DOCSLIB.ORG

Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 2008 Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 2008 California Department of Pesticide Regulation P.O. Box 4015 Sacramento, CA 95812-4015 California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor Linda S. Adams, Secretary California Environmental Protection Agency Mary-Ann Warmerdam, Director Department of Pesticide Regulation November 2009 Any portion of this report may be reproduced for any but profit-making purposes. For information for obtaining electronic data files, see Page iii. This report is also available on DPR's Web site <www.cdpr.ca.gov>. If you have questions concerning this report, call (916) 445-3887. TABLE OF CONTENTS How To Access The Summary Of Pesticide Use Report Data................................................................ iii I. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PESTICIDE USE REPORTING SYSTEM .....1 TYPES OF PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS REPORTED ...........................................................................1 HOW PESTICIDE DATA ARE USED.......................................................................................................2 Risk Assessment....................................................................................................................................2 Worker Health and Safety .....................................................................................................................2 Public Health .........................................................................................................................................3 Endangered Species...............................................................................................................................3 Water Quality ........................................................................................................................................3 Air Quality.............................................................................................................................................3 Pest Management...................................................................................................................................4 Processor and Retailer Requirements....................................................................................................4 II. COMMENTS AND CLARIFICATIONS OF DATA...............................................................................5 TERMINOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................5 COMMODITY CODES ..............................................................................................................................5 UNREGISTERED USE...............................................................................................................................6 ADJUVANTS ..............................................................................................................................................6 ZERO POUNDS APPLIED.........................................................................................................................6 ACRES TREATED......................................................................................................................................6 NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................7 ERRORS ......................................................................................................................................................7 III. DATA SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................8 PESTICIDE USE IN CALIFORNIA...........................................................................................................8 PESTICIDE SALES IN CALIFORNIA ......................................................................................................8 i Table of pounds of pesticide active ingredients reported in each county and rank during 2007 and 2008 .......................................................................................................................................9 Table of pounds of pesticide active ingredients used from 1997 – 2008 by general use categories..........10 IV. TRENDS IN USE IN CERTAIN PESTICIDE CATEGORIES ..........................................................11 USE TRENDS OF PESTICIDES ON THE STATE’S PROPOSITION 65 LIST OF CHEMICALS THAT ARE “KNOWN TO CAUSE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY” ..............................................15 USE TRENDS OF PESTICIDES LISTED BY U.S. EPA AS CARCINOGENS OR BY THE STATE AS “KNOWN TO CAUSE CANCER”.....................................................................................................20 USE TRENDS OF CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITING PESTICIDES ...................................................25 USE TRENDS OF PESTICIDES ON DPR’S GROUND WATER PROTECTION LIST ......................32 USE TRENDS OF PESTICIDES ON DPR’S TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS LIST............................34 USE TRENDS OF FUMIGANT PESTICIDES ........................................................................................43 USE TRENDS OF OIL PESTICIDES.......................................................................................................46 USE TRENDS OF BIOPESTICIDES .......................................................................................................51 V. TRENDS IN PESTICIDE USE IN CERTAIN COMMODITIES ........................................................64 VI. SUMMARY OF PESTICIDE USE REPORT DATA 2008 INDEXED BY CHEMICALS ............109 ii How to Access the Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data The Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data indexed by chemical or commodity reports for years 1989–2008 can be found on DPR’s Web site at <www.cdpr.ca.gov>. The Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data is available in two formats. One report is indexed by chemical and lists the amount of each pesticide used, the commodity on which it was used, the number of agricultural applications, and the acres/units treated. The second report is indexed by commodity and lists the chemicals used, the number of agricultural applications, amount of pesticides used, and the acres/units treated. The Annual Pesticide Use Report Data (the complete database of reported pesticide applications for 1990-2008) are available on CD ROM. The files are in text (comma delimited) format. The complete PUR database (Zip files by year, 1974 to current year) may be downloaded from DPR’s FTP site at <ftp://pestreg.cdpr.ca.gov/pub/outgoing/pur_archives/>. Questions regarding the Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data should be directed to the Department of Pesticide Regulation, Pest Management and Licensing Branch, P.O. Box 4015, Sacramento, California 95812-4015, telephone (916) 445-3887 or you may email questions to <[email protected]>. iii I. INTRODUCTION Development and Implementation of the Pesticide Use Reporting System This 2008 Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data includes agricultural applications and other selected uses reported in California. The report represents a summary of the data gathered under full use reporting. The Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) uses the data to help estimate dietary risk and to ensure compliance with clean air laws, as well as ground water protection regulations. Site-specific use report data, combined with geographic data on endangered species habitats, also help county agricultural commissioners resolve potential pesticide use conflicts. Detailed, individual pesticide use report (PUR) data may be obtained from DPR for in-depth, analytical purposes. Under full use reporting, which began in 1990, California became the first state to require reporting of all agricultural pesticide use, including amounts applied and types of crops or places (e.g., structures, roadsides) treated. Commercial applications–including structural fumigation, pest control, and turf applications—must also be reported. Pesticide use reporting is explained in more detail below. Types of Pesticide Applications Reported Partial reporting of agricultural pesticide use has been in place in California since at least the 1950s. Beginning in 1970, anyone who used restricted materials was required to file a pesticide use report with the county agricultural commissioner. The criteria established to designate a pesticide as a restricted material include potential hazard to: • public health; • farm workers; • domestic animals; • honeybees; • the environment; • wildlife; • other crops. With certain exceptions, restricted materials may be possessed or used only by, or under the supervision of, licensed or certified persons, and only in accordance with an annual permit issued by a county agricultural commissioner. In addition, the State required commercial pest control operators1 to report all pesticides used, whether restricted or nonrestricted. These reports included information about the pesticide applied, when and where the application was made, and the crop involved if the application was in agriculture. The reports were entered into a computerized database and summarized by chemical and crop in annual reports. With implementation of full use reporting in 1990, the following pesticide uses are required to be reported
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FSC-TPL-01-002 Application for a Derogation to Use a Highly Hazardous Pesticide
    FSC-TPL-01-002 Application for a derogation to use a highly hazardous pesticide. 2,4-D, 2-ethylhexyl ester Name and contact details of SCS certification body requesting Dave Wager derogation: [email protected] 510 251-7049 To be completed at the national level Active ingredient for which derogation requested: Geographical scope of All states of USA requested derogation: Is there an accredited or preliminarily accredited FSC FSC US standard Forest Stewardship Standard applicable to the territory concerned? Requested time period for derogation: 5 years (nb Derogations shall normally be issued for a five-year period. There will be a presumption against renewal of a derogation after the expiry of the five-year period). 1. Demonstrated need Need may be demonstrated where: - The pesticide is used for protecting native species and forests against damage caused by introduced species or for protecting human health against dangerous diseases, OR - Use of the pesticide is obligatory under national laws or regulations, OR - Use of the pesticide is the only economically, environmentally, socially and technically feasible way of controlling specific organisms which are causing severe damage in natural forests or plantations in the specified country (as indicated by consideration, assessments and preferably field-trials of alternative non- chemical or less toxic pest-management methods) Explain how the proposed use complies with the specified criteria for need, including the consideration of alternatives which do not require the use of pesticides on the FSC list of ‘highly hazardous pesticides’: Overview 2,4-D ester is a selective herbicide used to control broad leaved plants such as woody species and forbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Report 354 April 1972 Agricultural Experiment Station
    ORTMAL DO ;10T REMOVE 7.9 m FILE Special Report 354 April 1972 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State University, Corvallis I FIELD APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES--AVOIDING DANGER TO FISH Erland T. Juntunen Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon and Logan A. Norris Pacific Northwest Forestry Sciences Laboratory and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Corvallis, Oregon April, 1972 Trade names are used in this publication solely to provide specific information. No endorsement of products is intended nor is criticism implieLl to products mentioned or omitted. Recommendations are not made concerning safe use of products nor is any guarantee or warranty of results or effects of the products intended or implied. ii Chemical weed and brush control with herbicides is an important land management practice in modern agriculture and forestry. In some cases, herbicides are applied directly to bodies of water for aquatic weed control. More commonly, herbicides are applied to lands adjacent to waterways for general weed and brush control. The responsible applicator will avoid damage to fishery resources by being fully aware of a particular herbicides potential hazard to fish. Herbicide applications should be considered hazardous to fish when there is the probability fish will be exposed to herbicide concen- trations which are harmful. This bulletin offers information that will aid in selecting the particular herbicides and formulations of least hazard to fish considering the toxicity of the herbicide and the poten- tial for its entry into streams, lakes, or ponds. Entry of Herbicides into the Aquatic Environment In aquatic weed control, the effective concentration of herbicide in the water depends on the rate of application, the rate of the spread of the chemical, the size and chemical composition of the body of water, the rate of degradation or adsorption of the chemical on sediments, and the rate of mixing of treated water with untreated water.
    [Show full text]
  • CAS No.) Screening Justification Is Public Comment Now Open? CAS No
    EGLE Air Quality Division (AQD) Air Toxics Screening Level Justifications (Numerically by CAS No.) Screening Justification Is Public Comment Now Open? CAS No. Chemical Name Level & Responses Info E-Mail AQD Deadline None ad acid View View Not Open for Public Comment None amyl acetate (mixture) View View Not Open for Public Comment None atlox 848 View View Not Open for Public Comment None biosam tp-1.5 View View Not Open for Public Comment None calcium chloride View View Not Open for Public Comment None epoxy resin solution View View Not Open for Public Comment None heptamethyl-1-vinyl-1,7-dichlorotetrasilazane View View Not Open for Public Comment None n-butylglucamine View View Not Open for Public Comment None n-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzamide View View Not Open for Public Comment None trichloroethylene View View Not Open for Public Comment None triethylammonium suleptanate View View Not Open for Public Comment 50-00-0 formaldehyde View View Not Open for Public Comment 50-03-3 hydrocortisone acetate View View Not Open for Public Comment 50-21-5 lactic acid View View Not Open for Public Comment 50-28-2 estradiol View View Not Open for Public Comment 50-29-3 ddt View View Not Open for Public Comment 50-32-8 benzo(a)pyrene View View Not Open for Public Comment 51-28-5 2,4-dinitrophenol View View Not Open for Public Comment 53-36-1 methyl predisolone acetate View View Not Open for Public Comment 53-70-3 dibenz(a,h)anthracene View View Not Open for Public Comment 56-23-5 carbon tetrachloride View View Not Open for Public Comment 56-49-5 3-methylcholanthrene View View Not Open for Public Comment 56-55-3 benz(a)anthracene View View Not Open for Public Comment 56-81-5 glycerol View View Not Open for Public Comment 57-11-4 stearic acid View View Not Open for Public Comment Revised Monday, September 27, 2021 Page 1 of 51 EGLE Air Quality Division (AQD) Air Toxics Screening Level Justifications (Numerically by CAS No.) Screening Justification Is Public Comment Now Open? CAS No.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review of Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation With
    Eurasian watermilfoil in Christmas Lake, 2011 Literature Review on Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation with Aquatic Herbicides Compared to Other Control Methods: Effectiveness, Impacts, and Costs Prepared for: Prepared by: Minnehaha Creek Watershed District Steve McComas Blue Water Science St. Paul, MN 55116 September 2011 1 Literature Review on Controlling Aquatic Invasive Vegetation with Aquatic Herbicides Compared to Other Control Methods: Effectiveness, Impacts, and Costs Steve McComas, Blue Water Science Table of Contents page number Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Use of Herbicides as an Aquatic Plant Control Technique ...................................................................................... 2 How Herbicides Work and Their Mode of Action ....................................................................................................... 3 Aquatic Herbicide Impacts on Humans and the Ecosystem ....................................................................................... 8 Where to Find Sources of Specific Information on herbicide Products and Their Active Ingredients ....................... 16 Harvesting, Drawdown, and Biocontrol as Aquatic Plant Control Techniques ................................................... 17 Summary of Control Techniques for Non-Native Curlyleaf Pondweed and Eurasian Watermilfoil ................... 25 Control Techniques for Other
    [Show full text]
  • Describing Herbicide Selectivity in Aquatics : the Devil Is in the Details
    Describing Herbicide Selectivity in Aquatics : The Devil is in the Details BUILDING STRONG® Managing Plants vs. Expectations . There is a general view that a “right way” exists to manage invasive aquatic plants ►The problem: • it is typically done in a state other than your own . Why do aquatic herbicide use patterns vary so significantly? • State to State (rules/laws) • Region to Region (problem) Lakes vs. Reservoirs 2 BUILDING STRONG® Regional Perspectives on Control NE and Upper Midwest . Native plant protection is the priority- natural lakes ► Can have 30+ submersed species in a lake ► Thousands of kettle lakes = native plants . Permitting process is often onerous . State Grants – MN and WI – $2+ million . Scale of herbicide use & rates are often dictated . Limited emergent management (WETLANDS!) ► Purple Loosestrife, Phragmites BUILDING STRONG® Regional Perspective Southern US . Floating Plant – Kill it . Submersed Plant – Kill it . Emergent Plant – Kill it . Something will re-grow . For perspective – in FL multiple large-scale APM efforts going on nearly every work day of year BUILDING STRONG® What is a Herbicide ? . Typically an Organic Compound (ex. ?) . Controlled/Selective Plant Poisoning ►Each herbicide has unique properties . Chemistry of the Herbicide Dictates ►How it behaves in the plant ►How it behaves in the environment 5 BUILDING STRONG® Mechanisms of Tolerance (Selectivity) Herbicide X Not Absorbed Sequestered in the Vacuole Does Not Bind Me To Enzyme Y Metabolized to Z 6 BUILDING STRONG® 13 Herbicides Labeled for Aquatic Use (223 labeled for terrestrial use) Copper (1900’s) 2,4-D (1950’s) Endothall (1960) Diquat (1962) Glyphosate (1977) Fluridone (1986) *Dicamba, Dalapon Simazine, Fenac cancelled in 1987) Triclopyr (2002) Imazapyr (2003) Carfentrazone (2004) Penoxsulam (2007) Imazamox (2008) Flumioxazin (2010) Bispyribac (2011) BUILDING STRONG® Plant Processes & Herbicides .
    [Show full text]
  • At Least 394 Pesticides May Affect Endangered and Threatened Species
    At least 394 pesticides may affect endangered and threatened species: 1,3-Dichloropropene 10,10'-Oxybisphenoxyarsine 2-(2,4-DP), dimethylamine salt 2,4-D, 2-ethylhexyl ester 2,4-D, butoxyethanol ester 2,4-D, diethanolamine salt 2,4-D, diethylamine salt 2,4-D, Dimethylamine salt 2,4-D, isooctyl ester 2,4-D, isopropyl ester 2,4-D, isopropylamine salt 2,4-D, salts and esters 2,4-D, sodium salt 2,4-D, triisopropanolamine salt 2,4-DB acid 2,4-DB, dimethylamine salt 2,4-DP-P, Dimethylamine salt 2,4-DP-P, isooctyl ester 2,4-DP, isooctyl ester 2,4-DP,2-ethylhexyl ester 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol 4-aminopyridine Acephate Acequinocyl Acetamiprid Acetochlor Acibenzolar-S-methyl Acrolein Alachlor Aldicarb Alpha-chlorohydrin Aluminum phosphide Ametryne Aminopyralid potassium salt Aminopyralid and salts Aminopyralid, triisopropanolamine salt Amitraz Amitrole Ammonium bromide Antimycin A Arsenic acid Arsenic pentoxide Arsenic trioxide Atrazine Avermectin Azinphos-methyl Azoxystrobin Benfluralin Bensulide Bentazon and salts Bentazon, sodium salt Beta-cyfluthrin Bethoxazin Bifenazate Bifenthrin Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-copper Brodifacoum Bromacil and salts Bromacil, lithium salt Bromadiolone Bromethalin Bromoxynil butyrate Bromoxynil heptanoate Bromoxynil octanoate Bromoxynil, salts and esters Buprofezin Butralin Butylate Captan Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbendazim phosphate Carbofuran Carboxin Chelerythrine chloride-sanguinarine chloride mixture Chlorantraniliprole Chlorethoxyphos
    [Show full text]
  • Herbicide Evaluation Against Giant Salvinia
    J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 39: 48-53 Herbicide Evaluation Against Giant Salvinia LINDA S. NELSON1, JOHN G. SKOGERBOE2 AND KURT D. GETSINGER1 ABSTRACT state. Since it is not currently designated as a noxious weed by all states, the spread of giant salvinia will likely continue The response of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitch- throughout the southern U.S. ell) to 32 herbicide treatments was determined in an out- Herbicides will play a leading role in management and/or door tank study at Lewisville, TX. Treatments included: eradication strategies against this plant, however to date, tra- endothall (as the dipotassium salt), endothall (as the ditional chemical techniques have provided limited effective- mono(N,N-dimethylalkylamine salt)), diquat, glyphosate, ness in the U.S. According to Thayer and Haller (1985), imazapyr, copper, imazapyr + glyphosate, endothall small floating plants like salvinia are difficult to treat chemi- (mono(N,N-dimethylalkylamine salt)) + glyphosate, diquat + cally in part due to their small size and the fact that they can copper, diquat + endothall (dipotassium salt), and diquat + form dense vegetative mats several centimeters thick which endothall (mono(N,N-dimethylalkylamine salt)). Type of shelter plants from surface-sprayed herbicide applications. surfactant, rate of application and application technique Thomas and Room (1986) observed giant salvinia mats of up were varied. Treatment with 1.12 kg ha-1 diquat, 8.97 kg ha-1 to 1 m thick. In addition, the upper surfaces of giant salvinia glyphosate, and all of the herbicide combinations controlled fronds are covered with numerous, cage-like hairs which can ≥ 98% salvinia 42 days after treatment (DAT).
    [Show full text]
  • 57518 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 216 / Wednesday, November 6, 1996 / Rules and Regulations
    57518 Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 216 / Wednesday, November 6, 1996 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION implement certain pollution prevention, (BPT), §§ 455.43 and 455.63 (BCT), and AGENCY recycle and reuse practices. Facilities §§ 455.44 and 455.64 (BAT) are choosing and implementing the established in the National Pollutant 40 CFR Part 455 pollution prevention alternative will Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) receive a discharge allowance. permits. [FRL±5630±9] The final rule will benefit the ADDRESSES: For additional technical RIN 2040±AC21 environment by removing toxic information write to Ms. Shari H. pollutants (pesticide active ingredients Zuskin, Engineering & Analysis Division Pesticide Chemicals Category, and priority pollutants) from water (4303), U.S. EPA, 401 M Street SW, Formulating, Packaging and discharges that have adverse effects on Washington, D.C. 20460 or send e-mail Repackaging Effluent Limitations human health and aquatic life. EPA has to: [email protected] or call Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, estimated the compliance costs and at (202) 260±7130. For additional and New Source Performance economic impacts expected to result economic information contact Dr. Lynne Standards from the Zero Discharge/Pollution Tudor at the address above or by calling Prevention Alternative (i.e., Zero/P2 AGENCY: Environmental Protection (202) 260±5834. Agency. Alternative). The Agency has determined that the Zero/P2 Alternative The complete record (excluding ACTION: Final rule. will result in a similar removal of toxic confidential business information) for this rulemaking is available for review SUMMARY: This final regulation limits pound equivalents per year at EPA's Water Docket; 401 M Street, the discharge of pollutants into (approximately 7.6 million toxic pound SW, Washington, DC 20460.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 White Paper on Potential Developmental Effects of Atrazine
    White Paper on Potential Developmental Effects of Atrazine on Amphibians In Support of an Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision on Atrazine Submitted to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel for Review and Comment June 17 - 20, 2003 Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances Office of Pesticide Programs Environmental Fate and Effects Division Washington, D. C. May 29, 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors: Thomas Steeger, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division and Joseph Tietge, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division were responsible for preparation of the white paper. Reviewers: The authors acknowledge the input of a number of reviewers. Reviewers included: Les Touart and Joseph Merenda from the Office of Science Coordination and Policy; William Jordan from the Immediate Office of Pesticide Programs, Kimberly Nesci (Special Review and Reregistration Division); Arthur-Jean Williams (Field and External Affairs Division); and Mary Frankenberry, Stephanie Irene, Karen McCormack, Edward Odenkirchen, Ingrid Sunzenauer, and Douglas Urban (Environmental Fate and Effects Division) from the Office of Pesticide Programs. Additionally, Gary Ankley, Sigmund Degitz and Patricia Schmieder of the Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development and Nancy Beck of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget provided
    [Show full text]
  • The EPA Conventional Reduced Risk Pesticide Program1 F
    PI224 The EPA Conventional Reduced Risk Pesticide Program1 F. M. Fishel2 Introduction • low use rates The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 initi- • low pest resistance potential ated the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) • compatibility with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Conventional Reduced Risk Pesticide Program. Its purpose practices is to expedite the review and registration process of conventional pesticides that pose less risk to human health Criteria for Consideration and the environment than existing conventional alterna- EPA established an expedited review for manufacturers tives. Riskier conventional alternatives are those pesticides applying to register pesticides that may reasonably be the EPA deems as having neurotoxic, carcinogenic, expected to accomplish at least one of the following: reproductive, and developmental toxicity, or groundwater contamination effects. It serves as a means to ensure that • reduce the risks of pesticides to human health reduced risk pesticides enter the channels of trade and • reduce the risks of pesticides to nontarget organisms are available to growers as soon as possible. Reduced risk decisions are made at the use level. The program does not • reduce the potential for contamination of groundwater, apply to biological or antimicrobial pesticides, which are surface water, or other valued environmental resources handled through separate expediting processes. • broaden the adoption of IPM strategies, or make such strategies more available or more effective Advantages of Reduced Risk Carbamate and Organophosphate Pesticides Pesticides and Current Use Trends Compared to existing conventional pesticides, reduced risk pesticides may provide a number of benefits: Carbamates and organophosphates (OPs) are a group of closely related pesticides used in agriculture and nonagri- • low impact on human health cultural sites that affect functioning of the nervous system by targeting the cholinesterase system.
    [Show full text]
  • Validation of Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase As the Herbicide Target Site of Endothall ⇑ Joanna Bajsa, Zhiqiang Pan, Franck E
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 102 (2012) 38–44 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pest Validation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase as the herbicide target site of endothall ⇑ Joanna Bajsa, Zhiqiang Pan, Franck E. Dayan, Daniel K. Owens, Stephen O. Duke USDA, ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS 38677, USA article info abstract Article history: Endothall, an older commercial herbicide, and cantharidin, a natural product from the blister beetle (Epic- Received 4 October 2011 auta spp.), are close chemical analogues. A comparison of the effect of endothall and cantharidin on plants Accepted 20 October 2011 revealed a similarity in their level of phytotoxicity on both Arabidopsis thaliana and Lemna paucicostata. Available online 29 October 2011 Cantharidin is a potent inhibitor of animal serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Protein phosphatases and kinases maintain a sensitive balance between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of pro- Keywords: teins playing important roles in signal transduction pathways. In this study, we found endothall and can- Cantharidin tharidin to both completely inhibit plant serine/threonine protein phosphatases, and their relative Endothall inhibitory activities were similar to their relative phytotoxicities. Both compounds acted as slow, irre- Lemna paucicostata Serine/threonine protein phosphatase versible inactivators of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase activities. Transcription of several genes determined to be affected by the inhibition of these protein phosphatases by cantharidin in A. thaliana by transcriptome analyses were affected similarly by endothall, but in a more pronounced way. Therefore, the molecular target site of endothall in plants is similar to that of cantharidin in animals, namely, ser- ine/threonine protein phosphatases responsible for regulating an array of biochemical processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides That Are Hazardous Waste Under 40 CFR 261, 33(E) and (F) When Discarded
    Appendix B - Pesticides that are Hazardous Waste under 40 CFR 261, 33(e) and (f) when discarded. "Acutely Hazardous" Commercial Pesticides (RCRA "E" List) Active Ingredients, (no inerts): Acrolein Aldicarb Aldrin Allyl alcohol Aluminum phosphide 4-Aminopyridin Arsenic acid Arsenic pentoxide Arsenic trioxide Calcium cyanide Carbon disulfide p-Chloroaniline Cyanides (soluble cyanide salts, not specified elsewhere) Cyanogen chloride 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Dieldrin 0,0-Diethyl S-[2-ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton, Di-Syston) 0,0-Diethyl 0-pyrazinyl phosphorothicate (Zinophos) Dimethoate 0,0-Dimethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (methyl parathion) 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol and salts 4,6-Dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol 2,4 Dinitrophenol Dinoseb Endosulfan Endothall Endrin Famphur Fluoroacetamide Heptachlor Hexanethyl tetraphosphate Hydrocyanic acid Hydrogen cyanide Methomyl alpha-Naphthylthiourea (ANTU) Nicotine and salts Octamethylpyrophosphoramide (OMPA, schradan) Parathion Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) Phorate Postassium cyanide Propargyl alcohol Sodium azide Sodium cyanide Sodium fluoroacetate Strychnine and salts 0,0,0,0-Tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate (sulfotepp) Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Thallium sulfate Thiefanox Toxaphene Warfarin Zinc phosphide There are currently no inert ingredients for commercial pesticides on the "Acutely Hazardous" List (RCRA "E" List). "Toxic" Commercial Pesticide Products (RCRA "F" List) Active Ingredients: Acetone Acrylonitrile Amitrole Benzene Bis(2-ethylhexyl)pthalate Cacodylic acid Carbon
    [Show full text]