Academy, Building. See Bauakademie Aegyptens Stelle in Der

Cambridge University Press 0521836484 - Becoming Historical: Cultural Reformation and Public Memory in Early Nineteenth- Century Berlin John Edward Toews Index More information

Index

Academy, Building. See Bauakademie Apostolic Church Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte, 101 See also church; ecclesiastical reform; aesthetic mode of existence, 425–429. See religion also reﬂective ego according to Frederick William IV, Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 193–196 60–64 Allgemeine Bauschule. See Bauakademie role of Bishop in, 62 altar of Liberation Cathedral, 128–129 role of state in, 61–62 Altenstein, Karl von Stein zum, 20 a priori empiricism, 7 Altes Museum, 140 archaeology, linguistic. See linguistic See also Liberation Cathedral; archaeology neo-classical architecture architecture, 117–204 and Bauakadamie, 173 See also commercial architecture; exterior staircase of, 145 ecclesiastical architecture; Gothic facade, 142–145 architecture; Lehrbuch; neo-classical galleries, 147–148 architecture; Schinkel, Karl Friedrich; Greece as paradigm of historical culture, Werke der hoeheren Baukunst 150 , 152 and The Basilicae ofChristian Rome , 101 historical narrative of, 148 ecclesiastical, 178–196 and history of formation of culture out emphasis on early Christian basilica, of nature, 148–150 56–57, 106–107 as instrument to construct ethical and English capitalism, 162–163 community, 150 –151 focus on cultural guardians, 188–196 rotunda, 145–147 and fusion of pagan and Christian spatial relations and visual ornamentation traditions, 196 in, 151 –154 as high art, 118–119 tension between secular and sacred historical and poetic aspects of, culture, 160 187–188 transformation of labor force into ethical nature and human culture in, 176–178 community, 159 –160 plans for Berlin Cathedral, 56–57 as work of art, 148 Sammlung Architektonischer Entwuerfe, 168 Ancillon, J. P. A., 34 search for historical unity in, 117–119 Andante, of Reformation Symphony, 223, aristocracy 224–225 Frederick William IV’s friendships with animal fables, 354. See also Germanic conservative, 49–51 religion views on Ludwig von Gerlach’s Antigone positions, 49–50 See also Mendelssohn, Felix; Scottish Arndt, Ernst Moritz Symphony emphasis on warrior brotherhood, 32–33 debate over modernization of, 265–266 implications of prioritizing Mendelssohn’s music for Sophocles’, ethno-cultural identity, 31 –32 264–267 importance of ethno-cultural identity, transcendence of conﬂicts in, 266–267 30–31

441

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521836484 - Becoming Historical: Cultural Reformation and Public Memory in Early Nineteenth- Century Berlin John Edward Toews Index More information

442 Index Arndt, Ernst Moritz (cont.) being rehabilitation of, 29–33 See also pantheistic vision of being ties to patriot party, 337 primal, 309–31 0 Arnim, Achim von, 320–321 Berlin Arnim, Bettina von, 325, 326, 375 See also Grimm, Jacob; Mendelssohn, Auber, 237 Felix; Prussia; Schelling, Friedrich Austria Wilhelm Joseph; University of Berlin See also Germany; Nine Books ofPrussian expansion of Schinkel’s vision of center History by Stueler, 196–197 opposition to German national unity, Ranke’s social and academic associations 27–28 in, 375–376 visit to by Christian Bunsen, 82 Bach, Johann Sebastian Berlin Cathedral criticism of imitation of works by, basilica design for, 187, 203 219–220 as completion of city center, 203–204 formal citations of music by, 225, 226 plans for by Frederick William IV, 56–57 imitation of music by, 218–219 plans for domed, 203–204 Mendelssohn’s introduction to music of, remodeling of, 186 216–217 Bernstorff, Count, 376. See also music of as historical and sacred Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift experience, 217–218 Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, 83–85 need for assimilation into Beethoven, See also Bunsen, Christian 227–228 “Preliminary Considerations,” 83–85 Zelter’s opinion of, 209–210 Beuth, Peter Christian Wilhelm, 160–161 basilicae, 56–57, 106–107, 186–187 See also Schinkel, Karl Friedrich Basilicae ofChristian Rome, The , 101 Vorbilder fuer Fabrikanten und Handwerker, Basiliken des christlichen Roms, Die, 101 161–162 Bauakademie, 166–175 Bible See also commercial architecture as basis of Paulus, 237–238 and Altes Museum, 173 discussions of Luther’s faith in, 396 art, nature, and science in door panels of, historical critique of, 87–88 171–173 relation of sacred and secular history, main facade of, 168 77–78 organization and structure of, Bishops, 62, 98–99 166–167 Boeckh, August, 266 ornamentation of, 167–174 Boyen, General Herman van, 28 reasons for construction of, 166 Brentano, Clemens, 320–321 and Royal Mint frieze, 173–174 Building Academy. See Bauakadamie and urban design, 174–175 Bunsen, Christian, 67–114 use of raw materials in, 167 See also Beschreibung der Stadt Rom; window panels, 168–171 Christianity; Constitution ofthe Church Beethoven, Ludwig von ofthe Future, The ; ecclesiastical reform See also Lobgesang Symphony-Cantata; and Alexander von Humboldt, 100 Reformation Symphony alliance with England to form Protestant appropriation of narrative core in music, Bishopric in Jerusalem, 98–99 229–230 The basilicae ofChristian Rome , 101 inﬂuence of later works, 228–229 church constitution, 108 Mendelssohn’s study and imitation of conception of Mendelssohn’s musical Ninth Symphony, 248–249 calling, 213–214 need for assimilation of Bach into, constitutional reform proposals of, 74–75 227–228 critical historical analysis of prayers and Befreiungsdom. See Liberation Cathedral hymns, 90–91

Index 443 description of new Prussian leadership, principle of reform and national identity, 26 86–87 desire to serve fatherland through pursuit of diplomatic career, 81–97 scholarship, 74 and redeemed nationality, 67–68 early zeal for research project, 73 relation of sacred and secular history, effect of promotion on scholarship, 82–83 77–78 effects of resignation from diplomacy, relationship with Frederick William III, 93–96 81–82, 88–89 Egyptology and universal history, 85, religious component in scholarly 110–113 ambitions of, 70–71 Egypt’s Place in World History, 101, 112 reorientation of project, 76–77, 80–81 emphasis on architectural form of role of philosophical perspective, 72–73 basilica, 106–107 The Sacred History ofthe Passion and the emphasis on sacred music, 213 Holy Week, 101 ethical community and religious reform, state-church relations, 91–95 87–95 study of positive philosophy in Munich, evolving piety of, 77 95 and Frederick William IV, 67–68, 97–98, support of Prussian reform movement, 99–100 75 freedom as form of obedience, 106 and transcendent interventions, 76–81 Germany as culmination of universal universal church and ethnic history, 71 communities, 108–110 guidance by Heyne, 72 vision of evolution of national and historical critique of Bible, 87–88 ethical communities, 100–101 historical mission of Germanic culture, visit to Berlin, 82 67–68 historical optimism of, 85–86 Cantata movement of Lobgesang historical pessimism of, 86 Symphony-Cantata, 255–258 importance of language and myths in capitalism, 162–163, 429–430 study project, 84–85 cathedrals influence of personal views of, See also Berlin Cathedral; Liberation influence of stay in England on, 95–96 Cathedral influences on conception of universal basilica design for, 203 history, 71 Cologne project, 41–42 interest in Schelling’s philosophy of spatial siting of Gothic, 130–132 history, 85 Stier’s designs for National, 198 methodology of study plan, 71–73 Catholicism need for interior transformation, 78 in Felix Mendelssohn’s religious Niebuhr’s tutelage of, 75, 78–79 upbringing, 220–221 participation in national awakening of relations with state, 91–95 Germany, 73–74 censorship and patriarchal ethos, 81 Jacob Grimm’s opinion of, 342 philological investigations of, 72 relaxation of under Frederick William IV, plan for study of universal history of 28–30 mankind, 69–75 chorales, 224, 238–239 and positive philosophy of Schelling, Christian-German state, 372–388, 418. See 68–69, 112–113 also fatherland; motherland; pre-Christian human relations with God, philosophical dimension of 102–103 Christian-German state; political priesthood of all believers, 103–104 dimension of Christian-German state; principle of populism and liturgical religious dimension of studies, 91 Christian-German state

444 Index Christianity Christian theology See also architecture; Christian See also Die roemischen Paepste in den experience; ecclesiastical architecture; letzten vier Jahrhunderten Protestantism; Reformation; religion in Deutsche Geschichte, 400 and collective memory, 97–114 Luther’s rediscovery of pure, 401–402 comparison and contrast of paganism moral order, 399 and, 356–359 Reformation as national-political event, critical historical analysis of hymns and 402 prayers, 90–91 relation of to state, 399 decentralized congregational, 59 and religious dimension of deﬁnition of in Paepste, 400 Christian-German state, 398–399 development of liturgy, 88–91 church, 19–66 ecclesiastical reform as political mission, See also Apostolic Church; basilicas; 80 Christianity; Constitution ofthe Church emphasis on early basilicae of, 56–57, ofthe Future, The ; ecclesiastical 106–107 architecture; ecclesiastical reform; as epoch of religious consciousness, ethical Kingdom; Frederick William 11–12 IV; Friedrich Werder church; religion; and ethical community, 12 St. Gertrude’s church ethical renewal through congregation, constitution of, 108 78–80 design of in urban parishes, 182–185 evolving piety within, 77 designs for domed, 185–186 Frederick William IV and Protestant, education through sacred music and, 55–56 211 fusion with pagan traditions in ethnic communities and universal, architecture, 196 108–110 historical mission of Germanic culture, ethnic fraternity and the patriarchal 67–68 ethos, 42–53 and the Johannine church, 11–12 and formation of cultural policy, 19–26 and patriarchal ethos, 81 and German national culture, 26–42 relation of sacred and secular history, in historicizing identity, 53–66 77–78 Inaugural Lecture by Schelling, 19 relation of sacred history to national inﬂuence of Romanticism on cultural culture, 43 policy, 23–26 and scholarly ambitions of Christian plans for Berlin Cathedral, 56–57 Bunsen, 70–71 reform of and patriarchal ethos, 65–66 study of Bible and, 76–81 and role of Kultusministerium, transcendent intervention as core of, role of state in, 59–60, 61–62, 91–95 89–90 views of Joseph Maria von Radowitz, universal church and ethnic 50–53 communities, 108–110 civil law, 31 0 –311 Christian Mother Church in Jerusalem, 187 class differentiation, 344 “Christian Philosophy” of law, 309–314 classicism, neo-humanist, 295 See also ethical Kingdom; Stahl, Collection ofArchitectural Designs , 168 Friedrich Julius collective consciousness, 287–288 genesis and evolution of civil and public See also cultural totality law, 31 0 –311 and representative function of importance of personality or primal jurisprudence, 288–290 being in, 309–31 0 collective memory. See Bunsen, Christian; relationship between God and man, Christianity 309–31 0 Cologne Cathedral project, 41–42 and transcendent subjectivity, 31 0 comic opera, 236

Index 445 commercial architecture, 160–178 Dahlmann, Friedrich, 352, 353 See also Bauakadamie deities. See God; pantheistic vision of Packhof, 165–166 being; transcendent power plans for retail mall on Unter den Der Einzige und sein Eigentum, 431–432 Linden, 163, 164 Description ofthe City ofRome . See communism, 436–438, 439 Beschreibung der Stadt Rom community design, interior. See interior design of See also ethical community; historical Friedrich Werder church community design, urban, 174–175 Germanic language, 368–370 Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der ideal of life in ancient, 350–351 Reformation, 380 comparative mythology, 329–330 See also Christian-German state comparative study of languages, 365–366 and Christian theology, 400 Concept ofAnxiety, The , 422–423 cultural nationality and religion in, Concluding Unscientific Postscript, 435–436 392–393 congregation, Christian, 78–80 as first part of history of Prussia, 414 congregational Christianity, 59 and humans as creators and creation, consciousness. See collective consciousness; 413–414 individual; religious consciousness Luther’s rediscovery of pure Christian conservatives theology, 401–402 among ruling elite, 376–377 reconciliation of individual and spiritual aristocratic, 49–51 universality, 401–403 in Foreign Office, 376 Reformation as national-political event, Ludwig von Gerlach, 49–50 402 non-revolutionary, in Prussia, 389–390 relationship between transcendent and constitution immanent deities, 402–403 See also historical mode of existence; Deutsche Grammatik, 341, 343–348 self-constitution See also dialects; Grimm, Jacob; historical Bunsen’s reform proposals for, 74–75 community; language of church, 108 and gendered categories, 348 Hanoverian, protest against abrogation and identification of historical of, 324–325 community, 351 counter-revolutionary conservatives, 46–47 vowel sounds and phonetics in, 347–348 creation Deutsche Mythologie. See Germanic Mythology humans as creators, 413–414 Deutsche Rechtsaltertuemer, 349–351 of world and fragmentation of God, See also historical community 9–10 folk culture and creation of law, 349 crisis, transformative. See Romanticism and ideal of ancient community life, Cross, Iron. See Iron Cross 350–351 cultural education, historical, 295–296 and law as heart of community, 349–350 cultural guardians, 188–196 Deutsche Sagen, 334–335 culturally individuated law, 284 Deutsches Woerterbuch, 325 cultural nationalism of Mendelssohn, 259 dialects cultural nationality, 387–388, 392–393 and class differentiation, 344 cultural sanctuary, 198–199, 200 and preservation of memory of language, cultural totality, 288. See also collective 344 consciousness prolific differentiation of in German, 369 culture. See also Geschichte der deutschen divinity. See God Sprache division of labor. See pre-historical moment Culture, Ministry of. See Kultusministerium divorce laws, 304–305 curse in Elijah oratorio, 273 domed churches, designs for, 185–186, customs station, 165–166 203–204

446 Index dominion, universal, 400–401 initial attempts to compose, 270–271 door panels of Bauakadamie, 171–173 introductory section of, 272–274 Droysen, Gustav, 266 mediation between God and earthly children, 272–276 ecclesiastical architecture, 178–196 Part II of, 276–277 See also architecture; Berlin Cathedral; PartIof,272–276 Friedrich Werder church; Liberation personal identity, ethical community, and Cathedral; Schinkel, Karl Friedrich; transcendent authority, 271–272 St. Gertrude’s church relationship with God, 276–277, 278 design of urban parish churches, 182–185 Schubring’s interpretation of, 271 designs for Christian Mother Church in self-righteousness and punishment, Jerusalem, 187 272–274 designs for domed churches, 185–186 elite, ruling, 376–377 views on and use of basilica form, empiricism, 7 186–187 England ecclesiastical reform capitalism and architecture of, 162–163 See also Apostolic Church influence on Bunsen, 95–96 and Christian Bunsen, 65 plans to form Protestant Bishopric in and Joseph Radowitz, 64–65 Jerusalem, 98–99 and Ludwig von Gerlach, 64 enlightenment, and relationship to God, and patriarchal ethos, 65–66 277–278. See also Lobgesang as political mission, 80 Symphony-Cantata presbyterianism versus episcopalianism, Ense, Karl Varnhagen von, 375 60 envy, 427–428, 430–431 proposals for, 59–65 epic narrative role of state in church, 59–60, 61–62 See also Germanic religion education focus on in Poesie, 330–332 historical cultural, and ethical modernization and translation of, community, 295–296 332–333 music as form of moral, 210 Nibelungen Saga, 330–332 need for public institutions of ethical, 211 as true history, 331 religious, of Mendelssohn’s children, 221 episcopalianism, 60 and role of Kultusministerium, Erste Walpurgisnacht, Die, 269 through church and sacred music, 211 “Essence of German Science, On the,” 2–3 ego, reflective. See reflective ego ethical community, 67–114 Egyptology, 85, 110–113 See also Bunsen, Christian; Christianity; Egypt’s Place in World History, 101, 112 Germanic religion; Historical School; Eichhorn, Johann Albert Friedrich, 20–21, law; Lobgesang Symphony-Cantata; 28, 376, 378 Mendelssohn, Felix; religion; Savigny, Eilers, Gerd, 20–21 Friedrich Karl von; Schinkel, Karl “Ein’ feste Burg,” 225 Friedrich; Stahl, Friedrich Julius Either/Or Altes Museum as instrument to See also Kierkegaard, Soren construct, 150 –151 and origins of historical selfhood, 422 critical historical analysis of hymns and self-choice in, 433–435 prayers, 90–91 Elijah oratorio, 264 Egyptology and universal history, 110–113 See also Mendelssohn, Felix fragmentation of project on universal compositional conception of, 271–272 history, 83 curse on people, 273 and historical critique of Bible, 87–88 dramatic setting for, 270–271 and historical cultural education, English version, 270–278 295–296 focus on main character, 271 historical mission of Germanic culture, historical message of, 277–278 67–68

Index 447 history of formation of culture out of inﬂuence of ancient Greece on nature, 148–150 Germany’s, 192–193 importance of language and myths, Mendelssohn’s separation of national and, 84–85 259 and the Johannine church, 12 principle of populism and liturgical Mendelssohn’s hope for refomation in studies, 91 Germany of, 261–263 principle of reform and national, 86–87 need for reorientation of study of, renewal of through Christian 76–77, 80–81 congregation, 78–80 need for transcendent subjectivity in, 302 and role of religion in law, 291–292 patriarchal ethos and, 81 ethos, patriarchal. See patriarchal ethos plan for study of universal history of etymological analysis, 339–340 mankind, 69–75 Europe and positive philosophy of Schelling, See also France; Germany; Prussia; 68–69 Reformation; Russia, Empress of, principle of populism and liturgical Alexandra studies, 91 ancient Greece as roots of culture, principle of reform and national identity, 193–196 86–87 effects on Savigny of political unrest in and redeemed nationality, 67–68 Western, 299–303 and remodeling of Schloss, 202–203 reorganization of as family, 381–382 role of state in, 12–14 evangelical piety, 54–55 Rome as model for, 295 evangelical theology, 57–59 as seen in Elijah oratorio, 271–272 evolution of culture, 366–368 of self-legislators and moral order, evolution of law, 287–291 382 See also Historical School; legal state-church relations, 91–95 historicism; System des heutigen and transcendent interventions, 76–81 roemischen Rechts transformation of labor force into, according to “Christian Philosophy,” 159 –160 31 0 –311 universal church and ethnic and cultural totality, 287–288 communities, 108–110 as described in Beruf, 288–290 vision of evolution of national and, individual and collective consciousness 100–101 during, 287–288 ethical education, 211 and legislative power of state, 290–291 ethical Kingdom, 31 0 –314 relation of jurisprudence to legislation, monarchical principle in, 311 –312 291 role of church in, 312 –314 representative function of jurisprudence, separation of church and state, 313 –314 288–290 ethical life, 433–436 existence ethnic communities, 108–110 See also aesthetic mode of existence; ethnic fraternity, 42–53 historical mode of existence ethno-cultural identity unveiling of, 407–409 See also Savigny, Friedrich Karl von critical historical analysis of hymns and fairy tales. See Poesie prayers, 90–91 Fairy Tales for Household and Children, and development of Christian liturgy, 334–335 88–91 faith. See church; God; religion; religious ethical community and religious reform, dimension of Christian-German state; 87–95 self-choice; transcendent intervention; and historical critique of Bible, 87–88 transcendent power; transcendent implications of prioritizing, 31 –32 subjectivity importance of, 31 –32 Fallersleben, Hoffmann von, 363

448 Index family conversion into zealous German patriot, establishment of by Mendelssohn, 245 35–37 establishment of by Ranke, 379–380 description of leadership of, 26 regime of Frederick William IV as, early religious development of, 53–54 379–380 emphasis on early Christian basilica, reorganization of Europe as, 381–382 56–57 fatherland, 330, 374–380 ethnic fraternity and the patriarchal See also Bunsen, Christian; Germany; ethos, 42–53 Grimm, Jacob; Prussia; Ranke, evangelical piety of during Restoration Leopold von period, 54–55 difference between state and, 335–336 and evangelical theology, 57–59 hostility towards, 374–376 favorable conception of landowners, liberation of, 336–337 47–48 reconciliation with motherland, 377–380 formation of cultural policy, 19–26 and regime of Frederick William IV as friendships with aristocratic family, 379–380 conservatives, 49–51 Fichte, 122 Germanic religion and regime of, Foucault, Michel, 439 360–361 France and German national culture, 26–42 See also July Revolution and Hegelianism, 59 Grimm during occupation of Germany hostility towards opposers of cultural by, 335–336 policy, 29 Mendelssohn’s negative stance towards implications of prioritizing Grand Opera of, 237 ethno-cultural identity, 31 –32 fraternity, ethnic. See ethnic fraternity importance of ethno-cultural identity, Frederick the Great, 118 30–31 See also Unter den Linden influence of personal views of, memorial to on Unter den Linden, 158 influence of reign on Friedrich Savigny, mission to make Prussia a Great Power, 281–282, 303–304 415–416 influence of Romanticism on cultural self-definition as historical identity, policy, 23–26 416–417 Mendelssohn and regime of, 207–208, Frederick William III, 81–82, 88–89 258–261 Frederick William IV, 19–66 opposition to revolutions, 43–44 See also Arndt, Ernst Moritz; Jahn, perception of role of state, 46 Friedrich Ludwig; legacy of Karl personal views on philosophy, 22–23 Schinkel; Neues Museum plans for Berlin Cathedral, 56–57 acceptance of patriarchal ideology, 46–49 plans for cultural sanctuary, 198–199, 200 actualization of historical and religious presbyterianism versus episcopalianism, views, 204 60 adaptation of historical tradition, 45–46 proposals for ecclesiastical reform, 59–65 and the Apostolic Church, 60–64 and Protestant Christianity, 55–56 and appointment of Schelling, 21–22 reaction to Rhine crisis, 37–38 and basilica form in ecclesiastical reconciliation of fatherland and architecture, 186–187 motherland under, 377–380 and Bunsen, 67–68, 97–98, 99–100 regime of as family, 379–380 church reform and patriarchal ethos, relation of sacred history to national 65–66 culture, 43 Cologne Cathedral project as work of relationship with von Radowitz, 50–53 solidarity, 41–42 relation to counter-revolutionary construction of satisfactory self-identity, conservatives, 46–47 33–35 relaxation of censorship, 28–30

Index 449 and religion in historicizing identity, German History in the Age ofthe Reformation. 53–66 See Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der resistance to Hardenberg, 43–44 Reformation role of Bishop in Apostolic Church, 62 Germanic Mythology, 355–360 and role of Kultusministerium, comparison and contrast of Christianity and role of state in church, 59–60, 61–62 and paganism, 356–359 self-presentation as ideal prince, 38–42 distinction between legends and and similarity of views of von Ranke, histories, 355–356 388–390 importance of relation to Nordic speech on patriarchism during “United mythology, 356 Diet,” 48–49 modern and ancient human relations to support of by Stein, 44–45 transcendent, 359–360 support of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, preface to second edition of, 363 325, 361–363 Germanic religion, 351–361 support of reformations, 44–45 See also Germanic Mythology sympathy for decentralized focus on by Jacob Grimm, 354 congregational Christianity, 59 reasons for focus on, 354–355 ties to Schinkel, 117–118 and regime of Frederick William IV, tutelage of, 37 360–361 views on von Gerlach’s positions, 49–50 Strauss’ Life of Jesus, 354–355 freedom and study of animal fables, 354 See also Gothic architecture; human German Ideology, The, 431–432 freedom communist revolution and as form of obedience, 106 self-constitution in, 437–438 philosophy of, 8–12 criticism of Max Stirner’s Der Einzige, subjective, 294–295 431–432 universal, 284–285 historical identity and sociability, 432 Friedrich Werder church, 175–176, 181–182 Germanists, 362 compromise on design of, 181 German Legal Antiquities. See Deutsche exterior design of, 182 Rechtsaltertuemer interior design of, 182, 184 German Legends, 334–335 Germany gendered categories of language, 348 See also “Legal Antiquities in Germanic General Directorship of Ecclesiastical and Law”; Bunsen, Christian; Spiritual Music in Prussia, 260–261, Christian-German state; Deutsche 264–267 Grammatik; Frederick William IV; General School of Construction and Gothic architecture; Grimm, Jacob; Design. See Bauakadamie language; Monumenta Germaniae Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig von, 304–305 Historica; motherland; philosophy; and ecclesiastical reform, 64 Restoration; Schelling, Friedrich Frederick William IV’s views on Wilhelm Joseph positions of, 49–50 as culmination of universal history, 71 German Confederation Empire of as ideal political arrangement, opposition to German national unity, 337–338 27–28 evolution of national culture, 26–42 reaction to Rhine crisis, 37–38 Gothic architecture and identity of, German dictionary, 363–364 119–140 German folk culture, 328–329 historical mission of, 67–68 See also epic narrative; Germanic and historical optimism, 85–86 Mythology; Germanic religion; Poesie and historical pessimism, 86 and creation of law, 349 hope for ethical reformation in, German Grammar. See Deutsche Grammatik 261–263

450 Index Germany (cont.) and scholarly ambitions of Christian individual participation in folk culture Bunsen, 70–71 of, 328–329 self-genesis of in positive philosophy, influence of ancient Greece on modern 8–9 culture of, 192–193 Goerres, Joseph influence of Romanticism on cultural Rheinischer Merkur, 336–337 policy, 23–26 ties to patriot party, 337 law as patriarchal dimension of identity Goethe of, 348–349 See also Die Erste Walpurgisnacht Mendelssohn’s dedication to culture of, as ideal poet-philosopher, 407–408 231–232 influence on Felix Mendelssohn’s works, “On the Essence of German Science,” 232 2–3 Goettingen. See Grimm, Jacob opposition to national unity of, 27–28 Gothic architecture Prussia as exemplary state of, 388–390 See also basilicas; Friedrich Werder Reformation as national-political event, church; Liberation Cathedral; St. 402 Gertrude’s church search for native culture of, 319 –320 as aesthetic work, 122–123 state-church relations, 91–95 and appropriation of past, 125–126 Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 364–370 conjunction of sacred and secular history, as alternative history of cultural 132–135 formation, 364–365 critique of, 140–141 comparative study of languages, 365–366 as display of political and personal and prolific dialectic differentiation, 369 freedom, 119–122 systemic sound shifts and evolution of emphasis on horizontal grounding, 123, culture, 366–368 126–128 and unity of Germanic language and freedom as immanent process, community, 368–370 123–124 Geschichten der romanischen und germanischen and German identity, 119–140 Voelker von 1494–1514, 382–383, 397 and incorporation of past cultures, 124 Gewandhaus Orchestra, 245–246. See also Kreuzberg Memorial, 135–139 Mendelssohn, Felix and philosophy of Fichte, 122 Gilly, Friedrich, 118, 173–174 pointed-arch construction, 122, 123 God and repudiation of nationalism, 139–140 See also Germanic Mythology; pantheistic spatial siting of cathedrals, 130–132 vision of being; transcendent and unity with nature, 124–126 intervention; transcendent power; Wilhelm Stier’s dedication to, 197–198 transcendent subjectivity Gothic language. See Geschichte der deutschen Christian human relations with, 103–104 Sprache; language in “Christian Philosophy” of law, government. See politics 309–31 0 grammar, 348–349. See also Deutsche enlightenment and relationship to, Grammatik 277–278 Grand Opera, 237 fragmentation of through creation of Graves-Perceval, Clarissa, 379–380 world, 9–10 Great Powers. See Nine Books ofPrussian mediation between earthly children and, History 272–276 Greece pre-Christian human relations with, influence on contemporary German 102–103 culture, 192–193 priesthood of all believers, 103–104 as paradigm of historical culture, 150 , relationship with and inner life in Elijah 152 oratorio, 276–277 as roots of European culture, 193–196

Index 451 Grimm, Jacob, 318 –326, 371 ties to patriot party, 337 See also “Legal Antiquities in Germanic views on Ranke’s history of Prussia, 371 Law”; Deutsche Grammatik; Deutsche Grimm, Wilhelm Rechtsaltertuemer; fatherland; Germanic See also Grimm, Jacob Mythology; Germanic religion; commission to create Deutsches Geschichte der deutschen Sprache; Woerterbuch, 325 historical community; July during German Restoration, 341 Revolution; language; Poesie; Savigny, historical German dictionary, 363–364 Friedrich Karl von; Stahl, Friedrich influence of cultural displacement, Julius 320–322 commentary on Beruf, 338–339 Lachmann’s lack of support for, 325–326 commission to create Deutsches membership in Royal Prussian Academy Woerterbuch, 325 of Sciences, 325 duality of views on history, 370–371 protest against abrogation of Hanoverian etymological analysis by, 339–340 constitution, 324–325 focus on Volk and views on politics, 371 and public controversy involving von foreign occupation and search for native Fallersleben, 363 German culture, 319 –320 public support for, 325–326 and founding of Historical School, 281 and regime of Frederick William IV, 325, and French occupation of Germany, 361–363 335–336 relationship with Savigny, 319 , 320–322 friendship with Friedrich Dahlmann, relationship with von Arnim and 352, 353 Brentano, 320–321 German Empire as ideal political support by von Arnim, 325, 326 arrangement, 337–338 ties to patriot party, 337 during German Restoration, 341–342 guardians of culture, 188–196 historical German dictionary, 363–364 influence of cultural displacement, Hanover 320–322 See also Grimm, Jacob Joseph Goerres’ Rheinischer Merkur, protest against abrogation of constitution 336–337 of, 324–325 Karl Lachmann’s lack of support, Hardenberg, Karl August von, Baron, 325–326 43–44, 297–298 and Ludwig Hassenpflug, 352 Hassenpflug, Ludwig, 352 membership in Royal Prussian Academy Hegelianism, 4–7 of Sciences, 325 defense of, 14–15 move to Goettingen, 351–354 Marx and Kierkegaard’s views on, opinion of censorship, 342 419–420 political disillusionment of, 337–338 and need for purpose in life, 6–7 as president of Germanists, 362 as negative philosophy, 5–7 protest against abrogation of Hanoverian Science ofLogic , 5–6 constitution, 324–325 views on of Frederick William IV, 59 and public controversy involving von heilige Leidensgeschichte und die stille Woche, Fallersleben, 363 Die, 101 public support for, 325–326 Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm, 57–59, 87 and regime of Frederick William IV, heroic saga. See Poesie 360–363 Hesse. See also July Revolution relationship with Savigny, 319 , 320–322 Heyne, Christian Gottlob, 72 relationship with von Arnim and High German. See Deutsche Grammatik; Brentano, 320–321 dialects; Geschichte der deutschen Sprache; support by Frederick William IV, 325 language support by von Arnim, 325, 326 historical aspects of architecture, 187–188

452 Index historical community, 340–351 historical narrative in Reformation See also Deutsche Grammatik; Deutsche Symphony, 225–228 Rechtsaltertuemer; Germanic religion; historical narrative of Altes Museum, 148 Grimm, Jacob and construction of ethical community, identification of, 351 150 –151 importance of language in, 342–343 formation of culture out of nature, law as grammar of, 348–349 148–150 law as heart of, 349–350 Greece as paradigm of historical culture, and support of July Revolution, 352–353 150 , 152 historical identity, 19–66, 318 –371, as seen in spatial relations and visual 419–439 ornamentation, 151 –154 See also ethno-cultural identity; Frederick historical ontology. See also philosophy William IV; Grimm, Jacob; Historical School, 281–317 Kierkegaard, Soren; language; legacy See also Grimm, Jacob; Ranke, Leopold of Karl Schinkel; Marx, Karl; von; Romanticism; Savigny, Friedrich Mendelssohn, Felix; Nine Books of Karl von; Schelling, Friedrich Prussian History; origins of historical Wilhelm Joseph; Stahl, Friedrich Julius selfhood; reflective ego; failure of, 305 self-constitution founding of, 281 Bach’s music as experience of, 217–218 influence on Kierkegaard and Marx, denial of by reflective ego, 424–425 420 emphasis on warrior brotherhood, 32–33 modifications of positions of, formation of cultural policy, 19–26 308–309 fragmentation of Schinkel’s vision, 197 historical selfhood, 421–423, 424. See also of Germanic languages, 343–344 pre-historical moment and German national culture, 26–42 Histories ofthe Latin and Germanic Peoples . hostility towards opposers of cultural See Geschichten der romanischen und policy, 29 germanischen Voelker von 1494–1514 Inaugural Lecture by Schelling, 19 Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift, 300, 376, influence of Romanticism on cultural 387–388 policy, 23–26 history and patriarchal ethos, 46–49, 316 –317 See also Gothic architecture; Nine Books Reformation Symphony as expression of ofPrussian History ; personal and public personal and, 216 history in music; universal history and rehabilitation of Arndt and Jahn, Deutsche Geschichte as first part of 29–33 Prussian, 414 and role of Kultusministerium, distinction between legends and, role of religion in, 53–66 355–356 and sociability, 432 duality of Jacob Grimm’s views on, tension between self as producer and 370–371 product, 438–439 Egypt’s Place in World History, 101 views of von Radowitz, 50–53 epic narrative as true, 331 historical knowledge, 396–398 of formation of culture out of nature, and human freedom as form of 148–150 transcendent intervention, 412–413 music as refuge from, 263–264 ideal of universal order in Paepste, 412 natural, 83–85 incorporation of transcendent dimension philosophy of, 8–12, 85 of philosophy, 412–414 sacred, 43 and philosophy, 409–411 History ofthe German Language. See and spiritual unity in universal history, Geschichte der deutschen Sprache 411–412 Hochzeit des Camacho, Die, 236 historical law, 283–284 homeland, 330

Index 453 Humboldt, Alexander von Kant. See Christian experience; philosophy and Christian Bunsen, 100 Kaufhaus, 163, 164 invitation to Berlin of Felix Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, 201 Mendelssohn, 208–270 Kierkegaard, Soren, 419–439 hymns See also Either/Or; origins of historical citation of “Ein’ feste Burg” in selfhood; reﬂective ego; Reformation Symphony, 225 self-constitution critical historical analysis of prayers and, aesthetic mode of existence, 425–429 90–91 The Concept ofAnxiety , 422–423 denial of historical nature of selfhood, identity. See ethno-cultural identity; 424–425 Germany; historical identity; inﬂuence of Schelling and Historical Reformation Symphony School on, 420 immanent deity. See pantheistic vision of pre-historical moment in terms of desire, being 421–423 immanent subjectivity, 291–292. See also similarities between Marx and, 419–421 Historical School; transcendent tension between self as producer and subjectivity product, 438–439 instrumental sacred music. See Lobgesang transition to ethical life, 433–436 Symphony-Cantata; Reformation views on Hegelian philosophy, 419–420 Symphony Kinder- und Hausmaerchen, 334–335 interior design of Friedrich Werder church, Kingdom, ethical. See ethical Kingdom 182, 184 knowledge, historical. See historical interventions, transcendent. See knowledge transcendent interventions Kreuzberg Memorial, 135–139 Iron Cross, 134–135 Kultusministerium, receipt of by Friedrich Savigny, 296 under Eichhorn and Eilers, 20–21 leadership of Altenstein and Schulze, Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 20 emphasis on warrior brotherhood, \i1 Kunstpoesie\i0, 327–328. See also epic 32–33 narrative; Poesie implications of prioritizing ethno-cultural identity, 31 –32 labor. See pre-historical moment importance of ethno-cultural identity, labor force, transformation into ethical 30–31 community, 159 –160 rehabilitation of, 29–33 Lachmann, Karl, 325–326 Jerusalem landowners, 47–48 plans for Christian Mother Church in, language, 318 –371 187 See also Deutsche Grammatik; Geschichte plans for Protestant Bishopric in, der deutschen Sprache; Grimm, Jacob 98–99 assimilation of foreign words and forms, Johannine church, 11–12 346–347 Judaism. See Mendelssohn, Felix common origins of law and, 338–339 July Revolution comparative study of, 365–366 and political position of Jacob Grimm, development of as process of decline, 352–354 345–347 support of and historical community, entanglement with law and literature, 352–353 322–323 jurisprudence gendered categories of, 348 See also law historical and structural identity of relation to legislation, 291 Germanic family of, 343–344 representative function of, 288–290 historical German dictionary, 363–364

454 Index language (cont.) need for appropriation of historical importance for reﬂective ego of development, 286–287 conceptual thinking and, 426 totality or organicism of law, 285–286 importance of in historical community, legal tradition of Rome, 295 342–343 legends, 355–356. See also epic narrative; internal structure of, 340 Poesie; universal history preservation of memory of in dialects, legislative power of state, 290–291 344 Lehrbuch, 188–192 proliﬁc dialectic differentiation of Leipzig. See Mendelssohn, Felix German, 369 Leo, Heinrich, 385 relation to Poesie, 342–343 leveling, 428–429 role in universal history, 84–85 Liberation Cathedral, 127, 178–179 unity of Germanic community of, See also Altes Museum; ecclesiastical 368–370 architecture; Gothic architecture vowel sounds and phonetics as basis of, conjunction of sacred and secular history, 347–348 132–135 law as continuous project, 135 See also “Christian Philosophy” of law; prominence of altar, 128–129 “Legal Antiquities in Germanic Law”; religious experience as artistic evolution of law experience, 129–130, 131 common origins of language and, rotunda of, 129 338–339 spatial siting of, 130 concept of people’s, 283–284 use of Iron Cross, 134–135 culturally individuated, 284 liberation of fatherland, 336–337 entanglement with language and libretto. See opera literature, 322–323 life. See aesthetic mode of existence; ethical folk culture and creation of, 349 life; Hegelianism; historical mode of genesis of, 283–287, 31 0 –311 existence as grammar of historical community, Life of Jesus, 354–355 348–349 linguistic archaeology, 361–371 as heart of community, 349–350 See also Geschichte der deutschen Sprache; importance of foundations of normative Grimm, Jacob; language dimension of, 307–308 historical German dictionary, as patriarchal dimension of Germanic 363–364 identity, 348–349 literature, 322–323. See also Poesie positive, 283–284 liturgy revision of for divorce in Prussia, See also church; Protestantism; religion; 304–305 sacred music role of religion in, 291–292 citation of music from in Reformation tensions between Savigny’s models of Symphony, 224–225 development of, 281–282 composition of music for as aesthetic theory of origins of historical, 283–284 translation, 269 totality or organicism of, 285–286 critical historical analysis of hymns and “Legal Antiquities in Germanic Law,” prayers, 90–91 318 –320, 322–324 development of Christian, 88–91 entanglement of law, language, and differences over between Bunsen and literature, 322–323 Frederick William III, 88–89 otherness of past, 323–324 modern translations of music from by legal historicism, 283–292 Mendelssohn, 260–261 See also evolution of law; evolution of and principle of populism, 91 law; law; Savigny, Friedrich Karl von; The Sacred History ofthe Passion and the System des heutigen roemischen Rechts Holy Week, 101

Index 455 Lobgesang Symphony-Cantata, 244–258 Symphony-Cantata; Lobgesang Cantata movement, 255–258 Symphony-Cantata; Paulus; personal first movement of, 250, 251, 252 and public history in music; general organization of, 249 Reformation Symphony; mergence of secular and sacred music, Reformation Symphony; Scottish 248–249, 252 Symphony; Zelter, Carl Friedrich second movement of, 252–253, 254 application of compositional principles to themes of, 249–250 symphonies, 248 third movement of, 255 and Beethoven’s music, 229–230, Logic, Science of, 5–6 248–249 Lustgarten. See Altes Museum; Unter den Bunsen’s conception of musical calling, Linden 213–214 Luther, Martin, 225 change in musical focus of, 235 See also Reformation comic operas or Singspiele of, 236 discussions of faith in Bible, 396 commitment to Protestant Christianity, rediscovery of pure Christian theology, 232–233 401–402 comparison of life in Berlin and Leipzig, 259–260 Machiavelli, 384–385, 386 compositional principles of, 247–248 market economy, 429–430 composition of liturgical music as Marx, Adolf Bernhard, 228 aesthetic translations, 269 Marx, Karl, 419–439 conceptions of music’s communicative See also German Ideology, The; origins of capacity, 214–215 historical selfhood; reflective ego; context of musical works, 207–215 self-constitution criticism of imitative element in works communism as historical mode of of, 219–220 existence, 436–439 cultural isolation of, 233–234 critique of present era, 429–432 cultural nationalism of, 259 denial of historical nature of selfhood, dedication to German culture, 231–232 424–425 defense of by Droysen and Boeckh, 266 historical reconstruction of reflective desire to write opera, 236–237 egoism, 438–439 Die Hochzeit des Camacho, 236 influence of Schelling and Historical directorship of Gewandhaus Orchestra, School on, 420 245–246 pre-historical moment in terms of focus on hope for ethical reformation in production, 423–424 Germany, 261–263 similarities to Kierkegaard, 419–421 friendship with Adolf Marx, 228 tension between self as producer and historical identity and sacred experience product, 438–439 in Bach, 217–218 views on Hegelian philosophy, 419–420 imitation in works of, 218–220 melancholy, 426–427 impact of death of Abraham Mendelssohn, Abraham Mendelssohn on, 244–245 impact of death on Felix Mendelssohn, influence of Goethe, 232 244–245 influence of later works of Beethoven, principles behind religious education of 228–229 children, 221 influence of Zelter, 209–212 Mendelssohn, Felix, 207–215, 278 involvement in culture of Leipzig, See also Antigone; Bunsen, Christian; 245–246 Elijah oratorio; General Directorship loyalty to Frederick William IV, 207–208 of Ecclesiastical and Spiritual Music in marriage and establishment of family, Prussia; importance of personal and 245 public history in music; Lobgesang maturation and self-confidence, 246–247

456 Index Mendelssohn, Felix (cont.) and regime of Frederick William IV as Midsummer Nights Dream music, family, 379–380 269–270 Motte-Fouque, Friedrich de la, 36 modern translations of traditional Munich, 95 liturgical music, 260–261 Museum, Altes. See Altes Museum and music as refuge from history, Museum, Neues. See Neues Museum 263–264 music and music of Bach, 216–217, 218–219 See also Bach, Johann Sebastian; need for analysis of, 214–215 Mendelssohn, Felix; personal and negative stance towards French Grand public history in music; sacred music Opera, 237 communicative capacity of, 214–215 Opus 44, 247–248 cultural function of, 209–211 and Protestantism, 221–224 focus of, 235 public response to career, 246 as form of moral education, 210 and regime of Frederick William IV, harmony as basis of training and 207–208, 258–261 knowledge of, 209–210 religious tension with Berlin patrons, religion and art in, 209–210 260–261 spirit theme of Reformation Symphony, religious upbringing of, 220–221 230 retention of Jewish identity, 233 vocal, 210–211, 225 separation of ethno-cultural and national mythology, 11 identity, 259 See also epic narrative; Germanic sincerity of religious feeling and Mythology; Germanic religion; Poesie conviction in music, 220 comparative, 329–330 sonata as historical structure, 229–230 role in universal history, 84–85 use of chorale, 224 views on works by Rossini, Auber, and narcissism, 425–426 Meyerbeer, 237 narrative core in music, 229–230 von Humboldt’s invitation to Berlin, narrative meaning, 333–335 208–270 National Cathedral, 198 metaphysical empiricism, 7 national culture, 19–66 Meyerbeer, 237 See also Frederick William IV; Germany; Midsummer Nights Dream music, Prussia 269–270 adaptation of historical tradition, Milan Cathedral, 133. See also Gothic 45–46 architecture Bunsen’s participation in awakening of, Ministry of Culture. See Kultusministerium 73–74 Models for Manufacturers and Craftsmen, Cologne Cathedral project as work of 161–162 solidarity, 41–42 modernization description of new Prussian leadership, of Antigone, debate over, 265–266 26 and translation of epic narrative, 332–333 emphasis on warrior brotherhood, modes of existence. See aesthetic mode of 32–33 existence; historical mode of existence ethnic fraternity and the patriarchal monarchical principle, 311 –312 ethos, 42–53 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 378 favorable conception of landowners, moral order, 382, 399 47–48 Mother Church. See Berlin Cathedral formation of policy, 19–26 motherland, 374–380 hostility towards opposers of cultural See also Ranke, Leopold von policy, 29 identiﬁcation with, 374–376 implications of prioritizing reconciliation with fatherland, 377–380 ethno-cultural identity, 31 –32

Index 457 importance of ethno-cultural identity, tension between sacred and secular 30–31 culture, 160 Inaugural Lecture by Schelling, 19 Unter den Linden and narrative of civil influence of Romanticism on policy, order in Prussia, 154 –159 23–26 Neues Museum, 199–202 “On the Essence of German Science,” central entrance hall of, 201 2–3 chronological sequence of displays, opposition to revolutions, 43–44 201–202 and philosophy, 2–3 paintings by von Kaulbach, 201 principle of reform and, 86–87 significance of staircase in, 200–201 public reaction to philosophy, 3–4 Neun Buecher Preussischer Geschichte. See and reaction to Rhine crisis, 37–38 Nine Books ofPrussian History and rehabilitation of Arndt and Jahn, New Testament. See Bible 29–33 Nibelungen Saga, 330–332 relation to sacred history, 43 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg relaxation of censorship, 28–30 study of Roman legal tradition, 295 and religion in historicizing identity, as tutor of Bunsen, 75, 78–79 53–66 Nine Books ofPrussian History , 414–418 and role of Kultusministerium, Deutsche Geschichte as first part of history views of von Radowitz, 50–53 of Prussia, 414 vision of evolution of ethical community Frederick the Great’s mission to make and, 100–101 Prussia great power, 415–416 national identity public power of the state, 414–415 See also Germany self-definition as historical identity, integration of ethical-religious ideas into 416–417 development of, 386–387 transformations of Protestantism, 415–416 Mendelssohn’s separation of Ninth Symphony by Ludwig von ethno-cultural and, 259 Beethoven, 248–249. See also nationalism Lobgesang Symphony-Cantata cultural, of Felix Mendelssohn, 259 Nordic mythology, 356 repudiation of by Schinkel, 139–140 normative dimension of law, 307–308 nationality, cultural. See cultural nationality natural history, 83–85 obedience, 106 nature Oberbaudeputation. See Bauakadamie in door panels of Bauakadamie, Old Testament. See Bible 171–173 Olfers, Ignaz, 200. See also legacy of Karl Gothic architecture and unity with, Schinkel 124–126 ontology, historical. See philosophy; history of formation of culture out of, Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 148–150 opera and human culture in architecture, Felix Mendelssohn’s desire to write, 176–178 236–237 Ranke’s essay on relations between man similarity of Paulus oratorio to, 237–238 and, 405–407 Oratorio Elijah. See Elijah oratorio \i1 Naturpoesie\i0, 327–328. See also epic Oratorio Saint Paul. See Paulus narrative; Poesie overture to Paulus negative philosophy. See Hegelianism See also Paulus neo-classical architecture, 140–160 as critical commentary on music of main See also Altes Museum; Friedrich Werder work, 243 church as program for oratorio, 240–243 as representation of peace and stability, similarity of to Reformation Symphony’s 141–142 Finale, 240

458 Index Packhof, 165–166 Mendelssohn’s hope for ethical paganism, 196, 356–359 reformation in Germany, 261–263 panels. See Bauakadamie Midsummer Nights Dream music, pantheistic vision of being, 394–395 269–270 and positive relationship with Pertz, Friedrich, 378 transcendent power, 402–403 philology in Ranke’s Paepste, 398 and historical critique of Bible, 87–88 and search for historical knowledge, inﬂuence of investigations on study of 396–398 universal history, 72 papacy. See Die roemischen Paepste in den philosophical dimension of letzten vier Jahrhunderten Christian-German state, 404–418 parish churches, 182–185 See also Christian-German state; paternalism. See patriarchal ethos historical knowledge; Nine Books of patriarchal dimension of Germanic identity, Prussian History; Ranke, Leopold von 348–349 and art of poetry, 407–408 patriarchal ethos, 42–53 essay on relations between man and See also transcendent subjectivity nature, 405–407 in Bunsen’s study of universal history, 81 Goethe as ideal poet-philosopher, and church reform, 65–66 407–408 and evangelical piety during Restoration, human freedom as form of transcendent 54–55 intervention, 412–413 and favorable conception of landowners, humans as creators and creation, 413–414 47–48 ideal of universal order in Paepste, 412 Frederick William IV’s acceptance of, transcendent source of morality, 406–407 46–49 unveiling of existence, 407–409 and historical identity, 316 –317 Philosophical Fragments, 435–436 and preface to Germanic Mythology, 363 Philosophie des rechts nach geschichtlicher in Prussia, 389 Ansicht, 306, 307 speech on during “United Diet,” 48–49 philosophy views of von Radowitz, 50–53 See also “Christian Philosophy” of law; patriot party, 337 Hegelianism; philosophical dimension Paulus, 236–244 of Christian-German state; positive See also Mendelssohn, Felix; overture to philosophy; Stahl, Friedrich Julius Paulus of Fichte, inﬂuence on Karl Schinkel, 122 Biblical basis of, 237–238 as form of rational theology, 4 main themes of, 239–240 of freedom and history, 8–12 overall structure of, 239 and German national culture, 2–3 Part II, 243–244 and historical approach to knowledge, similarity to opera, 237–238 409–411 use of chorale tunes and texts, 238–239 and historical critique of Bible, 87–88 Paulus, H.E.G., 15 , 87 of history, 85 peace in neo-classical architecture, importance of in Christian experience, 141–142 104–106 pedestals. See Gothic architecture Inaugural Lecture by Friedrich Schelling, peoples. See Volk 19 people’s law, 283–284 incorporation of transcendent dimension Persius. Ludwig, 196–197 of into historical knowledge, 412–414 personal and public history in music, “On the Essence of German Science,” 258–278 2–3 See also Antigone; Elijah oratorio; Scottish personal views of Frederick William IV, Symphony 22–23 Die Erste Walpurgisnacht, 269 public reaction to, 3–4

Index 459 Ranke’s ambivalence towards, 404–405 moral order and ethical communities of renewed interest in philosophy by self-legislators, 382 Christian Bunsen, 85 need for emancipation of Volk, 381–382 role of in study of universal history, in Paepste, 391 72–73 Politisches Gespraech, 391 task of as unveiling of existence, and religion, 390–393 407–409 reorganization of Europe as family, Philosophy ofLaw in Historical Perspective , 381–382 306, 307 and study of Reformation, 391–392 “Philosophy of Revelation,” 1–2 symbiosis of government and Volk, phonetics, 347–348 383–384 piety politics, 19–66 evolution of Christian Bunsen’s, 77 See also Bunsen, Christian; context of of Frederick William IV, 54–55 legal historicism; Frederick William of Mendelssohn, 260–261 IV; Germany; Grimm, Jacob; Ranke, Poesie, 326–340 Leopold von; state See also epic narrative; Grimm, Jacob adaptation of historical tradition, 45–46 common origins of language and law, counter-revolutionary conservatives, 338–339 46–47 comparative mythology and search for and ecclesiastical reform, 80 divine origins of, 329–330 emphasis on warrior brotherhood, conformity to Romanticism, 329–330 32–33 connection to Vorzeit, 328 ethnic fraternity and the patriarchal definition of, 326–327 ethos, 42–53 Deutsche Sagen, 334–335 and formation of cultural policy, 19–26 distinction between Naturpoesie and implications of prioritizing Kunstpoesie, 327–328 ethno-cultural identity, 31 –32 focus on narrative meaning, 333–335 importance of ethno-cultural identity, and individual participation in German 30–31 folk culture, 328–329 Inaugural Lecture by Friedrich Schelling, interpretive method of research, 327 19 Kinder- und Hausmaerchen, 334–335 influence of Romanticism on cultural Nibelungen Saga, 330–332 policy, 23–26 and pattern of historical decline, 331–332 opposition to revolutions, 43–44 and quest for homeland or fatherland, and patriarchal ideology, 46–49 330 and reaction to Rhine crisis, 37–38 relation to language, 342–343 and rehabilitation of Ernst Arndt and poetic aspects of architecture, 187–188 Friedrich Jahn, 29–33 poetry, 407–408. See also Goethe; Poesie; relaxation of censorship, 28–30 universal history and religion in historicizing identity, pointed-arch construction, 122, 123 53–66 Political Dialogue, 391 and role of Kultusministerium, political dimension of Christian-German role of state, 46 state, 380–393 role of state in positive philosophy, 12–14 See also Christian-German state; Deutsche significance of Reformation, 402 Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation; symbiosis of government and Volk, Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift; Ranke, 383–384 Leopold von views of Joseph Maria von Radowitz, analysis of Machiavelli, 384–386 50–53 in Geschichten, 382–383 Politisches Gespraech, 391 integration of ethical-religious ideas, populism, 91 386–387 positive law, 283–284

460 Index positive philosophy, 7–10 Frederick the Great’s mission for, See also Bunsen, Christian; religious 415–416 consciousness Gothic architecture and political and and fragmentation of God through personal freedom, 119–122 creation of world, 9–10 non-revolutionary conservatism of, a priori or metaphysical empiricism of, 7 389–390 public reaction to, 14–16 opposition to German national unity, rationality of, 7–10 27–28 resurrection of principles, 15 –16 and patriarchal ethos, 389 role of state, 12–14 plans to form Protestant Bishopric in and self-genesis of God, 8–9 Jerusalem, 98–99 pre-historical moment revision of divorce laws, 304–305 division of labor, 423–424 state-church relations, 91–95 in terms of desire, 421–423 support of reform movement by Bunsen, in terms of production, 423–424 75 “Preliminary Considerations,” 83–85 and use of non-representative presbyterianism, 60 institutions, 389 priesthood of all believers, 103–104 public history. See personal and public primal being, 309–31 0 history in music production. See pre-historical moment; public institutions of ethical education, 211 self-constitution public law, 31 0 –311 Protestantism public power of state, 414–415 See also Apostolic Church; ecclesiastical reform; Reformation Quast, Ferdinand von, 197 church constitution, 108 critical historical analysis of hymns and Radowitz, Joseph Maria von prayers, 90–91 and ecclesiastical reform, 64–65 decentralized congregational relationship with Frederick William IV, Christianity, 59 50–53 emphasis on early Christian basilica, Ranke, Leopold von, 372–418 56–57 See also Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der and Felix Mendelssohn, 220–224, Reformation; Die roemischen Paepste in 232–233 den letzten vier Jahrhunderten; fatherland; and Frederick William IV, 55–56 Grimm, Jacob; motherland; Nine plans for Berlin Cathedral, 56–57 Books ofPrussian History ; philosophical plans for Bishopric in Jerusalem, 98–99 dimension of Christian-German state; transformations of in Prussian History, political dimension of 415–416 Christian-German state; religious Prussia dimension of Christian-German state; See also Berlin; fatherland; Frederick Stahl, Friedrich Julius; Zur Kritik William IV; General Directorship of neuerer Geschichtsschreiber Ecclesiastical and Spiritual Music in ambivalence towards philosophy, Prussia; Grimm, Jacob; Historical 404–405 School; Nine Books ofPrussian History ; appointment as official historiographer, Ranke, Leopold von; Reform party, 374 Prussian; Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm association with Karl Varnhagen von Joseph; state Ense, 375 administration of von Hardenberg, and Bettina von Arnim, 375 297–298 conformity of position with that of Deutsche Geschichte as first part of history Prussian regime, 372–373 of, 414 and conservatives of Foreign Office, 376 as exemplary German state, 388–390 criticism of Strauss’s views, 398–399

Index 461 discussions of Luther’s faith in Bible, 396 narcissism of, 425–426 and Eichhorn as head of and process of leveling, 428–429 Kultusministerium, self-worth in capitalistic market establishment of family with Clarissa economy, 429–430 Graves-Perceval, 379–380 transition into ethical life, 433–436 focus on transcendent power, 403–404 Reformation, 391–392. See also and founding of Historical School, 281 Christianity; Deutsche Geschichte im friendship with Savigny, 377, 378 Zeitalter der Reformation; Protestantism Geschichten, 382–383 reformations Heinrich Leo’s critique of Machiavelli See also Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der interpretation, 385 Reformation; ecclesiastical reform Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift, 300, 376 of church and patriarchal ethos, 65–66 identification with Romanticism, critical historical analysis of hymns and 375–376 prayers, 90–91 increased identification with conservative development of Christian liturgy, 88–91 ruling elite, 376–377 ethical, Mendelssohn’s hope for in involvement in Monumenta Germaniae Germany, 261–263 Historica, 378 and ethical community, 87–95 political dilemmas and historical research, and historical critique of Bible, 87–88 380–381 movement for in Prussia, 75 Politisches Gespraech, 391 principle behind and national identity, and similarity of views of Frederick 86–87 William IV, 388–390 principle of populism and liturgical social and academic associations in studies, 91 Berlin, 375–376 proposals of Bunsen for constitutional, study of Reformation, 391–392 74–75 views on history of Prussia by, 371 state-church relations, 91–95 rationality support of by Frederick William IV, See also Hegelianism 44–45 and fragmentation of God through views of von Radowitz, 50–53 creation of world, 9–10 Reformation Symphony, 215–235 and positive philosophy, 7–10 See also Finale of Reformation and self-genesis of God, 8–9 Symphony; Mendelssohn, Felix rational theology, 4 appropriation of Beethoven’s narrative reason. See Hegelianism; rationality core in music, 229–230 redeemed nationality, 67–68 as expression of personal and historical reflective ego, 424–432 identity, 216 See also German Ideology, The Finale of, 225, 230–231, 240 aesthetic mode of existence, 425–429 formal citations of sacred vocal music by criticism of Der Einzige, 431–432 Bach, 225, 226 critique of present era by Marx, 429–432 as historical narrative of religion, denial of historical nature of selfhood, 225–228 424–425 need for assimilation of Bach into dominating motive of, 427–428 Beethoven, 227–228 envy and representations of self-activity, opening Andante and citation of 430–431 liturgical music, 223, 224–225 and historical culture, 427 rejection of, 234–235 historical identity and sociability, 432 and search for cultural identity, 231–235 historical reconstruction of, 438–439 sonata as historical structure, 229–230 importance of language and conceptual spirit theme of, 230 thinking, 426 transcendent religious dimension of, and melancholy, 426–427 230–231

462 Index Reform party, Prussian evolution of, 10–11 neo-humanist classicism of, 295 and the Johannine church, 11–12 Savigny’s membership in, 293–296 religious dimension of Christian-German subjective freedom of humans, 294–295 state, 393–404 religion See also Christian theology; Deutsche See also Apostolic Church; Bunsen, Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation; Christian; Christianity; church; Die roemischen Paepste in den letzten vier ecclesiastical architecture; ecclesiastical Jahrhunderten; pantheistic vision of reform; Germanic Mythology; Germanic being; transcendent power religion; Mendelssohn, Felix; discussions of Luther’s faith in Bible, philosophy; Reformation Symphony; 396 religious dimension of integration into national, political Christian-German state; sacred music development, 386–387 Abraham Mendelssohn’s education of and politics, 390–393 children in, 221 Restoration and art in music, 209–210 evangelical piety of Frederick William IV and cultural nationality in Deutsche during, 54–55 Geschichte, 392–393 Jacob Grimm during, 341–342 evangelical piety during Restoration, Wilhelm Grimm during, 341 54–55 revolutions evangelical theology, 57–59 communist, in The German Ideology, evolving piety within, 77 437–438 and faith in self-choice, 435–436 July Revolution, 352–354 Frederick William IV’s views on, 53–54, opposition to, 43–44 204 Rheinischer Merkur, 336–337 historical critique of Bible, 87–88 Rhine crisis, 37–38 in historicizing identity, 53–66 roemischen Paepste in den letzten vier integration into state of ideas based on Jahrhunderten, Die ethics and, 386–387 and Christian theology, 400–401 Liberation Cathedral and experience of deﬁnition of Christianity, 400 art and, 129–130, 131 ideal of universal order in, 412 plans for Berlin Cathedral, 56–57 and pantheistic vision, 398 in political dimension of and papal drive for universal dominion, Christian-German state, 390–393 400–401 pre-Christian human relations with God, and political dimension of 102–103 Christian-German state, 391 principle of populism and liturgical Roman Popes during the last Four Centuries, studies, 91 The. See Die roemischen Paepste in den reform of and ethical community, 87–95 letzten vier Jahrhunderten relation of sacred history to national Romanticism culture, 43 See also Gothic architecture; Grimm, role of in law, 291–292 Jacob; Historical School; Historical and role of Kultusministerium, School; Ranke, Leopold von; Savigny, shifts in views of Savigny, 301–303 Friedrich Karl von; Schelling, universal church and ethnic Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph; Stahl, communities, 108–110 Friedrich Julius vision of evolution of national and inﬂuence on cultural policy, 23–26 ethical communities, 100–101 transformative crisis in, 315 –317 religious consciousness turn away from by Schinkel, 140–142 age of mythology, 11 Rome Christian epoch, 11–12 See also Beschreibung der Stadt Rom; and ethical community, 12 Bunsen, Christian

Index 463 as model for ethical community, 295 tensions between models of development Niebuhr’s study of legal tradition, 295 of law, 281–282 Rossini, 237 transformative crisis in Romanticism, rotunda 315 –317 of Altes Museum, 145–147 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 1–16 designs for churches with, 185–186 See also Bunsen, Christian; Christian of Liberation Cathedral, 129 experience; Hegelianism; negative Royal Mint frieze, 173–174 philosophy; philosophy; positive Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, philosophy 325 appointment of, 21–22 Ruler’s Residence project, 189–192 and H.E.G. Paulus, 15 ruling elite, 376–377 Inaugural Lecture at University of Berlin, Russia, Empress of, 193–196 19 influence on Kierkegaard and Marx, 420 sacred culture, 160 and the Johannine church, 11–12 sacred history “On the Essence of German Science,” in Gothic architecture, 132–135 2–3 in Liberation Cathedral, 132–135 and personal views of Frederick William relation to national culture, 43 IV, 22–23 relation to secular history, 77–78 “Philosophy of Revelation” course, 1–2 Sacred History ofthe Passion and the Holy and reaction of public, 14–16 Week, 101 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 117–204 sacred music See also architecture; Bauakadamie; See also Bach, Johann Sebastian; Germanic Beuth, Peter Christian Wilhelm; Mythology; Lobgesang commercial architecture; ecclesiastical Symphony-Cantata; Mendelssohn, architecture; Friedrich Werder church; Felix; music; Reformation Symphony Gothic architecture; legacy of Karl composition of as aesthetic translation, Schinkel; Lehrbuch; neo-classical 269 architecture; Neues Museum; Neues education through church and, 211 Museum; St. Gertrude’s church; Unter emphasis on by Bunsen, 213 den Linden; Werke der hoeheren liturgical citations, 224–225 Baukunst modern translations of, 260–261 actualization of personal views of and secular music, 248–249, 252 Frederick William IV, 204 sincerity of religious feeling and basilica design for Berlin Cathedral, 203 conviction in, 220 Cathedral as completion of center of Saint Paul, Oratorio. See Paulus Berlin, 203–204 Sammlung Architektonischer Entwuerfe, 168 completion of unfinished projects, Savigny, Friedrich Karl von 196–197 See also Historical School; legal designs for street patterns and traffic historicism; Stahl, Friedrich Julius; flows, 162 System des heutigen roemischen Rechts; domed cathedral, 203–204 Vom Berufunsrer Zeit fuerGesetzgebung expansion of vision of Berlin’s center by und Rechtswissenschaft Stueler, 196–197 and Frederick William IV, 37, 281–282 focus on cultural guardians, 188–196 friendship with Ranke, 377, 378 fragmentation of vision, 197 historical identity and patriarchal ethos, fusion of pagan and Christian traditions, 316 –317 196 modifications of positions of Historical Greece as paradigm of historical culture, School, 308–309 150 , 152 relationship with Jacob and Wilhelm importance of Iron Cross, 134–135 Grimm, 319 , 320–322, 325–326 intellectual roots of, 118–119

464 Index Schinkel, Karl Friedrich (cont.) in The German Ideology, 437–438 legacy of, 196–204 historical reconstruction of reflective memorial to Wars of Liberation, 133 egoism, 438–439 Persius’ completion of projects, 196–197 tension between self as producer and and philosophy of Fichte, 122 product, 438–439 plans for cultural sanctuary, 198–199, 200 transition from reflective egoism to remodeling of Schloss, 202–203 ethical life, 433–436 repudiation of nationalism, 139–140 views of Michel Foucault, 439 Sammlung Architektonischer Entwuerfe, 168 self-definition as historical identity. See Nine search for historical unity, 117–119 Books ofPrussian History tension between sacred and secular self-genesis of God, 8–9 culture, 160 self-identity of Frederick William IV, 33–35 ties to Frederick William IV, 117–118 self-legislators, 382 transformation of labor force into ethical self-worth in capitalistic market economy, community, 159 –160 429–430 turn away from Romanticism, 140–142 Singakadamie. See Mendelssohn, Felix; Unter den Linden and narrative of civil Zelter, Carl Friedrich order in Prussia, 154 –159 Singspiele, 236 Vorbilder fuer Fabrikanten und Handwerker, sociability, 432 161–162 social disintegration and moral decay, 301 Waagen’s comments on last project of, solidarity, 41–42 117 Sophocles. See Antigone Wilhelm Stier’s dedication to Gothic sound shifts, 366–368 architecture, 197–198 spatial siting Schloss, 202–203 Altes Museum, 151 –154 School, Historical. See Historical School of Gothic cathedrals, 130–132 Schubring, 271. See also Mendelssohn, Felix of Liberation Cathedral, 130 Schulze, Johanne, 20 Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 305–317 science See also “Christian Philosophy” of law; in door panels of Bauakadamie, 171–173 Grimm, Jacob; Historical School; and human history, 83–85 Ranke, Leopold von; Savigny, Science ofLogic , 5–6 Friedrich Karl von Scottish Symphony, 267–269 active public role of, 314 –315 See also Antigone background and historical experience of, theme of, 267–268 306–307 secular culture, 160 historical identity and patriarchal ethos, secular history 316 –317 in Gothic architecture, 132–135 importance of foundations of normative in Liberation Cathedral, 132–135 dimension of law, 307–308 relation to sacred history, 77–78 Philosophie des rechts nach geschichtlicher secular music. See Lobgesang Ansicht, 306, 307 Symphony-Cantata; Mendelssohn, transformative crisis in Romanticism, Felix; music; sacred music 315 –317 self-activity, 430–431 state self-choice See also Christian-German state; Concluding Unscientific Postscript, 435–436 legislative power of state; politics; and faith and religion, 435–436 Prussia as part of self-constitution, 433–435 difference between fatherland and, Philosophical Fragments, 435–436 335–336 self-constitution, 432–439 Frederick William IV’s perception of role See also self-choice of, 46 communism as historical mode of public power of in Ranke’s Prussian existence, 436–439 History, 414–415

Index 465 relation to transcendent power, 399 Thuringia. See motherland; Ranke, role of in church, 59–60, 61–62, 91–95 Leopold von role of in positive philosophy, 12–14 totality, cultural. See cultural totality Savigny’s accommodation and traditions, fusion of pagan and Christian in commitment to power of, 299–301 architecture, 196 separation from church in ethical transcendent intervention, 76–81 Kingdom, 313 –314 See also God; Lobgesang Stein, Karl vom und zum Symphony-Cantata See also Reform party, Prussian as core of Christianity, 89–90 patriot party of, 337 ethical renewal through Christian support of Frederick William IV, 44–45 congregation, 78–80 St. Gertrude’s church, 179–181 human freedom as form of, 412–413 bell tower of, 179–180 and patriarchal ethos, 81 and changes in Gothic style, 179–180 and positive philosophy of Schelling, functionality of, 180–181 112–113 Stier, Wilhelm, 197–198 relation of sacred and secular history, Stirner, Max, 431–432 77–78 Strauss, David Friedrich and reorientation of study of universal Life of Jesus, 354–355 history, 80–81 Ranke’s criticism of, 398–399 and state-church relations, 91–95 Stueler, Friedrich August, 196–197 transcendent power See also Neues Museum See also God; religious dimension of plans for cultural sanctuary, 198–199, Christian-German state; transcendent 200 subjectivity subjectivity. See Historical School; ancient and modern human relations to, immanent subjectivity; Lobgesang 359–360 Symphony-Cantata; transcendent and Christian theology, 398–399 subjectivity focus on by Ranke, 403–404 symphonies, 248. See names ofspeciﬁc in Geschichten, 397 symphonies and historical knowledge, 412–414 Symphony #5 in D Minor, Opus 107. See and moral order, 399 Reformation Symphony need for faith in, 395–396 System des heutigen roemischen Rechts, positive relationship with immanent 283–292 deity, 402–403 See also evolution of law; law; legal relation to state, 399 historicism; Savigny, Friedrich Karl as source of morality, 406–407 von transcendent subjectivity adoption of term Volksgeist, 284 See also Historical School consistency with Beruf, 284 in “Christian Philosophy” of law, focus on Volk, 283–284 31 0 legislative power of state, 290–291 need for in ethical community, 302 relation of jurisprudence to legislation, and role of religion in law, 291–292 291 and transformative crisis in universal human freedom, 284–285 Romanticism, 315 –317 systemic sound shifts, 366–368 transformative crisis in Romanticism. See System ofContemporary Roman Law, The . See Romanticism System des heutigen roemischen Rechts “United Diet,” 48–49 theology unity See also Christian theology; God of Germanic language community, evangelical, 57–59 368–370 philosophy as form of rational, 4 with nature in Gothic architecture, Tholuck, August, 57–59 124–126

466 Index universal history Volk and Christian experience, 101–106 See also ethical community; motherland early zeal for research project, 73 focus on in System des heutigen roemishcen Egyptology, 85, 110–113 Rechts, 283–284 Egypt’s Place in World History, 101 Jacob Grimm’s focus on, 371 fragmentation of study project on, 83 need for emancipation of in and geology, 83–85 Christian-German state, 381–382 Germany as culmination of, 71 symbiosis of government and, 383–384 importance of language and myths, Volksgeist 84–85 adoption of term, 284 influence of philological investigations need for appropriation of historical on study of, 72 development, 286–287 influences on Bunsen’s conception of, 71 Volksrecht. See people’s law methodology of study plan of, 71–73 Vom Berufunsrer Zeit fuerGesetzgebung und need for reorientation of study of, Rechtswissenschaft 76–77, 80–81 See also Savigny, Friedrich Karl von paintings by von Kaulbach in Neues commentary on by Jacob Grimm, Museum, 201 338–339 patriarchal ethos in study of, 81 consistency with System des heutigen and philosophy, 85 roemischen Rechts, 284 plan for study of mankind’s, 69–75 culturally individuated law, 284 and positive philosophy of Schelling, description of evolution of law, 112–113 288–290 return to methodology of first study representative function of jurisprudence, plan, 83–85 288–290 role of philosophical perspective in study Vorbilder fuer Fabrikanten und Handwerker, of, 72–73 162–163 spiritual unity in, 411–412 Vorzeit, 328 support of Prussian reform movement, 75 vowel sounds, 347–348 vision of evolution of national and ethical communities, 100–101 Waagen, Gustav, 117 University of Berlin, 19. See also Historical warrior brotherhood, 32–33 School; Ranke, Leopold von; Wars of Liberation. See Gothic architecture; Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph memorial to Wars of Liberation Unter den Linden Wedding of Camacho, The, 236 memorial to Frederick the Great on, 158 Werke der hoeheren Baukunst, 192–196 and narrative of Prussian civil order, design of villa for Russian Empress 154 –159 Alexandra, 193–196 plans for retail mall on, 163, 164 plans for royal residence of Otto von triumphal arch on, 157 Wittelsbach, 192–193, 194 urban design, 174–175 Wittelsbach, Otto von, 192–193, 194 urban parish churches, 182–185 world history. See universal history

Verfassung der Kirche der Zukunft, Die. See Zelter, Carl Friedrich, 209–212 Constitution of the Church of the See also music; sacred music Future, The importance of harmony, 209–210 vocal music, 210–211, 225, 226 need for public institutions of ethical Vocation ofOur Time forLegislation and education, 211 Jurisprudence, On the. See Vom Beruf views on Johann Sebastian Bach, unsrer Zeit fuer Gesetzgebung und 209–210 Rechtswissenschaft Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtsschreiber, 384–386