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American Amateur Diplomats During the Administrations of Woodrow Wilson: an Evaluation

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American Amateur Diplomats During the Administrations of Woodrow Wilson: an Evaluation University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1971 American amateur diplomats during the administrations of Woodrow Wilson: An evaluation Martin V. Melosi The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Melosi, Martin V., "American amateur diplomats during the administrations of Woodrow Wilson: An evaluation" (1971). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5192. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICAN AMATEUR DIPLOMATS DURING THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF WOODROW WILSON: AN EVALUATION By Martin Victor Melosi B.A., University of Montana, 1969 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mas ter of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1971 Approved by: ChEirman, BoXrd~^^BxamiMrs A ) /) C'^fUL-^S fatfUN) UMI Number: EP40656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. K&iwtriton PtfWishlflg UMI EP40656 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQ uest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQ uest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 6- 30 -71 CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . „ . „ . 1 II. APPOINTMENTS OF CHIEFS-OF-MISSION .... 16 III. PERFORMANCE: NEGOTIATING, REPORTING, AND CEREMONIAL DUTIES ......... 76 IV. PERFORMANCE: EVALUATIONS ........ 148 V. CONCLUSION ................ 187 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................... 194 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Because of the historically important responsibilities of diplomats, historians and former emissaries have attempted to ascertain what;qualifications were requisite for the "ideal" envoy. Many of their accounts stressed abilities which were necessary during a particular period of history, while others emphasized those.characteristics that are time­ less. The noted English historian and diplomat, Harold Nicolson, capably discussed both the particular and general qualities. His emphasis upon the universal characteristics essential for any diplomat-was worthy of attention,* Nicol­ son asserted that' the function of diplomacy is.the management of the relations between independent states through the process of negotiation. The ideal diplomat, he added, should possess "moral influence" or strict honor, which is the basis of good negotiation. This."moral influence" is derived from special virtues which the envoy must have or acquire. First among these virtues is truthfulness, which Nicolson-defined as "scrupulous care to avoid the suggestion of the false or the suppression of the true." Truthfulness will increase the credibility of the diplomat, and fortify future confidence in him. Precision compliments truthfulness and is imperative, because diplomacy is a written rather than a verbal act. 2 Nicolson suggested "...the great high-roads of history are strewn with little shrines of peace which have either been left unfinished, or have collapsed when completed, for the sole reason that their foundations were built on the sands of some verbal misconception." Calm is also important. He explained, "Not only must the negotiator avoid displaying irritation when confronted by the stupidity, dishonesty, brutality or conceit of those with whom it'is his unpleasant duty to negotiate; but he must eschew all personal animos­ ities, all personal predilections,, all enthusiasms, pre­ judices, vanities, exaggerations, dramatizations, and moral indignations." However, a diplomat is not ideal unless he is modest, since the dangers of vanity are great., And finally, the envoy should be loyal to several different and, at times, conflicting sources, such as his own government, his staff, and his diplomatic colleagues. Nicolson con­ cluded: '"But1, the reader may object, 'you have forgotten intelligence, knowledge, discernment, prudence, hospitality, charm, industry, courage and even.tact.1 I have not forgotten them. I have taken them for granted." Graham H. Stuart outlined the basic duties of the diplo­ mat. He asserted that the first and most important of these ^Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy (London: Oxford University Press, 1963; First edition, 19 39"), 80, 110-13, 116-17, 119-20, 122-24, 126. See also Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1954.), 57-65. 3 is the maintenance of friendly relations with the country to which the envoy is accredited. Of course, he must not lose sight of the policies of his own government, and he must make every effort'to justify them, even if they are not,pleasing to the host country. Among the diplomat's other major functions should be: 1) the protection of, nationals; 2) a degree of assistance to "legitimate'' commercial interest; and 3) the perpetuation,of cordial relations with his diplomatic colleagues, the foreign:office, and all government officials. However, Stuart warned, the envoy should avoid interfering in,the internal affairs of the foreign country or making public expressions against its government; In terms of reporting, Stuart continued, a diplomat must observe "with an intelligent and unprejudiced viewpoint" everything that takes place about'him, and despatch whatever information he thinks might interest his government, in order that policy can,be shaped and proper instructions furnished to the diplomatic officers. Stuart further insisted that social functions are also a very important aspect of diplomatic life, and an envoy's success or failure can some­ times depend upon his ability to utilize his social contacts 2 effectively and astutely. 2Graham H. Stuart, American, Diplomatic and_Consular Practice (New York: D. Appleton-Century do. ,. 1936), 240.-69, 27 2. [Hereinafter referred to as Stuart, Diplomatic Practice.) See also Hugh Gibson, The Road to Foreign Policy (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc., 1944), 42-43, 4 Charles W. Thayer, a former- United States Foreign Service officer, brought the.discussion of the role of the diplomat.,a step further. Like Stuart, he believed political sense is necessary for an,effective diplomatist. In addition to natural qualifications and an understanding of his duties, the would-be diplomat, Thayer argued, needs a long and arduous training before he can.qualify for a mission. He stated, "Most authorities insist that no government should employ a diplomat until he has served an adequate apprentice-, ship. Thayer's last observation alluded to a major problem of the diplomatic practice of the United States--the-use, of the amateur- to represent his government's interests in a foreign country. Overwhelmingly, historians, former diplo­ mats , and journalists have criticized this practice. Clare Boothe Luce queried: "...who should represent America abroad: the professional, the amateur, or the 'best qualified man who can be found?' Obviously the latter. And just as obviously, the reasonable presumption must be that the professional is 4 most likely to be the man." And E. Wilder Spaulding said, Charles W. Thayer,, Diplomat (New York: Harper, and Brothers Publishers,1959), 243-44, 284. 4Clare Boothe Luce, "The Ambassadorial Issue: Profes.- sionals or Amateurs?" Foreign Affairs * Vol. XXXVI (October, 1957), 114. See also T O T : ! 5 "Diplomacy is, and seems destined to remain* the only vital profession in the world where key members without experience or special aptitude are thought.to be. adequateHe specu­ lated that the non-professional diplomat might bring some, advantages to his position, such as infusing the service with "fresh blood" from,many walks of life, having compatible political views with the current administration, representing varying geographic areas, and contributing private: incomes. However, the amateur often has serious limitations^-inexper­ ience, inability to work as a member of a team, unfamiliar­ ity with foreigners and their country, and the likelihood of being overtly partisan for or against the country to which he is accredited.^ Hugh,Gibson, a widely experienced career diplomat, was even more critical than Spaulding, and emphasized the many problems inherent in amateur diplomacy. He stated: But as regards what should be the most highly specialized profession in the world we do a right . about-face. In fact, we deny that a specialized need exists. We as a people are convinced we should be better served if the career diplomats were turned out'and their places taken by plain Americans from private.life. They alone will E. Wilder Spaulding, Ambassadors. Ordinary and Extra­ ordinary (Washington D„C»: Public Affairs Press, 1961),..JL3, (Hereinafter referred to as ..Spaulding, Ambassadors .) See also Stuart, Diplomatic Practice, 162; Ray Stannard Baker, President 1913--I914, Vol. IV of Woodrow Wilson Life and
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