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Aquatic Herbicide Application Considerations

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Aquatic Herbicide Application Considerations Aquatic Herbicide Application Considerations BILL HALLER AND RHETT GEHRING MATERIAL BORROWED (STOLEN) FROM FRED FISHEL UF CENTER FOR AQUATIC PLANTS Foliar Applications Glyphosate efficacy is affected by: Amount of diluent pH and Hardness Fe++, Ca++, Mg++ Turbidity Adjuvant Flooding Time of year Humidity Tank mix partners Dilutent, Humidity, Adjuvant Diluent pH, Hardness, Ca++, etc. Interrelated Complicated Very Relevant pH (-Log H+) Complicated Chemistry Changes Daily-Pts Florida Lakes = 5-9 Stomach = 2.0 Beer = 3.5 Milk = 6.5 Soap = 9 ph pH 5 pH 9 CO2 CO3 SO4 Mg Fe+ Ca Tannic Acids Fe++ CO2 - HCO3 - CO3 What does an applicator do? Distilled water? Well water or Lake water? Additives? Diurnal pH 10 9 8 7 6 Hydrilla Mat Open Water 5 4 7AM 9AM 11AM 1PM 3PM 5PM 7PM 9PM 11PM 1AM 3AM Hardwater (Ca) study % Absorbed 4hr 48hrs Glyphosate 22.4 32.5 Glyphosate + Ca 4.9 6.5 Glyphosate + Ca + AMS 21.9 25.3 What is AMS? Thelen, K.D. 1995 Weed Science 43:541-548 Old Glyphosate Label “For improved control of stressed plants add 1-2% (8.5-17 lbs) of ammonium sulfate to the tank mix.” What about turbidity? Why does glyphosate not control submersed? Why can you use glyphosate at base of trees? Would you use imazapyr at base of trees? Glyphosate Label “Reduced results may occur if tank mixed with water containing organic matter, suspended solids, clays. ect.” WHY? Koc=24,000 Mg/L Diquat = 1,000,000 Mg/L Endothall = 150 Mg/L Imazapyr = 348 Mg/L Torpedograss – Panicum repens Why does glyphosate not control submersed? • Diluted greatly, Ca++. Mg++, organic matter, clays, then microbes Why can you use glyphosate at base of trees? • Held in very top of soil (High Koc) Would you use imazapyr at base of trees? • Very low Koc = root uptake Time of year? Xylem = Unidirectional, upward movement from roots to shoots, nutrients and water. Phloem = Multidirectional, moves sugars (and Glyphosate) throughout the plant. Tank mixing is all the rage! Antagonistic 2+2=1 Additive 2+2=4 Synergistic 2+2=7 Mathematical models determine this Diquat and copper (hydrilla) Endothall and copper (hydrilla) Diquat and glyphosate (torpedo) Flumioxazin and glyphosate (ludwigia) Back to glyphosate “Tank mixing with paraquat (diquat), phenoxy and other auxin type herbicides may reduce glyphosate activity.” (Herbicide Handbook). Other aquatics affected by pH 2,4-D Amine 2,4-D Ester Just works better at lower pH Flumioxazin (Clipper) pH in diluent (in tank) Foliar Applications Herbicide Selected Dilutent pH Hardness Fe++ Turbidity Adjuvant 1 Time of Year Flooding Rainfall Temperature/Humidity Torpedograss/Glyphosate/Rainfall % Green Tissue 120 100 LSD = 7% 80 % 60 40 20 0 0 3 6 12 24 48 72 96 192 Rain Submersed Treatments Successful weed control depends on… Weed, growth stage Herbicide, contact or systemic Exposure time, half-life Formulation, granular or liquid Size of treatment area Water flow Application method ?Whole Lake Application? 1 ppm in 1 million pounds of water = 1lb AI Acre foot of water = 2.7 million pounds 1 ppm in 1 acre foot = 2.7 pounds AI 1.5 Acre pond, 10 feet deep = 15 acre feet 1 ppm of endothall = 15 acre feet x 2.7lb A ft =40.5lbs AI (10 gallons) ?Whole Lake application? 1 ppb in 1 million pounds of water = 0.001 pounds AI 1 ppb in 1 acre foot = 0.0027 pounds AI 1.5 acre pond, 10 feet deep = 15 acre feet 1ppb of endothall = 15 acre feet x 0.0027 pounds/A ft = 0.0405 lbs AI (1.3 oz) ppb = Flumioxazin, Penoxsulam, Fluridone, Bispyrabac, Topramezone Golden Rule Contact-Exposure Time (CET) A herbicide must be in high enough concentration for at least a critical time in order to kill submersed plants Milfoil – endothall (Netherland JAPM 1991) General Exposure Requirements Diquat Minutes to Hours Copper Minutes to Hours Flumioxazin Minutes to Hours Endothall Hours to Days Fluridone 45+ Days Topramezone 45+ Days Penoxsulam 45+ Days Bispyrabac 45+ Days Size of treatment area 1 Mile ling strip 40 ft wide: = 5 Acres = 5,280 ft / 5 Acres = > 1,000 ft / Acre Treatment area (green) 40’ wide strip 1 mile long VS. Square: Treatment area (green) 4 sides @ 466’ per side = 466 ft x 4 sides = 1,864 ft / 5 acres = < 400 ft / acre Granular vs. Liquid Growing points Growing points Justification for use Granule will sink below the thermocline Allows an extended release of the herbicide? Prevents rapid loss in moving water? Static 120 110 100 90 y= 113.7 (1-e-1.17x), r2= 0.95 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percent of triclopyr released from OTF granules OTF from released triclopyr of Percent 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (days) Aerated 110 y= 103.6 (1-e-14.14x), r2= 0.83 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percent of triclopyr released from OTFgranules released of Percent triclopyr 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (days) Estimated time (hours) required for 25, 50, 75 percent of triclopyr and endothall to release from Renovate OTF and Aquathol Super K granules maintained under static and aerated conditions. Herbicide ET25 ET50 ET75 Triclopyr Static 5 12 22 Endothall Static 38 87 155 Triclopyr Aerated 0.5 1.2 2.3 Endothall Aerated 0.5 1.1 2.1 Static 120 -0.02x 2 Sonar Q y= 121.3 (1-e ); r = 0.87 -0.04x 2 110 Sonar PR y= 66.5 (1-e ); r = 0.95 -0.03x 2 100 Sonar ONE y= 73.3 (1-e ); r = 094 -0.02x 2 Sonar SRP y= 70.4 (1-e ); r = 0.89 90 Sonar Q Sonar PR 80 Sonar ONE Sonar SRP 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percentof fluridone released from granuleSonar 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Time (days after treatment) Aerated 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 -0.06x 2 Sonar Q y=86.3 (1-e ); r =0.94 50 -0.22x 2 Sonar PR y=91.4 (1-e ); r =0.72 40 Sonar ONE y=89.0 (1-e-0.15x); r2=0.84 Sonar SRP y=103.8 (1-e-0.12x); r2=0.90 30 Sonar Q Sonar PR Sonar ONE 20 Sonar SRP 10 Percent of fluridone released from Sonar granule Sonar from released fluridone of Percent 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Time (days after treatment) Sediment 100 y=22.9 (1-e-0.06x); r2=0.81 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percent of Fluridone Released from Q Sonar Released of Percent Fluridone 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Days After Treatment Sediment 100 y=87.8 (1-e-0.10x); r2=0.91 80 60 40 20 0 Percent of Endothall Released from ofK Percent Super Aquathol EndothallReleased 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (days after treatment) Granules or Liquid? Careful of sediment Water movement changes release Nothing magical about granules Justify cost??? The End.
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