*M<iO^ 2.511 -H $2.50 EC 1257/March 1987 Applying Pesticides Correctly DATE. OF A Guide for OUT Private and IS Commerciai Appiicators information: PUBLICATIONcurrent most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog ORGGON STATG UNIVGRSITY GXTGNSION SGRVICG SAFETY CODE FOR HANDLING PESTICIDES 1. Always read the label before using sprays or dusts. Note warnings and cautions each time before opening the container. 2. Keep sprays and dusts out of reach of children, pets, and irresponsible people. They should be stored outside of the home and away from food and feed. 3. Always store sprays and dusts in original containers and keep them tightly closed. Never keep them in anything but the original container.DATE. 4. Never smoke while spraying or dusting. 5. Avoid inhaling sprays or dusts. When directed onOF label, wear protective clothing and masks. 6. Do not spill sprays or dusts on the skin or clothing. If they are spilled, remove contaminated clothing immediately andOUT wash thoroughly. 7. Wash hands and face and change to clean clothing after spraying and dusting. Also wash clothing each day beforeIS reuse. 8. Cover food and water containers when treating around livestock or pet areas. Do not contaminate fishponds. 9. Use separate equipment for applying hormone-type herbicides in order to avoid accidental injury to susceptibleinformation: plants. 10. Always dispose of empty containers so that they cannot harm humans, animals, or valuable plants. 11. Observe label directions and cautions to keep residues on edible portions of plants within thecurrent limits permitted by law. 12. If PUBLICATIONsymptoms of illness occur during or shortly after spraying or dusting, call a physician or get the patient to a hospital immediately. most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Applying Pesticides Correctly ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDATE. This manual was developed by North Carolina This manual was written and compiled by Sally State University, in cooperation with the Extension A. McDonald, North Carolina State University. Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Project The editor was MaryOF Ann Wamsley, North Carolina coordinator was Gerald T. Weekman, Department State University. of Entomology, North Carolina State University. Contributors were: OUT Eustace O. Beasley, Richard F. Pendleton, North Carolina State University ISCornell University Robert W. Brazelton, Walter A. Skroch, University of California-Davis North Carolina State University James E. Dewey, John H. Wilson, Cornell University information:North Carolina State University Harry E. Duncan, Special acknowledgement is expressed for North Carolina State University assistance from: Burton C. Evans, American Association for Vocational Instructional University of Georgia Materials, Richard C. Funt, current F. E. Myers and Brothers Company, Ohio State PUBLICATIONUniversity John Deere and Company, Franklin R. Hall, Ohio State Universitymost North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, THISSamuel G. Huber, Spraying Systems Company, Ohio State University 3M Company. Occupational Health and Safety WilliamFor M. Lewis, Products Division. North Carolinahttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog State University In memory of Dr. Gerald T. Weekman for his many years of dedicated service and concern for the safe handling and use of pesticides. Preface This manual was prepared to supercede two earlier publications: "Apply Pesticides Correctly, A Guide for Private Applicators" and "Apply Pesticides Correctly, A Guide for Commercial Applicators." both published in 1974 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency. In contrast to these two prede- cessors, this manual attempts to do more than es- DATE. tablish a working threshold for those applicators seeking initial certification as provided by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1972. OF This manual contains information that will allow you, the applicator, to satisfy the general require- ments in all states. As an applicator, however, you should keep in mind that each state has adopted rules establishing minimum requirementsOUT for certi- fication and recertification of applicators operating within its borders. BecauseIS certification does re- quire knowledge of specific situations among the various categories of pesticide application, be ad- vised to check carefully with your local agricultural extension agent to learn of your state's general and specific certification requirements. information: PUBLICATIONcurrent most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Applying Pesticides Correctly DATE. OF A Guide for Private and Commercial ApplicatorsOUT Acknowledgements IS Preface Contents Pests and Pest Control 1 Pest Control Methods information: Insects Plant Disease Agents Weeds Mollusks Vertebrate Pests current PesticidePUBLICATION Formulations 23 Types of Formulations Adjuvants Compatibilitymost THISLabels and Labeling 29 Parts of the Label LabelFor Terminology Readinghttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog the Label Protecting the Environment 37 Potential Hazards Potential Benefits Application Equipment 41 Sprayers Aerosol Generators and Foggers Soil Fumigation Equipment Dusters and Granular Applicators Seed Treaters Animal Application Equipment Specialized Application Equipment Calibration DATE. 59 Precalibration Decisions Calibrating Sprayers Calibrating Granular Applicators and Dusters OF Calibrating Other Equipment Diluting Pesticides Correctly Area Measurements OUT Laws and Regulations 91 F1FRA IS Registration Residues and Tolerances Other Regulations Pesticide Safety 97 Protecting Your Body information: Handling Pesticides Safely First Aid and Pesticide Poisoning Recognition Other Terms Used in Pest Control 125 PUBLICATIONcurrent most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Pests and Pest Control Pest Control Methods Plant Disease Agents 11 Natural Forces Pathogenic Plant Diseases Climate • Natural Enemies • Topography • Fungi • Bacteria • Viruses and Mycoplasmas • Food and Water Supply Nematodes DATE. Other Methods Diagnosis of Plant Disease Host Resistance • Biological Control • Controlling Plant Disease Cultural Control • Mechanical Control • In GreenhousesOF • On Stored Food and Feed • Sanitation • Chemical Control Outdoors Insects Weeds 15 Physical Characteristics Development Stages Head • Thorax • Abdomen Life Cycles of Plants Insect Development OUTAnnuals • Biennials • Perennials Metamorphosis Weed Classification Insect-Like Pests IS Land Plants • Aquatic Plants • Parasitic Seed Arachnids • Crustaceans • Centipedes and Plants Millipedes Controlling Weeds Controlling Insects Weed Control Strategy • Chemicals Which Insect Control Strategy Change Plant Processes Mollusks 20 information:Snails and Slugs Shipworms Pholads Controlling Mollusks Vertebrate Pests 21 Controlling Vertebrates PUBLICATIONcurrent Vertebrate Control Strategy most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Pests and Pest Control A pest is anything that: Pest Control • competes with humans, domestic animals, or crops for food, feed, or water, Methods • injures humans, animals, crops, structures, or possessions, The use of a combination of methods to control • spreads disease to humans, domestic animals, pests is basic to all pest control. Successful pest or crops, control is based on the ability to: • annoys humans or domestic animals. • keep pest damage to a minimum by choosing Pests can be placed in five main categories: an appropriate combinationDATE. of control meth- • insects (and related animals), ods, • plant disease agents, • recognize when direct action, such as a pesti- • weeds, cide application,OF is necessary, and • mollusks, and • endanger the environment as little as possible. • vertebrates. The combination of methods you choose will de- As a certified applicator, you must be familiar pend on the kind and amount of control you need. with the pests likely to be encountered in the area covered by your certification category. To be able to identify and control the pests, you need to know OUTNatural Forces about some aspects of: Some natural forces act on pests, causing the • the common features of pest organisms, ISpopulations to rise and fall. These natural forces • characteristics of the damage they cause, and act independently of humans and may either help • pest development and biology. or hinder pest control. You usually cannot alter the You can get identification aids, publications, and action of natural forces on a pest population, but pictures from your Cooperative Extension Service you should be aware of their influence and take agent or ask other experts for advice. advantage of them whenever possible. Some forces To solve pest problems, the applicator must: which affect the pest population include climate, • identify the pest, information:natural enemies, topography, and food and water • know what control methods are available, supply. • evaluate the benefits and risks of each method or combination of methods, • choose the methods that are most effective Climate and will cause the least harm to people and Weather conditions, especially temperature, day the environment, length, and humidity, affect pests' activity and their • use each method correctly,current rate of reproduction. Pests may be killed or sup- • observePUBLICATION local, state, and federal regulations pressed by rain, frost, freezing temperatures, that apply to the situation. drought, or other adverse weather. The most important principle of pest control is Climate also affects pests