November 1963

NOVEMBER 1963

Monthly news for contract sprayers of weeds, turf, ornamentals, and trees

Weed-free rivers like this can be achieved through proper use of chemicals.

Check Turf, Shrub Compounds At Wooster Field Day . W-12 Practical to Chemicals for A Tip on Safeguards to Use Controlling Aquatic Weeds • . W-4 With Dormant Oils . . W-13 KEEP GRASS GREEN WITH

V-C 13 is the ideal liquid product to use to protect control of these destructive pests. And V-C 13 is turf from nematodes and chinch bugs. Nematodes safer to use, lower in toxicity than chlorinated are tiny, thread-like worms that attack grass roots hydrocarbon preparations. It's easy to keep grass and stunt or ruin growth. Fertilizer, water and green with V-C 13. Get it from your supplier or good care are wasted when nematodes wreck grass write to the address below for full information. roots. Chinch bugs are death on green grass. They actually suck the life out of grass stems. The grass turns yellow and then brown, as it dies. V-C 13 is a practical, easy way to destroy nematodes and VIRGINIA-CAROLINA chinch bugs. It provides powerful, long-lasting CHEMICAL CORPORATION 401 East Main Street Richmond 8, Virginia VERTICALLY.

November, 1963 Check those dates! When we first learned that the Weed Society of America and the Features Aquatic Weed Control Society were holding their annual meetings Applicator's Manual of Aquatic during the same week next year, HORIZONTALLY . . . Weed Control, Part II: we were dismayed, because there Chemicals for the Control of are so many industrymen who Aquatic Weeds W-4 wish to attend both sessions. It is heartening that the two groups have agreed to hold joint 535 at '63 Wooster Field Day sessions for people who have a Updated on Lawns, stake in both fields (W&T, Oct., Ornamentals W-12 pg. W-34). Material presented at conferences such as these, which go on all over the country, all N.C. Entomologist Recommends year long, is invaluable to appli- YOU ALWAYS GET Precautions for Dormant Oils . W-13 cators who want to keep up with PERFECT PERFORMANCE . . . what's new in the industry . . . WITH THE DEPENDABLE . . . it's a shame when conflicting dates make it necessary to choose be- Departments tween one important seminar and another. Calendar W-13 We suggest that the heads of Know Your Species W-ll the various regional weed conferences, turf associations, appli- Trimmings W-14 cator organizations, and similar groups get together when they draw up plans for future meetings, so that duplication of dates can Published Monthly by be avoided. Perhaps this is already TRADE MAGAZINES, INC. 1900 Euclid Avenue done to a certain degree by some HARDIE AERO-MIST Cleveland, Ohio 44115 of the long-established societies; SPRAYER DUSTER it should be done by all. Here's the one unit that gives you Readers have written us that JAMES A. NELSON just what you want . . . when you Publisher they appreciate Weeds and Turf want it. The famous Hardie Aero- because it is a clearinghouse of Mist Sprayer. It embodies the rec- CHARLES D. WEBB news about such conferences and ommendations of State & Federal Editor because we try to report in detail authorities; tree service organiza- what goes on, so that those who tions and foresters who sought in DAVID E. SCHNEIDER Staff Biologist have to miss the session will still one unit a high-velocity ample air volume sprayer for any type job, get some of the benefit. While we R. J. HOFFER rejoice in this reader appreciation, along with low price. Circulation Manager With its high velocity, 150 mph, we must nevertheless insist that it is of special value in the treat- there's nothing so valuable as ment of trees infested with the bark Advertising Representatives actual attendance. beetle. Public Health officials also National Headquarters We will continue (and expand) use the Hardie for mosquito con- 1900 Euclid Avenue our policy of detailed reporting trol. With the attachment of the Cleveland, Ohio 44115 Hardie Duster, you have two ma- Phone: Area Code: 216 + 771-4169 of as many meetings as we can, and we will continue to urge our chines in one. You can use either New York City spray materials; dust or granular Billingslea & Ficke readers to attend these industry materials. Write for full details. 420 Lexington Avenue confabs. We hope the associations Phone: Area Code: 212 + LExington 2-3667 will help themselves by making sure a scheduled get-together does Single Copies: 35 cents not have to vie with another HARDIE conference slated for the same Annual Rate for dates. SPRAYERS 12 Monthly Issues: $3.00 AMERICAN PULLEY CO. DEPT. PC Contents ol this Issue @ Trade Magazines, Inc^ 1963 4200 WISSAHICKON AVE. PHILA., PA. Applicator's Manual of Aquatic Weed Control, Part II Chemicals for the Control of Aquatic Weeds

Results of another Weeds and Turf field research project

PPLICATORS generally agree so that toxicants will yield a results? Optimum control periods A predetermined final concentration when plants are most susceptible that an inexpensive, fast, de- upon dilution. In other cases it differ with each species. Generally pendable mechanical method of is necessary to inject chemicals recommendations say to apply aquatic weed control is highly through tubes or nozzles under chemicals before weeds flower, desirable. water to give the desired distri- while they are actively growing. Mechanical methods would bution and concentration. All species do not flower at the eliminate many of the variables Granular application is the sec- same time, so this must be con- encountered in chemical control, ond method. Granules may also sidered when surveying a job where and concern over water tempera- be applied to bare soil during a several species are involved. For ture, fish kill, water pH, etc., drawdown. They may be broad- nonflowering species, the rule is would be unnecessary if weeds cast onto water by hand or by usually to apply controls while were simply removed from water machine so they sink into water active growth is taking place. mechanically. and dissolve and/or disintegrate Submersed species are best con- No such method, meeting all to form the desired herbicidal trolled before they become too of these requirements, has been concentration. In some cases where plentiful. Best time, then, will be found, however. it is desirable to attack roots, in the spring, although it is true Some attempts have been made, granular methods work best. that some exceptional species are and some degree of success Granules may not be useful on more prominent later in the season. achieved, with nonchemical weed thick matted vegetation because With certain species of blue- elimination, but the factor of these particles do not readily green algae, according to Bennett economy in time, labor, and penetrate the mat. Sometimes (1963), toxic substances are pro- equipment has not been overcome. granules are evenly distributed on duced when the organisms become Mechanical methods are slow and ice (maximum thickness suggested plentiful and die. Domestic ani- cost operators and customers a 8 inches) in late winter so that mals and fish are killed during great deal. when the ice melts in spring (the "blooms" of species such as Chemical Curbs Most Economical time delay does not harm chemical Anabena and Glaeotrichia. Thus To date, the most economical effectiveness), the granules sink treating early can be economically methods for aquatic weed control to the bottom. This technique important to a client considering are chemical ones. Chemicals are works best as a complete treat- factors other than amounts of applied onto vegetation or intro- ment of a small water body rather chemical and time required to do duced into water in amounts than partial treatment of a large a job. sufficient to kill unwanted growths. lake. On lakes there is the possi- A second point in favor of Two general methods of control bility that the ice pack may shift treating weeds before they become are followed. Chemicals may, first and misplace the granules. plentiful is that if a heavy stand of all, be applied as liquids in one of weeds is killed at once, there of several ways. They may be Three Things to Watch For may be excessive decay of the applied, in the same manner as After the contracted area has plants. Decay requires oxygen and terrestrial herbicides, to exposed been surveyed, weeds accurately water may become deficient in vegetation and soil during a draw- identified, and chemical chosen oxygen if too many weeds are de- down (lowering of the water level). to do the job, there are three very caying at the same time. Lessened Diluted liquids may be sprayed important points to be considered oxygen in the water may result over the surface of the water or for successful control: timing, in fish suffocation. This occurrence onto emersed vegetation as contact dosage, and application method. is said to be a greater hazard in herbicides. Or concentrated herbi- Timing. When should the aquatic weed work than toxicity cides may be poured into water chemical be applied for best of the herbicides. Oddly enough, fish suffocation will occur natu- rally in late summer in infested lakes when water levels lower, Mechanical control of aquatic weeds is too costly for wide use, and and weeds begin to die. This occurrence indicates that the par- is frequently unsatisfactory to applicator and customer alike. But ticular water body had too many while chemical methods are effective, great care must be exercised weeds for the fish population. In fishing water, weeds should be in handling and application. This article, second in a series of three kept at a level sufficient to provide oxygen in summer, but insufficient which began last month, outlines the types of compounds now avail- to cause oxygen depletion when able for water weed work.The third and final installment,on equipment weeds die in the fall. If one suspects that treatment and techniques, appears next month. of a large stand of weeds may result in oxygen depletion, because of decomposition, a waiting period the particular herbicide suited to growth season, when plants are is advised between partial or each job, and each customers' actively growing. band treatments. Or spot treat- needs. Rates of 3 to 7 ppmw, depending upon the weed species (rarely more ments may be made. These are Sodium Arsenite equally safe to fish and just as than 10 ppmw) of arsenic tri- practical and effective. Sodium arsenite is an inorganic oxide (the active ingredient) are Second point to be considered arsenical that has been used ex- required against most aquatic is dosage. How much should be tensively for aquatic weed control. weeds. Waterlilies, cattail, bul- applied to get the desired control It is more effective on submersed rushes, sago pond weed, chara, and keep fish kill at zero? To weeds which do not have a waxy and nitella are not susceptible obtain proper dosage figures, the covering (Klingman 1961). It is to sodium arsenite at the usual area to be treated and the volume usually applied as a spray and at rates of application (10 ppmw of the water body, must be cal- times is injected under water for arsenic trioxide). Rates greater culated to determine chemical better distribution and to reduce than 10 ppmw are not recom- concentrations necessary to give the exposure hazard to operators. mended because of hazard to fish the accepted recommendations. For best control, sodium arsenite and warm-blooded animals. Dosages for aquatic weed con- should be applied early in the Considerable care is required trol are often stated in parts per million (ppm) of active ingredient which may be by weight, in pounds, or by volume, in gallons. One part (pound) per million (pounds of water) in an acre of water one foot deep is 2.7 pounds (there are approximately 2,700,000 pounds of water in one acre-foot of water). One part (gallon) per million (gallons of water) is 0.3 or Y gallons, since there are approximately 300,000 gallons of water in an acre-foot (43,000 cubic feet of water). Volume measurements are written "ppmv"; weight measures, "ppmw" (formerly simply ppm). Tables or charts of dosage recommendations for various weeds will always be found on product labels. Sometimes in research bul- letins recommendations are ex- pressed in terms of active chemical and not by product. Often a single chemical can be found in various formulations under many trade names; researchers will usually with Pennsalt use the chemical common name to avoid reference to registered AQUATIC WEED KILLERS trademarks. Operators who get the best buys and best results are those who read the label for AQUATHOL® controls many species of submerged weeds. Kills weeds the information about the chemi- on contact... can be used in large area or spot treatments. Treated water cal active ingredient. may be used for watering turf immediately; after 24 hours for swimming; The following descriptions of after 7 days for domestic purposes, irrigation, sprays, and livestock. the major chemicals used and their phytotoxicity to aquatic New AQUATHOL®PLUS controls 25 or more species of emerg- weeds will help applicators decide ent and submerged weeds. Kills by contact and systemic action. Leaves which may be best suited to their water usable for recreation after 24 hours. jobs, and give novices a basis for further study of aquatic weed HYDROTHOL controls aquatic weeds and algae including Chara. control. Application methods is the Suggested for use by professional applicators in lakes and ponds . . . subject of the concluding install- either entire or spot treatments. ment of this series.

Specific Herbicides ü for Specific Weeds Pennsalt PENNSALT CHEMICALS CORPORATION An applicator may try to get Chemicals Tacoma, Wash. - Aurora, III. - Fresno, Calif. results by using only one chemical Bryan, Texas - Montgomery, Alabama for all jobs, but both his and his customers' satisfaction may not be as great as if he had chosen when using sodium arsenite be- against vulnerable weeds. Treat- other specially treated tanks are cause it is very toxic to man and ments for some filamentous algae advised. animals. Contact with undiluted species of the surface scum type A less efficient application meth- sodium arsenite or even drift from can be accomplished with 4 ppmw. od which eliminates danger to spray applications can harm un- Sodium arsenite is not generally sprayers is the burlap sack method. protected skin. This is due to the effective on submersed algae. After the proper dosage rate has sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) Shoreline treatments of large lakes been determined, the required used to suspend the sodium ar- require ppmw if the shores are quantity of copper sulfate can be senite in solution. Exposed skin protected from heavy wave action put in a gunny sack and towed of operators should be protected and 10 ppmw if there is no pro- across the water by a boat until with gloves, salves, or lotions. tection and hence likely to be a the chemical is dissolved. This Goggles or masks should be worn lot of dilution. method also eliminates expensive to protect the eyes. Water with equipment, although it is no less more than 0.05 mg per liter should Copper Sulfate exacting. not be used for drinking, bathing, Copper sulfate has been a In potable water supplies, or irrigation. All treated waters widely used algicide since 1904. copper sulfate concentration can- should be restricted from all uses The copper portion (Cu ion) of not exceed 3 ppmw of the copper for at least three days. Domestic this inorganic metal compound ion, which is equal to 7.5 ppmw animals should not be permitted kills algae at low concentrations. of copper sulfate, according to the access to treated areas for at Copper sulfate may be broad- standards of the U. S. Public least this period and until heavy cast on water in dry crystal form. Health Service (1946). rain has washed the chemical It is available in several particle Best application time is in early residue from shoreline vegetation. sizes; the size partially determines spring before algae become plenti- Sodium arsenite should never be the rate at which the solid chem- ful enough to cause trouble. For used in potable (drinkable) water ical will dissolve. Heavy copper hard-to-kill species, some re- supplies or lakes or streams which sulfate crystals are used for treat- searchers suggest multiple applica- supply potable water. ment of chara and nitella algae tions of lower rates rather than Sodium arsenite does not re- because the crystals sink to the one heavy dose. Algae samples main in water indefinitely. In bottom before completely dissolv- can be taken and observed under larger lakes treated marginally ing. This builds up a higher a microscope. From these samples, concentrations are usually reduced concentration on the bottom where applicators can determine when to safe levels after 3 days (Reed, it will do the most good. populations reach the stage where 1963). In smaller lakes and ponds Filamentous algae are usually they can be efficiently controlled. that are treated completely, a treated with a fine granular form Copper sulfate is not a preventive wait of 7 to 14 days is advised of copper sulfate, which dissolves treatment; that is, applications before using the water for recrea- as it sinks in relatively shallow will do no good if there are no tional purposes. water. algae present to kill. Copper does Planktonic algae are treated not remain in water over a period Researchers have shown that with a fine dust or "snow" form of time to serveasa "pre-emergent" arsenic can be found in significant so that copper is concentrated herbicide. Application of controls amounts in bottom muds after just under the surface. at a time when algae are just treatment periods (Barkeley 1962). With regard to rates, beginning to be abundant will This residual concentration may MacKenthun (1960) states; "Sol- stem outbreaks or "blooms" later have some temporary effect on ubility of copper in water is in the season. This early applica- microscopic organism populations influenced by pH and alkalinity, tion also reduces possibility that and has been shown to have a direct as well as temperature, and the later sudden kill of heavy algae effect on fish spawning. Barkeley dosage required for control de- growth may deplete water oxygen (1962) showed that the most pends not only on these factors, content and pose a hazard to fish. critical period for fish suscepti- but also upon the species or genus Mackenthun (1958) states: "Sum- bility to small arsenic concentra- variation of the organisms, and mer fish mortalities occurring in tions is soon after egg deposition. their resistance to copper sulfate." many lakes throughout the country Even 5 ppmw of arsenic limited Dosage should be carefully cal- are a rather common occurrence the number of fish which hatched. culated to include all of these and some are caused by this type Later the same 5 ppmw did not factors so all troublesome species of [algal decomposition] phenom- affect small fingerlings. Dupree are controlled. If dosage is not enon." (1958) determined that muscle figured properly, there may be an tissue of adult goldfish and blue- outbreak of an uncontrolled species 2,4-D gills was not affected by arsenic after removal of a dominant The growth regulator 2,4-D has concentrations in mud; that is, species eliminates competition. been used widely and successfully arsenic was not stored in edible Although fish are killed at low in its many forms against many muscle. rates in soft water, higher rates aquatic weed species. Knowledge Manufacturers of sodium ar- may be necessary in hard waters of the various forms is useful, senite for aquatic work, such as because the copper unites with because each form requires special Chipman Chemical Company, negatively charged mineral ions applications and may work better producers of Atlas "A", recom- and settles out. That copper which against one species than another, mend dosage rates of 4 ppmw of settles out will not kill weeds nor or better in one situation than arsenic trioxide for small lakes harm fish significantly. another. (less than 2 acres), and 5 ppmw for Liquid spray systems may also Before going into the different lakes larger than 2 acres but less be used to apply copper sulfate forms of 2,4-D, differentiation than 10 acres. For very large lakes, solution. This solution is corrosive between volatility and drift may treatments in the range of 10 and will damage galvanized tanks. be helpful. ppmw are said to be successful Stainless steel, copper-lined, or Volatility is the ability of a ORTHO8 is Proud to Announce A New Aquatic Weed Control that Really Works! ORTHO DIQUAT

Public officials, ranchers and crop growers have long felt the need for a potent weed-killer practical enough for large-scale control of aquatic weeds. A weed-killer that was not toxic to wildlife and livestock when used according to directions. One that wouldn't contaminate the soil or cause contamination when treated water was used for irrigation. One that was economical and easy to apply. New DIQUAT, recommended by many agricultural agencies, represents a successful solution to these problems.

Fast kill on a wide variety of weeds. DLQUAT is on farms or ranches, it can be used for drainage highly soluble, and moves in quickly for the kill. and irrigation ditches, ponds, marshes, and (Much faster, for instance, than 2,4-D.) Weeds swamps.* DIQUAT is also an excellent non- absorb it rapidly, then wilt, collapse and die. selective control for weeds and grasses around And the kill covers a wide range of aquatic buildings and along fences, ditch banks and weed pests: waterlettuce, waterfern, water roadways. hyacinth, elodea, southern naiades, pondweed *Note: As with many chemicals, water treated —in fact, preliminary tests show DIQUAT to be with DIQUAT should not be used for swimming effective against at least 22 of the more common or drinking purposes until ten days after appli- aquatic weeds. cation. And since it is a herbicide, allow ten days before spraying, irrigating or other uses Low hazard, and non-contaminating. (Used as of treated water. directed.) DIQUAT greatly reduces hazards to A special word to Municipal Officials: It goes applicators, wildlife, etc., when properly used without saying that you can't make an im- as recommended. Residue contamination is portant policy decision on the basis of one ad- not a factor, as DIQUAT does not build up in vertisement. But we believe that the technical water, and is inactivated immediately on con- data available will convince you that DIQUAT tact with soil. can provide safer, more effective and more Hundreds of practical applications. Because of economical weed control. Why not get the full its proven effectiveness and inherent safety, story, by writing: C. E. Cody, National Sales DIQUAT has a wide variety of possible appli- Manager, Agriculture, California Chemical cations. It can be used to control weeds in Company, Ortho Division, 200 Bush St., San canals, lakes, drains, and ponds. In parks, or Francisco, Calif. ORTHO

'Helping the World Grow Better

T.M. REG U S PAT. OFF.: ORTHO, HELPING THE WORLD GROW BETTER. ON ALL CHEMICALS. READ CAUTIONS AND DIRECTIONS BEFORE USE. chemical to vaporize. Vapors may A series of ester formulations report good control of alligator- be carried on air currents to dam- (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl) weed in drainage ditches and age desirable crops or other plants. are soluble in oil but not in water. waterways with 2 pounds of active True spray mist drift occurs These are volatile and hazardous material per acre. Waterplantain when improperly applied chemi- to use near desirable crops or (Alisma sp.) was controlled in cals are atomized by too high ornamentals. A more complex waters around rice fields with % spray pressures. The particles or series of ester formulations having pound active per acre (Marrese droplets formed by impact with lower volatility includes the and Sprayberry, 1963). air may float through the air to isooctyl (2 ethyl hexyl), butoxy- Silvex harm plants. ethanol, and the propyleneglycol- Another growth regulator herbi- Low or nonvolatile chemicals butyl ether esters of 2,4-D. All cide is 2,4,5-TP or silvex. Silvex may reduce the tendency of a ester forms must be emulsified for behaves in much the same way as chemical to vaporize and cause use in water. The addition of 2,4-D as far as translocation is damage, but it does not eliminate certain emulsifiers makes them concerned. Its method of killing the possibility of damage through especially toxic to fish because is also the same, i.e. physiological drift. Drift is controlled by proper emulsifiers are themselves usually imbalance and eventual death. calibration of spraying pressure toxic. Application of the potassium and proper choice of nozzle type. Formulations of the water-sol- salt of silvex, at 2 ppmw and uble salts, including the amine 2,4-D is produced in the acid under, gave good control of several salts, usually have surfactants higher aquatic plants in tests con- form (2,4 -dichlorophenoxyacetic added by the manufacturer to acid). Modification of the acid ducted by Gay lor and Houser enhance penetration and absorp- (1962). portion of the molecule imparts tion into plants. On especially to 2,4-D characteristics which Results were obtained when hard-to-wet plants (those with silvex was poured into water make it more useful for purposes waxy or hairy leaf surfaces), it is of aquatic weed control. Differ- before plants began to flower, often necessary to add a wetting while they were actively growing. ences are generally in the form of agent to the spray solution to increased or special solubilities or Plants controlled were southern overcome such penetration bar- naiad, coontail, and American lower volatilities. riers. Ester formulations applied Crude 2,4-D has a low solubility pond weed (Potamogeton nodosus). in oil penetrate plants very quick- Chara, an alga, was not controlled in both water and oil. It is wholly ly and are more effective at lower unsuitable for use as an herbicide. by silvex since the compound has rates than are the salts of 2,4-D. little effect on algae. Other weeds To facilitate ease of handling and Granular forms of 2,4-D for application, the 2,4-D acid is normally controlled with potas- aquatic work will generally be a sium silvex are: watermilfoil, formulated into either an ester low-volatile ester such as the or an amine salt. elodea, cabomba, and waterlilies. isooctyl. Granular formulations At recommended rates (3 ppmw Salt formulations are obtained are becoming more widely used by neutralizing the 2,4-D acid and less), silvex is not dangerous in still waters since they kill more to fish or warm-blooded animals. with a salt to form a water-soluble completely in less time and often amine. Sodium, potassium, and Ester forms cause taste problems give longer lasting control through in fish harvested for food. There ammonium salts of 2,4-D may be residual activity in bottom muds. sprayed in a water carrier or in- is no taste change when the potas- Since very small doses of 2,4-D sium salt of silvex is used. Of jected directly into water. They will harm crop plants, treated are not considered hazardous with course, treated water must not water must not be used for be used for irrigation because of respect to volatility. irrigation. Amine salts of 2,4-D, such as the herbicidal effect on desirable the alkylamines(di- or trimethyl- Dacamine plants. amine, di- or triethylamine) and A new product called Dacamine, Esters of silvex can be applied the alkanolamines(di- or trimeth- produced by Diamond Alkali to marginal vegetation in the same anolamine, di-or triethanolamine), Company, is a special formulation manner as to dry land growth, have somewhat higher water sol- of 2,4-D. Dacamine is said to be that is, used at the rate of approxi- ubility than the sodium, potas- both water emulsifiable and oil mately 1 gallon per 100 gallons of sium, and ammonium salts. Amine soluble and to combine the effec- water with the vegetation sprayed salts are also nonvolatile and have tive penetration of ester forms of to wet. uses in common with these metal- 2,4-D with the lack of volatility Dalapon lic salts. Amine salts, however, (toxic vapors) of normal amines. Dalapon is an herbicide effective are generally more toxic to fish It is used in the same way as against grassy weeds. It is gener- than the metallic salts (sodium foliage-applied 2,4-D and is avail- ally applied to foliage, so it will be and potassium). able in packages of 2 and 4 translocated throughout plants, Ester formulations are made by pounds of active ingredient per rather than applied directly onto reacting the pure 2,4-D acid with gallon of formulation. Dacamine or into water. an alcohol in the presence of a is more viscous at lower tempera- For application to plants such catalyst. This process is known tures than normally viscous esters as cattail, Timmons et. al. (1963), as esterification. Depending upon of 2,4-D. The 2-pound material working in the West and North- the type of alcohol used in the is less viscous than the 4-pound west, found that the sodium salt reaction, the resultant formulation package. Viscosity does not change of dalapon applied at 20 pounds will give the appropriate ester of effectiveness of the herbicide, active acid equivalent per acre 2,4-D. For example, if the acid is which is measured by the amount gave good control. reacted with isopropyl alcohol of 2,4-D acid per gallon. With the addition of diesel oil (rubbing alcohol), the resulting Reports of the success of this and an emulsifier or a wetting ester will be the isopropyl ester new formulation come from agent, the effectiveness increases. of 2,4-D. Florida and Arkansas. Researchers Dalapon action decreases the production of a waxy covering on an odor like tear gas, submersed Aromatic Solvents leaves of cattail, according to weeds can be effectively controlled Some oil companies produce Crafts (1961), and Timmons' re- with acrolein. Application equip- solvents such as naphtha, xylene, search agrees in that wetting ment which eliminates handling and benzene products suitable for agents are not as important when of the chemical reduces discom- control of submersed weeds in doing a dalapon re-treat. fort to operators and makes appli- ditches and canals. These are Timmons also found that cation safer. Acrolein is present at chemicals with properties similar mature cattails standing in some 85% concentration in the product to paint thinners and drycleaning water are less resistant to single Aqualin, marketed by Shell Chem- solvents. With emulsifiers added, herbicidal applications of the so- ical Corporation. these chemicals make relatively dium salt of dalapon. Klingman Acrolein is a fast-acting plant inexpensive aquatic herbicides. (1961), working in the East, on killer. Plants cease to generate the other hand, states that cattail Aromatic products are toxic, in oxygen minutes after acrolein is low concentrations, to plant and is best controlled with dalapon introduced into warm water at 5 pounds per acre plus amitrole animal life in streams. These (80°F). Cell breakdown and plant products are also flammable and at 2 pounds per acre, with the collapse follows in a few hours. cattail not standing in water. Con- must be applied with care. Equip- In cool water, toxic effects may ment for application is relatively trols are applied between flowering not be evident for 1 or more days. and seed formation. These variant simple: tank, pump, and nozzle research results could be due to Acrolein is effective against a boom. Many times it is advised different cattail species, or differ- wide range of weeds, but the com- that carbon dioxide be used in- ent weather conditions, or other pound must be injected as a solu- stead of a pump to reduce fire conditions which might vary with tion under water for use against hazard. If gravity feed can be geography. all types of weeds whether floating used to introduce solvents, equip- At usual application rates, dala- or submersed. Acrolein has been ment is simplified even more. pon has no toxic effect on fish. highly successful against weeds in Rates of use with aromatics are Its toxicity to man compares with canals and irrigation ditches in high compared with previously that of table salt, still it should western United States. The chem- discussed herbicides. Weed kill is be applied with caution and ical is usually applied from a based on the velocity of water respect. stationary platform or boom in a and the time that the blanket of canal. Rates are judged on volume treated water is exposed to the Diquat and velocity of water passing the plants. Diquat is a new product being application point. developed by California Chemical Depending upon temperature, Endothall Company, Ortho Division, for water velocity, or species and Endothall is a contact herbicide application to water for control density of weeds, acrolein is and is the basic ingredient for three of floating and submersed nuisance applied at various rates over a aquatic weed control products weeds. It is a quaternary dipyridyl period of time from spray nozzles sold by the Pennsalt Chemicals compound and is formulated to under water. The herbicide is Corporation. have 2 pounds of active ingredient "used up" as the blanket of Disodium endothall is the per gallon. treated water moves downstream, active ingredient of the product Diquat is absorbed rapidly by because of absorption of the chem- Aquathol. This fast-acting chem- leaves or roots and is distributed ical by the weed tissue and vapor ical (kills weeds in 3 to 7 days) through the plant system. Diquat loss. Therefore, in long canals it can be used as a spray, granular, toxicity is triggered by sunlight may be necessary to "reinforce or injected liquid. It is effective which controls plant photosyn- the wave" at points downstream against many common weeds thesis, that is, it will kill faster from the original application. found in lakes and ponds. Recom- on a sunny day than on a cloudy Under certain conditions operators mended rate of endothall for day. Diquat may be applied to may expect effectiveness of treatment of an entire area is 1 to plants either as a foliage spray acrolein up to 15 miles from 3 ppmw. Partial treatments where or as a concentrate poured into application point, depending upon extra dilution must be considered water. the species and density of the require 2 to 5 ppmw. Endothall Diquat is relatively nonselec- weeds. leaves a considerable margin of tive, nonvolatile, has a low toxicity Fish may be killed by acrolein safety for fish; toxicity of endothall to fish at rates prescribed, and to fish is between 100 and 200 is about as toxic to man as 2,4-D. at rates from 1 to 5 ppmv, depending upon the species. Fish ppmw, depending upon species, Treated waters are not to be used age, water temperature, etc. Fish for human or animal consumption will swim away from an acrolein blanket, and band or partial from treated areas may be eaten nor for irrigation for 10 days three days after treatment. Lakes following treatment. treatments of lakes with acrolein have been successful. Fish are or ponds may be used for swim- Diquat should not be applied ming 24 hours after treatment. if infested water is muddy because given more of a chance when diquat is deactivated by contact alternate swaths are treated after Another inorganic salt, dipotas- with soil and also by contact with a 48-hour wait. sium endothall is combined with clay particles suspended in water. The quick kill and rapid the potassium salt of silvex to detoxification or degradation of produce the herbicide Aquathol Acrolein acrolein is an advantage when Plus, which controls some addi- tional weeds not controlled with Acrolein is a general cell toxicant this chemical is used for complete endothall alone, such as elodea, used for aquatic weed control. lake renovation. At high rates, all cabomba, and waterhyacinth. Although it is highly flammable, fish will be killed and the lake can highly reactive chemically, with be restocked in a matter of days. Action of Aquathol Plus is both "For over 70 Years Choice For Quality The World Orer" Complilt Una of hand, continuous, compressed air, knapsack, bucket, wheelbarrow and barrel sprayers and insecticide dusters. Many styles of spray nozxles. Quality design and performance.

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READILY AVAILABLE IN ALL CRYSTAL SIZES • Large Crystals Changing • Medium Crystals • Granular Crystals Your Address? • Snow Crystals If so, notify our circulation department right away to be cer- • Powdered —instant dissolving tain the magazine reaches you at your new location. The Post Office won't forward your copies. So when you write us, make it at least three weeks in ad- For your free booklet on the vance of your moving date, and use of Copper Sulfate in this include your old address, as application, a quotation or well as the new one. We'll see the name of your nearby you don't miss a single issue. distributor, contact Send this old and new address information to:

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Room 303 Call us at JA. 3-5024 or write. 1900 Euclid Avenue TENNESSEE CORPORATION Cleveland, Ohio 44115 521 Grant Building, Atlanta 3, Georgia contact and systemic; some weeds Know Your Species are killed faster than others, the most resistant taking up to four weeks. Some emersed species such as arrowhead, burreed, and water- SAGO PONDWEED primrose will be killed with Aquathol Plus also. This formu- (Potomogeton pectinotus) lation also leaves a margin of safety for fish. A much more active aquatic herbicide is formed when endothall is formulated as the amine salt. The products Hydrothol 47 and Hydrothol 191 will control weeds with concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 ppmw. The amine salts are more toxic to fish also (concentrations of 0.3 ppmw to 1 ppmw may kill them). Partial treatments with this chemical eliminate the danger because fish swim away from treated areas. Hydrothol 47, at high rates, can be used for pond renovation. Complete kill of weeds and fish is quick and restocking can take place one or two weeks from treatment depending upon the extent of infestation. Applicators are not expected to pick a single chemical from this partial list to do all jobs. Numer- Sago pondweed, one of the most costly water infesters, is also one ous chemicals are available and of the most difficult to eradicate of all potamogetons. all have advantages and disad- Sago pondweed has adapted to many types of water conditions vantages depending upon what and this influences the losses it can cause. Irrigation ditches in the West job needs to be done. From job are subject to infestation by sago pondweed. This rooted perennial to job,conditions will vary; desires grows so thickly that stands often block flow of water in irrigation of clients will vary widely also. ditches and thus damage crops needing water. Sago is the only pondweed that is resistant or tolerant to reasonable amounts of sodium arsenite. For this reason, identification must be accurate. Check State Water Laws Sago is a very bushy pondweed with long, rounded, and many- Before any chemicals are applied branched stems. Stems are not upright; rather they are limp and to any waters, operators should bend with currents. Heavy infestations in lakes hinder wave action and seek information concerning state contribute to stagnation. laws with regard to application Branching from stems are the slender leaves, distinctive in that of herbicides to water bodies. they are rounded and threadlike, and taper to a point. In flowing water, States such as Wisconsin and groups of leaves are fanlike. Minnesota require that an officer Small flowers are borne atop a spike which protrudes from the of the Water Pollution Board or water only during blooming. It is an extension of the mainstem and does the Conservation Department be not arise from the juncture of leaf and stem. Pollen from this flower is present when chemicals are carried by wind. The seeds of sago provide excellent duck food; this applied. plant is protected and sometimes propagated on many waterfowl Some states simply require a refuges. permit, with all pertinent infor- Although sago pondweed produces an abundance of flowers with mation submitted when the job viable seeds, a major means of its spread is by root-runners or rhizomes. is to be done. This information These runners give rise to many offshoots over a wide area. Very few usually includes the size and loca- plants can thoroughly infest relatively large areas. In summer, some tion of the lake, inlets and outlets, root-runners produce tubers which overwinter and sprout new pond- the nature of the nuisance, the weeds the following spring. chemicals which will be applied Sodium arsenite, which controls other pondweeds, will not control and their concentrations. These sago pondweed. Some of the newer aquatic herbicides, such as endo- laws make certain that contract- thall and Diquat, have proved successful and are being used against ing applicators know their this widespread pest. Aromatic solvents and acrolein are used exten- business. sively in western irrigation canals and drainage ditches to control In the third and last installment this nuisance plant. of this series, we shall cover equipment and application tech- Prepared in cooperation with Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, niques used in aquatic weed work. United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland. A bibliography is included with Drawing courtesy of the Regents of the University of Wisconsin, from N. C. Fassett, A the final section, to be published Manual of Aquatic Plants, 1 960, the University of Wisconsin Press. next month. weed and red sorrel, a new product, 535 at '63 Wooster Field Day Banvel D. (dicamba) shows prom- ise. It is not yet labeled for turf use, Dr. Stroube pointed out. Updated on Lawns, Ornamentals Head agronomist Dr. Richard R. Davis led off the afternoon "Excessive thatch can 'suffocate' worms, cutworms, and earth- tours with an explanation of an soil . . . Bentgrass is a weed in worms in a treated plot," Dr. experiment in selective control of some lawns ... Lawn weeds are Polivka revealed. Control chemi- bentgrass in Merion bluegrass. indicators of deeper turf de- cals should be applied before "Yes, bentgrass is a weed, when ficiencies." August 15, before grubs begin to it begins to take over Merion This is a sampling of informa- go deep in the soil for winter turf," Dr. Davis asserted. "Re- tion collected by 535 professionals hibernation, the entomologist sponding to inquiries, we have set who attended the annual Lawn advised. out to see if we can find controls and Ornamental Field Day at the "Kelthane, Tedion, or Aramite to keep bentgrass out of bluegrass Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta- directed to lower leaf surfaces con- lawns." The best recommendation tion in Wooster, September 17. trol spider and red mites on ever- supplied by the station expert was Thirteen stops on the campus green and deciduous ornamentals," 2 summer applications, 4 weeks tour provided facts from seeds to Dr. Ralph B. Neiswander sug- apart, of silvex at 6 lbs. per acre. weeds, diseases, pests, and trees. gested to delegates hearing about Vertical mowing a week before At each stop, station staffers pre- ornamental pests. Mites which the first treatment helps the sented results of tests conducted cause bronzing and stunting of silvex action. this year, and answered delegates' azalea can be controlled with a Research of agronomist Dr. questions. malathion spray just before new Glover Triplett will help those Agronomy professors R. R. spring growth," he added. Hor- in the field of lawn renovation. Davis and J. L. Parsons showed ticulturist Dr. L. C. Chadwick Dr. Triplett has shown by tests visitors that the Ag station is warned that malathion may injure that several chemicals may be keeping up with new problems certain juniper species and mottle superior to mechanical tillage such as, for example, thatch leaves of roses and sweetgums. control and removal. Thatch is for lawn replacement. Fumigants, such as methyl bromide, may be defined as "a tightly mingled layer Weeds Are Symptom, Not Cause of living and dead stems, leaves, used in the hands of those with and roots of grasses which de- "Annual weeds are a symptom experience, and reseeding can be velops between the layer of green of poor turf and not a cause," Dr. accomplished in as little as 48 vegetation and the soil surface." E. W. Stroube revealed to a group hours. Other chemicals tested Thatch may become so thick that of notetakers. "Kill weeds as were Amitrol-T plus dalapon, soil is nearly "suffocated"; water they crop up, but look for a basic which gives a slow kill and a longer penetration is lessened also with cause, such as soil compaction, waiting period. Amitrol-T alone thick thatch. poor drainage, or improper mow- kills faster but misses some peren- Station tests on thatch removal ing," he suggested. Si 1 vex and nials. Paraquat, can be seeded showed that removal appears to 2,4-D will kill most broadleaved over in 48 hours, but some broad- rejuvenate turf and make it seem weeds. For tough weeds like knot- leaves may escape the treatment. like a young stand. Thatch removal gives Merion bluegrass better color and more drought tolerance, according to Dr. Davis' and Dr. Parson's work. High mowing, heavy fertiliza- tion, returning clippings, excess acidity, and clay soil interact to cause thatch. Several thatch-re- moving machines of tine and knife types were demonstrated.

Soil Grub Controls "Billbugs are the most dominant turf pest in Ohio," explained entomology professor J. B. Polivka. "Powdery material in grass stem bases indicates that billbugs are working.

"Two and one-half pounds of In a previous meeting this year at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, nearly 125 representa- actual chlordane applied to Merion tives of the agricultural chemicals industry met to examine results of new turf chemicals. Delegates bluegrass in 1969 is still giving examined test plots like the one shown here, where (left to right) Lee Hedrick, California Chemical Co., Felix Merullo, Merullo Landscape Service of Columbus; and station staffer Dr. R. R. Davis viewed results good control of billbugs, web- obtained with the selective grass killer, Paraquat. hydrocarbon pesticides, is available from its manufacturer, Niagara Chemical. Uses for Morocide, and application instructions for spray and dust, are detailed in the guide, "Morocide For Remarkable Mite Control," available without charge from Niagara Chemical Division, YOU CAN DEPEND ON FMC Corp., Middleport, N.Y.

Air-charged sprayers from Milwaukee Sprayer N. C. Entomologist Recommends Mfg. Co. include the six-ounce capacity Model CHIPMAN C (left) and the one-quart capacity Model A. Precautions for Dormant Oils Both units are refillable and reuseable, and have all-metal construction. Although dormant oils are not CHEMICALS nearly so toxic to man as some Model Air-Charged Sprayers other insecticides, certain pre- Two new Sure Shot sprayers cautions must be followed when have been introduced by Mil- applying them to ornamentals, waukee Sprayer Mfg. Co., both Dr. M. H. Farrier, entomologist air-pressurized by standard com- at North Carolina State College, pressed air chuck or auxiliary CO2 Raleigh, advises contract appli- bulbs and hand pumps. cators. Light liquids can be dispensed Most important, of course, is in a jet stream up to 20 ft., the never to apply dormant oils during firm claims, or in a fine to coarse the growing season, since they range of mist sprays for wide would burn the leaves and possibly area coverage. Accessories include kill the plant. Winter oils have nozzle extensions and pocket more impurities than summer spring clips. oils, Dr. Farrier points out. Photo courtesy of Scientific Aquatic Weed Control Co. For more information on the An application just before the new sprayers, write to the manu- buds burst is more effective in FOR OVER 30 YEARS Chipman facturer at 2437 W. Fond du Lac killing scales and mites than an Chemical Company has supplied weed application in the fall or winter. killers for aquatic use. Several proven Ave., Milwaukee 6, Wis. chemicals are now available for con- Whenever dormant oils are used, trolling various species of weeds and spray early in the day, so the algae in ponds and lakes. Also, Chipman Niagara Has Morocide Bulletin spray will be dry before lower weed control experts will advise or assist Information on Morocide, a night temperatures. Temperature in preparation and use of application new miticide claimed effective for should be above 45° F. when an equipment ... as well as recommend proper chemicals, dosages, etc. controlling mites resistant to or- oil spray is applied, and should ganophosphate and chlorinated not drop below freezing the follow- Call on us for your chemical requirements ing night. and advice on application. Because of likely injury, oil sprays should not be used on • For Aquatic Use- sugar or Japanese maples, black ATLAS "A" sodium arsenite solution Meeting or Japanese walnut, butternut, 2, 4-D GRAN for dry application beech, magnolia, and some ever- SILVEX 4L liquid or granular form Dates greens, including chamaecyparis, BRUSH KILLER (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) cryptomeria, Douglas fir, true firs, hemlock, and yews. Horticultural Spraymen's Assn. of Florida Annual Convention, Never apply the same or two Robert Meyer Motor Inn, Or- different dormant sprays to the lando, Oct. 31-Nov. 2. same plants in the same season, Annual Washington State Weed Dr. Farrier concludes. Conference, Chinook Hotel, Yakima, Wash., Nov. 4-5. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Denver Hilton John Bean Describes Catalogs Hotel, Denver, Colo., Nov. 18- A variety of catalogs, each 22. covering a different series of prod- Weed Society of America, Pick- Congress Hotel, Chicago, 111., ucts, has been prepared by John Feb. 10-13. Bean Div., FMC Corp., covering Aquatic Weed Control Society An- its various sprayers, rotomists, Send for Water Weed Control Circulars nual Meeting, Palmer House pumps, etc. For more information Hotel, Chicago, 111., Feb. 11-12. CHIPMAN CHEMICAL CO. write the firm at P.O. Box 9490, Dept. WT, Bound Brook, N.J. Lansing 9, Mich. A Complete Line of Weed and Brush Killers Approve Ethion for Ornamentals Second Oil (containing 0.67 lbs. ethion per gallon) are specified Trimmings New registrations for use of per 100 gallons of spray when ethion on ornamentals have been All burned up. Denver, the mountain-top treating for mites on junipers granted by the U.S. Department city which boasts a healthful climate, or yews. is as weed-ridden as the rest of our of Agriculture, the Niagara Chem- communities, judging from a news clip- ical Division, FMC, announced According to the new label ping we just received. Local firemen claims, applications to curb mites have even been ordered to strike out recently. Ethion, which Niagara after the pest plants with flame throwers! manufactures, is known to turf- should be made when they first And they have a budget of several thou- men as a chinch bug killer. appear, and be repeated as re- sand dollars to do it with. But the chief, quired, while in curbing tea scale, who estimates his costs at $5 to $6 per Ethion can now be used to acre, is, we feel, unrealistic with himself. control the two-spotted mite on treatment is recommended when It is doubtful whether such a low fee junipers and yews, tea scale on crawlers first appear. takes into consideration the labor involved, even if the firemen are getting camellia, and pine needle scale For more information on ethion, paid anyway! Besides, it's psychologically on pines. write Niagara Chemical Div., unseemly for firemen to be starting fires, we feel, and strongly urge our Denver Under the new registrations, FMC Corp., 100 Niagara St., friends to tell their incendiary fire depart- 1 to 2 qts. of Ethion Superior 60 Middleport, N.Y. ment that there are other ways!

» * * Korn on the job. In a recent issue of The Asplundh Tree, house organ for employees of the Asplundh Companies, we noted the interesting occupation of one Larry Korn, chief pilot for the Jenkintown, Pa., organization. Larry had just flown a group of Asplundh executives down to Petersburg, W. Va., to inspect a line clearing job the company had underway for The Virginia Electric Power Company. Here's a man who's always up in the air about his job, one of our secretaries commented flightily. • * *

& HERBICIDES Bows for Holley. Scheduled to return this fall from the Union of South Africa is Colorado State University's W. D. Holley, a professor of horticulture who's been teaching South African nurserymen for how to grow bigger and better flowers. Bob, as his friends call him, spent the time on the dark continent at the invita- treatment tion of the Union's Ministry of Agri- culture. Carnations are one of the big crops down there, which is right up Bob's and alley (he's internationally known for his work with carnations) so we know the I J These specialty products, de- Coloradan did a real goodwill job for maintenance veloped specifically for golf his school and his country! course and park use, are now * * * of available for the treatment and control of fine turf grasses. VICHEM Parker to Bart left. Just learned that & research in agricultural chemicals former assistant professor of plant physiology at Yale, I)r. Johnson Parker, fine turf has produced such outstanding devel- has been appointed physiologist for the opments as DSMA—DiSodium Methyl Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in Arsonate; AMA—Ammonium Methyl Ar- Stamford, Conn. I)r. Parker will devote sonate; CPA—Calcium Propyl Arsonate; his studies to noninfectious tree diseases, CALAR— Calcium Acid Methyl Arsonate. which seem to be on the increase. We congratulate this eminent scientist on ... the finest chemicals his new position, and welcome the to protect your finest turf. qualifications which he brings to our industry. FUNGICIDES HERBICIDES LIQUIPHENE 10% & • for Crabgrass and weed control 33%% (PMA) CRAB-E-RAD (Powder) DSMA Gamma whammy. It was only last month THIURAM 75 (Thiram 75%) SUPER CRAB-E-RAD (Liquid) AMA that we reported, in a jesting mood, VI-CAD (Cadmium Chloride) SUPER CRAB E RAD + 2 that one survivor of nuclear attack would THIURAM M (Thiram-Mercury) (Liquid) AMA + 2.4,D almost assuredly be crabgrass. Now, SUPER CRAB-E-RAD (Calar) heaven forbid, we learn that some CRAB E RAD 30 (Liquid) DSMA scientists up at the U. of Mass. in Amherst • for Dallis grass control are bombarding a number of wood-eating Distributor Inquiries Invited DAL-E-RAD 100 (Powder) DSMA insects with gamma rays. Furthermore SUPER DAL-E-RAD (Liquid) AMA (hold on to your hats), they find that SUPER DAL E RAD + 2 certain bark-eating insects actually thrive (Liquid) AMA + 2,4,D on radiation! Theory behind all this, we DAL-E-RAD 30 (Liquid) DSMA discovered later, is that the rays de- stroyed certain other species, thus re- VINELAND, NEW JERSEY ducing competition for survival (which gets tough for us, too, from time to time), VINELAND CHEMICAL SALES CORPORATION and consequently helping the woodeaters Manufacturing Plants: Vineland, New Jersey • Palmer, Puerto Rico along. Any other uses for this gamma whammy, doctors? Mr. Contract Applicator: YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT

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"Scientific Guide to Pest Control Operations" preserves in durable book form, all 18 lessons Scientific Guide to for the widely-heralded Correspondence Course in Pest Control Technology offered by Purdue University and originally published a lesson a month in Pest Control magazine. Every page has been reviewed and brought up to date with latest use-infor- PEST CONTROL mation, and is now available in this beauti- fully printed, extensively illustrated, easy- to-read manual everyone interested in urban/ industrial insect or rodent control should OPERATIONS have.

UNIQUE PRONOUNCING INDEX Entirely new, and the first time anywhere, By DR. LEE C. TRUMAN and is a unique pronouncing subject index that enables the reader to quickly locate any topic PROF. WILLIAM L. BUTTS in the book, and tells him in an easy-to- understand way how to pronounce technical Published in cooperation with Purdue University names of insects, etc.

Ì Postpaid in U.S.A. - $7.25 I Please send me postpaid -copies of "Scientific | Guide to Pest Control Operations" I Postpaid Elsewhere - $7.85 I Enclosed is my check for $ Checks must accompany orders Please Print Order Today Name_ from Address. PEST CONTROL magazine City. _Zone_ .State. 1900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland 15, Ohio »I There's an "ANSAR weed control product to meet your needs!

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