo, indigotins these define the compound. R Six member heterocycles with mixed * Two different alternatives are provided here: heteroatoms .. Alternative 1 RON SA . Oxygen with nitrogen heteroatoms * The particular metals (at CTB) are subordinated RON SB .. Diketopiperazine, glycine anhydride to the basic structures (at CTC).If this option is * 2 Os and 2 Ns taken, proceed as follows: * RON SC .. Cytosine Add to CTB letters A/PY following CO; eg * * Usually considered as a nucleotide (see ...... (Particular organometals) * CVG XC). CTB IJ...... Complex organic compounds * CTB MXR.....Lithium organic compounds RON SD .. Thymine * CTB MXR JE....Butyl lithium * Usually considered as a nucleotide (see * CTB PA...... Transition metals CVG XD). * CTB PO...... Iron RON SE .. Uracil, methyluracil, * CTB PX...... Mercury methyldioxytetrahydropyrimadine * ...... (Basic structures) * Usualy considered as a Nucleotide (see * ...... * Add to CTC letters P/S following C: CVG XE). * CTC RA...... Aromatics RON SF .. Guanine, 6-hydroxy-2-aminopurine * CTC RD...... Benzene * Usually considered as a nucleotides (see * CTC RMT...... Organometallic substituents CVG YL). * CTC RPX...... Mercury RON W . Phosphorus & oxygen heteroatoms * CTC S...... )Heterocycles( RUQ FOQ N . Sulphur & nitrogen heteroatoms * CTC SU...... 5-member hetrocycles RUQ FOQ NS .. Sulphathiazole * CTC SUQ APO A...... Ferrocene * For sulphonamides in general, see COO QNV R.

99 CTE CTECQFM Organic polymers

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Organic compounds by element Organic polymers CTE .. Alternative 1 Operations .Identification CTE 8XI .. Alternative 2 * The basic structures (at CTB) are cited after the CTE 8Y . Synthesis particular metals (at CTC). If this option is taken, * See also polymerization CTE CQ proceed as follows: Physics of chemistry * Add to CTB letters P/S following C; ABC LP . Low density * ...... (Basic structures) ABC LT . High density * CTB RA...... Aromatic cyclic compounds ABR . Ions * CTB RD...... Benzene ABR HUL .. Carbocation * CTB RMT ...... Organometallic substituents * Positively charged ions residing on a C or * CTB S...... Heterocycles group of Cs. * CTB SU...... 5-membered rings * CTC...... (Particular organometals) Chemical combination & structure * ...... * Add to CTC letters A/PX AG . Bonding * ...... following CO. AHH .. Crosslinkage, crosslinking * ...... * Each metal may be divided AP . Stereochemistry * ...... as follows, where hyphen .. Special structural features * ...... represents its classmark: APV ... Primary structure * ...... * Add to - letters A/P APV 8XQ .... Sequencing * ...... following CO; APW ... Secondary structure * ...... * Add to -PY letters A/X * ...... following CP; APW F .... Folding, pleating, coiling * ...... * Add to - letters Q/S APW H .... Alpha helix * ...... following C; eg CTC POS APW J .... Beta-pleated sheet * ...... Iron - Heterocycles. APW L .... Double helix (polymer conformation), * CTC IJ...... Complex compounds superhelical (polymers) * CTC MXR.....Lithium APX ... Tertiary structure * CTC MXR JE.....Butyl lithium * Stable folding of the sequence of units * CTC PA...... Transition metals (eg of amino acids) in the secondary * CTC PO...... Iron structure. * CTC POS U...... 5-member heterocycles APX Q ... Quaternary structure * CTC POS URA...... Aromatic AY . Reactions * CTC POS URL...... Ferrocene * CTC PX...... Mercury AYG .. Agents * CTC PXR A...... Aromatic cyclics AYH ... Intermediate reaction agents * CTC PXR D...... Substituents of AYI ... Inhibitors * ...... benzene AYN ... Chain-transfer agents CQ . Polymerization (organic polymers), synthesis CTE Organic polymers, macromolecules (organic (organic polymers) compounds) CQA BR .. Ionic polymerization * Most of the classes CTE 8/CTE S below could apply to CQA BRH U ... Cationic polymerization polymers in general and would therefore normally appear CQA BRH V ... Anionic polymerization at CGH GCV. But by far the greater part of the literature CQA BSV ... Radical polymerization, free radical relates to organic polymers, so the detailed schedule for polymerization them is given here. CQC A .. Catalysis * See the notes at CGH GCV, which is likely to have CQC ATJ T ... Metal-catalyzed polymerization, relatively little literature on it. If in doubt, prefer this organometallic polymerization class. * The term Polymer is sometimes used loosely for those CQC PH .. Addition processes * with more than ten monomers. A work on these would go Yield polymers whose constituent units at CTF TY. (mers) are constitutionally identical to the * See also Peptides CUF reacting monomers. * Add to CTE letters A/IN following CO. Note that CQC PL .. Condensation processes specification of kinds of polymers by constituents goes at CQC W .. Substitution processes CTG IQ/CTG PY, not CTE IQ/CTE PY. .. By medium . Operations CQD S ... Mass polymerization 8XI .. Identification CQF M ... Solution polymerization

100 CTECQFNX Organic polymers CTGOVOU

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Organic polymers CTE Organic polymers CTE Chemical combination & structure Kinds of polymers by behaviour . . .Solution polymerization CTE CQF M . . .High impact polymers CTE W

CTE CQF NX ... Suspension polymerization Kinds by variety of monomers CQF UUL .... Emulsion polymerization * All the monomers are the same. Polymers by state of matter CTF G . Copolymers * See also Plastics CTE P * More than one type of monomer. FIL . Film polymers GCQ .. Copolymerization process FNT . Dispersion polymers Kinds by number of monomers FVW H . Fibres J . Monomers (organic polymers) FVW L . Sheet polymers * Small molecules of high reactivity and capable of FW . Crystalline polymers linking with themselves in polymerization. * See also Polypeptides CUG JS H Kinds of polymers * Classes CTE HG/CTF X below are for general K .. Oligomers * works only on the species named; they are not Sometimes used to mean up to 10 monomers. used to qualify the kinds of polymers by L ... Dimers constituent elements at CTG. M ... Trimers * Add to CTE H letters GB/GD following C; eg, N ... Tetramers HGB CLP . Low density polymers O ... Pentamers HGB CLT . High density polymers P ... Hexamers HGC OQ . By chain structure Q ... Heptamers HGC OR .. Open chain R ... Octamers HGC OS ... Straight chain S ... Nonamers HGC OSC Q .... Linear polymerization T ... Decamers HGC OU ... Branched chain TY .. Polymers with more than 10 monomers HGC OV .... Crosslinked * The term Polymers is sometimes used with this HGC OW .. Closed chain, ring meaning. HGD CA . Catalytic polymers V ... Undecamers HGD CB .. Ziegler-Natta catalysts W ... Duodecamers HGD COY . Natural polymers X ... More than 12 monomers HGD CPB . Synthetic polymers CTG Kinds of polymers by constituent elements * HGD CPH C . Addition polymers Normal retroactive notation is resumed here after its interruption at CTE IX HGD CPL . Condensation polymers . By groups containing H, C & O HGD CW . Substitution polymers * Add to CTG letters IX/MP following CO; eg, . Special structures MH .. Aldehyde polymers HGX G .. Stereoregular polymers MP .. Polyesters * Asymmetric carbon atoms alternate along main chain. MPN .. Polyacetates HGX I ... Isotactic polymers . By compounds containing heteroatoms * Add to CTG letters MX/OY following CO; HGX K ... Syndiotactic polymers * Add to CTG OZ letters A/Y following COP; eg, HGX L ... Atactic polymers NNO .. Polysilicones HGX P .. Amorphous polymers NT .. Polyamines Kinds of polymers by behaviour NTR .. Polyurethane * Normal retroactive notation (using CTE IQ/CTE OY for (Kinds of polymers by NVR .. Polyamides constituent elements) is interrupted here; it is NVS .. Polyimides resumed at CTG IX. NVU .. Isocyanates P . Plastics (polymers) OQM Q .. Polysulphides * Nearly all the literature belongs to Technology OT .. Polyhalides (VO). OU ... Fluorine polymers T .. Thermoplastic polymers, flexible polymers OUK C .... Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, Teflon V .. Thermosetting polymers, rigid polymers OUN M .... Fluorocarbons W ... High impact polymers OUO V ... Polychlorotrifluorine OVO U ... Chlorofluorocarbons, CFC, freons

101 CTGPVB CTI Biologically significant organic compounds

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Organic polymers CTE Biologically significant organic compounds CTH .. By compounds containing heteroatoms . . . .Chlorofluorocarbons CTG OVO U * This class takes only strictly chemical studies of the substances concerned. All works which consider their .. By basic structures role in metabolism or other biological processes go in * Add to CTG PU letters following COJ; add Class EC Biochemistry. A very limited number of to CTG PV letters following COK, eg those processes which are governed and/or defined by CTG PVB ... Methylene their chemical reactions are located here. In cases of PVB MH .... Polymethylene glycols doubt, prefer Class E. PVC ... Ethene * The classes provided for the compounds are often PVC OV .... Polyvinylchlorides, PVC, vinylchloride associated closely with the plants, etc. which polymers, polychloroethene constitute their unique or main origin or with the biological or other properties which characterize them PVD ... Polypropylene, polypropene (eg as enzymes). A substantial chemical literature PVQ ... Dienes exists on compounds which is provided for here. PVQ S .... Polyisoprenes * They are treated here as special classes because they * For terpenes, see CTO. do not conform entirely to the main division of PVQ T .... Rubber, natural rubber organic compounds into aliphatic and cyclic. Within * For synthetic rubber, see Chemical these classes, the IUPAC nomenclature which is technology VL in Class U/V. appropriate for their chemical characteristics is often PVQ U .... Guttapercha replaced by the more usable names which have * Isomeric with rubber. established themselves in particular areas, such as PVR ... Trienes carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. * RD ... Benzene polymers In the case of those major classes which could be .... Ethenylbenzene, vinyl benzene located reasonably closely to a purely structurally defined class, an alternative location is provided RKA ..... Styrene polymers, polystyrene, which collocates it with that class; eg, CTJ Lipids. polymerized phenylethene * Add to CTH letters IX/OY following CO, with the * See also Chlorofluorocarbons, CFC, additions indicated at CTH DP below. freons CTG OVO UNM * Add to CTH P letters A/X following COP. RLT ..... Phenol CTH B . Physical biochemistry RLT MH ...... Phenolaldehyde polymers, bakelite DP . Reactions special to biochemistry ..... Phenyl ethers * Add to CTH DP letters V/Y following EB; eg RME ...... Polyoxyphenylenes, polyphenylene DPV M .. Biochemical cycles oxides, polyphenylene ethers DPW .. Metabolism RQE OV .... Polychlorinated biphenyls * Processes whereby organisms create and S .. Heterocyclic polymers maintain their substance and energy. ... Four-membered rings . Kinds of substances in biochemical reactions SUR QRM .... Tetrahydrofuran polymers, THF, I .. Metabolites polyoxytetramethylene glycols * Substances participating in metabolism. SUR R ... Sulphur five-membered ring heteroatoms Chemical studies only; if in doubt, prefer Biochemistry EC. SUR RRM .... Tetrahydrothiophen, THT, tetramethylene J .. Bioinorganic compounds sulphide * Add to CTH letters J/NY following C; U ... Special to a given context CTI .. Organic compounds in biochemical reactions * Notation is reserved here for use when * Excluding those enumerated at CTJ/CWH. applicable; eg, saccharides in * Add to CTI letters IX/OY following CO; carbohydrates; amino acids in peptides. * Add to CTI OY letters A/X following COP; * Add to CTI letters P/S following C. CTH Biologically significant organic compounds * The compounds below are found primarily in various forms of life (microbiological, botanical or zoological). They and their attendant processes are all to be found in Biochemistry EC in Class E.

102 CTJ Lipids CTNW

Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Lipids CTJ Kinds of substances in biochemical reactions Fats & waxes CTJ Y . Organic compounds in biochemical reactions CTI . . . .Beeswax CTK WX

CTJ Lipids, lipins, lipoids CTL Phospholipids, phosphatides * Containing long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and * Esters of phosphoric acid containing molecules of fatty their derivatives. acids, alcohols and nitrogenous bases. * Add to CTJ letters A/P following CP (Aliphatics); eg, * For phosphoglycerides, see CTM V. . Reactions V . Sphingolipids CCA .. Catalysis CTM Glycerides, acylglycerol * For enzymes, see CUL Proteins. * Fatty-acid esters of glycerol. CCA TT ... Lipase . By number & nature of substituent on hydroxyl . Kinds of lipids by properties/processes group HGK R .. Saturated TM .. Monoglycerides HGK S .. Unsaturated TN .. Diglycerides . Kinds by constituent elements TQ .. Triglycerides LT .. Alcohols TS ... Simple triglycerides MM .. Fatty acids TT .... Triolein MP .. Esters TX ... Mixed triglycerides * For specific kinds of esters (eg waxes) see below; V .. Phosphoglycerides eg, CTL Phospholipids. * See also Phospholipids CTL . Lipids by basic structures W .. Glycolipids W .. Simple lipids * See also Glycosides CTY B * Do not contain fatty acids and include steroids X ... Cerebrosides and terpenes. CTN Steroids X .. Compound lipids, complex lipids LT . Alcohols * Esters of long-chain fatty acids; include * For sterols, see CTN U. phospholipids and glycerides. . Ketones Y .. Fats & waxes MK .. Sterones CTK ... Fats . Acids .... By state of matter MM .. Bile acids FU ..... Liquid MNC ... Cholic acid * For oils, use CTK V. MNE .... Lithocholic acid HGK R .... Saturated fats MNG .... Glycocholic acid HGK S .... Unsaturated fats . Kinds of steroids by structure M .... Acids TB .. Androstanes MM ..... Essential fatty acids TD .. Androstenes ...... Specific acids TE ... Androsterols MNB ...... Palmitic acid TG .. Cholanes MNE ...... Oleic acid TJ .. Cholestanes MNH ...... Stearic acid TL ... Cholestenes .... Kinds of fats by biological action TN ... Cholestenones TD ..... Dietary fats TP .... Ecdysone V .... Oils U .. Sterols VW ..... Essential oils, volatile oils UT ... Cholesterol ...... Specific oils V .. Pregnanes VXC ...... Croton oil W ... Pregnenes VXE ...... Sesame oil * Do not occur naturally. Basic HC skeleton of VXG ...... Cottonseed oil biologically important steroids. VXH ...... Gossypol W .... Waxes WV ..... Mineral waxes WW ..... Paraffin wax ..... Organic secretions WX ...... Beeswax

103 CTO CTRMK Terpenes

Chemistry C Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Chemical species CG Terpenes CTO Organic chemistry CO . .Monoterpenes CTP L Biologically significant organic compounds CTH . . . .Hydrocarbons CTP LWI X Lipids CTJ . . . . .Pinene CTP LWI XY . . . . .Pregnenes CTN W ...... Beta-pinene CTP LWI YB

CTO Terpenes, polyisoprenes CTP LWI YD ..... Camphene, dimethyl- * Polymers of isoprene (C5H8); unsaturated, methylenenorcamphane aromatic, very reactive, volatile carbohydrates, .... Ketones both open-chain and cyclic; mainly plant LWM K ..... Camphor products. M .. Sesquiterpenes * For natural rubber, see CTG PVQ T (under * With 3 isoprene units. polymers). * Add to CTO letters A/X following CTE N .. Diterpenes * (Polymers). With 4 isoprene units. * Add to CTO Y letters G/X following CTF. ... Alcohols . Kinds of terpenes by number of isoprenes NLT .... Phytol, tetramethylhexadecenol * Add to CTP letters J/S following CTF. P .. Triterpenes * Add to CTP T letters T/X following CTF. * Theoretically , with 6 isoprene units; contain 30 CTP L .. Monoterpenes C atoms and are derived from C30H50. * With 2 isoprene units (ie C10H16). PKD ... Squalene LV ... Monocyclic monoterpenes PLY B ... Tetracyclic LVL T .... Alcohols PLY CT .... Lanosterol, isocholesterol LVL YB ..... Terpinenols R .. Tetraterpenes * Monocyclic terpene alcohols obtained * For carotenoids and lycopene, see CWF KK. from terpinenes. W Terpenoids LVL YC ..... Terpineols * Monocyclic terpene alcohols obtained CTQ Carbohydrates from terpin. * A major group of naturally occurring organic LVL YD ...... Alpha-terpineol compounds with the generalized formula Cm(H2O)n. LVL YE ..... Borneol, Borneo camphor, bornyl * For oxygen heteroatoms in general, see Heterocycles alcohol, camphanol, CS. hydroxycamphane * Add to CTQ letters A/O following CO. LVL YG ..... Geraniol, dimethyl-octadienol * Add to CTQ OY letters A/Y following COP. LVL YM ..... Menthol, hexahydrothymol, * Add to CTQ letters P/S following C. hydroxymethane, menthacamphor, U . Sugars, saccharides * methylhydroxyisopropylcyclohexane, Use this location only if distinguished from the peppermint camphor class of carbohydrates in general (for which these terms are often used as synonyms). If in doubt, LVL YN ..... Citronellol, dihydrogeraniol prefer CTQ. .... Aldehydes * This class and any given class of sugar may be LVM H ..... Citronellal, rhodinal qualified as follows (where the hyphen represents .... Ketones its classmark): LVM K ..... Irone * Add to - letters A/S following CTQ. .... Acetates CTR . Monosaccharides, simple sugars, single sugars LVM PNJ C ..... Terpinyl acetate * Can exist either as straight-chain polyhydric LVV .... Terpinenes alcohols or as cyclic compounds. * For polysaccharides, see CTV B. LVW A ..... Alpha terpinene .. Aldehydes LVW B ..... Beta terpinene MH ... Aldoses LVW C ..... Gamma terpinene .. Ketones LVX B .... Terpinolenes MK ... Ketoses LVX D .... Limonene, citrene, carvene, menthadiene, hesperidene LW ... Dicyclic monoterpenes LWI X .... Hydrocarbons LWI XY ..... Pinene, nopinene, turpentine LWI YA ...... Alpha-pinene LWI YB ...... Beta-pinene

104 CTRU Carbohydrates CTYB

Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Carbohydrates CTQ Carbohydrates CTQ Monosaccharides CTR Polysaccharides CTV B . Ketones . .Trisaccharides CTV P . .Ketoses CTR MK . . .Raffinose CTV Q

. Kinds of monosaccharides by number of C atoms in CTV R .. Hemicellulose chain * Ill-defined term; sometimes used for a series of CTR U .. Trioses hexoses and pentoses and sometimes equated UMH ... Glyceraldehyde with hexosans. V .. Tetroses S ... Pentosans VU ... Erythrose T ... Hexosans VW ... Threose U ... Fructosans W .. Pentoses UW .... Inulin WT ... Arabinose V Glucosans WU ... Xylose, wood sugar W . Dextrans WV ... Lyxose CTW . Starch WW ... Rhamnose U .. Amylose WX ... Fucose, galactomethylose, rhodeose V .. Amylopectin CTS ... Ribose W .. Dextrins, cyclodextrins, corn syrup * Polymers of D-glucose. CTT ... Deoxyribose X .. Glycogen, animal starch CTU B .. Hexoses CTX C . Cellulose BMH ... Aldohexose * A polymer of B-D-glucose units; the main BMK ... Ketohexoses polysaccharide in plants. D ... Fructose * For hemicellulose, see CTV R. E .... Levulose, laevulose, fruit sugar CME .. Cellulose ethers G ... Glucose CMP .. Cellulose esters * For glucosides, see under glycosides at CTY G. CMP N ... Cellulose acetate H .... Dextrose, corn sugar, grape sugar CNV QQ .. Cellulose nitrate, nitrocellulose, nitrocotton * For dextrans, see under polysaccharides at E .. Lignocellulose CTV W. G .. Mannocellulose J .... Sorbose, sorbin H ... Tunicin L ... Galactose J . Chitin M ... Mannose M . Mucopolysaccharides P .. Heptoses * Contain an amino sugar and uronic acid in a R .. Higher monosaccharides repeating disaccharide unit. CTV B Polysaccharides MU .. Chondroitin * Sometimes used only for four or more monosaccharides MV .. Heparin combined. MW .. Hyaluronic acid C . Homopolysaccharides * Usually assumed. N . Pectins D . Heteropolysaccharides P . Pyrogens * Consisting of two or more different monosaccharides. Q . Sweetening agents * See also Mucopolysaccharides CTX M R .. Cyclamates E . Non-sugar polysaccharides S .. Saccharin, benzosulphimide, gluside G . Oligosaccharides, compound sugars T .. Aspartame * Sugars with 2-8 monosaccharide units. CTY B Glycosides H .. Disaccharides * Sugar derivatives in which the hydroxyl group J ... Sucrose, saccharose, cane sugar, beet sugar, table attached to carbon 1 is substituted by another sugar functional group (alcohol, phenol, etc). * Glycosides cover all such compounds, whatever the L ... Lactose, milk sugar, lactin sugar. M ... Maltose, malt sugar, maltobiose * For nucleosides, see CVC. P .. Trisaccharides * Add to CTY B letters A/O following CO; Q ... Raffinose, melitose, gossypose * Add to CTY BOY letters A/Y following COP so far as applicable. * Add to CTY B letters P/S following C.

105 CTYCC CUASVRNSRLRG Alkaloids

Chemistry C Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Carbohydrates CTQ Carbohydrates CTQ Glycosides CTY B . . . .Anthocyanins CTY P

Kinds of glycosides by source CUA Alkaloids CTY CC . Convallaria glycosides * Nitrogenous heterocyclic bases existing in CD . Digitalis glycosides combination with organic acids to form CF . Strophanthin glycosides crystalline salts. They are nearly all of plant origin and form the basis of many drugs. CH .. Cymarine glycosides * See also Terpenoids CTP W; Steroids CTN CJ .. Ouabain glycosides * Add to CUA letters A/RI following CQ and Kinds of glycosides by action letter S following C; note that the letters RP * Purely chemical studies only; if in doubt, prefer for nitrogen in notation at CSR P Nitrogen Biochemistry EC in Class E. heterocycles may be omitted here, since all CN . Antibiotic glycosides the alkaloids are by definition nitrogenous. * See also Aminoglycosides CTY D . Kinds of alkaloids by structure CP .. Lincomycin * Although the following classes are taken CR . Cardiac glycosides from CS Heterocycles they should be CT . Pigment glycosides distinguished from the heterocyclic Kinds of glycosides by constituents compounds from which they are taken by * For nucleosides & nucleotides, see CVB. the fact that here they represent only the D . Aminoglycosides alkaloids derived from those structures; eg, E .. Specific compounds, A/Z SU .. Five-member heterocycles ENE ... Neomycin SUR M ... Monoheteroatom EST ... Streptomycin SUR MRK .... Saturated G . Glucosides * Contain glucose as the sugar. SUR MRK QB ..... Monocyclic GV .. Phlorizin SUR MRK QBS ...... Pyrrolidine alkaloids H . Galactosides SUR MRK QBT ...... Pyrrolizidines * See also Cerebrosides CTM X SUR MRK QBV ...... Piperidine alkaloids J . Tannic acid, tannin, gallotannic acid SUR MRK QBW ...... Lobeline K . Saponins SUR MRL .... Unsaturated * Steroid vegetable glycosides. SUR MRL QB ..... Monocyclic L . Flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, bioflavonoids SUR MRL QBS ...... Pyrrole alkaloids LV .. Flavone glycosides SUR MRL QBT ...... Pyridine alkaloids M ... Specific compounds, A/Z * See also Nicotine MRU .... Rutin CUA SVR NSR LRE S N .. Flavonol glycosides SUR MRL RE ..... Bicyclic O ... Specific compounds, A/Z SUR MRL RES ...... Indole alkaloids OSE .... Serotin SV .. Six-member heterocycles P .. Anthocyanins SVR M ... Monoheteroatom * See also CWF J Kinds of pigments by substance SVR MRL .... Unsaturated SVR MRL RE ..... Bicyclic SVR MRL RES ...... Quinoline alkaloids SVR MRL RET ...... Isoquinoline alkaloids SVR NS ... Two nitrogens SVR NSR L .... Unsaturated SVR NSR LQN ..... Condensed SVR NSR LRE ...... Bicyclic SVR NSR LRE S ...... Nicotine, methylpyrrolidylpyridine SVR NSR LRG ...... Tetracyclic

106 CUASVRNSRLRGS Alkaloids CUD

Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Alkaloids CUA Biologically significant organic compounds CTH . Kinds of alkaloids by plant origin Alkaloids CUA . .Papaveraceae bases CUB B Kinds of alkaloids by structure . . .Opium CUB C . . . . .Tetracyclic CUA SVR NSR LRG . . . .Morphinans CUB CT . . . . .Levorphanol CUB CV CUA SVR NSR LRG S ...... Lysergic acid SVR NSR LRG T ...... LSD, lysergic acid CUB D ..... Morphine diethylamide DT ...... Codeine, methylmorphine Kinds of alkaloids by plant origin DU ...... Diacetylmorphine, diamorphine, heroin TB . Aconite bases DV ...... Aporphine TC .. Aconine DW ...... Apomorphine TD .. Aconitine DX .... Papaverine TG . Calabar bases E ... Chelidonine TH .. Physostigmine, calabarine, eserine EV .. Ricinus bases * TK . Cinchona bases See also Albumins (protein) CUJ F * See also Quinoline EW ... Castor oil CUA SVR MRL RES F .. Rutaceae bases TL .. Cinchonine FT ... Pilocarpine TM .. Cinchonamine FV ... Harmine TN .. Quinine FW ... Harmatine TO ... Quinidine G .. Solanaceae bases TR . Coca bases GT ... Tropane bases * See also Solanaceae bases CUB G * For cocaine, see CUA TS. TS .. Cocaine GU .... Belladonna, deadly nightshade TT . Colchicine GV ..... Atropine UC . Corynanthe johimbe bases, yohimbe GW .... Henbane, hyocyamine UD .. Yohimbine GX .... Scopolamine, hyoscine UE .. Rauwolfia H .. Strychnos bases UF ... Reserpine I ... Nux vomica bases UJ . Curare bases J .... Strychnine * See also Strychnos bases CUB H JT ..... Brucine UK . Ephedra bases K ... Curare UL .. Ephedrine KT .... Curarine UO . Ergot bases KV .... Curine, bebeerine, berberine UP .. Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids * See also Quinoline CUA SVR MRL RES UQ .. Ergotoxine KW .... Toxiferine UR ... Ergotinine L .. Veratrum bases US .. Ergotamine LT ... Cevanes UT .. Ergometrine LV .... Veratrine UV .. Ergotine LW ..... Veratridine * For Lysergic acid, see M .. Vinca bases CUA SVR NSR LRG S. MT ... Vincristine VB . Ipecacuanha bases N .. Xanthene bases VC .. Emetine NT ... Caffeine VE . Liliaceae bases NV ... Theophylline * See also Colchicine CUA TT Q .. Other plant alkaloids, A/Z VF .. Veratrine S . Kinds of alkaloids by animal origin VI . Mescal bases TB .. Ptomaines VJ .. Mescaline CUC Y Amino acids & peptides & proteins (together) VM . Muscarine bases CUB B . Papaveraceae bases CUD Amino acids, aminocarboxylic acids C .. Opium * All have at least one amino group and one carboxylic CT ... Morphinans group. More than 500 are known in nature; about 30 are CV .... Levorphanol found in proteins (of which amino acids are the building blocks) and only 20 are common.

107 CUD CUEP Amino acids

Chemistry C Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Amino acids CUD Amino acids CUD Kinds by constituent elements .Amides CUD NVR * An alternative (not recommended) is to use CUD IX/CUD S to give a fully structural Kinds by basic structure classification of the acids. See the notes preceding CUD PZ . Aliphatic amino acids CUD IX and the examples given. RB . Aromatic amino acids * Another alternative (not recommended) for libraries RD .. Benzene wishing to locate this class with organic compounds RJD ... Propyl in general (where they are distributed by basic * For example, tyrosine CUE P. structures) begins at CON U (see the notes there). * The preferred arrangement for the specific amino S . Heterocyclic amino acids acids is the simplified one of the ’standard’ amino SU .. Five-membered ring acids (on which nearly all the literature is focused) SUR P ... Nitrogen heteroatom at CUE. Provision is made at CUD for general SUR PRM .... Monoheteroatom works on the acids by their constituent elements SUR PRM RLQ B ..... Monocyclic and basic structure (aliphatic, cyclic, heterocyclic). * For example, proline CUE L. * Add to CUD letters A/PY following CO; eg, Kinds by number of aminos CUD 8Y . Synthesis TJ . Monoamino acids . Kinds of amino acids by bonding characteristics TK . Polyamino acids HGK YB .. Polar TL .. Diamino acids HGK YD .. Dipolar CUE Kinds by side chain HGK YF .. Non-polar, hydrophobic * This is the preferred arrangement of * For glycine, see CUE B. specific amino acids. See notes at CUD on . Kinds by molecular structure the alternatives given. HGT T .. Optical isomers . With hydrogen alone HGT U .. Enantiomers B .. Glycine, aminoacetic acid, . Kinds by attachment to C atom aminoethanoic acid, glycocoll HGX A .. Alpha-amino acids, protein amino acids, BY . Alkyl amino acids essential amino acids C .. Aminobutyric acid, GABA, piperidic HGX B .. Beta-amino acids acid HGX C .. Gamma-amino acids D .. Aminoisobutyric acid HGX D .. Delta-amino acids E .. Alanine, aminopropanoic acid . Kinds by basicity F .. Beta-alanine IAP .. Neutral amino acids G .. Valine, aminomethylbutanoic acid, IAQ .. Acidic amino acids aminomethylbutyric acid, IAR .. Basic amino acids aminoisovaleric acid . Kinds by constituent elements H .. Leucine, aminoisocaproic acid, * See notes at CUD; the preferred arrangement is to monocarboxylic essential locate specific amino acids, characterized by their amino acid, side chains, at CUE. aminomethylpentanoic acid * Add to CUD letters IX/PY following CO; I .. Isoleucine * Add to CUD PZ letters A/W following CP; * Add to CUD letters Q/S following C; eg J .. Phenylalanine, aminophenylpropanoic IX .. With hydrogen alone acid, aminohydrocinnamic acid * For example, glycine. K ... Dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopa JD .. Propyl L .. Proline, pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid * For example, serine. M ... Hydroxyproline, pyrrolidine- JE .. Butyl 2-carboxylic acid * For example, alanine. MY . Hydroxy-containing amino acids NT .. Amines N .. Serine * For example, asparagine O .. Threonine, aminohydroxybutanoic acid NVR .. Amides P .. Tyrosine, * For example, glutamine. aminohydroxyphenylpropanoic acid

108 CUEPT Peptides CUGTG

Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Amino acids CUD Biologically significant organic compounds CTH .Kinds by side chain CUE Peptides CUF . .Hydroxy-containing amino acids CUE MY Polymerization, synthesis CUF CQ . . .Tyrosine CUE P .Solid phase techniques CUF CQS

CUE PT .. Carboxy-containing amino acids Kinds of peptides * For asparagine and glutamine, see . Special structures amino-containing amino acids CUE RY. CUF GHG XG .. Stereoregular peptides ... By number of carboxyls GHG XR .. Peptide residues PU .... Monocarboxylic amino acids IX . By constituent elements & basic structures PV .... Polycarboxylic amino acids * The main use of this class is to accommodate PW ..... Dicarboxylic amino acids general works (eg cyclic peptides) not provided Q ... Aspartic acid, aminobutanedioic acid for in the enumeration at CUG. Specific R ... Glutamic acid, aminopentanedioic acid polypeptides are subordinated to the number of RY .. Amino-containing amino acids amino acids in the chain (see CUG). * Add to CUF letters IX/OY following CO; SB ... Asparagine * Add to CUF OZ letters A/Y following COP. SD ... Glutamine * Add to CUF letters P/S following C; eg, SF ... Lysine, diaminocaproic acid, Q .. Cyclic peptides diaminohexanoic acid . By number of amino acids in chain SH ... Arginine, aminoguanidinopentanoic acid * Add to CUG letters G/X following CTF; eg SJ ... Tryptophan, aminoindolepropanoic acid CUG JS .. Polypeptides SL ... Histidine, aminoimidazolepropionic acid * Use this general class (CUG JS) only for works SQ .. Sulphide-containing amino acids, mercapto dealing with the phenomenon of multiple amino acids, sulphur amino acids monomers in general. If in doubt, use the SR ... Cysteine, aminothiolpropionic acid, general classmark CUF. * mercaptoalanine, Polypeptides are often characterized by the aminomercaptopropanoic acid sequence of their constituent amino acids, given in a recognized abbreviated form (eg ST ... Methionine, aminothiohexanoic acid, Isoleucyllysylmethionyltyrosine is given as aminomethylthiobutanoic acid Leu-Lys-Meth-Tyr) and their arrangement T . Other amino acids, A/Z under a given class may be alphabetically by TCY .. Cyanoalanine these. Note that the terminal -ine is changed to TDE .. Desmosine -yl for all but the last amino acid in the chain. CUF Peptides JT ... Kinins * Polyamino acids linked (with rare exceptions) by * Number of amino acids varies. the peptide bond (-CO.NH-) and formed by K ... Oligopeptides condensation of the carboxyl group (COOH) and * Up to nine amino acids. the amine group (NH2). They are nearly always LD .... Dipeptides parts of much larger proteins. LE ..... Alanylalanine * Add to CUF letters A/X following CTE LG ..... Alanylglycine (Polymers); LJ ..... Anserine AG . Bonding * Contains amino acid B-alanine (not AHI .. Amide linkage (peptides), peptide bond found in protein). AHJ .. Disulphide linkage (peptides) LK ..... Carnosine, alanylhistidine AP . Stereochemistry * Contains B-alanine. .. Special structures LN ..... Glycylglycine, diglycine APV ... Primary structure MD .... Tripeptides APV 8XQ .... Sequencing MG ..... Glutathione, glutamylcysteinylglycine CA . Catalysis ML ..... Glycylserylcysteine CAT T .. Peptidases ND .... Tetrapeptides * Proteolytic enzymes. NI ..... Isoleucyllysylmethionyltyrosine CAT U ... Endopeptidases SD .... Nonapeptides CAT V ... Exopeptidases SK ..... Bradykinin, callideic-I, kallidin-I CQ . Polymerization, synthesis SO ..... Oxytocin CQS .. Solid phase techniques, Merrifield method TD ... Decapeptides TG .... Angiotensin

109 CUGWD CUJJQ Proteins

Chemical species CG Chemistry C Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Peptides CUF Biologically significant organic compounds CTH . . . .Decapeptides CUG TD Proteins CUH . . . . .Angiotensin CUG TG Kinds of proteins by biological function

CUG WD .... Duodecapeptides CUI L . Structural proteins WH ..... Bacitracin * Usually fibrous in structure; eg scleroproteins. X .... More than twelve amino acids M . Storage proteins Y Other biologically significant amine derivative, A/Z N . Catalytic & regulatory YHI . Histamine, aminoethylimidazole, * Usually globular in structure. * imidazolylethylamine For enzymes, see CUL. O .. Transcription proteins P . Carrier proteins, binding proteins, transport proteins CUH Proteins Q . Contractile proteins * High molecular weight polymers composed of a variety . Kinds by organism or part of organism concerned of amino acids joined by peptide linkage. Molecular * The literature may not differentiate clearly the weight is between 5000 and 6 million; but the dividing biological function and the chemistry per se. Should line between peptides and proteins is ill-defined. the distinction be clear, locate the latter here and * Proteins are made on ribosomes within the cell proceed as follows: cytoplasm; each constituent peptide chain is generated by the linking of amino acids in an order specified by S .. Plant proteins * the nucleic acids of the cell. Add to CUI S letters A/Y following FCT in Class F. * For nucleic acids, see CVH. T .. Animal proteins * * Add to CUH letters A/IN following CO; Add to CUI T letters A/Y following GCT in Class APV . Primary structure G; eg serum globulins CUI TM. APW . Secondary structure APX . Tertiary structure Kinds of proteins by constituents BX . Precursors CUJ B . Simple proteins * See also CUM Proenzymes * On hydrolysis, yield only amino acids. CA . Catalysis D .. Protamines * For enzymes, see CUL. * See also Nucleoproteins CUK O IX . Kinds of proteins by constituent elements E .. Histones * For general works on these; specific proteins are F .. Albumins enumerated in CUJ/K. FV ... C-reactive proteins * Add to CUH letters IX/OY following CO; FW ... Ovalbumin * Add to CUH OZ letters A/Y following COP. FX ... Serum albumin . Kinds by basic structures * For thyroxine binding protein, see CUK JX. * Add to CUH letters P/S following C. FXV .... Radio-iodinated serum albumin X . Kinds by special protein properties FY ... Other albumins * Each kind may be divided as follows (where the * Arrange A/Z. hyphen represents its classmark): * Add to - letters A/S following CUH; G .. Globulins, euglobulins, pseudoglobulins * Add to -X letters T/X following CTE; GV ... Lactoglobulins * Add to -Y letters G/X following CTF. H ... Serum globulins CUI D .. Derived proteins * For thyroglobulins, see CUK KJ. * E ... Primary protein derivatives See also Metalloproteins CUK C F ... Secondary protein derivatives IA .... Alpha globulins FT .... Proteoses IB .... Beta globulins * Intermediate between native proteins and ID ..... Properdin * peptones. For transferrin, see CUK DH. FV .... Peptones IG .... Gamma globulins * Derived from degradation of proteins by II .... Immunoglobulins, Ig (immunoglobulins) enzymes. JA ..... IgA (immunoglobulin) . Kinds of proteins by biological function JD ..... IgD (immunoglobulin) * In Class E this array (defined by purpose) is cited JE ..... IgE (immunoglobulin) before proteins defined structurally. In the context of JG ..... IgG (immunoglobulin) chemistry proper the characteristic of biological JM ..... IgM (immunoglobulin) function is subordinate to that of structure. JP ..... Paraproteins JQ ...... Bence-Jones protein

110 CUJJT Compound proteins CULBSN

Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Proteins CUH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Simple proteins CUJ B Proteins CUH .Globulins CUJ G Kinds of proteins by constituents . .Serum globulins CUJ H . .Glycoproteins CUK I . . . . .Bence-Jones protein CUJ JQ . . .Amyloids CUK L

CUJ JT .. Foetal globulin CUK M ... Mucoproteins, mucoids L . Prolamins * See also Gastrone (hormones) CVX RV * Simple plant proteins. NI .... Intrinsic factor (glycoproteins), gastric .. Derivatives intrinsic factor, GIF MG ... Gluten * See also Vitamin B12 CWC S MI .. Gliadin NM .... Mucin MN .. Zein * See also Dextrans CTV W N . Glutelins O .. Nucleoproteins * * For gluten, see CUJ MG. Present in the nuclei of all cells; chromosomes O .. Glutenin, oryzenin are large nucleoproteins and some viruses and bacteria are pure nucleoproteins. P . Scleroproteins * For nucleic acids (which form the prosthetic Q .. Collagen group of nucleoproteins), see CVH. R .. Elastin * See also Protamines CUJ D S .. Fibroin PJ ... Histones, nucleohistones T .. Gelatin PM ... Chromatin U .. Keratin Q .. Chromoproteins V .. Reticulin * Combinations of protein with a CUK B Compound proteins, conjugated proteins metal-containing pigment. * Proteins combined with non-proteins. R ... Haemoproteins BCA . Prosthetic groups RX .... Cytochromes * Non-proteins essential to enzyme action. S .... Haemoglobins * See also Coenzymes CUL O TA ..... Haemoglobin-A C . Metalloproteins TC ...... Haemoglobin-C * For chromoproteins and haemoproteins, see CUK Q. TF ..... Haemoglobin-F, foetal haemoglobin DF .. Ferritin TL ..... Abnormal haemoglobins DH .. Transferrin TM ..... Methaemoglobin DQ .. Iron-sulphur proteins U .... Myoglobin DR ... Ferredoxins V .. Flavoproteins E . Phosphoproteins FC .. Casein FE .. Vitellin CUL Enzymes * FI .. Ichthulin Proteins which catalyse reactions with a high degree of specificity and efficiency. FL .. Lecithoproteins * Add to CUL letters A/GG following C; eg G . Lipoproteins . Reactions HA .. Alpha-lipoproteins * In enzyme activity; for actions assisted by HB .. Beta-lipoproteins enzymes, see CUP/CUT M. HL .. Chylomicrons BSF .. Induction (enzymes) I . Glycoproteins, glycopeptides * See also Inductible enzymes CUP GBS FI * Compounds of proteins with carbohydrates. BSG ... Reactivation J .. Globulins BSG AYG .... Reactivators JX ... Thyroxine binding globulin BSH .. Repression (enzymes) KA ... Alphaglobulins BSI .. Inhibition (enzymes) KG ... Transcortin, corticosteroid binding globulin BSI AYG ... Inhibitors (enzymes) KH ... Haemopexin BSI AYH .... Allopurinol KJ ... Thyroglobulin BSI AYJ .... Uncoupling agents KP ... Haptoglobin BSL .. Irreversible reactions (enzymes) L .. Amyloids BSM ... Competitive inhibition BSN ... Non-competitive inhibition

111 CULGS CUSMT Enzymes

Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Proteins CUH Proteins CUH Enzymes CUL Enzymes CUL Reactions Kinds of enzymes by general facets CUP . .Non-competitive inhibition CUL BSN .Inductible enzymes CUP GBS F

Constituents in reaction Kinds of enzymes by other organic chemistry concepts * Normal retroactive synthesis is interrupted here to * So far as applicable; but very few are likely to act as allow insertion of special subsystems . The (Kinds of specifiers. enzymes) facet would normally begin here, at * Add to CUP letters GI/PY following CO; CUL GH (see notes preceding COG I). Normal * Add to CUP PZ letters A/W following CP; synthesis is resumed at CUP. * Add to CUP letters Q/S following C. CUL GS . Substrate Kinds of enzymes by substrate H . Enzyme-substrate complex * Add to CUQ letters N/Y following ECU L in Class E; HH .. Holoenzyme * Add to CUR letters G/Y following EC in Class E; eg * I .. Apoenzyme For proteases, see CUS P. * Protein portion of enzyme. CUQ P . NAD (donor in enzymes) J .. Co-factors * Non-protein portion. Kinds of enzymes by reaction catalyzed JGI BR ... Inorganic ions * The order (but not the notation) is that of the reactions in K ... Prosthetic groups CC/CD. * Non-amino substance necessary for the proper * Each kind of enzyme may be divided as follows (where functioning of the protein portion. the hyphen represents the classmark of the enzyme): L ... Vitamin source (co-factors) * Add to - letters A/GG following CUL; O .. Coenzymes * Add to - letters L/R following CU. * Usually act as acceptors or receptors (taking up a CUS C . Isoenzymes, isozymes, allozymes chemical group from the substrate). When acting * Any of the electrophoretically distinct forms of an as donors (quasi-substrates) class as substrates. enzyme. ... Kinds of coenzymes D . Multi-enzyme complexes OY .... Nicotinic acid derivatives F . Ligases, synthetases, synthases P ..... NAD, nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide, * Catalyse the formation of covalent bonds using the diphosphopyridine nucleotide, energy released by cleavage of ADP or ATP. DPN FS .. Amino acyl tRNA synthetases Q ..... NADP, nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide FT .. Peptide synthetases phosphate, triphosphopyridine FV .. Polynucleotide synthetases dinucleotide, TPN QY .... Flavin derivatives H . Hydrolases RF ..... FAD, flavin-adenine-dinucleotide * Catalyse the hydrolytic cleavage of C-O, C-N and C-C RM ..... FMN, flavin mononucleotide (and some other) bonds. The recommended name is RP .... Pantothenic acid derivatives often formed by adding -ase to the substrate name. RQ ..... Coenzyme A, CoA HS .. Amidohydrolases, amidases S .... Ubiquinone, coenzyme Q HT .. Aminohydrolases T .... Other coenzymes, A/Z I .. Esterases CUM . Proenzymes, precursors (proenzymes), zymogen IS ... Carboxylicesterases * Precursors of specific enzymes go with the enzyme. IT .... Cholinesterases K .. Kinases IV ..... Acetylcholinesterases * See also Transferases CUT F J ... Phosphatases CUO . Antienzymes JS .... Phospholipases * Agents which selectively inhibit an enzyme’s * Catalyse cleavage of phospatides. action. JT .... Phosphomonoesterases T . Adaptive enzymes JV .... Phosphodiesterases CUP Kinds of enzymes by general facets JX ... Sulphatases * Normal retroactive notation is resumed here after its K .. Carbohydrases interruption at CUL G. L ... Glycoside hydrolases * Add to CUP letters A/GG following C so far as LS .... Amylases applicable (ie, so far as they may specify a kind of M .... Cellulases, cytases enzyme); eg MS .... Disaccharidases GBS F . Inductible enzymes MT .... Lactase

112 CUSMV Hydrolases CVCTT

Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Proteins CUH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Enzymes CUL Proteins CUH Hydrolases CUS H .Enzymes CUL Carbohydrases CUS K . . . .Transferases CUT F . .Lactase CUS MT ...... Hexosyltransferases CUT GF

CUS MV .. Maltase CUT GH ...... Methyltransferases N .. Sucrase, invertase GJ ...... Pentosyltransferases O .. Lipase GL ...... Phosphotransferases * Catalyzes hydrolysis of fats and breakdown of GN ...... ATP phosphotransferases lipoproteins. H .... Isomerases Q Peptide hydrolases, peptidases, proteases, proteinases * Group of enzymes catalysing intramolecular QS . Aminopeptidases rearrangement. QT . Angiotensinase ..... Kinds of isomerases by substrate QU . Carboxypeptidases IC ...... Carbohydrate isomerases QV . Dipeptidases IE ...... Glucose phophate isomerases R . Peptide peptidihydrolases IG ...... Cis-trans isomerases RS .. Bromelains, bromelins IJ ...... Tautomerases RT .. Cathepsin IL ...... Epimerases RV .. Chymotrypsin IN ...... Racemases RW .. Fibrinolysin ..... Kinds by further reactions RX .. Kallikrein JC ...... Intramolecular oxidoreductases S .. Papain JE ...... Intramolecular transferases, mutases T .. Pepsin, pepsinogen L .... Lyases TS .. Renin * Cleave C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds to leave TT .. Rennin double bonds, or to add groups to double bonds. U .. Thrombin ..... Kinds by substrate V .. Trypsin MC ...... Aldehyde lyases, aldolases VS .. Ovopepsin ME ...... Ammonia lyases W . Aminases MG ...... Carboxy lyases X .. Specific aminases, A/Z MH ...... Hydrolyases XAS ... Asparaginase MK ...... Keto-acid lyases CUT B Oxidoreductases, oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases Q . Growth substances (non-hormone) * Catalyse redox reactions; the substrate oxidized is the H R .. Chalones donor. * Substances produced as part of growth-control * The order is that of substances in COl V/COP, but the system of tissues; thought to be protein in nature. notation is enumerative. CH . Hydroxylases CVB Nucleosides & nucleotides CL . Alcohol oxidoreductases * Add to CVB as for CVC for literature dealing with the CP . Peroxidases two classes together. CY . Aldehyde oxidoreductases CVC . Nucleosides DK . Ketone oxidoreductases * Consist of a pentose sugar linked with a heterocyclic DM . Amine oxidoreductases compound, especially a pyrimidine or a purine. They DP . Amino acid oxidoreductases are glycosides produced by the removal of the EB . Oxygenases phosphate from a nucleotide. * Add to CVC letters A/PY following CO; EC .. Catalase * Add to CVC PZ letters A/W following CP; EG .. Glucose oxidase * Add to CVC letters Q/U following C. EK . Xanthine oxidase S .. Heterocycles EN . NADH oxidoreductases, NADPH oxidoreductases * These are cited before the pentose sugar and are F Transferases therefore moved to CVD below. * Assist in transfer of substances (other than hydrogen) .. Kinds of nucleosides by constituent pentose from one compound to another. The name of the group * Add to CVC SY letter R following CT; transferred is usually part of the recommended name. * Add to CVC T letters S/T following CT; eg . Kinds of transferases by substrate TS ... Ribonucleosides GB .. Acyl tranferases TT ... Deoxyribonucleosides GD .. Aminotransferases GF .. Hexosyltransferases

113 CVD CVJK Nucleotides

Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Nucleosides & nucleotides CVB Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Nucleosides CVC Nucleosides & nucleotides CVB Kinds of nucleosides by constituent pentose Nucleosides CVC .Deoxyribonucleosides CVC TT . . . . .Guanosine CVD YLT SU

CVD Kinds by heterocycle CVF Nucleotides * Add to CVD letters S/W following CS with the * Esters of a nucleoside and a phosphate. Structural units adjustment shown below: of a nucleic acid (see CVH). V . Six-member heterocycles QQ . Cyclic nucleotides VRP .. With nitrogen heteroatom QQB .. Monocyclic nucleotides VRP RNS ... With two nitrogens QQC .. Polynucleotides * For Pyrimidine (CVD VRP RNS- QQE ... Dinucleotides RLQ BU) use CVD XB. . Kinds by constituent pentose VRP RNU ... With four nitrogens TS .. Ribonucleotides * For Purine (CVD VRP-RNU RLR EU) TT .. Deoxyribonucleotides use CVD YB. CVG . Kinds by heterocycle VRS X .. With mixed heteroatoms XB .. Pyrimidine nucleotides * For Cytosine (CVD VRT RLQ BXC) use CVD XC. XC ... Cytosine nucleotides * For Thymine (CVD VRT RLQ BXD) use XD ... Thymine nucleotides CVD XD. XE ... Uracil nucleotides * For Uracil (CVD VRT RLQ BXE) use YB .. Purine nucleotides CVD XE. YF ... Adenine nucleotides * For Guanine (CVD VRT RLQ BYL) use * For adenine as a heterocyclic purine amine, see CVD YL. CSV QEN SC. XB . Pyrimidine nucleosides * For coenzymes, see CUL O. XBT S .. With ribose YG .... Adenosine phosphates XBT T .. With deoxyribose YH ..... Adenosine monophosphate, AMP XC .. Cytosine nucleosides YI ..... Adenosine diphosphate, ADP XCT S ... With cytosine & ribose YJ ..... Adenosine triphosphate, ATP XCT SU .... Cytidine YL ... Guanine nucleotides XCT SV ..... Cytarabine, Ara-C CVH . Nucleic acids XD .. Thymine nucleosides * Polynucleotides with molecular weights of up to one XDT TV ... Thymidine billion and made of phosphate-linked base-bearing XE .. Uracil nucleosides sugars. They are essential components of all living * Replaces thymine in RNA. cells, carrying the information necessary to the construction of highly specific proteins. XET S ... Uracil & ribose * Add to CVH letters A/T following CVC; eg XET SU .... Uridine .. Structure XET T ... Uracil & deoxyribose AOX ... Base sequence, genetic code XET TU .... Deoxyuridine TS .. Ribonucleotides YB . Purine nucleosides * For ribonucleic acid, see CVI. YF .. Adenine nucleosides TT .. Deoxyribonucleotides YFT S ... Adenine & ribose * For deoxyribonucleic acid, see CVK. YFT SU .... Adenosine CVI .. RNA, ribonucleic acid YL .. Guanine * Base constituents same as in DNA except that YLT S ... Guanine & ribose thymine is replaced by uracil (another pyrimidine). YLT SU .... Guanosine, vernine ... Kinds by source CVJ B .... Ribosomal RNA, rRNA D .... Viral RNA, vRNA F .... Bacterial RNA H .... Neoplasm RNA ... Kinds by structure & function K .... Micro RNAs

114 CVJM Hormones CVWKVXET

Chemical species CG Chemistry C Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Nucleosides & nucleotides CVB Biologically significant organic compounds CTH . . .RNA CVI Hormones CVW . . . . .Micro RNAs CVJ K Precursors CVW BX

CVJ M ..... Messenger RNA, mRNA Kinds of hormones by chemical composition MUD ...... Amino acids * Add to CVW J letters J/OY following CO; MUD DGN ...... Codon * Add to CVW JOZ letters A/W following COP; * * A sequence of three bases coding a Add to CVW J letters P/V following C. specific amino acid. CVW JON T . Amines R ..... Transfer RNA, tRNA, soluble RNA JTN . Steroids S ...... Anticodon JUF . Peptides CVK ... DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid JUG JS .. Polypeptides * Found in the cell nucleus and formed from JUG K .. Oligopeptides nucleotides of two purines (adenosine and JUH . Proteins, protein hormones guanine) and two pyrimidines (cytosine and JUK I .. Glycoprotein hormones thymine). Kinds of hormones by origin .... Bonds KC . Synthetic hormones ANY ..... Alphahelix KD . Natural hormones, dessicated hormones .... Kinds by source Kinds by special physiological reactions CVL B ..... Mitochondrial DNA KG . General action hormones D ..... Viral DNA KH . Topical hormones, local hormones F ..... Bacterial DNA KI . Releasing hormones H ..... Neoplasm DNA KJ . Anti-hormones, hormone antagonists .... Kinds by structure & function * Antagonize other hormones; eg anti-oestrogens. K ..... Alternate DNA structures KK . Metabolic hormones KU ...... A-DNA * Acting on metabolism. KW ...... B-DNA KL .. Anabolic hormones KY ...... Z-DNA KN . Regulatory hormones L ..... Circular DNA * Acting on other glands. N ..... Single-stranded DNA KP . Morphological hormones P ..... Satellite DNA * Acting on other parts, organs or systems in the Q ..... Multi-stranded DNA organism. S ...... Branched DBA Kinds by position KS . Ectopic hormones * For ectohormones, see pheromones CVW Hormones CVW KXB. * Organic substances secreted in one part of an organism and transported to other parts which are then stimulated to some physiological action. Kinds by source & action * May be steroids, peptides or relatively simple KVB . Plant hormones, phytohormones compounds (eg adrenaline) but are commonly KVD .. Auxins defined in terms of their biological significance. KVD SKC ... Synthetic auxins * To maintain consistency with Class H, letters W/X KVG ... Heteroauxins following HC are added to CV with some minor KVI .... Indole-3-acetic acid, IAP modifications and expansion. * Add to CVW letters A/I following CO; KVK .... Non-indole natural auxins * Each hormone may be qualified as follows (where KVM .. Gibberellins the hyphen represents its classmark): KVN ... Specific gibberellins, A/Z * Add to - letters A/OY following CO; KVQ .. Cytokinins, phytokinins * Add to -OZ letters A/W following COP; KVR ... Kinetin * Add to -P letters P/U following C; KVS ... Zeatin * Add to -R letters B/L following CV; KVV ... Other cytokinins, A/Z * Add to -S letters A/K following CVW; eg KVX . Other plant growth substances, A/Z Auxins - Synthetic CVW KVD SKC. KVX AB .. Abscisic acid, abscisin, dormine BX . Precursors * See also Proenzymes CUM KVX ET .. Ethylene chlorohydrin, chloroethanol, chlororethyl alcohol

115 CVWKW CVWV Animal hormones

Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Hormones CVW Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Animal hormones CVW KW Hormones CVW Pituitary gland Other plant growth substances CVW KVX . .Anterior pituitary hormones CVW N .Ethylene chlorohydrin CVW KVX ET . . .Thyrotropin CVW NX

CVW KW Animal hormones CVW PH ... Gonadotropins (pituitary), gonadotropic * Assumed in most of the literature on hormones. For hormones (pituitary) the general class of animal hormones, use CVW * A variety of peptide hormones produced unless specifically restricted to animals (when mainly in the pituitary gland. For sex locate here). hormones produced in the gonads (mainly KWW . Pheromones, ectohormones steroids) see CVX T. * Substances excreted into external environment PP .... Prolactin, lactotropin, lactogenic hormone, and affecting the behaviour of other organisms LTH, luteotropic hormone (eg in territorial marking). PQ .... Follicle stimulating hormones, FSH KWX .. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CAMP, ..... Releasing factors cyclic adenylic acid, adenosine cyclic PQS KI ...... FSH-LH releasing factor monophosphate, AMP PQS KJ ..... Antagonists KWY .. Others, A/Z PS .... Luteinising hormones, LH, interstitial KX . Vertebrate & human hormones cell-stimulating hormone, ICSH * These are classified by the glands which are their PSS KI ..... Releasing factors source, not the target. For the glands themselves, * For LH-FSH releasing factor, see see E/G Biology. CVW PWS KI. PT .... Menotropins, human menopausal KXW . By glands as source gonadotropin, HMG * The hormones in this class are classified by the .. Intermediate pituitary gland glsnds which are their source, not their target. QH ... Intermediate pituitary gland hormones * Add to CVW letters L/Y following HCW; QR .... Melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH, * Add to CVX letters L/Y following HCX. intermedin .. Pineal gland * All the glands are now presented in this form: .. Posterior pituitary gland un-notated gland name, general class for its RH ... Posterior pituitary gland hormones, posterior products, specific hormone(s). neurohypophysis extracts L ... Pineal hormones RS .... Oxytocin, pitocin LM .... Melatonin RT ..... Tocinoic acid .. Parotid gland RV ...... Tocinamide LP ... Parotid gland hormones RX .... Pituitrin LQ .... Parotin SB .... Vasopressins .. Pituitary gland SD ..... Arginine vasopressin, antidiuretic M ... Pituitary hormones hormone, ADH N .... Anterior pituitary hormones, SE ...... Deamino arginine vasopressin adenohypophysis extracts SG ..... Lysin vasopressin, lypressin, LVP NSK C ..... Synthetic pituitary hormones SJ ..... Felypressin ..... Regulatory SL .... Vasotocin NSK N ...... Tropic hormones in general Thyroid gland NU ..... Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic TH . Thyroid hormones hormone, ACTH, adrenotropin, * For thyroid stimulating hormone, see CVW NX. adrenocorticotropic releasing THS KJ .. Thyroid antagonists factor, adrenodoxin, adrenotropic TT .. Iodotyrosines hormone TU ... Thyroxine * Secretion of the adenohypophysis (in TV ... Triiodothyronine pituitary gland) which stimulates the TW .. Thyrocalcitonin, calcitonin adrenal cortex. TX .. Others, A/Z NUS KC ...... Cosyntropin TXT H ... Thyronine NW ..... Somatotropin, STN, growth hormone Parathyroid gland NX ..... Thyrotropin, thyroid stimulating V . Parathyroid hormone, parathormone, parathyrin hormone, TSH, thyrotropic hormone

116 CVWW Animal hormones CVXVR

Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Hormones CVW Hormones CVW Animal hormones CVW KW Animal hormones CVW KW Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland .Parathyroid hormone CVW V . . . .Noradrenalin CVX Q

Thymus gland Digestive system CVW W . Thymus hormones CVX RK . Digestive system hormones WW .. Thymopoietins .. Salivary glands WX .. Thymosin RN ... Saliva Adrenal gland RNV .... Ptyalin, salivary amylase Y . Adrenal gland hormones RP .. Gastrointestinal hormones CVX A .. Adrenal cortex hormones, corticoids, ... Alimentary tract corticosteroids, cortical hormones RR .... Serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine * For adrenocorticotrophic hormone, see ... Stomach mucosa CVW NU. RT .... Gastrin LH ... Glucocorticoids RTS KC ..... Pentagastrin LHS KF .... Topical, local RV .... Gastrone * For specific topical corticoids, see the ... Duodenal mucosa chemical classes below. RW .... Duodenal mucosa hormones, LN .... Hydroxycorticosteroids enterogastrones ..... Synthetic RX ..... Secretin LNS KD ...... Specific types, A/Z SB ..... Cholecystokinin, pancreozymin LP ..... 11-hydroxycorticosteroids SF .... Enterocrinin LR ...... Aldosterone .. Pancreas LT ...... Corticosterone SG ... Pancreatic hormones LV ...... Deoxycorticosterone SH .... Glucagon LW ...... 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone SI .... Insulin MB ...... 18-hydroxycorticosterone SJ ..... Globin zinc insulin MD ...... Tetrahydracortisol SK ..... Isophane insulin, neutral protamine MF ..... 17-hydroxycorticosteroids Hagedorn, NPH MFS KC ...... Synthetic SL ..... Lente insulin MG ...... Cortisone SM ..... Protamine zinc insulin MH ...... Cortodoxone, cortexolone, SN ..... Pro-insulin 11-deoxycortisol SP ...... C-peptide (insulin) MJ ...... Hydrocortisone, cortisol Reproductive system MK ...... Prednisolone T . Sex hormones, sex steroids MKS KF ...... Topical prednisolone TV .. Gonadotropins ML ...... Triamcinolone * For pituitary gonadotropins, see CVW P; for MN ...... Hydroxypregnenolone placental hormones, see CVX YB. MP ...... Tetrahydrocortisone U .. Androgens, male sex hormones, testoids MR ..... Pregnenolones * See also Adrenal cortex hormones CVX A; * See also Progestins CVX XL Androstanes CTN TB MT .... Ketosteroids, oxosteroids UW ... Adrenosterone * For androgens, see CVX U; for VB ... Androsterone oestrogens, see CVX W. VC .... Epiandrosterone MV .... Mineralocorticoids VD ..... Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA * For hydroxycorticosteroids, see CVX LN. VE ... Androstenedione . Adrenal medulla VH ... Etiocholanolone N .. Adrenal medulla hormones VJ ... Testosterone NX ... Catecholamines VK .... Epitestosterone P .... Adrenalin, epinephrine VM ... Methyltestosterone Q .... Noradrenalin, norepinephrine VQ ... Other androgens, A/Z VQO X .... Oxandrolone, oxandrin VR ... Testicular hormones

117 CVXW CWCXL Vitamins

Chemical species CG Chemistry C Organic chemistry CO Chemical species CG Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Organic chemistry CO Hormones CVW Biologically significant organic compounds CTH ...... Androgens CVX U Vitamins CWB ...... Testicular hormones CVX VR Kinds of vitamins

CVX W ...... Oestrogens, female sex hormones * Add to -PZ letters A/W following CP; WSK C ...... Synthetic * Add to - letters Q/V following C; * WSK D ...... Specific hormones, A/Z Add to -W letters A/Y following CWC. WSK DD ...... Dienestrol CWC K . Water soluble vitamins * See also Coenzymes CUL O WX ...... Conjugated oestrogens L .. Vitamin B complex WY ...... Estradiol M ... Vitamin B1, thiamine XB ...... Coumestrol MX .... Thiamine pyrophosphate XC ...... Equilenin N ... Vitamin B2 complex, vitamin G, riboflavin XD ...... Equilin PC ... Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, niacin XE ...... Estriol PE .... Nicotinamide, niacinamide XF ...... Estetrol PF ... Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid XG ...... Estrone PG ... Vitamin B6, pyridoxine XH ...... Zearalenone, mycotoxin PH ... Vitamin B7, biotin XJ ...... Other oestrogens, A/Z PL ... Choline (vitamins) XJN A ...... Nandrolone Q ... Vitamin B9, vitamin B11, vitamin Bc, folic XL ...... Corpus luteum hormones, progestins acid, folacin XN ...... Progesterone RC .... Formyl tetrahydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate XP ...... Relaxin RE ..... Citrovorum factor XQ ...... Lututrin RG .... Xanthopterin XS ...... Progestational hormones * See also Pigments CWE * For pregnenolone, see CVX MR. RJ .... Inositol, hexahydroxycyclohexane XT ...... Pregnanediol RL .... Aminobenzoic acid vitamins XV ...... Pregnanetriol RM ..... Para-aminobenzoic acid vitamin, PAB YB ...... Placental hormones * For oestrogens, see CVX W; for ... Vitamin B11 * progesterone, see see CVX XN. See Vitamin B9 CWC Q YD ...... Chorionic gonadotropin, human S ... Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, cobalamin, chorionic gonadotropin, intrinsic factor (vitamin B12) * HCG See also intrinsic factor (glycoproteins) CUK NI. YE ...... Human menopausal gonadotropin, TC .... Castle’s intrinsic factor HMG, menotropin TE .... Cobamides YF ...... Placental lactogen TG .... Hydroxocobalamine ... Vitamin Bc CWB Vitamins * See vitamin B9 CWC Q * Substances other than proteins, carbohydrates, fats TK ... Vitamin Bt, carnitine and mineral salts which, in relatively small TL ... Lipoic acid (vitamin), factor II quantities, are essential to the normal health of V .. Vitamin C, ascorbic acid living organisms. .. Vitamin G * Some of the substances included below can be * See CWC N made synthetically and are strictly vitamin-like rather than true vitamins. W . Fat soluble vitamins * Add to CWB letters A/PY following CO; XC .. Vitamin A, retinol * Add to CWB PZ letters A/W following CP ... Precursors * Add to CWB Q letters Q/V following C. XCB X .... Carotenes (vitamin precursors), carotins BX . Precursors * See also pigments CWF KL BY .. Provitamins XE .. Vitamin D . Kinds of vitamins XG ... Vitamin D2, ergocalciferol, viosterol * Add to CWC letters K/X following HCV in Class XH ... Ergosterol H. XJ ... Vitamin D3, cholecalciferol * Each type may be qualified as follows (where the XK ... Dihydrotachysterol, synthetic Vitamin D, DHT hyphen represents the classmark of the vitamin): XL ... Vitamin D4, dihydroergocalciferol * Add to - letters A/PY following CO;

118 CWCXLX Natural pigments CWFPY

Chemical species CG Chemical species CG Organic chemistry CO Organic chemistry CO Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Biologically significant organic compounds CTH Vitamins CWB Natural pigments CWE . . .Vitamin D CWC XE Kinds of pigments by source & function CWF B . . . .Vitamin D4 CWC XL . .Retinal pigments CWF GIV E

CWC XLX .... Vitamin D5, sitocalciferol CWF J Kinds by substance XM ... Vitamin E * Add to CWF letters J/R following ECY in Class E XN .... Tocopherols (which is modified slightly at HCY in Class H). * XNA ..... Alpha tocoperol For Anthocyanine, see CTY P. XNB ..... Beta tocopherol KE . Anthocyanidins XNC ..... Gamma tocopherol KEC .. Cyanidin XND ..... Delta tocopherol KEG .. Pelargonidin XNT .... Tocotrienols KEO .. Delphinidin XNV ..... Alpha tocotrienols KF . Anthocyanins XNW ..... Beta tocotrienols KFL .. Pelargonin XNX ..... Gamma tocotrienols KFN .. Delphinin XNY ..... Delta tocotrienols KG . Anthoxathine XP ... Vitamin K KJ . Lipochromes, chromolipids XQ .... Vitamin K1, phylloquinone, phytonadione KK .. Carotenoids * For vitamin A, see CWC XC. XR .... Vitamin K2, menaquinone KL ... Carotenes, carotins KLX .... Lycopene CWE Natural pigments KM .... Beta carotenes * Substances (many inorganic) used to impart colour to KN .... Xanthophylls tissues and cells as factors in a variety of physiological LB ..... Astaxanthin functions (photochemical, hormonal, adaptive, protective, etc.). Distinguished from dyestuffs (which LN ..... Lutein operate at the molecular level) by tending to be LQ . Naphthoquinones particulate and insoluble. LRB .. Echinochrome * The general class for pigments and dyes is in Class V LRC .. Cochineal, carmine Technology. Class here only chemical studies of those LRE .. Anthraquinone pigments produced by organisms (not synthetically) * For the general chemistry of anthraquinones, see and serving a biological function. CRR FQM K. * Add to CWE letters A/PY following CO; LS . Melanin * Add to CWE PZ letters A/W following CP; LX . Pyrrole pigments, tetrapyrroles * Add to CWE letters Q/S following C; M .. Porphyrins, porphine * Add to CWE letters T/V following C if applicable. MX ... Metalloporphyrins BX . Precursors (pigments) N .... Chlorophyll . Kinds of pigments * Each kind of pigment may be qualified as follows OB .... Haeme, heme, haematin, hematin * (where the hyphen represents its classmark): See also Haemoproteins CUK R * Add to - letters A/V following CWE. OE .... Mesoporphyrin CWF B . Kinds of pigments by source & function OF .... Haematoporphyrin F .. Plant pigments OG .... Coproporphyrin G .. Animal pigments OT .... Cytochromes GIV E ... Retinal pigments PB .... Bilins, bile pigments PQ ..... Bilirubin PR ..... Biliverdin PT ..... Urobilin PTB X ...... Precursors PTB Y ...... Urobilinogen PW ... Non-metallic porphyrins PX .... Specific non-metallic porphyrins, A/Z PXM E ..... Mesoporphyrins PXP R ..... Protoporphyrin PY .. Other pyrrole pigments, A/Z

119 CWFQB CX Chemistry

Chemistry C Chemical species CG . . .Natural pigments CWE . . . . .Pyrrole pigments CWF LX ...... Other pyrrole pigments CWF PY

CWF QB ..... Flavonoids QC ...... Flavan, phenylbenzopyran QR ...... Flavones (pigments) QS ...... Specific flavones, A/Z QSF L ...... Flavins * For riboflavin, see vitamin B complex CWC N. QSQ U ...... Quercitin, quercetin QT ...... Indigo pigments QV ...... Pterins QX ...... Adrenochrome R ...... Others, A/Z T ... Toxins * Poisonous substances of biological origin. VEN .... Bacterial toxins VF .... Phytotoxins, plant toxins VG .... Mycotoxins VH .... Zootoxins, animal toxins CWH ... Other complex organic compounds occurring naturally CX Applied chemistry, chemistry-based technologies * Alternative (not recommended) to locating in Class U/V. If this option is taken, proceed as follows: * Add to CX the applicable letters following U. * Add to CY the applicable letters following V.

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