UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Yanks are Coming Over There: The Role of Anglo-Saxonism and American Involvement in the First World War Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cc4h9md Author Buenviaje, Dino Ejercito Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Yanks are Coming Over There: The Role of Anglo-Saxonism and American Involvement in the First World War A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Dino Ejercito Buenviaje August 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Brian Lloyd, Chairperson Dr. Roger Ransom Dr. Thomas Cogswell Copyright by Dino Ejercito Buenviaje 2014 The Dissertation of Dino Ejercito Buenviaje is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is truly a humbling experience when I consider the people and institutions that have contributed to this work. First of all, I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Brian Lloyd, for his patience and mentorship in helping me to analyze the role of Anglo- Saxonism throughout American history and for making me keep sight of my purpose. I am also grateful to my other committee members such as Dr. Roger Ransom, for his support early in my graduate program, and Dr. Thomas Cogswell, for his support at a crucial point in my doctorate program. I also would like to thank Dr. Kenneth Barkin for his suggestion that I add a German-American chapter to my dissertation to make my study of American society during the First World War more well-rounded. I also would like to thank the staff at the history department for helping me navigate throughout the various stages of my program. I am especially grateful to the University of California, Riverside for all the material and financial support it has provided me throughout my graduate education, such as the use of the Tomás Rivera Library, the Dean’s Fellowship, the Dissertation Year Fellowship, as well as valuable teaching experience through teaching assistantships. My gratitude extends beyond UC Riverside. I would like to thank the California State University for its support in my graduate program through the Chancellor’s Doctoral Incentive Program and Dr. Gordon Bakken, who served as my mentor in the application process. I owe my gratitude to the libraries of the Claremont Colleges, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Duke University, DePaul University, and the Missouri Historical Museum, as well as the archives of the National World War I iv Museum in Kansas City, Missouri in helping me conduct my research. The information I gathered at these institutions helped guide the direction of my dissertation. The road toward the completion of my dissertation goes back even further, and I owe many others my thanks toward this end. I owe my thanks to Dr. Arthur Hansen, Dr. Roshanna Sylvester, and the late Dr. Warren Clark Davis at the California State University, Fullerton, for teaching me what was expected of me at the graduate level during my Master’s program. I remain grateful to Dr. David Burton, whose article, “Theodore Roosevelt and his English Correspondents,” became the kernel of my master’s thesis that became the launching point for my dissertation. I owe my thanks to Dr. Jon Jacobson of the University of California, Irvine, whose dedication to the discipline of history inspired me to pursue a graduate education. I also wish to thank my high school history teacher, Mr. Calwell, for helping me realize that history is more about connections, rather than dates, and to ask “so what?” in understanding the past, which led me to pursue history as a major. I especially wish to thank my fifth grade teacher, Mrs. Hales, and my principal at Mariposa Elementary School, the late Howard G. Bryden, for believing in me, so many years ago. Finally, I am grateful to my friends, both inside and outside of the history department, for their camaraderie and support. Above all, I owe my sincerest thanks to my family, especially my mother, whose strength and perseverance has always served as an example to me in all my endeavors. v IN MEMORIAM Howard G. Bryden Who embodied the best qualities of an educator and a human being vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Yanks are Coming Over There: Anglo-Saxonism and American Involvement in the First World War by Dino Ejercito Buenviaje Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, August 2014 Dr. Brian Lloyd, Chairperson At first glance, the United States had little reason to be involved in the First World War. Its isolationism and its significant Irish- and German-American immigrant populations, who were unfriendly to Great Britain, should have kept the United States from involvement. How the United States government cast its lot with the Allies by 1917 will be the focus of this study. Anglo-Saxonism is crucial to understanding the reason for the entry of the United States in the First World War. Anglo-Saxonism is the belief that the peoples of the British Isles and their descendants in the United States and the British Empire are inherently “superior” because of their qualities of courage, thrift, and most importantly, “self-government.” Anglo-Saxonism originally revolved around the founding myths of the British people. Over the centuries, these narratives were appropriated by various interests to suit the needs of the time. The founders of the United States adapted the Anglo-Saxon myths by linking the ideals of American liberty to the ancient Anglo- vii Saxons who fought against their Norman oppressors. By the turn of the twentieth century, Anglo-Saxonism culminated with the injection of racial and pseudoscientific explanations for the supremacy of the United States and the British Empire. By the outbreak of the First World War, the United States foreign policy establishment appropriated Anglo-Saxonism to suit Allied war aims. By endowing the United States and Great Britain with the qualities of “self-government” and liberty, the war became a struggle between “civilization”, as represented by the Allied powers, and the forces of “autocracy” and “militarism”, as represented by Germany. Even though the German people had previously been considered to be close relatives of the Anglo-Saxons, the militarism and reactionary ideology espoused by the Hohenzollern dynasty and Prussian aristocracy, disqualified them from the Anglo-Saxon family. Thus, the foreign policy establishment swayed American public opinion and convinced them of the need to go to war. Primary sources such as correspondences, government documents, and periodical articles from the time will be utilized to understand the role of Anglo-Saxonism. Understanding Anglo-Saxonism can help us understand the role of culture in foreign policy. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………..iv DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.……………………………………………………………………….1 CHAPTER 2: ANGLO-SAXONISM AND AMERICAN CULTURE, 1895—1914…………………..24 CHAPTER 3: THE GERMAN-AMERICAN CONNECTION, 1850—1914.………………………….76 Chapter 4: ANGLO-SAXONISM IN THE FOREIGN POLICY ESTABLISHMENT……………137 Chapter 5: ANGLO-SAXONISM IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR……………………………….212 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………...267 BIBLIOGRAPHY...……………………………………………………………………291 ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The entry of the United States on the side of the Allied powers in 1917 was a turning point in the First World War. For three years, there had been a stalemate on both sides, particularly along the Western Front. Britain, France, and Germany, which had counted on a swift victory in 1914, instead witnessed the carnage that drained both in blood and treasure. The unprecedented nature of the war, which saw the introduction of new technology, prevented neither side from gaining an advantage, while at home, the pressures of the war significantly altered social relationships in terms of politics, class, and gender, sweeping away pre-war assumptions. Once the United States had cast its lot with Britain and France, the balance had tipped in the favor of the Allies, through the injection of fresh recruits, American industrial power, and American credit. The addition of the United States into the ranks of the Allies, did not only pave the way for victory. Its involvement in the First World War introduced the “crusading” theme of American foreign policy when President Woodrow Wilson declared that the world be “made safe for democracy,” which continues to have relevance in the early years of the twenty-first century. The First World War was a significant moment in the history of American foreign policy as well as a cataclysmic baptism by fire for much of humanity. While at first glance, it may appear that “The War to End All Wars” may have little else to yield to historians, there are still some areas that call for historical inquiry. The following questions reflect the nature of this dissertation proposal: What induced the United States 1 to join the side of the Allies during the First World War? How could the United States have entered on the side of Great Britain in 1917 when Irish-Americans and German- Americans, who formed significant portions of the population, were hostile to the British? By what means did the United States government convince the American public that joining the side of the Allies was a just and noble cause? Anglo-Saxonism could be one key to explaining American involvement in the First World War. Briefly, Anglo-Saxonism is the belief that those of Anglo-Saxon origin, particularly the peoples of the British Isles and their descendants in the United States and the “White Dominions” (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa) of the British Empire, contained virtues and qualities that made them naturally “superior” to other ethnic groups.
Recommended publications
  • Alaska Boundary Survey, Bill Rupe, and the Scottie
    KING GEORGE GOT DIARRHEA : THE YUKON -ALASKA BOUNDARY SURVEY , BILL RUPE , AND THE SCOTTIE CREEK DINEH Norman Alexander Easton Yukon College, Box 2799, 500 College Drive, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada Y1A 5K4; [email protected] ABSTRACT The imposition of the international boundary along the 141st meridian of longitude between Yukon and Alaska has separated the aboriginal Dineh of the region into two separate nation-states. This division holds serious implications for the continuity of identity and social relations between Native people across this border. This paper examines the history of the establishment of this border along its southern margin through the Scottie Creek valley, comparing the written record of the state surveyors with the oral history of the Scottie Creek Dineh. I argue that the evidence supports the notion that the Dineh of Scottie Creek, like elsewhere in the Yukon and Alaska, were both aware of and resistant to the implications of the boundary and refused to cede their rights to continued use and occupancy of both sides of the border. Concurrent with this history is that of William Rupe, the unacknowledged first trader in the Upper Tanana River basin, and his role in mediating the negotiations between gov- ernment surveyors and Dineh leaders. Despite the difficulties imposed by the border, Natives of the region continue to formulate a strong identity as Dineh, holding and practicing distinctive values and social relations that collectively are known as the Dineh Way. Keywords: Upper Tanana, aboriginal-state relations, 141st meridian, Yukon-Alaska history PRELUDE It is July 1997. I am atop Mount Dave, Yukon, just east guage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alaska Boundary Dispute
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Media and the 2016 US Presidential Election
    Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Faris, Robert M., Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Paper. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33759251 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA AUGUST 2017 PARTISANSHIP, Robert Faris Hal Roberts PROPAGANDA, & Bruce Etling Nikki Bourassa DISINFORMATION Ethan Zuckerman Yochai Benkler Online Media & the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is the result of months of effort and has only come to be as a result of the generous input of many people from the Berkman Klein Center and beyond. Jonas Kaiser and Paola Villarreal expanded our thinking around methods and interpretation. Brendan Roach provided excellent research assistance. Rebekah Heacock Jones helped get this research off the ground, and Justin Clark helped bring it home. We are grateful to Gretchen Weber, David Talbot, and Daniel Dennis Jones for their assistance in the production and publication of this study. This paper has also benefited from contributions of many outside the Berkman Klein community. The entire Media Cloud team at the Center for Civic Media at MIT’s Media Lab has been essential to this research.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North : Terrestrial Sovereignty, 1870–1939
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 18, ISSUE 2 Studies “Lessons learned” in WWI: The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917 Christian Stachelbeck The Battle of Arras in the spring of 1917 marked the beginning of the major allied offensives on the western front. The attack by the British 1st Army (Horne) and 3rd Army (Allenby) was intended to divert attention from the French main offensive under General Robert Nivelle at the Chemin des Dames (Nivelle Offensive). 1 The French commander-in-chief wanted to force the decisive breakthrough in the west. Between 9 and 12 April, the British had succeeded in penetrating the front across a width of 18 kilometres and advancing around six kilometres, while the Canadian corps (Byng), deployed for the first time in closed formation, seized the ridge near Vimy, which had been fiercely contested since late 1914.2 The success was paid for with the bloody loss of 1 On the German side, the battles at Arras between 2 April and 20 May 1917 were officially referred to as Schlacht bei Arras (Battle of Arras). In Canada, the term Battle of Vimy Ridge is commonly used for the initial phase of the battle. The seizure of Vimy ridge was a central objective of the offensive and was intended to secure the protection of the northern flank of the 3rd Army. 2 For detailed information on this, see: Jack Sheldon, The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914-1917 (Barnsley: Pen&Sword Military, 2008), p. 8. Sheldon's book, however, is basically a largely indiscriminate succession of extensive quotes from regimental histories, diaries and force files from the Bavarian War Archive (Kriegsarchiv) in Munich.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record-Senate. Decemb~R 8
    196 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. DECEMB~R 8, gress hold no session for legislative purposes on Sunday-to the Com­ Mr. II.A.LE presented a petition of the Master Builders' Exchange mittee on the Judiciary. of Philadelphia, Pa., praying for a more careful investigation by the By Mr. O'NEILL, of Pennsylvania: Resolutions of the Tobacco Census Office of the electrical industries; which was referred :to the Trade Association of Philadelphia, requesting Congress to provide by Committee on the Census. legislation for the payment of a rebate of 2 cents per pound on the Ile also presenteda resolution adopted by the ChamberofCommerce stock of tax-paid tobacco and snuff on hand on the 1st of January, of New Haven, Conn., favoring the petition of the National Electric 1891-to the Committee on Ways and Means. Light Association, praying for a more careful investigation by the Cen­ By Mr. PETERS: Petition of Wichita wholesale grocers and numer­ sus Office of the electrical industries; which wus referred to the Com­ ous citizens of Kansa8, for rebate amendment to tariff bill-to the mittee on the Census. Committee on Ways and Means. l\Ir. GORMAN. I present a great number of memorials signed by By Mr. THOMAS: Petition ofW. Grams,W. J. Keller.and 9others, very many residents of the United States, remonstrating against the of La Crosse, ·wis., and B. T. Ilacon and 7 others, of the State of Minne­ passage of the Federal election bill now pending, or any other bill of sota, praying for the passage of an act or rebate amendment to the like purport, wb~ch the memoriali5ts think would tend to destroy the tariff law approved October 1, 1890, allowing certain drawbacks or re­ purity of elections, and would unnecessarily impose heavy burdens bates upon unbroken packages of smoking and manufactured tobacco on the taxpayers, and be revolutionizing the constitutional practices and snuffs-to the Committee on Ways and Means.
    [Show full text]
  • American Identity, Humanitarian Experience, and the Commission for Relief in Belgium, 1914-1917 Thomas D
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 7-21-2014 Rough and Ready Relief: American Identity, Humanitarian Experience, and the Commission for Relief in Belgium, 1914-1917 Thomas D. Westerman University of Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Westerman, Thomas D., "Rough and Ready Relief: American Identity, Humanitarian Experience, and the Commission for Relief in Belgium, 1914-1917" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 466. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/466 Rough and Ready Relief: American Identity, Humanitarian Experience, and the Commission for Relief in Belgium, 1914-1917 Thomas David Westerman, Ph.D. University of Connecticut, 2014 This dissertation examines a group of American men who adopted and adapted notions of American power for humanitarian ends in German-occupied Belgium with the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) during World War I. The CRB, led by Herbert Hoover, controlled the importation of relief goods and provided supervision of the Belgian-led relief distribution. The young, college-educated American men who volunteered for this relief work between 1914 and 1917 constructed an effective and efficient humanitarian space for themselves by drawing not only on the power of their neutral American citizenship, but on their collectively understood American-ness as able, active, yet responsible young men serving abroad, thereby developing an alternative tool—the use of humanitarian aid—for the use and projection of American power in the early twentieth century. Drawing on their letters, diaries, recollections as well as their official reports on their work and the situation in Belgium, this dissertation argues that the early twentieth century formation of what we today understand to be non-state, international humanitarianism was partially established by Americans exercising explicit and implicit national power during the years of American neutrality in World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • Das Reich Der Seele Walther Rathenau’S Cultural Pessimism and Prussian Nationalism ~ Dieuwe Jan Beersma
    Das Reich der Seele Walther Rathenau’s Cultural Pessimism and Prussian Nationalism ~ Dieuwe Jan Beersma 16 juli 2020 Master Geschiedenis – Duitslandstudies, 11053259 First supervisor: dhr. dr. A.K. (Ansgar) Mohnkern Second supervisor: dhr. dr. H.J. (Hanco) Jürgens Abstract Every year the Rathenau Stiftung awards the Walther Rathenau-Preis to international politicians to spread Rathenau’s ideas of ‘democratic values, international understanding and tolerance’. This incorrect perception of Rathenau as a democrat and a liberal is likely to have originated from the historiography. Many historians have described Rathenau as ‘contradictory’, claiming that there was a clear and problematic distinction between Rathenau’s intellectual theories and ideas and his political and business career. Upon closer inspection, however, this interpretation of Rathenau’s persona seems to be fundamentally incorrect. This thesis reassesses Walther Rathenau’s legacy profoundly by defending the central argument: Walther Rathenau’s life and motivations can first and foremost be explained by his cultural pessimism and Prussian nationalism. The first part of the thesis discusses Rathenau’s intellectual ideas through an in-depth analysis of his intellectual work and the historiography on his work. Motivated by racial theory, Rathenau dreamed of a technocratic utopian German empire led by a carefully selected Prussian elite. He did not believe in the ‘power of a common Europe’, but in the power of a common German Europe. The second part of the thesis explicates how Rathenau’s career is not contradictory to, but actually very consistent with, his cultural pessimism and Prussian nationalism. Firstly, Rathenau saw the First World War as a chance to transform the economy and to make his Volksstaat a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterloo in Myth and Memory: the Battles of Waterloo 1815-1915 Timothy Fitzpatrick
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 Waterloo in Myth and Memory: The Battles of Waterloo 1815-1915 Timothy Fitzpatrick Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WATERLOO IN MYTH AND MEMORY: THE BATTLES OF WATERLOO 1815-1915 By TIMOTHY FITZPATRICK A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2013 Timothy Fitzpatrick defended this dissertation on November 6, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Rafe Blaufarb Professor Directing Dissertation Amiée Boutin University Representative James P. Jones Committee Member Michael Creswell Committee Member Jonathan Grant Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For my Family iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Drs. Rafe Blaufarb, Aimée Boutin, Michael Creswell, Jonathan Grant and James P. Jones for being on my committee. They have been wonderful mentors during my time at Florida State University. I would also like to thank Dr. Donald Howard for bringing me to FSU. Without Dr. Blaufarb’s and Dr. Horward’s help this project would not have been possible. Dr. Ben Wieder supported my research through various scholarships and grants. I would like to thank The Institute on Napoleon and French Revolution professors, students and alumni for our discussions, interaction and support of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States, Great Britain, the First World
    FROM ASSOCIATES TO ANTAGONISTS: THE UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, THE FIRST WORLD WAR, AND THE ORIGINS OF WAR PLAN RED, 1914-1919 Mark C. Gleason, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Major-Professor Robert Citino, Committee Member Michael Leggiere, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Gleason, Mark C. From Associates to Antagonists: The United States, Great Britain, the First World War, and the Origins of WAR PLAN RED, 1914-1919. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 178 pp., bibliography, 144 titles. American military plans for a war with the British Empire, first discussed in 1919, have received varied treatment since their declassification. The most common theme among historians in their appraisals of WAR PLAN RED is that of an oddity. Lack of a detailed study of Anglo- American relations in the immediate post-First World War years makes a right understanding of the difficult relationship between the United States and Britain after the War problematic. As a result of divergent aims and policies, the United States and Great Britain did not find the diplomatic and social unity so many on both sides of the Atlantic aspired to during and immediately after the First World War. Instead, United States’ civil and military organizations came to see the British Empire as a fierce and potentially dangerous rival, worthy of suspicion, and planned accordingly. Less than a year after the end of the War, internal debates and notes discussed and circulated between the most influential members of the United States Government, coalesced around a premise that became the rationale for WAR PLAN RED.
    [Show full text]
  • Abdallahi Ibn Muhammad, 139 Abdelhafid, Sultan of Morocco, 416
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48382-7 — Learning Empire Erik Grimmer-Solem Index More Information INDEX Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, 139 extension services, 395 Abdelhafid, sultan of Morocco, 416 horticulture, 47 Abdul Hamid II, sultan of the Ottoman Landflucht, 43 Empire, 299 livestock, 43, 55, 72, 229, 523, 564 Abyssinia, 547 maize, 155, 229 acclimatization question. See tropics milling, 70, 240 Achenbach, Heinrich, 80–81 oil seeds, 55 Adams, Henry, 32, 316 peasants, 55–56, 184, 272–73, 275, Adana, 363, 365 427, 429, 433, 559–60 Addams, Jane, 70 reforms of, 429 Addis Ababa, 547 rice, 88, 105, 529 Aden, 87, 139, 245, 546 rubber, 408–9, 412, 414, 416, 421, Adenauer, Konrad, 602 426, 445 Adrianople, 486, 491 rye, 55, 273, 279, 522, 525 Afghanistan, 120, 176, 324 sugar, 55, 78, 155, 204, 380, 385, Africa, German 411–12, 416, 423, 445 See also Cameroon, East Africa; tea, 412 Herero and Nama wars; Maji tobacco, 76, 152, 204, 379–80, Maji rebellion; Southwest 412–14, 416, 423, 445 Africa; Togo wheat, 43, 46–47, 49–50, 53, 55, 59, Agadir Crisis (1911), 376, 406, 416–17, 69, 71, 229, 520, 522, 525, 528, 437, 456–57, 479, 486, 500 561, 579 Agrarian League (Bund der Landwirte), See also colonial science; cotton 469, 471, 473, 477 industry; inner colonization; agriculture rubber industry; sugar industry; barley, 47, 55, 523 tobacco industry cacao, 152, 155 Ahmad bin Abd Allah, Muhammad, 139 coconuts, 218 Alabama, 378 coffee, 145, 152, 155, 204, 273, 412 See also Calhoun Colored School; copra, 218 Tuskegee Institute cotton, 67, 74–75, 151, 158, 204,
    [Show full text]
  • American Amateur Diplomats During the Administrations of Woodrow Wilson: an Evaluation
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1971 American amateur diplomats during the administrations of Woodrow Wilson: An evaluation Martin V. Melosi The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Melosi, Martin V., "American amateur diplomats during the administrations of Woodrow Wilson: An evaluation" (1971). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5192. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICAN AMATEUR DIPLOMATS DURING THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF WOODROW WILSON: AN EVALUATION By Martin Victor Melosi B.A., University of Montana, 1969 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mas ter of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1971 Approved by: ChEirman, BoXrd~^^BxamiMrs A ) /) C'^fUL-^S fatfUN) UMI Number: EP40656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. K&iwtriton PtfWishlflg UMI EP40656 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
    [Show full text]